What role does luck play in your life? | Barry Schwartz

181,756 views ใƒป 2020-10-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva Livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:13
Hello, everybody.
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ืฉืœื•ื ืœื›ื•ืœื,
00:14
I'm honored to be here to talk to you,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื›ื
00:18
and what I'm going to talk about today is luck and justice
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ื•ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžื–ืœ ื•ืฆื“ืง
00:23
and the relation between them.
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ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
00:26
Some years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
00:27
a former student of mine called me
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ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืืœื™
00:30
to talk about his daughter.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืชื•.
00:33
It turns out his daughter was a high school senior,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื• ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
00:35
was seriously interested in applying to Swarthmore,
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ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœืกื•ื•ืืจืช'ืžื•ืจ
00:40
where I taught,
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ืฉืฉื ืœื™ืžื“ืชื™,
00:41
and he wanted to get my sense of whether she would get in.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืื ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืชืงื‘ืœ.
00:47
Swarthmore is an extremely hard school to get into.
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ืกื•ื•ืืจืช'ืžื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืฉืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืืœื™ื•.
00:51
So I said, "Well, tell me about her."
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ืื– ืืžืจืชื™, "ื˜ื•ื‘, ืกืคืจ ืœื™ ืขืœื™ื”."
00:54
And he told me about her,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืขืœื™ื”,
00:56
what her grades were like, her board scores,
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”, ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืช,
00:58
her extracurricular activities.
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ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ-ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
01:01
And she just sounded like a superstar,
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ื•ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืฉืžืข ืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช-ืขืœ,
01:03
wonderful, wonderful kid.
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ื™ืœื“ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืคืœืื”.
01:06
So I said, "She sounds fabulous.
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ืื– ืืžืจืชื™, "ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืžืขืช ื ื”ื“ืจ.
01:08
She sounds like just the kind of student
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ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืžืขืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื’ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜
01:10
that Swarthmore would love to have."
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ืฉืกื•ื•ืืจืช'ืžื•ืจ ื™ืฉืžื—ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ."
01:14
And so he said, "Well, does that mean that she'll get in?"
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ, "ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืชืงื‘ืœ?
01:18
And I said, "No.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, "ืœื.
01:20
There just aren't enough spots in the Swarthmore class
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื•ืืจืช'ืžื•ืจ
01:25
for everybody who's good.
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘.
01:26
There aren't enough spots at Harvard or Yale or Princeton or Stanford.
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ืื• ื™ื™ืœ, ืื• ืคืจื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืื• ืกื˜ืื ืคื•ืจื“.
01:30
There aren't enough spots at Google or Amazon or Apple.
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืื• ื‘ืืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืืคืœ.
01:35
There aren't enough spots at the TED Conference.
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ืก ืฉืœ TED.
01:40
There are an awful lot of good people,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
01:42
and some of them are not going to make it."
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืขื“."
01:46
So he said, "Well, what are we supposed to do?"
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช?"
01:50
And I said, "That's a very good question."
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, "ื–ืืช ืฉืืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“."
01:53
What are we supposed to do?
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ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
01:56
And I know what colleges and universities have done.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืขืฉื•.
02:00
In the interest of fairness,
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช,
02:03
what they've done is they've kept ratcheting up the standards
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ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื“ืจื’ื• ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื
02:08
because it doesn't seem fair to admit less qualified people
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ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื
02:14
and reject better qualified people,
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ื•ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื,
02:16
so you just keep raising the standards higher and higher
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ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:21
until they're high enough that you can admit
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ
02:23
only the number of students that you can fit.
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ืจืง ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก.
02:27
And this violates a lot of people's sense of what justice and fairness is.
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ื•ื”ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช,
02:34
People in American society have different opinions
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
02:37
about what it means to say that some sort of process is just,
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™,
02:41
but I think there's one thing that pretty much everyone agrees on,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื•,
02:44
that in a just system, a fair system,
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ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฆื•ื“ืงืช, ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื•ื’ื ืช,
02:47
people get what they deserve.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื.
02:50
And what I was telling my former student
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™
02:53
is that when it comes to college admissions,
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ื–ื” ืฉื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืžื›ืœืœื”,
02:57
it just isn't true that people get what they deserve.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื.
03:01
Some people get what they deserve, and some people don't,
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ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื,
03:04
and that's just the way it is.
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ื•ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
03:08
When you ratchet up requirements as colleges have done,
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ื›ืฉืžืฉื“ืจื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ืขืฉื•,
03:11
what you do is you create a crazy competition
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช
03:14
among high school kids,
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
03:17
because it's not adequate to be good,
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ื›ื™ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘,
03:20
it's not adequate to be good enough,
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ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™ื™
03:22
you have to be better than everybody else who is also applying.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ.
03:26
And what this has done,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื’ืจื,
03:28
or what this has contributed to,
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ื•ืชืจื,
03:30
is a kind of epidemic of anxiety and depression
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ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืคืช ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ
03:33
that is just crushing our teenagers.
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ื—ืฆืช ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
03:37
We are wrecking a generation with this kind of competition.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืขื ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
03:40
As I was thinking about this,
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ื›ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
03:42
it occurred to me there's a way to fix this problem.
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ืขืœืชื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื™ ื“ืจืš ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:46
And here's what we could do:
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช:
03:49
when people apply to college,
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ืจืฉืžื™ื ืœืžื›ืœืœื”,
03:51
we distinguish between the applicants who are good enough to be successful
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ื ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื“ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—
03:57
and the ones who aren't,
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืœื,
03:59
and we reject the ones who aren't good enough to be successful,
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ื•ื ื“ื—ื” ืืช ืืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื“ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—,
04:02
and then we take all of the others, and we put their names in a hat,
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ื•ืื– ื ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื‘ืข,
04:06
and we just pick them out at random
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™
04:08
and admit them.
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ื•ื ืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื.
04:10
In other words, we do college admissions by lottery,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืžื›ืœืœื” ืชื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืœื”,
04:14
and maybe we do job offers at tech companies by lottery,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฆื™ืข ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืœื”,
04:20
and -- perish the thought --
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ื• -- ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ --
04:21
maybe we even make decisions about who gets invited to talk at TED
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื™ ื™ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ TED
04:26
by lottery.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืœื”.
04:27
Now, don't misunderstand me,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืœ ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
04:29
a lottery like this is not going to eliminate the injustice.
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ื”ื’ืจืœื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืœื ืชื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื•ืœ.
04:34
There will still be plenty of people who don't get what they deserve.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื.
04:38
But at least it's honest.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื–ื” ื”ื•ื’ืŸ.
04:40
It reveals the injustice for what it is instead of pretending otherwise,
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ื–ื” ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื•ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืื—ืจืช,
04:46
and it punctures the incredible pressure balloon
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืคื•ืฆืฅ ืืช ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื ื•ืจื
04:49
that our high school kids are now living under.
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ืฉืžืจื—ืฃ ืžืขืœ ืœืจืืฉื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:54
So why is it that this perfectly reasonable proposal,
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื”ืฆืขื” ืžืžืฉ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• --
04:58
if I do say so myself,
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช --
05:00
doesn't get any serious discussion?
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ืœื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื ื™?
05:03
I think I know why.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืžื”.
05:05
I think it's that we hate the idea
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
05:08
that really important things in life might happen by luck or by chance,
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ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื–ืœ ืื• ื‘ืืงืจืื™,
05:15
that really important things in our lives are not under our control.
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
05:19
I hate that idea.
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ืื ื™ ืฉื•ื ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
05:21
It's not surprising that people hate that idea,
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ืœื ืคืœื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
05:24
but it simply is the way things are.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื.
05:28
First of all, college admissions already is a lottery.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ืจืœื”.
05:33
It's just that the admissions officers pretend that it isn't.
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ื•ืจืง ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืžืชื™ื™ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื›ืš.
05:37
So let's be honest about it.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš.
05:39
And second,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช,
05:40
I think if we appreciated that it was a lottery,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื• ื”ืขืจื›ื ื• ืฉื–ื• ืื›ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืœื”,
05:44
it would also get us to acknowledge the importance of good fortune
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื–ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘
05:48
in almost every one of our lives.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
05:50
Take me.
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ืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
05:53
Almost all the most significant events in my life have occurred,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™,
05:58
to a large degree,
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ืงืจื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”,
05:59
as a result of good luck.
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื–ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘.
06:02
When I was in seventh grade, my family left New York
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื–' ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืขื–ื‘ื” ืืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
06:06
and went to Westchester County.
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ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืžื—ื•ื– ื•ื•ืกื˜ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ.
06:08
Right at the beginning of school,
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื,
06:10
I met a lovely young girl who became my friend,
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ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื ืขืจื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื•ืžืงืกื™ืžื” ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™,
06:13
then she became my best friend,
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ืื—"ื› ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™,
06:15
then she became my girlfriend
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœื™
06:18
and then she became my wife.
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ื•ืื—"ื› ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืชื™.
06:21
Happily, she's been my wife now
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ืœืฉืžื—ืชื™, ื”ื™ื ืืฉืชื™ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื,
06:23
for 52 years.
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ืžื–ื” 52 ืฉื ื™ื.
06:25
I had very little to do with this. This was a lucky accident.
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ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”, ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื–ืœ.
06:30
I went off to college,
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ื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœืžื›ืœืœื”,
06:31
and in my first semester, I signed up for a class in introduction to psychology.
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ื•ื‘ืกืžืกื˜ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื ืจืฉืžืชื™ ืœืงื•ืจืก ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
06:37
I didn't even know what psychology was,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ื–ื• ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
06:39
but it fit into my schedule and it met requirements,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืขื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
06:41
so I took it.
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ืื– ื ืจืฉืžืชื™ ืœื–ื”.
06:43
And by luck, the class was taught
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ื•ื‘ืžื–ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ
06:45
by a superstar introductory psychology teacher, a legend.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืขืœ ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื’ื“ื”,
06:50
Because of that, I became a psychology major.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
06:54
Went off to graduate school.
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ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™,
06:55
I was finishing up.
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ื•ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื.
06:57
A friend of mine who taught at Swarthmore decided
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ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืฉืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ืกื•ื•ืืจืช'ืžื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
07:00
he didn't want to be a professor anymore,
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ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืฆื”,
07:03
and so he quit to go to medical school.
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ื•ืขื–ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื”.
07:07
The job that he occupied opened up,
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ื”ืžืฉืจื” ืฉืœื• ื”ืชืคื ืชื”.
07:09
I applied for it, I got it,
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ื”ื’ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืงืฉื” ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื”.
07:12
the only job I've ever applied for.
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ื”ืžืฉืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืืœื™ื”.
07:14
I spent 45 years teaching at Swarthmore,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ 45 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืกื•ื•ืืจืช'ืžื•ืจ.
07:18
an institution that had an enormous impact on the shape that my career took.
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ืžื•ืกื“ ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™.
07:22
And to just give one last example,
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”:
07:24
I was giving a talk about some of my work in New York,
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ื ืชืชื™ ื”ืจืฆืื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
07:28
and there was somebody in the audience who came up to me after my talk.
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ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื”ืงื”ืœ ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”,
07:32
He introduced himself.
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ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
07:34
He said, "My name is Chris.
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ื•ืืžืจ: "ืฉืžื™ ื›ืจื™ืก.
07:35
Would you like to give a talk at TED?"
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ื”ืื ืชืจืฆื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืจืฆืื” ื‘ TED?"
07:39
And my response was, "What's TED?"
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ื•ืขื ื™ืชื™: "ืžื” ื–ื” TED?"
07:43
Well, I mean, he told me,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™,
07:45
and TED then wasn't what it is now.
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ื•-TED ืื– ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
07:49
But in the intervening years,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื,
07:50
the talks I've given at TED have been watched
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ื”ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืฉื”ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘-TED ื–ื›ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื”
07:53
by more than 20 million people.
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 20 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
07:56
So the conclusion is, I'm a lucky man.
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ืื– ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืœ.
07:58
I'm lucky about my marriage.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื™.
08:00
I'm lucky about my education.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืœ ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื™,
08:02
I'm lucky about my career.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™.
08:04
And I'm lucky to have had a platform and a voice at something like TED.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืœ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ืžื” ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• TED.
08:10
Did I deserve the success I've had?
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™?
08:12
Sure I deserve that success,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื–ื•,
08:14
just as you probably deserve your success.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
08:17
But lots of people also deserve successes like ours
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื•
08:22
who haven't had it.
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ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืŸ.
08:25
So do people get what they deserve?
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ืื– ื”ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื?
08:28
Is society just?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื“ืง ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”?
08:31
Of course not.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื.
08:32
Working hard and playing by the rules is just no guarantee of anything.
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ.
08:38
If we appreciate the inevitability of this kind of injustice
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข
08:43
and the centrality of good fortune,
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ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื–ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘,
08:45
we might ask ourselves
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ืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
08:48
what responsibilities do we have
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ืื™ื–ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
08:50
to the people we are now celebrating as heroes in this time of the pandemic
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ื›ืœืคื™ ืืœื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื”ืœืœื™ื ื›ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืคื”
08:56
when a serious illness befalls their family
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ื›ืฉืžื—ืœื” ืงืฉื” ืคื•ืงื“ืช ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื
08:59
to make sure that they remain whole and their lives aren't ruined
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืฉืœืžื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืœื ื™ื™ื”ืจืกื•
09:03
by the cost of dealing with the illness?
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืชื ืขื ื”ืžื—ืœื”?
09:07
What do we owe people who struggle,
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ืžื” ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืื‘ืงื™ื,
09:11
work hard and are less lucky than we are?
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื” ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžื–ืœ ืžืื™ืชื ื•?
09:15
About a half century ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืฆื™ ืžืื” ื‘ืขืจืš,
09:17
the philosopher John Rawls wrote a book called "A Theory of Justice,"
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ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืœืก ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ืฉื ืงืจื "ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง",
09:21
and in that book, he introduced a concept that he called "the veil of ignorance."
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ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื• "ืžืกืš ื”ื‘ืขืจื•ืช."
09:26
The question he posed was:
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ืขืœื” ื”ื™ืชื”:
09:28
If you didn't know what your position in society was going to be,
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ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžืš ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”,
09:34
what kind of a society would you want to create?
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ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ?
09:38
And what he suggested
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืข
09:39
is that when we don't know whether we're going to enter society
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ืžื™ืงื•ืžื ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”
09:43
at the top or at the bottom,
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื” ืื• ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืชื”,
09:44
what we want is a society that is pretty damn equal,
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ืžื” ืฉื ืจืฆื” ื–ื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ,
09:48
so that even the unlucky
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ื›ืš ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ
09:50
will be able to live decent, meaningful and satisfying lives.
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ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ื ื™ื, ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
09:55
So bring this back, all of you lucky, successful people, to your communities,
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ืื– ืืชื, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ ื•ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
10:01
and do what you can to make sure that we honor and take care of
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ื•ืขืฉื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื›ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื
10:08
people who are just as deserving of success as we are,
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจืื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื›ืžื•ื ื•,
10:12
but just not as lucky.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื‘ื ื™ ืžื–ืœ ื›ืžื•ื ื•.
10:14
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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