Ramanan Laxminarayan: The coming crisis in antibiotics

105,449 views ・ 2014-11-10

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μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Chanhee Lee κ²€ν† : Jeong-Lan Kinser
00:12
The first patient to ever be treated with an antibiotic
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졜초둜 ν•­μƒμ œ 치료λ₯Ό 받은 μ‚¬λžŒμ€ μ˜₯μŠ€νΌλ“œμ˜ ν•œ κ²½μ°°μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
was a policeman in Oxford.
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00:17
On his day off from work,
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μ–΄λŠ 휴일, κ·ΈλŠ” μ •μ›μ—μ„œ μΌν•˜λ‹€κ°€ μž₯λ―Έ κ°€μ‹œμ— κΈν˜”μ£ .
00:19
he was scratched by a rose thorn while working in the garden.
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00:23
That small scratch became infected.
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그런데 κ·Έ μž‘μ€ 긁힌 μƒμ²˜λŠ” κ°μ—Όλ˜μ—ˆμ–΄μš”..
00:26
Over the next few days, his head was swollen
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κ·Έ ν›„ 며칠에 걸쳐 그의 λ¨Έλ¦¬λŠ” λΆ€ν’€μ–΄ 올랐고 μ’…κΈ°κ°€ λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
with abscesses,
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00:30
and in fact his eye was so infected
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그의 λˆˆμ€ 감염이 λ„ˆλ¬΄ μ‹¬ν•΄μ„œ μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄ μ œκ±°ν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμ£ .
00:33
that they had to take it out,
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00:35
and by February of 1941,
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그리고 1941λ…„ 2월이 됐을 무렡 이 λΆˆμŒν•œ λ‚¨μžλŠ” 거의 죽을 μƒνƒœμ˜€μ£ .
00:38
this poor man was on the verge of dying.
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00:40
He was at Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford,
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ˜₯μŠ€νΌλ“œμ˜ λž˜λ“œν΄λ¦¬ν”„ λ³‘μ›μ—μ„œ μΉ˜λ£Œλ°›μ•˜κ³ , 운이 μ’‹κ²Œλ„
00:43
and fortunately for him,
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00:45
a small team of doctors
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ν•˜μ›Œλ“œ ν”ŒλŸ¬λ¦¬ 박사가 μ΄λ„λŠ” μ˜μ‚¬λ“€λ‘œ 이루어진 μ†Œκ·œλͺ¨μ˜ νŒ€μ΄
00:47
led by a Dr. Howard Florey
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00:48
had managed to synthesize
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μ•„μ£Ό 적은 μ–‘μ˜ νŽ˜λ‹ˆμ‹€λ¦°μ„ ν•©μ„±ν•˜λŠ” 데 μ„±κ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
a very small amount of penicillin,
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00:53
a drug that had been discovered
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그것은 μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ” ν”Œλ ˆλ°μ΄ 약물을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κΈ° 12λ…„ μ „μ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:55
12 years before by Alexander Fleming
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00:58
but had never actually been used to treat a human,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, λ‹Ήμ‹œ 이 약은 μž„μƒ μ‹œν—˜λ„ κ±°μΉ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ—ˆκ³ ,
01:01
and indeed no one even knew if the drug would work,
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이 약이 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμ„μ§€λ„ λˆ„κ΅¬λ„ ν™•μ‹ ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆκ³ ,
01:04
if it was full of impurities that would kill the patient,
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뢈순물이 많으면, ν™˜μžκ°€ 죽을 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
but Florey and his team figured
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ ν”ŒλŸ¬λ¦¬ 박사와 그의 νŒ€μ›λ“€μ€ λ§Œμ•½ 이 약을 κΌ­ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄λ΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
01:09
if they had to use it, they might as well use it
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01:11
on someone who was going to die anyway.
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μ–΄μ°¨ν”Ό 죽게 될 μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ μ‹œν—˜ν•΄μ•Όκ² λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆκ³ ,
01:14
So they gave Albert Alexander,
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κ·Έ μ˜₯μŠ€νΌλ“œμ˜ 경찰관인 μ•¨λ²„νŠΈ μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ”μ—κ²Œ 약을 νˆ¬μ—¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
this Oxford policeman, the drug,
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01:20
and within 24 hours,
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그리고 24μ‹œκ°„λ„ μ•ˆ λΌμ„œ κ·ΈλŠ” 회볡되기 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
he started getting better.
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01:25
His fever went down, his appetite came back.
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열이 λ‚΄λ Έκ³ , μ‹μš•λ„ λŒμ•„μ™”μ£ . μ΄νŠΏλ‚ μ—λŠ” νšŒλ³΅μ„Έκ°€ λ”μš± λ‘λ“œλŸ¬μ‘Œμ–΄μš”.
01:29
Second day, he was doing much better.
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01:31
They were starting to run out of penicillin,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ νŽ˜λ‹ˆμ‹€λ¦°μ΄ λ°”λ‹₯λ‚˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ„œ μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€ 그의 μ†Œλ³€μ„ λ°›μ•„λ‹€κ°€
01:33
so what they would do was run with his urine
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01:35
across the road to re-synthesize the penicillin from his urine
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κ±°κΈ°μ„œ νŽ˜λ‹ˆμ‹€λ¦°μ„ μž¬ν•©μ„±ν•΄μ„œ λ‹€μ‹œ κ·Έμ—κ²Œ νˆ¬μ—¬ν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:38
and give it back to him,
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01:40
and that worked.
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λ‹€ν–‰νžˆ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:42
Day four, well on the way to recovery.
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λ‚˜ν˜μ§Έ 되던 λ‚ μ—λŠ” μ™„μΎŒκ°€ 멀지 μ•Šμ•„ λ³΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κΈ°μ μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
01:44
This was a miracle.
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01:46
Day five, they ran out of penicillin,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‹·μƒˆμ§Έ νŽ˜λ‹ˆμ‹€λ¦°μ΄ λ°”λ‹₯났고 μ•ˆνƒ€κΉκ²Œλ„ κ·ΈλŠ” μ£½κ³  λ§μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
and the poor man died.
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01:52
So that story didn't end that well,
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이 μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” μ•ˆ μ’‹κ²Œ λλ‚¬μ§€λ§Œ μš΄μ’‹κ²Œλ„, λ‹€λ₯Έ 수 백만λͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€,
01:55
but fortunately for millions of other people,
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01:59
like this child who was treated again in the early 1940s,
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μ—¬κΈ° 1940λ…„λŒ€ μ΄ˆλ°˜μ— 치료λ₯Ό 받은 이 μ•„μ΄μ²˜λŸΌ,
02:02
who was again dying of a sepsis,
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패혈증으둜 μ£½μ–΄κ°€κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
02:05
and within just six days, you can see,
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νŽ˜λ‹ˆμ‹€λ¦°μ΄λΌλŠ” 기적의 μ•½ 덕에 κ³ μž‘ 6일 λ§Œμ— νšŒλ³΅λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
recovered thanks to this wonder drug, penicillin.
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02:12
Millions have lived,
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수백만 λͺ…이 λͺ©μˆ¨μ„ 건쑌고 μ „μ„Έκ³„μ˜ μ˜λ£ŒλŠ” ν˜μ‹ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
and global health has been transformed.
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02:17
Now, antibiotics have been used
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ν•œνŽΈ, ν•­μƒμ œμ˜ νˆ¬μ—¬λŠ” 이런 ν™˜μžλ“€μ—κ²Œλ„ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘Œμ§€λ§Œ λ‚¨μš©λ˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμ£ .
02:20
for patients like this,
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02:23
but they've also been used rather frivolously
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02:25
in some instances,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, ν•­μƒμ œμ˜ λ°˜μ‘λ„ ν™•μ‹€νžˆ λͺ¨λ₯΄λ©΄μ„œ 겨우 κ°κΈ°λ‚˜ 독감에 μ‚¬μš©λ˜κ±°λ‚˜
02:27
for treating someone with just a cold or the flu,
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02:29
which they might not have responded to an antibiotic,
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02:32
and they've also been used in large quantities
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λŒ€λŸ‰μœΌλ‘œ μΉ˜λ£Œμ œκ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ, μ•„μ£Ό 적은 λ†μΆ•λŸ‰μ„
02:36
sub-therapeutically, which means in small concentrations,
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02:39
to make chicken and hogs grow faster.
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λ‹­μ΄λ‚˜ λΌμ§€μ—κ²Œ μ£Όμ–΄ 빨리 자라게 ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
Just to save a few pennies on the price of meat,
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κ³ κΈ° 가격을 λͺ‡ ν‘Ό 아끼겠닀고 λ™λ¬Όλ“€μ—κ²Œ ν•­μƒμ œλ₯Ό λ‚¨μš©ν•œ κ±°μ£ .
02:46
we've spent a lot of antibiotics on animals,
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02:49
not for treatment, not for sick animals,
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μ•„ν”ˆ 동물듀을 μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜λ €λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, κ·Έμ € μ„±μž₯ μ΄‰μ§„μš©μœΌλ‘œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
but primarily for growth promotion.
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02:54
Now, what did that lead us to?
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자, κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ κ·Έκ±Έ μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ” λ­˜κΉŒμš”?
02:57
Basically, the massive use of antibiotics
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κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ 말해, μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ 이루어 μ§€λŠ” ν•­μƒμ œ μ˜€λ‚¨μš©μ€
03:00
around the world
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03:01
has imposed such large selection pressure on bacteria
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ— μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ„ νƒμ••μœΌλ‘œ μž‘μš©ν•΄μ„œ μ΄μ œλŠ” μ €ν•­λ ₯이 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μƒκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
that resistance is now a problem,
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03:08
because we've now selected for just
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이제 λ‚΄μ„±μžˆλŠ” λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό μ„ νƒν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
the resistant bacteria.
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03:11
And I'm sure you've all read about this in the newspapers,
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λ¬Όλ‘  μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ λͺ¨λ‘ 이런 이야기λ₯Ό μ‹ λ¬Έμ—μ„œλ„ μ½μ—ˆμ„ 것이고,
03:14
you've seen this in every magazine
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보게 λ˜λŠ” μ˜¨κ°– μž‘μ§€μ—μ„œλ„ 이런 λ‚΄μš©μ„ μ ‘ν•˜μ…¨κ² μ£ .
03:16
that you come across,
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03:18
but I really want you to appreciate
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ λͺ¨λ‘ 이 문제의 μ€‘λŒ€μ„±μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 고심해 μ£Όμ…¨μœΌλ©΄ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
the significance of this problem.
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03:22
This is serious.
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이건 μ‹¬κ°ν•œ λ¬Έμ œμ—μš”.
03:23
The next slide I'm about to show you is of carbapenem resistance in acinetobacter.
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λ‹€μŒ μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œλŠ” μ•„μ‹œλ„€ν† λ°•ν„°μ˜ μΉ΄λ₯΄λ°”νŽ˜λ„΄μ˜ 내성에 κ΄€ν•œ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
Acinetobacter is a nasty hospital bug,
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μ•„μ‹œλ„€ν† λ°•ν„°λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό μ§€λ…ν•œ 병원균이고, μΉ΄λ₯΄λ°”νŽ˜λ„΄μ€ μ‰½κ²Œ 말해
03:31
and carbapenem is pretty much
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03:32
the strongest class of antibiotics
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 병균에 μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κ°€μž₯ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ λ“±κΈ‰μ˜ ν•­μƒμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
that we can throw at this bug.
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03:36
And you can see in 1999
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λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, 1999λ…„μ˜ λ‚΄μ„±κ· μ˜ λΆ„ν¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
this is the pattern of resistance,
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03:42
mostly under about 10 percent across the United States.
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미ꡭ의 μ „μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ 10%도 μ•ˆλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
Now watch what happens when we play the video.
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이제 μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 지남에 따라 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ³€ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ λΉ„λ””μ˜€λ₯Ό λ³΄μ‹œμ£ .
03:58
So I don't know where you live,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ–΄λ”” μ‚¬μ‹œλŠ”μ§€λŠ” λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μ§€λ§Œ, μ–΄λ””λ“  간에 ν˜„μž¬λŠ”
04:00
but wherever it is, it certainly is a lot worse now
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04:03
than it was in 1999,
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1999λ…„ λ‹Ήμ‹œμ™€ λΉ„κ΅ν•˜λ©΄ 훨씬 악화됐을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
and that is the problem of antibiotic resistance.
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이게 λ°”λ‘œ ν•­μƒμ œ 내성이 가진 λ¬Έμ œμ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
It's a global issue
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λΆ€κ΅­κ³Ό λΉˆκ΅­μ„ 가리지 μ•Šκ³  영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” μ „ 세계적인 문제이죠.
04:11
affecting both rich and poor countries,
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04:14
and at the heart of it, you might say, well,
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문제의 핡심은, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ κ·Έμ € μ˜ν•™μ μΈ λ¬Έμ œμ— λΆˆκ³Όν•˜λ‹€κ³  ν•˜μ‹€μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄μ£ .
04:16
isn't this really just a medical issue?
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04:18
If we taught doctors how not to use antibiotics as much,
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μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ ν•­μƒμ œ μ‚¬μš©μ„ 쀄이라고 ν•˜κ³ ,
04:20
if we taught patients how not to demand antibiotics,
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ν™˜μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ ν•­μƒμ œλ₯Ό μš”κ΅¬ν•˜μ§€ 말라고 ν•˜λ©΄ μ‰½κ²Œ 해결될 λ¬Έμ œλΌκ³ μš”.
04:23
perhaps this really wouldn't be an issue,
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04:25
and maybe the pharmaceutical companies
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또 μ œμ•½ νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ΄ λ”μš± μ—΄μ‹¬νžˆ λ…Έλ ₯ν•΄μ„œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν•­μƒμ œλ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•˜λ©΄ λœλ‹€κ³ μš”.
04:27
should be working harder to develop
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04:28
more antibiotics.
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04:30
Now, it turns out that there's something fundamental about antibiotics
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν•­μƒμ œλŠ” 근본적으둜 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ•½λ“€κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 점이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
which makes it different from other drugs,
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04:35
which is that if I misuse antibiotics
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μ œκ°€ ν•­μƒμ œλ₯Ό λ‚¨μš©ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜, 심지어 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κΈ°λ§Œ 해도
04:37
or I use antibiotics,
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04:39
not only am I affected but others are affected as well,
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μ €λΏλ§Œμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ 영ν–₯을 λ°›λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:43
in the same way as if I choose to drive to work
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μ œκ°€ μžκ°€μš©μœΌλ‘œ μΆœκ·Όν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ λΉ„ν–‰κΈ°λ‘œ μ—¬ν–‰ν•˜κ²Œ 되면
04:45
or take a plane to go somewhere,
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04:48
that the costs I impose on others
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지ꡬ μ˜¨λ‚œν™”λ₯Ό 톡해 λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό 주게 λ˜λŠ” 것과 λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:50
through global climate change go everywhere,
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04:52
and I don't necessarily take these costs into consideration.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €λŠ” 이런 ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό μ§„μ§€ν•˜κ²Œ κ³ λ €ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ² μ£ .
04:55
This is what economists might call a problem of the commons,
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κ²½μ œν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이런 것을 κ³΅μœ μ§€μ˜ 비극이라고 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
and the problem of the commons is exactly
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그리고 μ§€κΈˆ ν•­μƒμ œ μ‚¬μš©μ—μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” ν˜„μƒλ„ κ³΅μœ μ§€μ˜ 비극이죠.
05:00
what we face in the case of antibiotics as well:
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05:02
that we don't consider β€”
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개인, ν™˜μž, 병원과 전체 의료 체계λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ
05:04
and we, including individuals, patients,
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05:07
hospitals, entire health systems β€”
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05:11
do not consider the costs that they impose on others
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ ν•­μƒμ œμ˜ μ‚¬μš©μœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:13
by the way antibiotics are actually used.
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05:15
Now, that's a problem that's similar
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이와 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 문제 양상을 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” μΉœμˆ™ν•œ λ‹€λ₯Έ λΆ„μ•Όκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:17
to another area that we all know about,
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05:19
which is of fuel use and energy,
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λ°”λ‘œ μ—°λ£Œ μ†ŒλΉ„μ™€ μ—λ„ˆμ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:21
and of course energy use
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물둜 μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ˜ μ†ŒλΉ„λŠ” μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό κ³ κ°ˆμ‹œν‚€λŠ” λ™μ‹œμ—
05:23
both depletes energy as well as
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05:26
leads to local pollution and climate change.
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μΌλŒ€λ₯Ό μ˜€μ—Όμ‹œν‚€κ³  κΈ°ν›„ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:29
And typically, in the case of energy,
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μ—λ„ˆμ§€ λ¬Έμ œμ— μžˆμ–΄μ„œλŠ” 보톡 두 가지 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:31
there are two ways in which you can deal with the problem.
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05:33
One is, we can make better use of the oil that we have,
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ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 가지고 μžˆλŠ” μ„μœ λ₯Ό μ’€ 더 ν˜„λͺ…ν•˜κ²Œ μ“°λŠ” 것이고,
05:37
and that's analogous to making better use
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이건 μ§€κΈˆ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μžˆλŠ” ν•­μƒμ œλ₯Ό 더 μ§€ν˜œλ‘­κ²Œ μ“°λŠ” 것과 μœ μ‚¬ν•˜μ£ .
05:39
of existing antibiotics,
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05:41
and we can do this in a number of ways
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μžμ„Έν•œ 방법은 μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지가 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ 그건 μž μ‹œ 후에 μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ ν•˜μ£ .
05:42
that we'll talk about in a second,
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05:45
but the other option is the "drill, baby, drill" option,
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두 번째 방법은 κ·Έλƒ₯ μ‹  λ‚˜κ²Œ νŒŒλŒ€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:48
which in the case of antibiotics is to go find new antibiotics.
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ν•­μƒμ œ λ¬Έμ œμ—μ„œλŠ”μƒˆ ν•­μƒμ œλ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„ λ‚˜μ„œλŠ” 방법에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜κ² λ„€μš”.
05:53
Now, these are not separate.
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이 두 방법은 λ³„κ°œκ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:55
They're related, because if we invest heavily
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자 이것듀은 μ—°κ΄€λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μœ μ •μ— 투자λ₯Ό μ§‘μ€‘ν•˜λ©΄ μ„μœ  보쑴에 쓰일 돈이 μ€„μ–΄λ“œλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
05:58
in new oil wells,
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06:00
we reduce the incentives for conservation of oil
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06:03
in the same way that's going to happen for antibiotics.
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이건 ν•­μƒμ œμ˜ κ²½μš°λ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:06
The reverse is also going to happen, which is that
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λ°˜λŒ€μ˜ κ²½μš°λ„ 일어날텐데, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•­μƒμ œλ₯Ό μ’€ 더 μ μ ˆν•˜κ²Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
06:08
if we use our antibiotics appropriately,
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06:10
we don't necessarily have to make the investments
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 약을 κ°œλ°œν•˜λŠ” 데 νˆ¬μžν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†μ–΄μ§€κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” 것이죠.
06:13
in new drug development.
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06:15
And if you thought that these two were entirely,
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이 두 방법이 μ„œλ‘œ μ™„λ²½ν•˜κ²Œ κ· ν˜•μ„ 이루고 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹ λ‹€λ©΄,
06:18
fully balanced between these two options,
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06:20
you might consider the fact that
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이건 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•˜λŠ” μΌμ’…μ˜ κ²Œμž„μ΄λΌλŠ” 점을 κ³ λ €ν•˜μ…”μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:22
this is really a game that we're playing.
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06:24
The game is really one of coevolution,
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κ³΅μ§„ν™”λΌλŠ” μ΄λ¦„μ˜ κ²Œμž„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:27
and coevolution is, in this particular picture,
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κ³΅μ§„ν™”λŠ”, 이 사진을 예둜 λ“€λ©΄, μΉ˜νƒ€μ™€ κ°€μ € μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:30
between cheetahs and gazelles.
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06:32
Cheetahs have evolved to run faster,
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μΉ˜νƒ€λŠ” 빨리 달릴 수 있게 μ§„ν™”ν–ˆμ£ . 빨리 λͺ»λ‹¬λ¦¬λ©΄ λΌλ‹ˆλ₯Ό κ±°λ₯Ό ν…Œλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
06:34
because if they didn't run faster,
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06:35
they wouldn't get any lunch.
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06:37
Gazelles have evolved to run faster because
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가저도 빨리 달릴 수 있게 μ§„ν™”ν–ˆλŠ”λ°, λͺ»λ‹¬λ¦¬λ©΄ 먹이거리가 되기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:40
if they don't run faster, they would be lunch.
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06:43
Now, this is the game we're playing against the bacteria,
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이것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ— λŒ€ν•­ν•΄μ„œ λ²Œμ΄λŠ” κ²Œμž„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:46
except we're not the cheetahs,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μΉ˜νƒ€κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆκ³  κ°€μ €μ΄λΌλŠ” 점이 λ‹€λ₯΄μ£ .
06:48
we're the gazelles,
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06:49
and the bacteria would,
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또, λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λŠ” 였늘 μ œκ°€ 이 강연을 ν•˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ μžμ‹ μ†μžκΉŒμ§€ 봀을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:52
just in the course of this little talk,
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06:54
would have had kids and grandkids
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06:55
and figured out how to be resistant
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μžμ—° 선택과 μ‹œν–‰μ°©μ˜€λ‘œ 내성을 κΈ°λ₯΄λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
06:58
just by selection and trial and error,
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07:00
trying it over and over again.
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λ°˜λ³΅ν•΄μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬ 방법을 μ‹œλ„ν•΄ λ³΄λ©΄μ„œ 말이죠.
07:02
Whereas how do we stay ahead of the bacteria?
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반면 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ³΄λ‹€ 더 μ§„λ³΄ν•˜λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
07:06
We have drug discovery processes,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ•½μ˜ 발견 과정이 있고, λΆ„μž 검사λ₯Ό ν•˜κ³ ,
07:08
screening molecules,
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07:10
we have clinical trials,
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μž„μƒ μ‹œν—˜μ„ κ±°μ³μ„œ, μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 후보 약을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄λ©΄
07:11
and then, when we think we have a drug,
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07:14
then we have the FDA regulatory process.
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FDA κ·œμ •μ— 따라 μŠΉμΈκ³Όμ •μ„ λ°›μ•„μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:17
And once we go through all of that,
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이 λͺ¨λ“  과정을 거쳐야 λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 겨우 ν•œλ°œ μ•žμ„€κΉŒ 말까 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:20
then we try to stay one step ahead
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07:22
of the bacteria.
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07:24
Now, this is clearly not a game that can be sustained,
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이건 μ ˆλŒ€ 지속 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ κ²Œμž„μ΄ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:27
or one that we can win
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λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ ν˜μ‹ μ„ 톡해 이길 수 μžˆλŠ” 것도 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ μš”.
07:28
by simply innovating to stay ahead.
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07:30
We've got to slow the pace of coevolution down,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ³΅μ§„ν™”μ˜ 속도λ₯Ό λŠ¦μΆ°μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:33
and there are ideas that we can borrow from energy
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λ˜ν•œ μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ—μ„œ 아이디어λ₯Ό 빌렀올 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
07:37
that are helpful in thinking about
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ν•­μƒμ œμ˜ λ¬Έμ œμ— κ΄€ν•΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λŒ€μ²˜ν•  지λ₯Ό μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 데 μœ μš©ν•˜λ„λ‘ 말이죠.
07:39
how we might want to do this in the case
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07:40
of antibiotics as well.
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07:42
Now, if you think about how we deal with
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자, μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ˜ 가격 κ²°μ • 정책을 ν•œλ²ˆ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μžλ©΄,
07:44
energy pricing, for instance,
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07:45
we consider emissions taxes,
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일단 κ³΅ν•΄λ°°μΆœμ„Έλ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•΄ λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:47
which means we're imposing the costs of pollution
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μ†ŒλΉ„ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 곡해 λ°œμƒ λΉ„μš©μ„ λΆ€λ‹΄μ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
07:50
on people who actually use that energy.
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07:53
We might consider doing that for antibiotics as well,
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ν•­μƒμ œμ—λ„ 이런 κ±Έ μ μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것을 생각해 보게 λ˜λŠ”λ°
07:56
and perhaps that would make sure that antibiotics
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그것은 ν•­μƒμ œκ°€ μ˜¬λ°”λ₯Έ λ°©ν–₯으둜 μ‚¬μš©λ  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•΄ 쀄 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:58
actually get used appropriately.
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08:01
There are clean energy subsidies,
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μ²­μ •μ—λ„ˆμ§€ λ³΄μ‘°κΈˆμ€ 곡해λ₯Ό 덜 λ°œμƒμ‹œν‚€κ±°λ‚˜
08:03
which are to switch to fuels which don't pollute as much
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08:06
or perhaps don't need fossil fuels.
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μ•„μ˜ˆ λ°œμƒμ‹œν‚€μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” μ—°λ£Œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ„λ‘ μž₯λ €ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
08:09
Now, the analogy here is, perhaps we need
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이와 μœ μ‚¬ν•œ 방법을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
08:11
to move away from using antibiotics,
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ν•­μƒμ œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ 방법을 μ°Ύμ•„μ•Ό ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:14
and if you think about it, what are good substitutes for antibiotics?
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그러면 ν•­μƒμ œμ˜ λŒ€μ•ˆμ—λŠ” 무엇이 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
08:17
Well, turns out that anything that reduces
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ν•­μƒμ œμ˜ ν•„μš”μ„±μ„ μ€„μ΄λŠ” 것이라면, μ–΄λ–€ 것이든 κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:20
the need for the antibiotic would really work,
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08:22
so that could include improving hospital infection control
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병원 감염 κ΄€λ¦¬λ‚˜ λ°±μ‹  접쒅을 ν¬ν•¨ν•˜μ—¬ 특히 κ³„μ ˆμ„± 독감 백신이 κ°€μž₯ ν½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:25
or vaccinating people,
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08:28
particularly against the seasonal influenza.
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08:30
And the seasonal flu is probably
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κ³„μ ˆμ„± 독감백신은 κ΅­λ‚΄μ™Έλ₯Ό λ§‰λ‘ ν•˜κ³  ν•­μƒμ œ μ‚¬μš©μ„ λΆ€μΆ”κΈ°λŠ” 큰 μš”μΈμ΄μ£ .
08:33
the biggest driver of antibiotic use,
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08:36
both in this country as well as in many other countries,
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08:39
and that could really help.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ 백신을 λ§žμ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄ 큰 도움이 되겠죠.
08:41
A third option might include something like tradeable permits.
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μ„Έ 번째 방법은 ν—ˆκ°€μ¦ κ±°λž˜μ™€ 같은 것을 λ„μž…ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:45
And these seem like faraway scenarios,
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아직은 λ¨Ό 미래의 μ–˜κΈ°μΈ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ μ—¬κ²¨μ§€μ§€λ§Œ,
08:49
but if you consider the fact that we might not
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κ°μ—ΌμœΌλ‘œ ν•­μƒμ œκ°€ ν•„μš”ν•œ λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ 그것을 쀄 μ—¬μœ κ°€ μ•ˆ λœλ‹€λ©΄
08:51
have antibiotics for many people who have infections,
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08:55
we might consider the fact that we might
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ³΄λ‹€ μš°μ„  ν•­μƒμ œλ₯Ό 지급 받을 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ 선택할 기쀀을 κ³ λ € ν•΄μ•Όκ² μ£ .
08:57
want to allocate who actually gets to use
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08:59
some of these antibiotics over others,
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09:02
and some of these might have to be on the basis of clinical need,
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κ·Έ 기쀀은 μž„μƒμ  ν•„μš”λ„κ°€ 될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆκ² μ§€λ§Œ,
09:05
but also on the basis of pricing.
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λΉ„μš©μ— λ”°λ₯Έ ν•„μš”λ„ λ˜ν•œ 될 수 있겠죠.
09:07
And certainly consumer education works.
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μ†ŒλΉ„μž κ΅μœ‘μ€ ν™•μ‹€νžˆ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ 있죠.
09:09
Very often, people overuse antibiotics
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ ν”νžˆ λ¬΄μ˜μ‹μ€‘μ— ν•­μƒμ œλ₯Ό κ³Όμš©ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ κ³Όλ„ν•˜κ²Œ μ²˜λ°©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:12
or prescribe too much without necessarily
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09:14
knowing that they do so,
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09:16
and feedback mechanisms
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그리고 ν”Όλ“œλ°±μ€ 이럴 λ•Œ μœ μš©ν•œλ°,
09:17
have been found to be useful,
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09:19
both on energy β€”
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μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λ„ κ·Έλ ‡κ³ , λˆ„κ΅°κ°€μ—κ²Œ κ³Όλ‹€μ†Œλͺ¨ μ‹œκ°„λŒ€μ—
09:21
When you tell someone that they're using
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09:23
a lot of energy during peak hour,
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1917
λ§Žμ€ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μ“°κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ–˜κΈ°ν•΄μ£Όλ©΄ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μ†ŒλΉ„λ₯Ό μ€„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:24
they tend to cut back,
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09:26
and the same sort of example has been performed
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이와 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 사둀가 ν•­μƒμ œμ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λ„ 적용된 λ°” μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:28
even in the case of antibiotics.
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568183
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09:29
A hospital in St. Louis basically would put up
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μ„ΈμΈνŠΈλ£¨μ΄μŠ€μ˜ ν•œ λ³‘μ›μ—μ„œ 이전 λ‹¬μ˜ ν•­μƒμ œ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰μ„ κΈ°μ€€μœΌλ‘œ
09:31
on a chart the names of surgeons
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09:36
in the ordering of how much antibiotics they'd used
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μ™Έκ³Όμ˜λ“€μ˜ μˆœμœ„λ₯Ό 맀겨 κ³΅κ°œν•œ 것이죠.
09:38
in the previous month,
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09:40
and this was purely an informational feedback,
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μ°½ν”Όλ₯Ό μ£Όλ €λŠ” 것도 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³  λ‹¨μˆœν•œ 정보 제곡일 λΏμ΄μ§€λ§Œ, 본질적으둜
09:42
there was no shaming,
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09:43
but essentially that provided some information back
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μ™Έκ³Όμ˜λ“€μ—κ²Œ ν•­μƒμ œμ˜ μ‚¬μš© μŠ΅κ΄€μ„ μž¬κ³ ν•΄λ³Ό λ§Œν•œ 정보λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•œ μ…ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:45
to surgeons that maybe they could rethink
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09:47
how they were using antibiotics.
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09:50
Now, there's a lot that can be done
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κ³΅κΈ‰μ˜ μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œλ„ λ³€ν™”μ˜ μ—¬μ§€λŠ” λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:52
on the supply side as well.
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νŽ˜λ‹ˆμ‹€λ¦°μ˜ 가격을 λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄ ν•˜λ£¨μΉ˜μ˜ 값은 μ•½ 10μ„ΌνŠΈλ‘œ κ½€ μ €λ ΄ν•œ 약이죠.
09:54
If you look at the price of penicillin,
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09:56
the cost per day is about 10 cents.
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09:57
It's a fairly cheap drug.
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09:59
If you take drugs that have been introduced since then β€”
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ¦¬λ„€μ‘Έλ¦¬λ“œλ‚˜ λŽν† λ§ˆμ΄μ‹  같은 νŽ˜λ‹ˆμ‹€λ¦° μ΄ν›„λ‘œ λ„μž…λœ 약듀을 보면
10:01
linezolid or daptomycin β€”
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10:04
those are significantly more expensive,
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가격이 μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ 더 λΉ„μŒ‰λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:06
so to a world that has been used to paying 10 cents a day for antibiotics,
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ν•˜λ£¨ 치 ν•­μƒμ œ κ°€κ²©μœΌλ‘œ 10μ„ΌνŠΈκ°€ μ΅μˆ™ν•œ μ„Έμƒμ—μ„œ
10:11
the idea of paying 180 dollars per day
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ν•˜λ£¨μ— 180λ‹¬λŸ¬λΌλŠ” κΈˆμ•‘μ€ 맀우 λΉ„μ‹Έκ²Œ λŠκ»΄μ§€μ£ .
10:14
seems like a lot.
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10:15
But what is that really telling us?
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615730
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이것이 μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” λ°”κ°€ λ­˜κΉŒμš”? κ·Έ κ°€κ²©ν‘œλŠ”, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ¨Έμ§€μ•Šμ•„
10:17
That price is telling us
242
617717
1965
10:19
that we should no longer
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10:21
take cheap, effective antibiotics as a given
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μ‹Έκ³  효과적인 ν•­μƒμ œλ₯Ό λ‹Ήμ—°μ‹œ ν•˜λ©΄ μ•ˆ λ˜λŠ” λ•Œκ°€ 올 것이며,
10:25
into the foreseeable future,
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1767
10:27
and that price is a signal to us
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κ·Έ 가격은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 보쑴에 더 큰 관심을 κΈ°μšΈμ—¬μ•Ό 할것을 μ•Œλ €μ£ΌλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
10:29
that perhaps we need to be paying
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10:31
much more attention to conservation.
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10:34
That price is also a signal
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λ˜ν•œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이제 λŒ€μ•ˆ κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ°Ύμ•„ λ‚˜μ„œμ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έμ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:36
that maybe we need to start looking at other technologies,
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10:39
in the same way that gasoline prices are a signal
251
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마치 휘발유 가격이 μ „κΈ° μžλ™μ°¨μ˜ κ°œλ°œμ„ μ΄‰μ§„ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ 말이죠.
10:42
and an impetus, to, say,
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10:44
the development of electric cars.
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10:46
Prices are important signals
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비둝 가격은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ£Όλͺ©ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ‹ ν˜Έμ§€λ§Œ
10:48
and we need to pay attention,
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10:50
but we also need to consider the fact that
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ν•­μƒμ œ μΉ˜κ³ λŠ” μ΄λ‘€μ μœΌλ‘œ λŠκ»΄μ§€λŠ” 이 λΉ„μ‹Ό 가격도
10:52
although these high prices seem unusual for antibiotics,
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10:56
they're nothing compared to the price per day
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일뢀 ν•­μ•”μ œμ˜ ν•˜λ£¨ 치 κ°€κ²©κ³ΌλŠ” 비ꡐ할 수 없이 μ‹Έλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:59
of some cancer drugs,
259
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11:00
which might save a patient's life only for a few months or perhaps a year,
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ν•­μ•”μ œλŠ” ν™˜μžμ˜ μ£½μŒμ„ λͺ‡ 달, ν˜Ήμ€ 1λ…„ 정도 λ―Έλ£° λΏμ΄μ§€λ§Œ
11:03
whereas antibiotics would potentially
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663905
1770
ν•­μƒμ œλŠ” 잠재적으둜 ν™˜μžμ˜ 생λͺ…을 μ™„μ „νžˆ ꡬ할 수 μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
11:05
save a patient's life forever.
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11:07
So this is going to involve
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κ²°κ΅­ 이건 μΈμ‹μ˜ 전체적 μ „ν™˜μ΄κ³  λ¬΄μ„œμš΄ λ°©ν–₯으둜의 μ „ν™˜μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:08
a whole new paradigm shift,
264
668820
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11:10
and it's also a scary shift because
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670782
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11:12
in many parts of this country,
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672638
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이 λ‚˜λΌμ˜ λ§Žμ€ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œλ„ κ·Έλ ‡κ³ , μ„Έκ³„μ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œλ„
11:14
in many parts of the world,
267
674967
1744
11:16
the idea of paying 200 dollars
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676711
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ν•­μƒμ œ 치료λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ ν•˜λ£¨ 200λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό λ‚Έλ‹€λŠ” 것은 상상쑰차 ν•  수 μ—†κ±°λ“ μš”.
11:18
for a day of antibiotic treatment
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11:21
is simply unimaginable.
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2542
11:24
So we need to think about that.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ³ λ―Όν•΄μ•Όν•  문제이죠.
11:25
Now, there are backstop options,
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685947
1813
ν•­μƒμ œκ°€ 무λ ₯화될 경우 λŒ€μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν• λ§Œν•œ κΈ°μˆ λ“€λ„ μ—°κ΅¬λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°,
11:27
which is other alternative technologies
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11:30
that people are working on.
274
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11:31
It includes bacteriophages, probiotics,
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ˜€νŒŒμ§€, μƒκ· μ œ,μ •μ‘±μˆ˜ 감지, μ‹ λ°”μ΄μ˜€ν‹± 등을 ν¬ν•¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:34
quorum sensing, synbiotics.
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11:38
Now, all of these are useful avenues to pursue,
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이 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ 연ꡬ해볼 κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ μžˆλŠ” 뢄야듀이고,
11:41
and they will become even more lucrative
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701369
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν•­μƒμ œλ“€μ˜ 가격이 λΉ„μ‹Έμ§ˆμˆ˜λ‘ λ”μš± μ‹œμž₯ 이윀 κ°€μΉ˜λŠ” λ†’μ•„μ§ˆ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:43
when the price of new antibiotics starts going higher,
279
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11:47
and we've seen that the market does actually respond,
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그리고 사싀 μ‹œμž₯은 λ°˜μ‘μ„ 보이고 있고,
11:49
and the government is now considering
281
709957
2008
μ •λΆ€λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν•­μƒμ œ κ°œλ°œμ— λ³΄μ‘°κΈˆμ„ μ§€κΈ‰ν•˜λŠ” λ°©μ•ˆμ„ λͺ¨μƒ‰ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:51
ways of subsidizing new antibiotics and development.
282
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11:55
But there are challenges here.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ‰½μ§€λŠ” μ•Šκ² μ£ . 문제λ₯Ό κ·Έλƒ₯ 돈으둜 ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ•ˆ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:57
We don't want to just throw money at a problem.
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11:59
What we want to be able to do
285
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λŒ€μ‹ , ν•­μƒμ œμ˜ μ˜¬λ°”λ₯Έ μ‚¬μš© νŒλ§€κ°€ μž₯λ €λ˜λŠ” μ‹μœΌλ‘œ 투자λ₯Ό 진행해야죠.
12:00
is invest in new antibiotics
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12:02
in ways that actually encourage
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12:05
appropriate use and sales of those antibiotics,
288
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12:08
and that really is the challenge here.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œλŠ” 그것이 λ‚œμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:11
Now, going back to these technologies,
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λ‹€μ‹œ 기술의 문제둜 λŒμ•„κ°€μ„œ, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ λͺ¨λ‘ κ·Έ 유λͺ…ν•œ 곡룑 μ˜ν™”μ˜ λŒ€μ‚¬,
12:13
you all remember the line from that famous
291
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2363
12:15
dinosaur film, "Nature will find a way."
292
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"μžμ—°μ€ 방법을 μ°Ύμ•„λ‚Ό 것이닀." λ₯Ό μ•„μ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:18
So it's not as if these are permanent solutions.
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κ²°κ΅­, 이것듀도 영ꡬ적인 해결책은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:21
We really have to remember that, whatever the technology might be,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κΈ°μ–΅ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ–΄λ–€ κΈ°μˆ μ΄λ“ μ§€
12:25
that nature will find some way to work around it.
295
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μžμ—°μ€ 이것에 λŒ€ν•΄ ν•΄κ²°ν•  방법을 μ°Ύμ„κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:28
You might think, well, this is just a problem
296
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 이것이 ν•­μƒμ œμ™€ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ— κ΅­ν•œλœ 문제라고 μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹€μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μ§€λ§Œ,
12:30
just with antibiotics and with bacteria,
297
750557
2744
12:33
but it turns out that we have the exact same
298
753301
1946
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것과 λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 문제λ₯Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ μ—¬λŸ¬ λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œλ„ μ§λ©΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:35
identical problem in many other fields as well,
299
755247
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12:37
with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis,
300
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닀체내성 결핡이 ν•œ μ˜ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:40
which is a serious problem in India and South Africa.
301
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ν˜„μž¬ 이것은 인도와 λ‚¨μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ—μ„œ μ‹¬κ°ν•œ λ¬Έμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:44
Thousands of patients are dying because
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764495
1787
2μ°¨ 계열 μ•½μ œκ°€ λ„ˆλ¬΄ λΉ„μ‹Έ 수천 λͺ…이 μ‚¬λ§ν•˜κ³  있으며,
12:46
the second-line drugs are so expensive,
303
766282
1834
12:48
and in some instances, even those don't work
304
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κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ μ•½μ œλ‚΄μ„± 결핡인 κ²½μš°μ—”, 심지어 κ·Έλ§ˆμ €λ„ 듣지 μ•ŠκΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ£ .
12:50
and you have XDR TB.
305
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2070
12:52
Viruses are becoming resistant.
306
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ„ 내성이 생기고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ†ν•΄μΆ©μ΄λ‚˜ 말라리아 κΈ°μƒμΆ©λ„μš”.
12:54
Agricultural pests. Malaria parasites.
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3166
12:57
Right now, much of the world depends on
308
777390
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ν˜„μž¬ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ 말라리아 치료제인 μ•„λ₯΄ν…Œλ―Έμ‹œλ‹Œ μ•½μ—λ§Œ μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜μ£ .
12:59
one drug, artemisinin drugs,
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779173
3697
13:02
essentially to treat malaria.
310
782870
1956
13:04
Resistance to artemisinin has already emerged,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•„λ₯΄ν…Œλ―Έμ‹œλ‹Œμ•½μ— 내성이 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜κ³  있고, 이게 ν™•μ‚°λœλ‹€λ©΄
13:07
and if this were to become widespread,
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2354
ν˜„μž¬λŠ” μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ³  효과적이고 μœ μΌν•œ 말라리아 치료제λ₯Ό μžƒκ²Œ 될지도 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ£ .
13:09
that puts at risk
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13:11
the single drug that we have to treat malaria around the world
314
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13:14
in a way that's currently safe and efficacious.
315
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13:17
Mosquitos develop resistance.
316
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λͺ¨κΈ°λ„ 내성이 생기고 있죠. 아이가 μžˆμœΌμ‹œλ‹€λ©΄ λ¨Έλ¦Ώλ‹ˆμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ•„μ‹€ 것이고,
13:19
If you have kids, you probably know about head lice,
317
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2237
13:21
and if you're from New York City,
318
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1713
λ‰΄μš•μ—μ„œ μ˜€μ…¨λ‹€λ©΄ 그곳은 μ§€λ…ν•œ λΉˆλŒ€κ°€ 유λͺ…ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:22
I understand that the specialty there is bedbugs.
319
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13:25
So those are also resistant.
320
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이것듀도 내성이 생기고 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
13:27
And we have to bring an example from across the pond.
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또, λŒ€μ„œμ–‘ λ„ˆλ¨Έ 영ꡭ의 예λ₯Ό 보면, μ₯λ“€λ„ 독에 내성이 생겼닀고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:30
Turns out that rats are also resistant to poisons.
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13:33
Now, what's common to all of these things is
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ κ³΅ν†΅μ μœΌλ‘œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” 것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κΈ°μˆ μ„ κ°€μ§€κ³ μ„œ
13:35
the idea that we've had these technologies
324
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2706
13:38
to control nature only for the last 70, 80 or 100 years
325
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4621
단 70, 80, 100λ…„κ°„ μžμ—°λ™μ•ˆλ§Œ μ§€λ°°ν•˜λ‹€κ°€ 눈 κΉœμ§ν•  사이에
13:43
and essentially in a blink,
326
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3028
13:46
we have squandered our ability to control,
327
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2551
우리의 ν†΅μ œλ ₯을 λ‚­λΉ„ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ°œλ…μΈλ°,
13:48
because we have not recognized
328
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그것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μžμ—°μ˜ μžμ—° 선택과 진화λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ
13:51
that natural selection and evolution was going to find
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λŒ€ν•­λ°©λ²•μ„ 찾을 것을 κ°„κ³Όν–ˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
13:54
a way to get back,
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13:55
and we need to completely rethink
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 생물학적 유기체λ₯Ό ν†΅μ œν•  μˆ˜λ‹¨μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 방식을 μž¬μ •λ¦½ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:57
how we're going to use
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13:59
measures to control biological organisms,
333
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14:02
and rethink how we incentivize
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또, 이 κ·€μ€‘ν•œ μˆ˜λ‹¨λ“€μ˜ 개발과 λ„μž…, ν•­μƒμ œμ˜ κ²½μš°λŠ” 처방이겠죠.
14:06
the development, introduction,
335
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14:08
in the case of antibiotics prescription,
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14:11
and use of these valuable resources.
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또, μ‚¬μš©λ²•μ„ μž₯λ €ν•˜λŠ” 방식도 μž¬μ •λ¦½ ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:14
And we really now need to start thinking about them
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μ΄μ œλŠ” μ •λ§λ‘œ 이런 μˆ˜λ‹¨λ“€μ„ μ²œμ—°μžμ›μœΌλ‘œ 봐야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:17
as natural resources.
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14:19
And so we stand at a crossroads.
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μ§€κΈˆ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ„ νƒμ˜ κ°ˆλ¦ΌκΈΈμ— μ„œ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:21
An option is to go through that rethinking
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ν•œ 가지 방법은 이 μž¬μ •λ¦½μ˜ 과정을 거치고
14:24
and carefully consider incentives
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μž₯렀책듀을 μ‹ μ€‘νžˆ μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ‚¬μ—…ν•˜λŠ” 방식을 λ°”κΎΈλŠ” 것이죠.
14:26
to change how we do business.
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14:28
The alternative is
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그게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλ©΄ ν’€μžŽμ— 베인 μƒμ²˜μ‘°μ°¨ 치λͺ…상이 λ˜λŠ” 세상이 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:31
a world in which even a blade of grass
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14:34
is a potentially lethal weapon.
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14:36
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:38
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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