Andres Lozano: Parkinson's, depression and the switch that might turn them off

186,948 views ใƒป 2013-04-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
One of the things I want to establish right from the start
1
12401
2316
ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”
00:14
is that not all neurosurgeons wear cowboy boots.
2
14717
3030
ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•-ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื ื ื•ืขืœื™ื ืžื’ืคื™ ื‘ื•ืงืจื™ื.
00:17
I just wanted you to know that.
3
17747
2179
ืกืชื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืฉืชื“ืขื•.
00:19
So I am indeed a neurosurgeon,
4
19926
2409
ืื ื™ ืื›ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืจื•-ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’,
00:22
and I follow a long tradition of neurosurgery,
5
22335
3927
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•-ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ื”.
00:26
and what I'm going to tell you about today
6
26262
1593
ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื
00:27
is adjusting the dials in the circuits in the brain,
7
27855
2318
ืขืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื—,
00:30
being able to go anywhere in the brain
8
30173
1955
ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
00:32
and turning areas of the brain up or down
9
32128
2419
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
00:34
to help our patients.
10
34547
2212
ื•ื›ืš ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื.
00:36
So as I said, neurosurgery comes from a long tradition.
11
36759
2950
ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืœื ื•ื™ืจื•-ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืืจื•ื›ื”.
00:39
It's been around for about 7,000 years.
12
39709
3552
ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›-7,000 ืฉื ื”.
00:43
In Mesoamerica, there used to be neurosurgery,
13
43261
3725
ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื™ืกื•ืืžืจื™ืงื” (ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื-ืืžืจื™ืงื”) ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•-ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื”,
00:46
and there were these neurosurgeons that used to treat patients.
14
46986
3768
ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื ื•ื™ืจื•-ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
00:50
And they were trying to -- they knew that the brain was involved
15
50754
3911
ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืงืฉื•ืจ
00:54
in neurological and psychiatric disease.
16
54680
2352
ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉ.
00:57
They didn't know exactly what they were doing.
17
57032
2161
ื”ื ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
00:59
Not much has changed, by the way. (Laughter)
18
59193
2814
ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘.
01:02
But they thought that,
19
62007
1873
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืกื‘ืจื•
01:03
if you had a neurologic or psychiatric disease,
20
63880
2003
ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืื• ืžื—ืœืช ื ืคืฉ,
01:05
it must be because you are possessed
21
65883
2591
ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”
01:08
by an evil spirit.
22
68474
2352
ืจื•ื— ืจืขื”.
01:10
So if you are possessed by an evil spirit
23
70826
1969
ืื– ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืš ืจื•ื— ืจืขื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืžืช
01:12
causing neurologic or psychiatric problems,
24
72795
2820
ืœื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช,
01:15
then the way to treat this is, of course,
25
75615
2021
ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื–ื”
01:17
to make a hole in your skull and let the evil spirit escape.
26
77636
5683
ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืจื•ื— ื”ืจืขื” ืœืฆืืช.
01:23
So this was the thinking back then,
27
83319
1378
ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื–,
01:24
and these individuals made these holes.
28
84697
4144
ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
01:28
Sometimes the patients were a little bit reluctant
29
88841
2983
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงืฆืช ืกืจื‘ื ื™ื
01:31
to go through this because, you can tell that
30
91824
2415
ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื–ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื–ืืช
01:34
the holes are made partially and then, I think,
31
94239
2451
ืžื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ื•ืื– --
01:36
there was some trepanation, and then they left very quickly
32
96690
2015
-- ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื“ื•ื— ื—ืœืงื™ ื•ืื– ื”ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื•
01:38
and it was only a partial hole,
33
98705
1901
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื—ื•ืจ ื—ืœืงื™,
01:40
and we know they survived these procedures.
34
100606
2316
ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉืจื“ื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
01:42
But this was common.
35
102922
1208
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ.
01:44
There were some sites where one percent
36
104130
1266
ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืฆืื• ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“
01:45
of all the skulls have these holes, and so you can see
37
105396
2725
ืžื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื•ืžื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง
01:48
that neurologic and psychiatric disease is quite common,
38
108121
3194
ืฉืžื—ืœื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื“ื™
01:51
and it was also quite common about 7,000 years ago.
39
111315
4433
ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ 7,000 ืฉื ื” ื•ื›ืš ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
01:55
Now, in the course of time,
40
115748
2153
ื›ืขืช ืขื ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
01:57
we've come to realize that
41
117901
2220
ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
02:00
different parts of the brain do different things.
42
120121
2258
ื‘ืžื•ื— ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:02
So there are areas of the brain that are dedicated
43
122379
1187
ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื
02:03
to controlling your movement or your vision
44
123566
2693
ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื• ืจืื™ื™ื”
02:06
or your memory or your appetite, and so on.
45
126259
2949
ืื• ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืื• ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
02:09
And when things work well, then the nervous system
46
129208
2734
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ืฉื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื‘ื™ืช
02:11
works well, and everything functions.
47
131942
1669
ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื›ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื›ืš ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชืคืงื“.
02:13
But once in a while, things don't go so well,
48
133611
2247
ืื‘ืœ ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉื™ื
02:15
and there's trouble in these circuits,
49
135858
2542
ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืชืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
02:18
and there are some rogue neurons that are misfiring
50
138400
2704
ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืชืื™-ืขืฆื‘ ืžืจื“ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืชืคืจืขื™ื
02:21
and causing trouble, or sometimes they're underactive
51
141104
3179
ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจืžื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”
02:24
and they're not quite working as they should.
52
144283
2544
ื•ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื›ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืžื”ื.
02:26
Now, the manifestation of this
53
146827
2137
ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™
02:28
depends on where in the brain these neurons are.
54
148964
2484
ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ื ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื.
02:31
So when these neurons are in the motor circuit,
55
151448
2422
ืื ืชืื™-ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืืœื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™,
02:33
you get dysfunction in the movement system,
56
153870
2412
ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”,
02:36
and you get things like Parkinson's disease.
57
156282
2166
ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืœืช ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ.
02:38
When the malfunction is in a circuit that regulates your mood,
58
158448
3296
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืœื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืžืฆื‘-ื”ืจื•ื—,
02:41
you get things like depression,
59
161744
2284
ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ,
02:44
and when it is in a circuit that controls your memory and cognitive function,
60
164028
3824
ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืœื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืชืคื™ืกื”
02:47
then you get things like Alzheimer's disease.
61
167852
2521
ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ.
02:50
So what we've been able to do is to pinpoint
62
170373
2723
ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืืชืจ ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ืช
02:53
where these disturbances are in the brain,
63
173096
2307
ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืžื•ื—,
02:55
and we've been able to intervene within these circuits
64
175403
3037
ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:58
in the brain to either turn them up or turn them down.
65
178440
3656
ืฉื‘ืžื•ื— ื•ืื• ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืงื ืื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืชื.
03:02
So this is very much like choosing the correct station
66
182096
2284
ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช
03:04
on the radio dial.
67
184380
1975
ื”ืชื—ื ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•.
03:06
Once you choose the right station, whether it be jazz or opera,
68
186355
2649
ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื—ื ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื’'ื– ืื• ืื•ืคืจื”,
03:09
in our case whether it be movement or mood,
69
189004
2333
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื–ื” ืื• ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื• ืžืฆื‘-ืจื•ื—,
03:11
we can put the dial there,
70
191337
1966
ืื ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืชื” ืชื—ื ื”,
03:13
and then we can use a second button to adjust the volume,
71
193303
2771
ื•ืื– ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืงื•ืœ,
03:16
to turn it up or turn it down.
72
196074
2009
ืœื”ืขืœื•ืชื• ืื• ืœื”ื ืžื™ื›ื•.
03:18
So what I'm going to tell you about
73
198083
1228
ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื
03:19
is using the circuitry of the brain to implant electrodes
74
199311
4058
ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืœื”ืฉืชืœืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช
03:23
and turning areas of the brain up and down
75
203369
2468
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
03:25
to see if we can help our patients.
76
205837
1704
ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•.
03:27
And this is accomplished using this kind of device,
77
207541
2333
ื–ื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืชืงืŸ ื›ื–ื”,
03:29
and this is called deep brain stimulation.
78
209874
2461
ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ืงืจืืช ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืžื•ื—ื™ ืขืžื•ืง.
03:32
So what we're doing is placing these electrodes throughout the brain.
79
212335
3071
ืื ื• ืžื—ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ื—.
03:35
Again, we are making holes in the skull about the size of a dime,
80
215406
3949
ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืข,
03:39
putting an electrode in, and then this electrode
81
219355
2151
ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื”
03:41
is completely underneath the skin
82
221506
2228
ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื•ืจ
03:43
down to a pacemaker in the chest,
83
223734
2090
ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขื“ ืœืงื•ืฆื‘ ื“ื•ืคืง ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ื—ื–ื”,
03:45
and with a remote control very much like a television remote control,
84
225824
4528
ื•ืขื ืฉืœื˜ ืจื—ื•ืง ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉืœื˜ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”,
03:50
we can adjust how much electricity we deliver
85
230352
2979
ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ื•ืกืช ื›ืžื” ื–ืจื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืžื’ื™ืข
03:53
to these areas of the brain.
86
233331
2068
ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืžื•ื—.
03:55
We can turn it up or down, on or off.
87
235399
2891
ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืชื• ืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื•, ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืงื• ืื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืชื•.
03:58
Now, about a hundred thousand patients in the world
88
238290
2655
ื›ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
04:00
have received deep brain stimulation,
89
240945
1876
ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืžื•ื—ื™ ืขืžื•ืง,
04:02
and I'm going to show you some examples
90
242821
1154
ื•ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
04:03
of using deep brain stimulation to treat disorders of movement,
91
243975
2711
ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืžื•ื—ื™ ืขืžื•ืง ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื”,
04:06
disorders of mood and disorders of cognition.
92
246686
4514
ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘-ืจื•ื— ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื”.
04:11
So this looks something like this when it's in the brain.
93
251200
2739
ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
04:13
You see the electrode going through the skull into the brain
94
253939
2235
ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื” ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—
04:16
and resting there, and we can place this really anywhere in the brain.
95
256174
3183
ื•ื ืขืฆืจืช ืฉื, ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืื™ืชื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื—.
04:19
I tell my friends that no neuron is safe
96
259357
2460
ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืฃ ืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—
04:21
from a neurosurgeon, because we can really reach
97
261817
2182
ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•-ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื ื•
04:23
just about anywhere in the brain quite safely now.
98
263999
2566
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
04:26
Now the first example I'm going to show you is a patient
99
266565
2520
ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช
04:29
with Parkinson's disease,
100
269085
1710
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ,
04:30
and this lady has Parkinson's disease,
101
270795
1987
ื’ื‘ืจืช ื–ื• ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ,
04:32
and she has these electrodes in her brain,
102
272782
2310
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—ื”.
04:35
and I'm going to show you what she's like
103
275092
1282
ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื
04:36
when the electrodes are turned off and she has her Parkinson's symptoms,
104
276374
3507
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืืช ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ,
04:39
and then we're going to turn it on.
105
279881
2333
ื•ืื– ื ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื–ืจื.
04:42
So this looks something like this.
106
282214
2695
ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
04:44
The electrodes are turned off now, and you can see that she has tremor.
107
284909
4505
ื›ืขืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช.
04:49
(Video) Man: Okay. Woman: I can't. Man: Can you try to touch my finger?
108
289420
3719
(ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ) ืื“ื: ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืื™ืฉื”: ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื”. ืื“ื: ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื™ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืืฆื‘ืขื™?
04:53
(Video) Man: That's a little better. Woman: That side is better.
109
293139
3625
(ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ) ืื“ื: ื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘. ืื™ืฉื”: ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
04:56
We're now going to turn it on.
110
296764
3792
ื›ืขืช ื ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื–ื”.
05:00
It's on. Just turned it on.
111
300556
4438
ื–ื” ืคื•ืขืœ.
05:06
And this works like that, instantly.
112
306561
3263
ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™.
05:09
And the difference between shaking in this way and not --
113
309824
2982
ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืจืขื•ื“ ื›ื›ื” ื•ืœื --
05:12
(Applause)
114
312806
4601
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:17
The difference between shaking in this way and not is related to the misbehavior
115
317407
4105
ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืจืขื•ื“ ื›ื›ื” ื•ืœื ืœืจืขื•ื“, ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืคืงื•ื“ ืœืงื•ื™
05:21
of 25,000 neurons in her subthalamic nucleus.
116
321512
3973
ืฉืœ 25,000 ืชืื™-ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืชืช-ืชืœืžื™.
05:25
So we now know how to find these troublemakers
117
325485
2576
ื›ืš ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื
05:28
and tell them, "Gentlemen, that's enough.
118
328061
1391
ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื, "ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™, ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ.
05:29
We want you to stop doing that."
119
329452
1334
ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืขื ื–ื”."
05:30
And we do that with electricity.
120
330786
1222
ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ.
05:32
So we use electricity to dictate how they fire,
121
332008
3414
ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉืžืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœื”ื ืžืชื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœ,
05:35
and we try to block their misbehavior using electricity.
122
335422
3462
ืื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื—ืกื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืคืจืขื•ืชื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ืฉืžืœ.
05:38
So in this case, we are suppressing the activity of abnormal neurons.
123
338884
3444
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื• ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืชืื™-ืขืฆื‘ ืœื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื.
05:42
We started using this technique in other problems,
124
342328
2562
ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
05:44
and I'm going to tell you about a fascinating problem
125
344890
1402
ื•ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืจืชืงืช
05:46
that we encountered, a case of dystonia.
126
346292
3168
ืฉื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ื”, ื“ื™ืกื˜ื•ื ื™ื” (ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ืžืชื— ืฉืจื™ืจื™).
05:49
So dystonia is a disorder affecting children.
127
349460
2505
ื“ื™ืกื˜ื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืจืขื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
05:51
It's a genetic disorder, and it involves a twisting motion,
128
351965
3062
ื–ื• ื”ืคืจืขื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืช,
05:55
and these children get progressively more and more twisting
129
355027
2824
ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช
05:57
until they can't breathe, until they get sores,
130
357851
1991
ืขื“ ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื ืฉื•ื, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืœืงื•ืช,
05:59
urinary infections, and then they die.
131
359842
2031
ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืชืŸ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื.
06:01
So back in 1997, I was asked to see this young boy,
132
361873
3373
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1997, ื ืชื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ื™ืœื“ ื–ื”,
06:05
perfectly normal. He has this genetic form of dystonia.
133
365246
2956
ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืกื˜ื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
06:08
There are eight children in the family.
134
368202
2219
ื™ืฉ 8 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
06:10
Five of them have dystonia.
135
370421
3359
ืœ-5 ืžื”ื ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืกื˜ื•ื ื™ื”.
06:13
So here he is.
136
373780
2185
ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืืŸ.
06:15
This boy is nine years old, perfectly normal until the age six,
137
375965
4186
ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 9 ื•ื”ื™ื” ื™ืœื“ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 6,
06:20
and then he started twisting his body, first the right foot,
138
380151
4395
ื•ืื– ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ืขื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืจื’ืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ,
06:24
then the left foot, then the right arm, then the left arm,
139
384546
3420
ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื‘ืฉืžืืœื™ืช, ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉืžืืœ,
06:27
then the trunk, and then by the time he arrived,
140
387966
3247
ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื•,
06:31
within the course of one or two years of the disease onset,
141
391213
2940
ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืžืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžื—ืœื”,
06:34
he could no longer walk, he could no longer stand.
142
394153
2320
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“.
06:36
He was crippled, and indeed the natural progression
143
396473
2698
ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœื ื›ื”, ื•ืื›ืŸ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื—ืœื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช,
06:39
as this gets worse is for them to become progressively twisted,
144
399171
3555
ื–ื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืช ืืฆืœื,
06:42
progressively disabled, and many of these children do not survive.
145
402726
5690
ื”ื ื›ื•ืช ืžืชื’ื‘ืจืช, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื.
06:48
So he is one of five kids.
146
408416
2028
ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืž-5 ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
06:50
The only way he could get around was crawling on his belly like this.
147
410444
4094
ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื™ื›ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื–ื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื ื•.
06:54
He did not respond to any drugs.
148
414538
1956
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืืฃ ืชืจื•ืคื”.
06:56
We did not know what to do with this boy.
149
416494
1940
ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•.
06:58
We did not know what operation to do,
150
418434
2116
ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืื™ื–ื” ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื‘ืฆืข,
07:00
where to go in the brain,
151
420550
2194
ืœืืŸ ืœื’ืฉืช ื‘ืžื•ื—ื•,
07:02
but on the basis of our results in Parkinson's disease,
152
422744
2773
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ,
07:05
we reasoned, why don't we try to suppress
153
425517
2005
ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•, ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉืœื ื ื ืกื” ืœื“ื›ื
07:07
the same area in the brain that we suppressed
154
427522
3097
ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉื“ื™ื›ืื ื•
07:10
in Parkinson's disease, and let's see what happens?
155
430619
3655
ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื ืจืื” ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”?
07:14
So here he was. We operated on him
156
434274
1787
ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•
07:16
hoping that he would get better. We did not know.
157
436061
3874
ื‘ืชืงื•ื” ืฉืžืฆื‘ื• ื™ืฉืชืคืจ. ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืžืจืืฉ.
07:19
So here he is now, back in Israel where he lives,
158
439935
4127
ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืืŸ, ื—ื–ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ,
07:24
three months after the procedure, and here he is.
159
444062
4053
3 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื.
07:28
(Applause)
160
448115
4950
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
07:36
On the basis of this result, this is now a procedure
161
456669
2621
ืขืœ-ืกืžืš ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื–ื”ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš
07:39
that's done throughout the world,
162
459290
1248
ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
07:40
and there have been hundreds of children
163
460538
1295
ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื
07:41
that have been helped with this kind of surgery.
164
461833
4207
ืฉื ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”.
07:46
This boy is now in university
165
466040
2117
ื™ืœื“ ื–ื” ืœื•ืžื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”
07:48
and leads quite a normal life.
166
468157
2036
ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™.
07:50
This has been one of the most satisfying cases
167
470193
2368
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™
07:52
that I have ever done in my entire career,
168
472561
1979
ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™,
07:54
to restore movement and walking to this kind of child.
169
474540
3377
ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืœื™ืœื“ ื›ื–ื”.
07:57
(Applause)
170
477917
6255
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:04
We realized that perhaps we could use this technology
171
484172
2869
ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•
08:07
not only in circuits that control your movement
172
487041
2172
ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืชื ื•
08:09
but also circuits that control other things,
173
489213
1952
ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:11
and the next thing that we took on
174
491165
1147
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉื ื˜ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•
08:12
was circuits that control your mood.
175
492312
2993
ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘-ื”ืจื•ื—.
08:15
And we decided to take on depression,
176
495305
2076
ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื—ืจื ื•
08:17
and the reason we took on depression is because it's so prevalent,
177
497381
2259
ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื›ื” ืฉื›ื™ื—,
08:19
and as you know, there are many treatments for depression,
178
499640
2544
ื•ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ,
08:22
with medication and psychotherapy,
179
502184
2037
ืขื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืคืฉื™,
08:24
even electroconvulsive therapy,
180
504221
2062
ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืœื ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
08:26
but there are millions of people,
181
506283
1334
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื,
08:27
and there are still 10 or 20 percent of patients with depression
182
507617
2792
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื 10-20 ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ
08:30
that do not respond, and it is these patients that we want to help.
183
510409
3252
ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
08:33
And let's see if we can use this technique
184
513661
2103
ื”ื‘ื” ื ืจืื” ืื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•
08:35
to help these patients with depression.
185
515764
2239
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
08:38
So the first thing we did was, we compared,
186
518003
1850
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช
08:39
what's different in the brain of someone with depression
187
519853
1824
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืจื’ื™ืœ
08:41
and someone who is normal,
188
521677
1668
ื•ืื“ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ,
08:43
and what we did was PET scans to look at the blood flow of the brain,
189
523345
3460
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกืจื™ืงืช PET ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ื‘ืžื•ื—,
08:46
and what we noticed is that in patients with depression
190
526805
2369
ื•ืฉืžื ื• ืœื‘ ืฉืืฆืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ,
08:49
compared to normals,
191
529174
2045
ืœืขื•ืžืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื,
08:51
areas of the brain are shut down,
192
531219
1498
ื™ืฉื ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื,
08:52
and those are the areas in blue.
193
532717
1265
ื•ืืœื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
08:53
So here you really have the blues,
194
533982
1620
ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื
08:55
and the areas in blue are areas that are involved
195
535602
3573
ื•ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื
08:59
in motivation, in drive and decision-making,
196
539175
2656
ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”, ื“ื—ืฃ ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช,
09:01
and indeed, if you're severely depressed as these patients were,
197
541831
2495
ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืื ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืงืฉื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
09:04
those are impaired. You lack motivation and drive.
198
544326
2692
ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื. ื•ืื– ื—ืกืจื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื•ื“ื—ืฃ.
09:07
The other thing we discovered
199
547018
1879
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
09:08
was an area that was overactive, area 25,
200
548897
2489
ื”ื™ื” ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช-ื™ืชืจ, ืื–ื•ืจ 25,
09:11
seen there in red,
201
551386
1588
ืฆื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืื“ื•ื.
09:12
and area 25 is the sadness center of the brain.
202
552974
2657
ืื–ื•ืจ 25 ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—.
09:15
If I make any of you sad, for example, I make you remember
203
555631
2873
ืื ืื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฆืขืจ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
09:18
the last time you saw your parent before they died
204
558504
2287
ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื•
09:20
or a friend before they died,
205
560791
1633
ืื• ื—ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ,
09:22
this area of the brain lights up.
206
562424
1206
ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืžื•ื— ื ื“ืœืงื™ื.
09:23
It is the sadness center of the brain.
207
563630
1723
ื–ื”ื• ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—.
09:25
And so patients with depression have hyperactivity.
208
565353
3212
ืืฆืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืชืจ.
09:28
The area of the brain for sadness is on red hot.
209
568565
2178
ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืื“ื•ื ืœื•ื”ื˜.
09:30
The thermostat is set at 100 degrees,
210
570743
2657
ื”ืชืจืžื•ืกื˜ื˜ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœ-100 ืžืขืœื•ืช,
09:33
and the other areas of the brain, involved in drive and motivation, are shut down.
211
573400
3128
ื•ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื—ืฃ ื•ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”, ืžื•ืฉื‘ืชื™ื.
09:36
So we wondered, can we place electrodes in this area of sadness
212
576528
2997
ืชื”ื™ื ื•, ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช
09:39
and see if we can turn down the thermostat,
213
579525
2429
ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจืžื•ืกื˜ื˜,
09:41
can we turn down the activity,
214
581954
1713
ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช,
09:43
and what will be the consequence of that?
215
583667
2122
ื•ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”?
09:45
So we went ahead and implanted electrodes in patients with depression.
216
585789
3127
ื”ืฉืชืœื ื• ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
09:48
This is work done with my colleague Helen Mayberg from Emory.
217
588916
2487
ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขืžื™ืชืชื™, ื”ืœืŸ ืžื™ื™ื‘ืจื’ ืžืืžื•ืจื™.
09:51
And we placed electrodes in area 25,
218
591403
1934
ื”ืฉืชืœื ื• ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ 25,
09:53
and in the top scan you see before the operation,
219
593337
2285
ื•ื‘ืกืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืจื•ืื™ื
09:55
area 25, the sadness area is red hot,
220
595622
2286
ืื–ื•ืจ 25, ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืื“ื•ื,
09:57
and the frontal lobes are shut down in blue,
221
597908
2394
ื•ื”ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
10:00
and then, after three months of continuous stimulation,
222
600302
2408
ื•ืื–, ืœืื—ืจ 3 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื,
10:02
24 hours a day, or six months of continuous stimulation,
223
602710
3015
24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžืžื”, ืื• 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื,
10:05
we have a complete reversal of this.
224
605725
1774
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื”ืคืš ืฉืœื.
10:07
We're able to drive down area 25,
225
607499
2839
ื™ื›ืœื ื• ืœืฉื›ืš ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ 25,
10:10
down to a more normal level,
226
610338
1952
ืœืจืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจื”,
10:12
and we're able to turn back online
227
612290
2036
ื•ื™ื›ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช
10:14
the frontal lobes of the brain,
228
614326
1308
ื”ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—,
10:15
and indeed we're seeing very striking results
229
615634
1869
ื•ืื›ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช
10:17
in these patients with severe depression.
230
617503
2747
ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืžื•ืง.
10:20
So now we are in clinical trials, and are in Phase III clinical trials,
231
620250
2902
ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื,
10:23
and this may become a new procedure,
232
623152
2543
ื•ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื“ืฉ,
10:25
if it's safe and we find that it's effective,
233
625695
2183
ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ,
10:27
to treat patients with severe depression.
234
627878
3674
ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง.
10:31
I've shown you that we can use deep brain stimulation
235
631567
2960
ื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืžื•ื—ื™ ืขืžื•ืง
10:34
to treat the motor system
236
634527
2087
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช
10:36
in cases of Parkinson's disease and dystonia.
237
636614
2446
ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ืกื˜ื•ื ื™ื”.
10:39
I've shown you that we can use it to treat a mood circuit
238
639060
2385
ื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื—
10:41
in cases of depression.
239
641445
1650
ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
10:43
Can we use deep brain stimulation to make you smarter?
240
643095
4545
ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืžื•ื—ื™ ืขืžื•ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืชื›ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื?
10:47
(Laughter)
241
647640
2096
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:49
Anybody interested in that?
242
649736
2566
ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš?
10:52
(Applause)
243
652302
2300
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:54
Of course we can, right?
244
654602
2988
ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ.
10:57
So what we've decided to do is
245
657590
2214
ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ื”ื•ื
10:59
we're going to try to turbocharge
246
659804
2421
ืฉื ื ืกื” ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ืžืขื’ืœื™
11:02
the memory circuits in the brain.
247
662225
2205
ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื—.
11:04
We're going to place electrodes within the circuits
248
664430
2736
ื ืฉืชื•ืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื
11:07
that regulate your memory and cognitive function
249
667166
2676
ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื ื•
11:09
to see if we can turn up their activity.
250
669842
3270
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื.
11:13
Now we're not going to do this in normal people.
251
673112
1938
ืื ื• ืœื ื ื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
11:15
We're going to do this in people that have cognitive deficits,
252
675050
3652
ื ื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื”.
11:18
and we've chosen to treat patients with Alzheimer's disease
253
678702
3459
ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ,
11:22
who have cognitive and memory deficits.
254
682161
2107
ืฉื™ืฉ ืืฆืœื ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
11:24
As you know, this is the main symptom
255
684268
1939
ื•ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™
11:26
of early onset Alzheimer's disease.
256
686207
2423
ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ.
11:28
So we've placed electrodes within this circuit
257
688630
2194
ืฉืชืœื ื• ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื–ื”
11:30
in an area of the brain called the fornix,
258
690824
1995
ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ื ืงืจื ื›ื™ืคื”,
11:32
which is the highway in and out of this memory circuit,
259
692819
2778
ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื”,
11:35
with the idea to see if we can turn on this memory circuit,
260
695597
3428
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื”,
11:39
and whether that can, in turn, help these patients
261
699025
3249
ื•ืื ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ
11:42
with Alzheimer's disease.
262
702274
2309
ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ.
11:44
Now it turns out that in Alzheimer's disease,
263
704583
2318
ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื‘ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ,
11:46
there's a huge deficit in glucose utilization in the brain.
264
706901
4072
ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ืขื ืง ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื‘ืžื•ื—.
11:50
The brain is a bit of a hog when it comes to using glucose.
265
710973
3418
ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืจืขื‘ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–.
11:54
It uses 20 percent of all your --
266
714391
1760
ื”ื•ื ืžื ืฆืœ 20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ืœ --
11:56
even though it only weighs two percent --
267
716151
1515
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืงืœ ืจืง 2 ืื—ื•ื– --
11:57
it uses 10 times more glucose than it should based on its weight.
268
717666
3145
ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ืคื™-10 ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืžืฉืงืœื•.
12:00
Twenty percent of all the glucose in your body is used by the brain,
269
720811
2583
20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื• ืžื ื•ืฆืœ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื—,
12:03
and as you go from being normal
270
723394
2430
ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžืฆื‘ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™
12:05
to having mild cognitive impairment,
271
725824
2193
ืœืœื™ืงื•ื™ ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ ืงืœ,
12:08
which is a precursor for Alzheimer's, all the way to Alzheimer's disease,
272
728017
2455
ืฉื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžืงื“ื™ื ืœืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ,
12:10
then there are areas of the brain that stop using glucose.
273
730472
2689
ื›ืš ื™ืฉื ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–.
12:13
They shut down. They turn off.
274
733161
2295
ื”ื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ. ื”ื ื ื›ื‘ื™ื.
12:15
And indeed, what we see is that these areas in red
275
735456
2282
ื•ืื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืื“ื•ื
12:17
around the outside ribbon of the brain
276
737738
1767
ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—
12:19
are progressively getting more and more blue
277
739505
2276
ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:21
until they shut down completely.
278
741781
3172
ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ืชื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
12:24
This is analogous to having a power failure
279
744953
2359
ื–ื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
12:27
in an area of the brain, a regional power failure.
280
747312
2543
ื”ืคืกืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช.
12:29
So the lights are out in parts of the brain
281
749855
2397
ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
12:32
in patients with Alzheimer's disease,
282
752252
2598
ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ,
12:34
and the question is, are the lights out forever,
283
754850
2409
ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ืชื™ื ืœื ืฆื—,
12:37
or can we turn the lights back on?
284
757259
2861
ืื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืงื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”?
12:40
Can we get those areas of the brain to use glucose once again?
285
760120
3236
ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืžื•ื— ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ืฉื•ื‘?
12:43
So this is what we did. We implanted electrodes in the fornix
286
763356
2550
ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•. ื”ืฉืชืœื ื• ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืคื”
12:45
of patients with Alzheimer's disease, we turned it on,
287
765906
2613
ืืฆืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, ื”ื–ืจืžื ื• ื–ืจื,
12:48
and we looked at what happens to glucose use in the brain.
288
768519
3511
ื•ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื‘ืžื•ื—.
12:52
And indeed, at the top, you'll see before the surgery,
289
772030
3262
ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืจื•ืื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—,
12:55
the areas in blue are the areas that use less glucose than normal,
290
775292
3364
ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ,
12:58
predominantly the parietal and temporal lobes.
291
778656
2208
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืงื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืงืชื™ื•ืช.
13:00
These areas of the brain are shut down.
292
780864
1710
ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืžื•ื— ืžื•ืฉื‘ืชื™ื.
13:02
The lights are out in these areas of the brain.
293
782574
2675
ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืžื•ื—.
13:05
We then put in the DBS electrodes and we wait for a month
294
785249
2954
ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ื”-DBS ื•ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื• ืฉื ื”,
13:08
or a year, and the areas in red
295
788203
1391
ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื
13:09
represent the areas where we increase glucose utilization.
296
789594
3307
ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืฉื ื”ื’ื“ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–ื”.
13:12
And indeed, we are able to get these areas of the brain
297
792901
2120
ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื•ืชื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื
13:15
that were not using glucose to use glucose once again.
298
795021
3514
ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ืขืฉื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–ื”, ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–ื”.
13:18
So the message here is that, in Alzheimer's disease,
299
798535
2352
ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืกืจ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ,
13:20
the lights are out, but there is someone home,
300
800887
2329
ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช,
13:23
and we're able to turn the power back on
301
803216
2149
ื•ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช
13:25
to these areas of the brain, and as we do so,
302
805365
2306
ืœืื•ืชื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—, ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืŸ,
13:27
we expect that their functions will return.
303
807671
2936
ืื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื’ื ื”ืชื™ืคืงื•ื“ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื•ืชื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื.
13:30
So this is now in clinical trials.
304
810607
2127
ื›ืจื’ืข ื”ื›ืœ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื.
13:32
We are going to operate on 50 patients
305
812734
1901
ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ 50 ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื
13:34
with early Alzheimer's disease
306
814635
1978
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ืงืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง
13:36
to see whether this is safe and effective,
307
816613
2057
ืื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ,
13:38
whether we can improve their neurologic function.
308
818670
2979
ืื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืคืงื•ื“ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
13:41
(Applause)
309
821649
7480
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:49
So the message I want to leave you with today is that,
310
829129
2948
ืœืกื™ื•ื, ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจื›ื ืื™ืชื• ื”ื•ื
13:52
indeed, there are several circuits in the brain
311
832077
2604
ืฉืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
13:54
that are malfunctioning across various disease states,
312
834681
3926
ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉื™ื, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจื•, ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
13:58
whether we're talking about Parkinson's disease,
313
838607
2208
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ,
14:00
depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's.
314
840815
3082
ืื• ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ืื• ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืื• ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ.
14:03
We are now learning to understand what are the circuits,
315
843897
3030
ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื,
14:06
what are the areas of the brain that are responsible for
316
846927
2202
ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœ
14:09
the clinical signs and the symptoms of those diseases.
317
849129
2520
ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
14:11
We can now reach those circuits.
318
851649
2306
ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื›ืขืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืชื ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื.
14:13
We can introduce electrodes within those circuits.
319
853955
2632
ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื.
14:16
We can graduate the activity of those circuits.
320
856587
2982
ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื“ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื.
14:19
We can turn them down if they are overactive,
321
859569
3252
ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื›ื ืื•ืชื ืื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช,
14:22
if they're causing trouble, trouble that is felt throughout the brain,
322
862821
2957
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืคืจืขื”, ื”ืคืจืขื” ื”ืžื•ืจื’ืฉืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื—,
14:25
or we can turn them up if they are underperforming,
323
865778
2581
ืื•, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจืžื” ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื”,
14:28
and in so doing, we think that we may be able to help
324
868359
2393
ื•ื‘ืขืฉื•ืชื ื• ื›ืš, ืื ื• ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข
14:30
the overall function of the brain.
325
870752
2340
ืœืชื™ืคืงื•ื“ื• ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
14:33
The implications of this, of course, is that we may be able
326
873092
2554
ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
14:35
to modify the symptoms of the disease,
327
875646
2310
ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
14:37
but I haven't told you but there's also some evidence
328
877956
1909
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช
14:39
that we might be able to help the repair of damaged areas of the brain using electricity,
329
879865
4163
ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื–ืจืžื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื,
14:44
and this is something for the future, to see if, indeed,
330
884028
2452
ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืขืชื™ื“, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง,
14:46
we not only change the activity but also
331
886480
2239
ืื ืื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืœื
14:48
some of the reparative functions of the brain
332
888719
2014
ืžืฉื ื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™
14:50
can be harvested.
333
890733
1555
ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
14:52
So I envision that we're going to see a great expansion
334
892288
3047
ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืฆื•ืคื” ืฉืื ื• ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
14:55
of indications of this technique.
335
895335
2452
ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”.
14:57
We're going to see electrodes being placed for many disorders of the brain.
336
897787
2779
ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
15:00
One of the most exciting things about this is that, indeed,
337
900566
2959
ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื” ื”ื•ื
15:03
it involves multidisciplinary work.
338
903525
1847
ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช.
15:05
It involves the work of engineers, of imaging scientists,
339
905372
2802
ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื, ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ื”,
15:08
of basic scientists, of neurologists,
340
908174
2202
ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื, ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื,
15:10
psychiatrists, neurosurgeons, and certainly at the interface
341
910376
2752
ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื, ื ื•ื™ืจื•-ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื, ื•ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ืžืžืฉืงื™ื
15:13
of these multiple disciplines that there's the excitement.
342
913128
2941
ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืฉื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
15:16
And I think that we will see that
343
916069
2757
ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ
15:18
we will be able to chase more of these evil spirits
344
918826
3436
ืื—ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช ืฉื›ืืœื• ื•ืœืกืœืงืŸ ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื•ื—
15:22
out from the brain as time goes on,
345
922262
1896
ืขื ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
15:24
and the consequence of that, of course, will be
346
924158
1902
ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืชื”ื™ื”
15:26
that we will be able to help many more patients.
347
926060
2272
ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
15:28
Thank you very much.
348
928332
1250
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7