Clay Shirky: How cognitive surplus will change the world

120,826 views ใƒป 2010-06-29

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
The story starts in Kenya
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืงื ื™ื”
00:18
in December of 2007,
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ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2007, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืฉื
00:20
when there was a disputed presidential election,
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ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช.
00:22
and in the immediate aftermath of that election,
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ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช,
00:25
there was an outbreak of ethnic violence.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืืชื ื™ืช.
00:27
And there was a lawyer in Nairobi, Ory Okolloh --
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื•ืจื›ืช-ื“ื™ืŸ ืื—ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™, ืื•ืจื™ ืื•ืงื•ืœื•ื” --
00:30
who some of you may know from her TEDTalk --
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ืืฉืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ืจืฆืืชื” ื‘-TED --
00:32
who began blogging about it on her site,
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœื”,
00:34
Kenyan Pundit.
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"ืคื ื“ื™ื˜ ืงื ื™ื™ืชื™".
00:36
And shortly after the election and the outbreak of violence,
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ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
00:39
the government suddenly imposed
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืคืชืื•ื ื›ืคืชื”
00:41
a significant media blackout.
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ื”ืฉื‘ืชื” ืจื‘ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™-ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
00:43
And so weblogs went from being
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
00:45
commentary as part of the media landscape
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™,
00:47
to being a critical part of the media landscape
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืœืง ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™,
00:50
in trying to understand where the violence was.
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ื‘ื ืกื•ืชื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช.
00:53
And Okolloh solicited
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ื•ืื•ืงื•ืœื•ื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉื”
00:55
from her commenters
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ืžื”ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”
00:57
more information about what was going on.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
00:59
The comments began pouring in,
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ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื–ืจื•ื.
01:01
and Okolloh would collate them. She would post them.
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ืื•ืงื•ืœื•ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืžืขืœื” ืื•ืชื ืœืจืฉืช.
01:03
And she quickly said, "It's too much.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”, "ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ื™.
01:05
I could do this all day every day
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ื’ื ืื ืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
01:07
and I can't keep up.
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ืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื”.
01:09
There is more information
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ืข
01:11
about what's going on in Kenya right now
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ื›ืจื’ืข
01:13
than any one person can manage.
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ืžืฉืื“ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื•.
01:15
If only there was a way to automate this."
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ืื ืจืง ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื”ื›ืœ ืœืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™."
01:17
And two programmers who read her blog
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ืฉื ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืฉืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœื”
01:19
held their hands up and said, "We could do that,"
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ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
01:22
and in 72 hours, they launched Ushahidi.
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš 72 ืฉืขื•ืช, ื”ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ืืช ื™ื•ืฉืื”ื™ื“ื™.
01:25
Ushahidi -- the name means "witness"
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ื™ื•ืฉืื”ื™ื“ื™ -- ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ืขื“"
01:27
or "testimony" in Swahili --
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ืื• "ืขื“ื•ืช" ื‘ืกื•ื•ืื”ื™ืœื™ืช --
01:29
is a very simple way of taking reports from the field,
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ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืœืงืœื™ื˜ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื˜ื—,
01:32
whether it's from the web or, critically,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืžื”ืจืฉืช, ืื•,
01:35
via mobile phones and SMS,
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ื“ืจืš ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืกืจื•ื ื™ื,
01:37
aggregating it and putting it on a map.
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ืœืงื‘ืฅ ืื•ืชื ื•ืœืžืงืžื ืขืœ ืžืคื”.
01:40
That's all it is, but that's all that's needed
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš.
01:42
because what it does is it takes the tacit information
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืœื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืจื•ืžื–
01:45
available to the whole population --
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ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” --
01:47
everybody knows where the violence is,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ืžืฆืืช,
01:49
but no one person knows what everyone knows --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ --
01:52
and it takes that tacit information
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืœื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืจื•ืžื– ื”ื–ื”
01:54
and it aggregates it,
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ื•ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืื•ืชื•,
01:56
and it maps it and it makes it public.
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ื•ืžืžืคื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžืคืจืกื ืื•ืชื•.
01:58
And that, that maneuver
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ื•ื–ื”, ื”ืชื›ืกื™ืก ื”ื–ื”
02:00
called "crisis mapping,"
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ืžืฉื‘ืจ"
02:02
was kicked off in Kenya
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ื”ื•ืฉืง ื‘ืงื ื™ื”
02:05
in January of 2008.
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ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2008.
02:07
And enough people looked at it and found it valuable enough
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ื•ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืคื• ื‘ื• ื•ืžืฆืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘
02:10
that the programmers who created Ushahidi
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจื• ื™ื•ืฉืื”ื™ื“ื™
02:12
decided they were going to make it open source
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ืœืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื—
02:14
and turn it into a platform.
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ื•ืœื”ื•ืคื›ื• ืœืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื”.
02:16
It's since been deployed in Mexico
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ืžืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืฅ ื‘ืžื›ืกื™ืงื•
02:18
to track electoral fraud.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืชืจ ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:20
It's been deployed in Washington D.C. to track snow cleanup.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืฅ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉืœื’.
02:23
And it's been used most famously in Haiti
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™
02:25
in the aftermath of the earthquake.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื”.
02:28
And when you look at the map
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื”
02:30
now posted on the Ushahidi front page,
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ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฉืื”ื™ื“ื™,
02:32
you can see that the number of deployments in Ushahidi
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืชืคื•ืฆืช ื”ื™ื•ืฉืื”ื™ื“ื™
02:34
has gone worldwide, all right?
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
02:37
This went from a single idea
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ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืžืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื“
02:39
and a single implementation
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ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“
02:41
in East Africa in the beginning of 2008
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ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2008
02:44
to a global deployment
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ืœืชืคื•ืฆื” ื›ืœืœ-ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
02:46
in less than three years.
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ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
02:49
Now what Okolloh did
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืงื•ืœื•ื” ืขืฉืชื”
02:52
would not have been possible
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™
02:54
without digital technology.
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ืœืœื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช.
02:57
What Okolloh did would not have been possible
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืงื•ืœื•ื” ืขืฉืชื”, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™
03:00
without human generosity.
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ืœืœื ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
03:02
And the interesting moment now,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืขืช,
03:04
the number of environments
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
03:06
where the social design challenge
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
03:08
relies on both of those things being true.
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ืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
03:11
That is the resource that I'm talking about.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืฉืื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•.
03:14
I call it cognitive surplus.
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ืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ื–ืืช ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืชื•ื“ืขืชื™.
03:16
And it represents the ability
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
03:18
of the world's population
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ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
03:20
to volunteer and to contribute and collaborate
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ืœื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”
03:23
on large, sometimes global, projects.
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ื‘ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื.
03:26
Cognitive surplus is made up of two things.
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ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืชื•ื“ืขืชื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:28
The first, obviously, is the world's free time and talents.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ื”ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:31
The world has over
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ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:33
a trillion hours a year
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ืžื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช
03:36
of free time
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
03:38
to commit to shared projects.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืชื ืœืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื.
03:40
Now, that free time existed in the 20th century,
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ืืœื ืฉื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20,
03:42
but we didn't get Ushahidi in the 20th century.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื™ื•ืฉืื”ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20.
03:45
That's the second half of cognitive surplus.
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืชื•ื“ืขืชื™.
03:47
The media landscape in the 20th century
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ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20
03:49
was very good at helping people consume,
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš.
03:52
and we got, as a result,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื–ื”, ื”ืคื›ื ื•
03:54
very good at consuming.
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ืœืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ื”.
03:56
But now that we've been given media tools --
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื–ื›ื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช --
03:58
the Internet, mobile phones -- that let us do more than consume,
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื -- ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืฆืจื•ืš,
04:01
what we're seeing is that people weren't couch potatoes
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”
04:04
because we liked to be.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืื”ื‘ื• ื–ืืช.
04:06
We were couch potatoes because that was
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ
04:08
the only opportunity given to us.
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ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื ื•.
04:10
We still like to consume, of course.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
04:12
But it turns out we also like to create,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ,
04:14
and we like to share.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง.
04:17
And it's those two things together --
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ --
04:19
ancient human motivation
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ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื
04:21
and the modern tools to allow that motivation
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ื•ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื–ื•
04:23
to be joined up in large-scale efforts --
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ืœื”ืชืื—ื“ ืœื›ื“ื™ ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื—ื‘ --
04:26
that are the new design resource.
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ื”ื ื”ืžืฉืื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืžืขืฆื‘.
04:29
And using cognitive surplus,
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ื•ืขื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืชื•ื“ืขืชื™
04:31
we're starting to see truly incredible experiments
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
04:34
in scientific, literary,
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ื‘ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื, ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื,
04:36
artistic, political efforts.
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ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
04:39
Designing.
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ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื.
04:41
We're also getting, of course, a lot of LOLcats.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื.
04:44
LOLcats are cute pictures of cats
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ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื ื”ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื
04:46
made cuter with the addition of cute captions.
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ื“ื•ืช.
04:49
And they are also
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง
04:51
part of the abundant media landscape we're getting now.
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ืžื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคืข ืฉืื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
04:54
This is one of the participatory --
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ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื --
04:56
one of the participatory models
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื”
04:58
we see coming out of that, along with Ushahidi.
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ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื‘ืข ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ื•ืฉืื”ื™ื“ื™.
05:01
Now I want to stipulate, as the lawyers say,
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ื›ืขืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ,
05:03
that LOLcats are the stupidest possible
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ืฉื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื ื”ื ืžืขืฉื”
05:05
creative act.
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ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ืคืฉื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™.
05:07
There are other candidates of course,
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ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
05:09
but LOLcats will do as a general case.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื ื™ืฉืžืฉื• ื›ืžืงืจื” ืžื“ื’ื™ื.
05:12
But here's the thing:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
05:14
The stupidest possible creative act
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ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ืคืฉื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™
05:16
is still a creative act.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”.
05:19
Someone who has done something like this,
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ืžื™ ืฉืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”,
05:22
however mediocre and throwaway,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื•ื—ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™,
05:25
has tried something, has put something forward in public.
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ื ื™ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•, ื”ื ื™ื— ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
05:28
And once they've done it, they can do it again,
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ื•ืžืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘.
05:31
and they could work on getting it better.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉืคืจ ืื•ืชื•.
05:33
There is a spectrum between mediocre work and good work,
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ืงื™ื™ื ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
05:36
and as anybody who's worked as an artist or a creator knows,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืืžืŸ ืื• ื™ื•ืฆืจ,
05:39
it's a spectrum you're constantly
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ื–ื”ื• ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืืชื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
05:41
struggling to get on top of.
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ื ืื‘ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืกื’ืชื•.
05:43
The gap is between
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ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ
05:45
doing anything and doing nothing.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœื•ื.
05:48
And someone who makes a LOLcat
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ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ืชื•ืœ ืžืฆื—ื™ืง
05:50
has already crossed over that gap.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื–ื”.
05:53
Now it's tempting to want to get the Ushahidis
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ื–ื” ืžืคืชื” ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืฉืื”ื™ื“ื™
05:55
without the LOLcats, right,
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ืœืœื ื”ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื.
05:57
to get the serious stuff without the throwaway stuff.
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื.
06:00
But media abundance never works that way.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืคืข ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื›ื”.
06:03
Freedom to experiment means freedom to experiment with anything.
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ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืคืจื•ืฉื• ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
06:06
Even with the sacred printing press,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ,
06:08
we got erotic novels 150 years
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžืžื ื• ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืืจื•ื˜ื™ื™ื 150 ืฉื ื”
06:10
before we got scientific journals.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžืžื ื• ื›ืชื‘ื™-ืขืช ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื.
06:14
So before I talk about
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ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
06:17
what is, I think, the critical difference
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ืžื”ื• ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™
06:19
between LOLcats and Ushahidi,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฉืื”ื™ื“ื™,
06:21
I want to talk about
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
06:23
their shared source.
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ืžืงื•ืจื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
06:25
And that source is design for generosity.
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ื•ืžืงื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
06:28
It is one of the curiosities of our historical era
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ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืชื ื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช
06:31
that even as cognitive surplus
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ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ื“ืฃ ืชื•ื“ืขืชื™
06:33
is becoming a resource we can design around,
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืฉืื‘ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•,
06:35
social sciences are also starting to explain
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ื’ื ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
06:38
how important
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
06:40
our intrinsic motivations are to us,
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•,
06:42
how much we do things because we like to do them
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ื›ืžื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชื,
06:45
rather than because our boss told us to do them,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืœื ื• ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืชื,
06:47
or because we're being paid to do them.
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ืื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื•ื’ืžืœื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
06:50
This is a graph from a paper
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ื’ืจืฃ ื–ื” ืœืงื•ื— ืžืžืืžืจ
06:53
by Uri Gneezy and Aldo Rustichini,
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ืžืืช ื™ื•ืจื™ ื’ื ื™ื–ื™ ื•ืืœืคืจื“ื• ืจื•ืกื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื™,
06:55
who set out to test, at the beginning of this decade,
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ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืขืฉื•ืจ ื–ื”,
06:58
what they called "deterrence theory."
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื›ื™ื ื• "ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืชืขื”".
07:00
And deterrence theory is a very simple theory of human behavior:
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืชืขื” ื”ื™ื ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื“ื.
07:02
If you want somebody to do less of something,
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ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช,
07:04
add a punishment and they'll do less of it.
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ื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืขื•ื ืฉ ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช.
07:06
Simple, straightforward, commonsensical --
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช,
07:09
also, largely untested.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื›ื–ื• ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื ื‘ื—ื ื”.
07:11
And so they went and studied
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื‘ื“ืงื•
07:13
10 daycare centers in Haifa, Israel.
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10 ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”, ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
07:15
They studied those daycare centers
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ืื•ืชื ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื
07:17
at the time of highest tension,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื—ืฅ,
07:19
which is pick-up time.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ืžืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
07:21
At pick-up time the teachers,
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ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื’ื ื ื•ืช,
07:23
who have been with your children all day,
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
07:25
would like you to be there at the appointed hour to take your children back.
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ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื.
07:28
Meanwhile, the parents -- perhaps a little busy at work, running late, running errands --
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื -- ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžืื—ืจื™ื, ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืžื˜ืœื•ืช --
07:31
want a little slack to pick the kids up late.
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ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืงืฆืช ื”ื ื—ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ.
07:34
So Gneezy and Rustichini said,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื–ื™ ื•ืจื•ืกื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื™ ืืžืจื•,
07:36
"How many instances of late pick-ups
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"ื›ืžื” ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžืื•ื—ืจ
07:38
are there at these 10 daycare centers?"
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ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืœืœื•?"
07:40
Now they saw -- and this is what the graph is,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืจืื• -- ื•ื–ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืฃ,
07:42
these are the number of weeks and these are the number of late arrivals --
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื --
07:45
that there were between six and 10
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 6 ืœ-10
07:47
instances of late pick-ups
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ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžืื•ื—ืจ
07:49
on average in these 10 daycare centers.
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ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืœืœื•.
07:51
So they divided the daycare centers into two groups.
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ืื– ื”ื ื—ื™ืœืงื• ืืช ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.
07:54
The white group there
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ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉื
07:56
is the control group; they change nothing.
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ื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ืงืจื”; ื”ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื• ืฉื ื›ืœื•ื.
07:59
But the group of daycare centers represented by the black line,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื• ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
08:02
they said, "We are changing this bargain
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ื ืฉื ื” ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง
08:04
as of right now.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืงื™ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
08:06
If you pick your kid up more than 10 minutes late,
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ืื ืžืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-10 ื“ืงื•ืช,
08:08
we're going to add a 10 shekel fine to your bill.
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ื ืงื ื•ืก ืืชื›ื ื‘-10 ืฉืงืœื™ื.
08:10
Boom. No ifs, ands or buts."
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ื‘ื•ื ื˜ืจืื—. ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืœื™."
08:13
And the minute they did that,
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ื•ืžืจื’ืข ืฉื–ื” ื ืขืฉื”,
08:15
the behavior in those daycare centers changed.
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ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”.
08:17
Late pick-ups went up
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ื”ืื™ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ืขืœื•
08:19
every week for the next four weeks
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื
08:22
until they topped out at triple the pre-fine average,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืขื“ ืคื™-3 ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ืœืช ื”ืงื ืกื•ืช,
08:25
and then they fluctuated
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ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช
08:27
at between double and triple the pre-fine average
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื™-2 ืœืคื™-3 ืžื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื˜ืจื•ื-ืงื ืก
08:29
for the life of the fine.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงื ืก.
08:31
And you can see immediately what happened, right?
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ ืžื” ืงืจื”.
08:35
The fine broke the culture
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ื”ืงื ืก ืฉื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
08:37
of the daycare center.
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ืฉืœ ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
08:39
By adding a fine,
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ืœืช ื”ืงื ืก,
08:41
what they did was communicate to the parents
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ื”ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืžืกืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื
08:43
that their entire debt to the teachers
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
08:45
had been discharged
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ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื ื ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœืช
08:47
with the payment of 10 shekels,
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ืขื ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ 10 ืฉืงืœ ืงื ืก,
08:49
and that there was no residue of guilt or social concern
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ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืืฉื ืื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
08:52
that the parents owed the teachers.
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ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ื ื ื•ืช.
08:54
And so the parents, quite sensibly, said,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ืืžืจื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ,
08:56
"10 shekels to pick my kid up late?
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"10 ืฉืงืœ ืงื ืก ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื™?
08:58
What could be bad?"
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ-ื›ืœ ื ื•ืจื."
09:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:04
The explanation of human behavior
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ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
09:06
that we inherited in the 20th century
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ืฉื™ืจืฉื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืื” ื”-20
09:09
was that we are all rational, self-maximizing actors,
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืงืกืžื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ.
09:12
and in that explanation --
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ื•ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” --
09:14
the daycare center had no contract --
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ืœืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ื” --
09:17
should have been operating without any constraints.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืœื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช.
09:20
But that's not right.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
09:22
They were operating with social constraints
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ื”ื ืคืขืœื• ืชื—ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
09:24
rather than contractual ones.
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ื•ืœื ืชื—ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช.
09:26
And critically, the social constraints
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ืจื™ืข, ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
09:28
created a culture that was more generous
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ื™ืฆืจื• ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ืช
09:31
than the contractual constraints did.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื–ื• ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช.
09:33
So Gneezy and Rustichini run this experiment for a dozen weeks --
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื™ื–ื™ ื•ืจื•ืกื˜ื™ืฆ'ื ื™ ื”ืจื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช --
09:36
run the fine for a dozen weeks --
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ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืงื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช --
09:38
and then they say, "Okay, that's it. All done; fine."
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง."
09:41
And then a really interesting thing happens:
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ื•ืื– ืงืจื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
09:43
Nothing changes.
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ืœื ื—ืœ ืฉื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
09:46
The culture that got broken by the fine
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ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉื‘ืจื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืงื ืก
09:49
stayed broken when the fine was removed.
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ื ืฉืืจื” ืฉื‘ื•ืจื” ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืงื ืก.
09:52
Not only are economic motivations
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืฉืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื
09:55
and intrinsic motivations
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ื•ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื
09:57
incompatible,
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ืื™ื ื ืชื•ืืžื™ื,
09:59
that incompatibility
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื”
10:01
can persist over long periods.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช.
10:04
So the trick
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื”
10:06
in designing these kinds of situations
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ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื”
10:08
is to understand where you're relying on
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ
10:11
the economic part of the bargain -- as with the parents paying the teachers --
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ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืกืงื” -- ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื• ืœืžื•ืจื™ื --
10:14
and when you're relying on the social part of the bargain,
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ื•ืžืชื™ ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืกืงื”,
10:17
when you're really designing for generosity.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
10:20
This brings me back to the LOLcats
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ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืœื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื
10:23
and to Ushahidi.
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ื•ืœื™ื•ืฉืื”ื™ื“ื™.
10:25
This is, I think, the range that matters.
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ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
10:27
Both of these rely on cognitive surplus.
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื›ืื—ื“ ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืชื•ื“ืขืชื™.
10:29
Both of these design for the assumption
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ื”
10:31
that people like to create and we want to share.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง.
10:34
Here is the critical difference between these:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
10:39
LOLcats is communal value.
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ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™.
10:42
It's value created by the participants
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ืขืจื›ื• ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื,
10:44
for each other.
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ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™.
10:46
Communal value on the networks we have
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืจื›ื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช,
10:49
is everywhere --
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื
10:51
every time you see a large aggregate
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
10:53
of shared, publicly available data,
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ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
10:56
whether it's photos on Flickr
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืœื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคืœื™ืงืจ
10:58
or videos on Youtube or whatever.
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ืื• ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืื• ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”.
11:00
This is good. I like LOLcats as much as the next guy,
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ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘. ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ื“ื™,
11:02
maybe a little more even,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:04
but this is also
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื’ื
11:07
a largely solved problem.
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ื‘ืขื™ื” ืคืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื”.
11:09
I have a hard time envisioning a future
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“
11:11
in which someone is saying,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื•ืžืจ,
11:13
"Where, oh where, can I find a picture
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"ื”ื™ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ, ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชืžื•ื ื”
11:15
of a cute cat?"
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ืฉืœ ื—ืชื•ืœ ื—ืžื•ื“?"
11:17
Ushahidi, by contrast,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ื”, ื™ื•ืฉืื”ื™ื“ื™,
11:19
is civic value.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ืื–ืจื—ื™.
11:21
It's value created by the participants
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ื–ื”ื• ืขืจืš ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื,
11:23
but enjoyed by society as a whole.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืžืžื ื•.
11:25
The goals set out by Ushahidi
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืฉืื”ื™ื“ื™
11:27
are not just to make life better
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ืื™ื ื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
11:29
for the participants,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื,
11:31
but to make life better for everyone in the society
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ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืื•ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”
11:34
in which Ushahidi is operating.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื•ืฉืื”ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ืขืœ.
11:36
And that kind of civic value
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ื•ืขืจืš ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื›ื–ื”
11:39
is not just a side effect
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ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืชื•ืฆืืช ืœื•ื•ืื™
11:41
of opening up to human motivation.
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ืฉืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืžื ื™ืข ืื ื•ืฉื™.
11:44
It really is going to be a side effect
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ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืืช ืœื•ื•ืื™
11:46
of what we, collectively,
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื•, ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
11:48
make of these kinds of efforts.
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ื ืขืฉื” ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ืžืืžืฅ ืืœื•.
11:51
There are a trillion
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ื™ืฉื ื ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
11:53
hours a year
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ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”,
11:55
of participatory value
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืจืš ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ื”ืžืžืชื™ื ื•ืช
11:57
up for grabs.
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ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘.
11:59
That will be true year-in and year-out.
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื”.
12:02
The number of people who are going to be able
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื•
12:04
to participate in these kinds of projects
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ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”
12:06
is going to grow,
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ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
12:08
and we can see that organizations
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื
12:11
designed around a culture of generosity
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ืฉื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช
12:13
can achieve incredible effects
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช
12:15
without an enormous amount of contractual overhead --
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ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžืขืœ ืœืจืืฉื.
12:18
a very different model
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ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ
12:20
than our default model for large-scale group action in the 20th century.
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ืฉืœื ื• ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื—ื‘.
12:24
What's going to make the difference here
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ
12:27
is what Dean Kamen said,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืงืืžืŸ,
12:30
the inventor and entrepreneur.
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ื”ืžืžืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื–ื.
12:32
Kamen said, "Free cultures get what they celebrate."
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ืงืืžืŸ ืืžืจ, "ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืจื•ืžืžื•ืช."
12:36
We've got a choice before us.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืœืคื ื™ื ื•.
12:39
We've got this trillion hours a year.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื”.
12:41
We can use it to crack each other up, and we're going to do that.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
12:44
That, we get for free.
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ืืช ื–ื” ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
12:46
But we can also celebrate
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื•ืžื
12:48
and support and reward the people
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ื•ืœืชืžื•ืš ื•ืœืชื’ืžืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
12:50
trying to use cognitive surplus
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ื”ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืชื•ื“ืขืชื™
12:52
to create civic value.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืจืš ืื–ืจื—ื™.
12:54
And to the degree we're going to do that, to the degree we're able to do that,
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ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
12:57
we'll be able to change society.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
12:59
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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