Ramanan Laxminarayan: The coming crisis in antibiotics

105,449 views ใƒป 2014-11-10

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Nechama Hecht ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
The first patient to ever be treated with an antibiotic
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ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”
00:16
was a policeman in Oxford.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืžืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“.
00:17
On his day off from work,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืฉืœื• ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
00:19
he was scratched by a rose thorn while working in the garden.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืจื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืฅ ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื’ื™ื ื”.
00:23
That small scratch became infected.
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ื”ืฉืจื™ื˜ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื–ื•ื”ืžืช.
00:26
Over the next few days, his head was swollen
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืจืืฉื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ืคื—
00:29
with abscesses,
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ืขื ื›ื™ื‘ื™ื.
00:30
and in fact his eye was so infected
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื–ื•ื”ืžืช
00:33
that they had to take it out,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื”,
00:35
and by February of 1941,
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ื•ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 1941
00:38
this poor man was on the verge of dying.
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ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืกืฃ ืžื™ืชื”.
00:40
He was at Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื” ื‘ืžืจืคืืช ืจื“ืงืœื™ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“,
00:43
and fortunately for him,
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ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ืžื–ืœื•,
00:45
a small team of doctors
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ืฆื•ื•ืช ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคืื™ื
00:47
led by a Dr. Howard Florey
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ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื“ืจ. ื”ื•ื•ืจื“ ืคืœื•ืจื™
00:48
had managed to synthesize
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืกื ืชื–
00:50
a very small amount of penicillin,
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ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืขื˜ื” ืžืื“ ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ,
00:53
a drug that had been discovered
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ืกื ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื”
00:55
12 years before by Alexander Fleming
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12 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคืœืžื™ื ื’
00:58
but had never actually been used to treat a human,
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ืืš ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืฉื•ืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื“ื,
01:01
and indeed no one even knew if the drug would work,
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ื•ืื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืกื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“,
01:04
if it was full of impurities that would kill the patient,
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ืื ื”ืกื ืžืœื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื”,
01:07
but Florey and his team figured
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ืืš ืคืœื•ืจื™ ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื• ืฉื™ืขืจื•
01:09
if they had to use it, they might as well use it
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ืฉืื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื ืกื•ืชื•, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื•
01:11
on someone who was going to die anyway.
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ืขืœ ืื“ื ืฉืžืžื™ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžื•ืช.
01:14
So they gave Albert Alexander,
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ,
01:17
this Oxford policeman, the drug,
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ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืžืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“, ืืช ื”ืกื,
01:20
and within 24 hours,
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช,
01:23
he started getting better.
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ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ,
01:25
His fever went down, his appetite came back.
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ื—ื•ื ื’ื•ืคื• ื™ืจื“, ืชืื‘ื•ื ื• ื—ื–ืจ.
01:29
Second day, he was doing much better.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™, ืžืฆื‘ื• ืžืžืฉ ื”ืฉืชืคืจ.
01:31
They were starting to run out of penicillin,
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ื”ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืื–ื•ืœ,
01:33
so what they would do was run with his urine
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ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืจืฆื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”
01:35
across the road to re-synthesize the penicillin from his urine
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ืœืฆื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื ืชื– ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื•
01:38
and give it back to him,
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ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืืœื™ื•,
01:40
and that worked.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“.
01:42
Day four, well on the way to recovery.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื—ืœืžื”.
01:44
This was a miracle.
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ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื ืก.
01:46
Day five, they ran out of penicillin,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ืื–ืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ,
01:50
and the poor man died.
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ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ ืžืช.
01:52
So that story didn't end that well,
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ืื– ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘,
01:55
but fortunately for millions of other people,
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ืืš ืœืžื–ืœื ืฉืœ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:59
like this child who was treated again in the early 1940s,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื˜ื•ืคืœื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ 1940,
02:02
who was again dying of a sepsis,
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ืฉืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืกืฃ ืžื™ืชื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืืœื— ื“ื,
02:05
and within just six days, you can see,
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช,
02:08
recovered thanks to this wonder drug, penicillin.
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืกื ื”ืคืœืื™ื ื”ื–ื”, ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ.
02:12
Millions have lived,
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ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื–ื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช,
02:14
and global health has been transformed.
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ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
02:17
Now, antibiotics have been used
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื•ืžืฉื”
02:20
for patients like this,
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ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื•,
02:23
but they've also been used rather frivolously
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ืืš ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืฉื•ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื“ืขืช
02:25
in some instances,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
02:27
for treating someone with just a cold or the flu,
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ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช ืื• ืฉืคืขืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
02:29
which they might not have responded to an antibiotic,
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ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
02:32
and they've also been used in large quantities
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืฉื•ืžืฉื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
02:36
sub-therapeutically, which means in small concentrations,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืช - ืชืจืคื•ื™ื˜ื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ; ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
02:39
to make chicken and hogs grow faster.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืขื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:42
Just to save a few pennies on the price of meat,
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ืจืง ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ,
02:46
we've spent a lot of antibiotics on animals,
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช,
02:49
not for treatment, not for sick animals,
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ืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื•ืช,
02:51
but primarily for growth promotion.
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ืืœื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ืจื– ื’ื“ื™ืœื”.
02:54
Now, what did that lead us to?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืœ ืžื” ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•?
02:57
Basically, the massive use of antibiotics
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”
03:00
around the world
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
03:01
has imposed such large selection pressure on bacteria
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ื›ืคื” ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืจื™ืจืชื™ ื›ื” ืขืฆื•ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
03:05
that resistance is now a problem,
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื›ืขืช,
03:08
because we've now selected for just
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ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจืจื ื• ืจืง
03:10
the resistant bacteria.
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ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช.
03:11
And I'm sure you've all read about this in the newspapers,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืงืจืืชื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื,
03:14
you've seen this in every magazine
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ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ,
03:16
that you come across,
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ืฉื ืงืจื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื›ื,
03:18
but I really want you to appreciate
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ืืš ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืขืจื™ื›ื•
03:20
the significance of this problem.
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ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•.
03:22
This is serious.
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ื–ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
03:23
The next slide I'm about to show you is of carbapenem resistance in acinetobacter.
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ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื ื’ื•ื“ืช ืงืจื‘ืคื ื ื‘ืืฆื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจ.
03:28
Acinetobacter is a nasty hospital bug,
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ืืฆื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืื›ื–ืจื™ ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื
03:31
and carbapenem is pretty much
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ื•ืงื‘ืจืคื ื ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื”
03:32
the strongest class of antibiotics
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”
03:34
that we can throw at this bug.
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ืฃ ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ื–ื”.
03:36
And you can see in 1999
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื‘ - 1999
03:39
this is the pattern of resistance,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช,
03:42
mostly under about 10 percent across the United States.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืชื—ืช ืœ- 10 ืื—ื•ื– ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืืจื”ืดื‘.
03:45
Now watch what happens when we play the video.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืจืื• ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืฉื ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
03:58
So I don't know where you live,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืืชื ื’ืจื™ื,
04:00
but wherever it is, it certainly is a lot worse now
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ืืš ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื”, ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
04:03
than it was in 1999,
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ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ - 1999
04:05
and that is the problem of antibiotic resistance.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
04:09
It's a global issue
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
04:11
affecting both rich and poor countries,
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ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืื—ื“,
ื•ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืชื’ื™ื“ื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ,
04:14
and at the heart of it, you might say, well,
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04:16
isn't this really just a medical issue?
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ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช?
04:18
If we taught doctors how not to use antibiotics as much,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ืš ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
04:20
if we taught patients how not to demand antibiotics,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
04:23
perhaps this really wouldn't be an issue,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืœืœ.
04:25
and maybe the pharmaceutical companies
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
04:27
should be working harder to develop
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื—
04:28
more antibiotics.
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ืขื•ื“ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช.
04:30
Now, it turns out that there's something fundamental about antibiotics
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”
04:33
which makes it different from other drugs,
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
04:35
which is that if I misuse antibiotics
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”
04:37
or I use antibiotics,
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ืื• ืื ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
04:39
not only am I affected but others are affected as well,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ,
04:43
in the same way as if I choose to drive to work
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
04:45
or take a plane to go somewhere,
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ืื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืœืืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื
04:48
that the costs I impose on others
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื›ื•ืคื” ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื
04:50
through global climate change go everywhere,
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ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™, ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจ,
04:52
and I don't necessarily take these costs into consideration.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื•ืงื— ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
04:55
This is what economists might call a problem of the commons,
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืœื–ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื™ืงืจืื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื ื—ืœืช ื”ื›ืœืœ.
04:58
and the problem of the commons is exactly
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื ื—ืœืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
05:00
what we face in the case of antibiotics as well:
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”:
05:02
that we don't consider โ€”
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ืฉืื ื• ืœื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ --
05:04
and we, including individuals, patients,
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ื•ืื ื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื, ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื,
05:07
hospitals, entire health systems โ€”
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ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช --
05:11
do not consider the costs that they impose on others
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ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืื•ื›ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื
05:13
by the way antibiotics are actually used.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
05:15
Now, that's a problem that's similar
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื“ื•ืžื”
05:17
to another area that we all know about,
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ืœืชื—ื•ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื•,
05:19
which is of fuel use and energy,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืœืง, ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
05:21
and of course energy use
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
05:23
both depletes energy as well as
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื’ื
05:26
leads to local pollution and climate change.
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ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
05:29
And typically, in the case of energy,
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ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
05:31
there are two ways in which you can deal with the problem.
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื™ืชืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
05:33
One is, we can make better use of the oil that we have,
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ื”ืื—ืช, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ืคื˜ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•,
05:37
and that's analogous to making better use
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:39
of existing antibiotics,
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ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื ืžืฆืืช,
05:41
and we can do this in a number of ways
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื
05:42
that we'll talk about in a second,
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ืฉื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
05:45
but the other option is the "drill, baby, drill" option,
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ืืš ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืคืฆื™ื™ืช ื”- ืดืงื“ื—, ืžื•ืชืง, ืงื“ื—ืด
05:48
which in the case of antibiotics is to go find new antibiotics.
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ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
05:53
Now, these are not separate.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืœื” ืื™ื ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื•.
05:55
They're related, because if we invest heavily
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ื”ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช
05:58
in new oil wells,
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ื‘ื‘ืืจื•ืช ื ืคื˜ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
06:00
we reduce the incentives for conservation of oil
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ืื ื• ื ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื ืคื˜
06:03
in the same way that's going to happen for antibiotics.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
06:06
The reverse is also going to happen, which is that
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ื”ื”ืคืš ื’ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ, ื•ื”ื•ื
06:08
if we use our antibiotics appropriately,
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ืฉืื ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื”,
06:10
we don't necessarily have to make the investments
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ืื ื• ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข
06:13
in new drug development.
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ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
06:15
And if you thought that these two were entirely,
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ื•ืื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉืฉื ื™ ืืœื” ืœื’ืžืจื™,
06:18
fully balanced between these two options,
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ืžืื•ื–ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื•,
06:20
you might consider the fact that
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš
06:22
this is really a game that we're playing.
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื—ืง ืื•ืชื• ืื ื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื.
06:24
The game is really one of coevolution,
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ืงื•ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
06:27
and coevolution is, in this particular picture,
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ื•ืงื•ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ื–ืืช,
06:30
between cheetahs and gazelles.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื“ืœืกื™ื ืœืฆื‘ืื™ื.
06:32
Cheetahs have evolved to run faster,
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ื”ื‘ืจื“ืœืกื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืจื•ืฅ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:34
because if they didn't run faster,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืฆื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:35
they wouldn't get any lunch.
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ.
06:37
Gazelles have evolved to run faster because
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ืฆื‘ืื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืจื•ืฅ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ
06:40
if they don't run faster, they would be lunch.
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ืฉืื ืœื ื™ืจื•ืฆื• ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืื•ื›ืœ.
06:43
Now, this is the game we're playing against the bacteria,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืื•ืชื• ืื ื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง,
06:46
except we're not the cheetahs,
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ืจืง ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื”ื‘ืจื“ืœืกื™ื,
06:48
we're the gazelles,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื,
06:49
and the bacteria would,
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง,
06:52
just in the course of this little talk,
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ืจืง ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื”ื–ื•,
06:54
would have had kids and grandkids
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืœื™ื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ื
06:55
and figured out how to be resistant
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ื•ืžื•ืฆื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“
06:58
just by selection and trial and error,
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ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืจื”, ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื’ื™ืื”,
07:00
trying it over and over again.
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ืžื ืกื” ื–ืืช ืคืขื ืื—ืจ ืคืขื.
07:02
Whereas how do we stay ahead of the bacteria?
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืฉืืจ ืื ื• ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง?
07:06
We have drug discovery processes,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
07:08
screening molecules,
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ืกืจื™ืงืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช,
07:10
we have clinical trials,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื,
07:11
and then, when we think we have a drug,
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ื•ืื–, ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืจื•ืคื”,
07:14
then we have the FDA regulatory process.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”- FDA.
07:17
And once we go through all of that,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
ืื– ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื”
07:20
then we try to stay one step ahead
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07:22
of the bacteria.
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ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง.
07:24
Now, this is clearly not a game that can be sustained,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“,
07:27
or one that we can win
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ืื• ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืฆื—
07:28
by simply innovating to stay ahead.
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ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
07:30
We've got to slow the pace of coevolution down,
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
07:33
and there are ideas that we can borrow from energy
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืžืื ืจื’ื™ื”
07:37
that are helpful in thinking about
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ื”ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
07:39
how we might want to do this in the case
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืงืจื”
07:40
of antibiotics as well.
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ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
07:42
Now, if you think about how we deal with
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื
07:44
energy pricing, for instance,
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ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ,
07:45
we consider emissions taxes,
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ืื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืกื™ ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช,
07:47
which means we're imposing the costs of pollution
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ; ืื ื• ืื•ื›ืคื™ื ืืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื
07:50
on people who actually use that energy.
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ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ื•.
07:53
We might consider doing that for antibiotics as well,
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ืื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื’ื ืขื ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
07:56
and perhaps that would make sure that antibiotics
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”
07:58
actually get used appropriately.
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ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืชืื™ื.
08:01
There are clean energy subsidies,
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื” ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื™ื”,
08:03
which are to switch to fuels which don't pollute as much
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื“ืœืงื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš
08:06
or perhaps don't need fossil fuels.
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ืื• ืฉืื™ื ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
08:09
Now, the analogy here is, perhaps we need
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
08:11
to move away from using antibiotics,
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ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
08:14
and if you think about it, what are good substitutes for antibiotics?
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ื•ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”?
08:17
Well, turns out that anything that reduces
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืคื—ื™ืช
08:20
the need for the antibiotic would really work,
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ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“,
08:22
so that could include improving hospital infection control
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื
08:25
or vaccinating people,
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ืื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื,
08:28
particularly against the seasonal influenza.
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ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืขื•ื ืชื™ืช.
08:30
And the seasonal flu is probably
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ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืขื•ื ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื”
08:33
the biggest driver of antibiotic use,
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ื”ืžื ื™ืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™,
08:36
both in this country as well as in many other countries,
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
08:39
and that could really help.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
08:41
A third option might include something like tradeable permits.
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ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืกื—ืจ.
08:45
And these seem like faraway scenarios,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื ื“ืžื™ื ื›ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
08:49
but if you consider the fact that we might not
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ืืš ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืœื
08:51
have antibiotics for many people who have infections,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื,
08:55
we might consider the fact that we might
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืฆื”
08:57
want to allocate who actually gets to use
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ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช ืžื™ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืจืฉื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
08:59
some of these antibiotics over others,
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ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืื—ืจื•ืช,
09:02
and some of these might have to be on the basis of clinical need,
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ื•ื—ืœืงื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฆื•ืจืš ืงืœื™ื ื™,
09:05
but also on the basis of pricing.
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ืืš ื’ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ.
09:07
And certainly consumer education works.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“.
09:09
Very often, people overuse antibiotics
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื“, ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”
09:12
or prescribe too much without necessarily
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ืื• ืจื•ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ ืžื‘ืœื™
09:14
knowing that they do so,
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ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช,
09:16
and feedback mechanisms
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ื•ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื‘
09:17
have been found to be useful,
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ื ืžืฆืื• ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื,
09:19
both on energy โ€”
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” --
09:21
When you tell someone that they're using
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
09:23
a lot of energy during peak hour,
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ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ืฉื™ื,
09:24
they tend to cut back,
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ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฆืžืฆื,
09:26
and the same sort of example has been performed
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ื”
09:28
even in the case of antibiotics.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
09:29
A hospital in St. Louis basically would put up
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื ื˜ ืœื•ืื™ืก ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขืœื”
09:31
on a chart the names of surgeons
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ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื”
09:36
in the ordering of how much antibiotics they'd used
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ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœืคื™ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื” ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื•
09:38
in the previous month,
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ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื•ื“ื,
09:40
and this was purely an informational feedback,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืžื™ื™ื“ืข,
09:42
there was no shaming,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื‘ืืช ื—ืจืคื”,
09:43
but essentially that provided some information back
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืกื™ืคืง ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื–ืจื”
09:45
to surgeons that maybe they could rethink
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ืœื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช
09:47
how they were using antibiotics.
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ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
09:50
Now, there's a lot that can be done
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”
09:52
on the supply side as well.
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ื’ื ืžืฆื“ ื”ืืกืคืงื”.
09:54
If you look at the price of penicillin,
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ,
09:56
the cost per day is about 10 cents.
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ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš 10 ืกื ื˜ื™ื.
09:57
It's a fairly cheap drug.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืจื•ืคื” ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืœื”.
09:59
If you take drugs that have been introduced since then โ€”
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ืื ืชื‘ื“ืงื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืžืื– --
10:01
linezolid or daptomycin โ€”
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ืœื™ื ื–ื•ืœื™ื“ ืื• ื“ืคื˜ื•ืžื™ืฆื™ืŸ --
10:04
those are significantly more expensive,
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ืืœื” ื™ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช,
10:06
so to a world that has been used to paying 10 cents a day for antibiotics,
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ืื– ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืฉืœื 10 ืกื ื˜ื™ื ืœื™ื•ื ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
10:11
the idea of paying 180 dollars per day
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื 180 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืœื™ื•ื
10:14
seems like a lot.
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ื ืจืื” ื›ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“.
10:15
But what is that really telling us?
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ืืš ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ืžืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•?
10:17
That price is telling us
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ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•
10:19
that we should no longer
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ืฉืืœ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“
10:21
take cheap, effective antibiotics as a given
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ืœืงื—ืช ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื–ื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•
10:25
into the foreseeable future,
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ,
10:27
and that price is a signal to us
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ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•
10:29
that perhaps we need to be paying
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ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืช
10:31
much more attention to conservation.
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ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ.
10:34
That price is also a signal
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ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืกื™ืžืŸ
10:36
that maybe we need to start looking at other technologies,
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
10:39
in the same way that gasoline prices are a signal
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื’ื– ื”ื ืกื™ืžืŸ
10:42
and an impetus, to, say,
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ื•ื“ื—ืฃ, ื ื’ื™ื“
10:44
the development of electric cars.
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ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื.
10:46
Prices are important signals
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ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
10:48
and we need to pay attention,
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘,
10:50
but we also need to consider the fact that
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ืืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
10:52
although these high prices seem unusual for antibiotics,
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ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืืœื• ื ืจืื™ื ื›ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
10:56
they're nothing compared to the price per day
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ื”ื ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ืœื™ื•ื
10:59
of some cancer drugs,
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ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
11:00
which might save a patient's life only for a few months or perhaps a year,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฉื ื”,
11:03
whereas antibiotics would potentially
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช
11:05
save a patient's life forever.
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ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืชืžื™ื“.
11:07
So this is going to involve
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขืจื‘
11:08
a whole new paradigm shift,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
11:10
and it's also a scary shift because
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื’ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ
11:12
in many parts of this country,
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ืฉื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
11:14
in many parts of the world,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
11:16
the idea of paying 200 dollars
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื 200 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
11:18
for a day of antibiotic treatment
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ืœื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™
11:21
is simply unimaginable.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™.
11:24
So we need to think about that.
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ืื– ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš.
11:25
Now, there are backstop options,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™,
11:27
which is other alternative technologies
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช
11:30
that people are working on.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
11:31
It includes bacteriophages, probiotics,
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ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืคืื’ืณื™ื, ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื,
11:34
quorum sensing, synbiotics.
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ื—ื™ืฉืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืจื•ื, ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
11:38
Now, all of these are useful avenues to pursue,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืงื“ื,
11:41
and they will become even more lucrative
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืชืœืžื™ื
11:43
when the price of new antibiotics starts going higher,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช,
11:47
and we've seen that the market does actually respond,
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ื•ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื›ืŸ ืžื’ื™ื‘,
11:49
and the government is now considering
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ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ืขืช ืฉื•ืงืœืช
11:51
ways of subsidizing new antibiotics and development.
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ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืกื‘ืกื“ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—.
11:55
But there are challenges here.
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ืืš ื™ืฉื ื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
11:57
We don't want to just throw money at a problem.
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ืื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ืง ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
11:59
What we want to be able to do
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
12:00
is invest in new antibiotics
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ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
12:02
in ways that actually encourage
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื
12:05
appropriate use and sales of those antibiotics,
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืชืื™ื ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช,
12:08
and that really is the challenge here.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื›ืืŸ.
12:11
Now, going back to these technologies,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
12:13
you all remember the line from that famous
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ืืชื ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜
12:15
dinosaur film, "Nature will find a way."
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ืžืกืจื˜ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื, ืดื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ืžืฆื ื“ืจืš.ืด
12:18
So it's not as if these are permanent solutions.
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ื›ืš ืฉืืœื” ืœื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืงื‘ืข.
12:21
We really have to remember that, whatever the technology might be,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื–ืืช, ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื• ื›ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื”,
12:25
that nature will find some way to work around it.
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ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ืžืฆื ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
12:28
You might think, well, this is just a problem
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจืง
12:30
just with antibiotics and with bacteria,
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ืขื ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืขื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
12:33
but it turns out that we have the exact same
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ืืš ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื”
12:35
identical problem in many other fields as well,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ,
12:37
with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis,
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ืขื ืฉื—ืคืช ืขืžื™ื“ื”,
12:40
which is a serious problem in India and South Africa.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
12:44
Thousands of patients are dying because
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ืืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ
12:46
the second-line drugs are so expensive,
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ืฉืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื”ืงื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืงืจื•ืช,
12:48
and in some instances, even those don't work
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืŸ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช
12:50
and you have XDR TB.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉื—ืคืช XDR.
12:52
Viruses are becoming resistant.
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื.
12:54
Agricultural pests. Malaria parasites.
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ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื. ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ ืžืœืจื™ื”.
12:57
Right now, much of the world depends on
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ื›ืจื’ืข, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ
12:59
one drug, artemisinin drugs,
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ืชืจื•ืคื” ืื—ืช, ืชืจื•ืคืช ืืจื˜ืžื™ืกื™ื ื™ืŸ,
13:02
essentially to treat malaria.
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ื™ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื”.
13:04
Resistance to artemisinin has already emerged,
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ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืืจื˜ืžื™ืกื™ื ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื’ืœื”,
13:07
and if this were to become widespread,
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ื•ืื ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—,
13:09
that puts at risk
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ื–ื” ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ
13:11
the single drug that we have to treat malaria around the world
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ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
13:14
in a way that's currently safe and efficacious.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœืขืช ืขืชื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืข.
13:17
Mosquitos develop resistance.
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ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช.
13:19
If you have kids, you probably know about head lice,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืืชื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ื™ื ื™ื,
13:21
and if you're from New York City,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืžื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
13:22
I understand that the specialty there is bedbugs.
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื.
13:25
So those are also resistant.
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ืื– ืืœื• ื’ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื.
13:27
And we have to bring an example from across the pond.
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ื•ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
13:30
Turns out that rats are also resistant to poisons.
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ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื’ื ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืจืขืœื™ื.
13:33
Now, what's common to all of these things is
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื
13:35
the idea that we've had these technologies
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
13:38
to control nature only for the last 70, 80 or 100 years
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ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืจืง ืœ - 70, 80 ืื• 100 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
13:43
and essentially in a blink,
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืฆืžื•ืฅ,
13:46
we have squandered our ability to control,
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ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ื ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜,
13:48
because we have not recognized
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ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื›ืจื ื•
13:51
that natural selection and evolution was going to find
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืขืžื“ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื
13:54
a way to get back,
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ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื”,
13:55
and we need to completely rethink
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™
13:57
how we're going to use
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืฉืชืžืฉ
13:59
measures to control biological organisms,
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
14:02
and rethink how we incentivize
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ื•ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžืชืžืจืฆื™ื
14:06
the development, introduction,
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ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื”ืฆื’ื”,
14:08
in the case of antibiotics prescription,
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
14:11
and use of these valuable resources.
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ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
14:14
And we really now need to start thinking about them
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
14:17
as natural resources.
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ื›ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื.
14:19
And so we stand at a crossroads.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
14:21
An option is to go through that rethinking
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ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช
14:24
and carefully consider incentives
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ื•ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื
14:26
to change how we do business.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื.
14:28
The alternative is
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ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื
14:31
a world in which even a blade of grass
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ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืฉื‘ ื™ื—ื™ื“
14:34
is a potentially lethal weapon.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื ืฉืง ืงื˜ืœื ื™.
14:36
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
14:38
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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