David Deutsch: Chemical scum that dream of distant quasars

160,723 views ใƒป 2007-01-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Evgeny Krayzman ืžื‘ืงืจ: Avshalom Aloni
00:25
We've been told to go out on a limb and say something surprising.
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ืืžืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืคืชื™ืข.
00:30
So I'll try and do that,
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ืื– ืื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืื‘ืœ
00:32
but I want to start with two things that everyone already knows.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื.
00:38
And the first one, in fact, is something that has been known
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ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื•
00:41
for most of recorded history,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช,
00:45
and that is, that the planet Earth, or the solar system,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
00:49
or our environment or whatever,
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ืื• ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”,
00:52
is uniquely suited to sustain our evolution --
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ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” - ืื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ --
00:59
or creation, as it used to be thought --
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01:02
and our present existence, and most important, our future survival.
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ื•ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื ื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื ื• ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช.
01:09
Nowadays, this idea has a dramatic name: Spaceship Earth.
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื“ืจืžื˜ื™: "ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ 'ืืจืฅ'."
01:13
And the idea there is that outside the spaceship,
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ,
01:16
the universe is implacably hostile,
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืขื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืกืจ-ืจื—ืžื™ื,
01:19
and inside is all we have, all we depend on,
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ื•ื‘ืคื ื™ื - ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•.
01:23
and we only get the one chance: if we mess up our spaceship,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืง ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืื—ืช: ืื ื ื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื•,
01:26
we've got nowhere else to go.
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืœืืŸ ืœืœื›ืช.
01:28
Now, the second thing that everyone already knows
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ื”
01:31
is that, contrary to what was believed for most of human history,
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ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
01:36
human beings are not, in fact, the hub of existence.
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ืื™ื ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”.
01:42
As Stephen Hawking famously said,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’ ืืžืจ,
01:44
we're just a chemical scum on the surface of a typical planet
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื›ื™ืžื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™
01:49
that's in orbit around a typical star,
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ืฉืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™,
01:51
which is on the outskirts of a typical galaxy, and so on.
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคืืชื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
01:56
Now, the first of those two things that everyone knows is kind of saying
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™
02:01
that we're at a very untypical place, uniquely suited and so on.
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ืžื•ืชืื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”,
02:07
And the second one is saying that we're at a typical place.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื–ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™
02:09
And, especially if you regard these two as deep truths to live by
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ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื ื™ ืืœื” ื›ืืœ ืฉืชื™ ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื
02:14
and to inform your life decisions,
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ืฉื™ืขืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื™ื,
02:17
then they seem a little bit to conflict with each other.
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ืื– ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
02:23
But that doesn't prevent them from both being completely false.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:28
(Laughter)
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02:30
And they are.
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืืœื”. ืื– ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™:
02:32
So let me start with the second one: typical.
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™. ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
02:39
Well, is this a typical place?
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02:42
Well, let's look around, you know, look in a random direction,
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ื•ื ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืงืจืื™, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืงื™ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื›ื™ืžื™ - (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:45
and we see a wall and chemical scum --
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02:50
(Laughter)
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02:52
and that's not typical of the universe at all.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืœื™ืงื•ื .
02:56
All you've got to do is go a few hundred miles in that same direction
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืœื›ืช ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืื—ื•ืจื”,
03:00
and look back,
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03:01
and you won't see any walls or chemical scum at all --
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ื•ืืชื ืœื ืชืจืื• ืฉื•ื ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื›ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ -
03:04
all you see is a blue planet.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืชืจืื• ื–ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ื›ื—ื•ืœ. ื•ืื ืชืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
03:06
And if you go further than that,
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03:09
you'll see the Sun, the solar system and the stars and so on,
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื•ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
03:13
but that's still not typical of the universe,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืœื™ืงื•ื ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
03:15
because stars come in galaxies.
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03:19
And most places in the universe, a typical place in the universe,
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ื, ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
03:23
is nowhere near any galaxies.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
03:26
So let's go out further, till we're outside the galaxy,
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืขื“ ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื”, ื•ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื”,
03:30
and look back,
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03:31
and yeah, there's the huge galaxy with spiral arms laid out in front of us.
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ื•ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื” ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืขื ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืคืจื•ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ื ื•.
ื•ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขื‘ืจื ื• 100,000 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืžื›ืืŸ.
03:37
And at this point, we've come 100,000 light-years from here.
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03:43
But we're still nowhere near a typical place in the universe.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
03:48
To get to a typical place,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™,
03:49
you've got to go 1,000 times as far as that,
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืœื›ืช ืคื™ ืืœืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื’ืœืงื˜ื™.
03:54
into intergalactic space.
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03:56
And so, what does that look like -- "typical?"
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ืจืื”? ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™.
03:59
What does a "typical" place in the universe look like?
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ืื™ืš ื ืจืื” ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื?
04:02
Well, at enormous expense, TED has arranged
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”, TED ืกื™ื“ืจื• ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
04:06
a high-resolution immersion virtual reality rendering
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ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืงื˜ื™
04:11
of the view from intergalactic space.
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- ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื—ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืงื˜ื™
04:15
Can we have the lights off, please, so we can see it?
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ืื– ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื”?
04:23
Well, not quite, not quite perfect.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื•ืฉืœื - ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืงื˜ื™
04:26
You see, intergalactic space is completely dark, pitch dark.
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-ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื—ืฉื•ืš, ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืฉื—ื•ืจ.
04:33
It's so dark,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ืš ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื›ื,
04:35
that if you were to be looking at the nearest star to you,
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04:40
and that star were to explode as a supernova,
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื›ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”
04:44
and you were to be staring directly at it at the moment when its light reached you,
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ื•ืืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื›ื,
04:49
you still wouldn't be able to see even a glimmer.
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ืืชื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืฆื ื•ืฅ.
04:53
That's how big and how dark the universe is.
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ื–ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ืš
04:56
And that's despite the fact that a supernova is so bright,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื”ื™ืจื”, ืื™ืจื•ืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืฆื•ื,
05:01
so brilliant an event,
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05:04
that it would kill you stone dead at a range of several light-years.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื›ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ.
05:08
(Laughter)
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05:09
And yet, from intergalactic space,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืžื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืงื˜ื™, ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืชืจืื• ืื•ืชื”.
05:11
it's so far away you wouldn't even see it.
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05:14
It's also very cold out there --
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงืจ ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
05:17
less than three degrees above absolute zero.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืืคืก ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
05:20
And it's very empty.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืจื™ืง. ื”ื•ืืงื•ื ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ืก
05:22
The vacuum there is one million times less dense than the highest vacuum
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ืžื”ื•ืืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื›ืจื’ืข
05:28
that our best technology on Earth can currently create.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ. ืื– ื–ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
05:31
So that's how different a typical place is from this place.
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05:38
And that is how untypical this place is.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™.
05:41
So can we have the lights back on please? Thank you.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”? ืชื•ื“ื”.
05:46
Now, how do we know about an environment that's so far away and so different
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื” ืจื—ื•ืงื”,
05:51
and so alien from anything we're used to?
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ื›ื” ืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ื›ื” ื–ืจื”, ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื™ื•?
05:54
Well, the Earth -- our environment, in the form of us --
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ - ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื•, ื“ืจื›ื ื• - ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื“ืข.
05:58
is creating knowledge.
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06:00
Well, what does that mean?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ? ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืจื’ืข -
06:01
Well, look out even further than we've just been --
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06:05
I mean from here, with a telescope --
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื›ืืŸ, ืขื ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค - ื•ืชืจืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
06:07
and you'll see things that look like stars, they're called quasars.
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ื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ืงื•ื•ืื–ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืงื•ื•ืื–ืจื™ื ื”ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืงื•ื•ืื–ื™-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™.
06:11
"Quasars" originally meant "quasi-stellar object,"
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06:14
which means "things that look a bit like stars."
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง) ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
06:17
(Laughter)
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06:19
But they're not stars.
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06:20
And we know what they are.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ื. ืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืžื›ืืŸ,
06:24
Billions of years ago and billions of light-years away,
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06:27
the material at the center of a galaxy collapsed
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืงืจืก ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
06:32
towards a supermassive black hole.
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ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™.
06:34
And then intense magnetic fields directed some of the energy
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ื•ืื– ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ
06:39
of that gravitational collapse
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ื”ืงืจื™ืกื” ื”ื’ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช. ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ,
06:40
and some of the matter
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06:42
back out in the form of tremendous jets,
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ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืจื• ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืฉืœ
06:44
which illuminated lobes
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06:45
with the brilliance of -- I think it's a trillion -- suns.
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- ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
06:52
Now, the physics of the human brain could hardly be more unlike
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื”.
06:57
the physics of such a jet.
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06:59
We couldn't survive for an instant in it.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื•ืœื• ืœืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•. ื”ืฉืคื” ื›ื•ืฉืœืช
07:01
Language breaks down when trying to describe
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ื›ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
07:04
what it would be like in one of those jets.
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07:07
It would be a bit like experiencing a supernova explosion,
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”,
07:10
but at point-blank range and for millions of years at a time.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืžื–ืขืจื™ ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:13
(Laughter)
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07:17
And yet, that jet happened in precisely such a way
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื”ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื–ื”,
07:23
that billions of years later, on the other side of the universe,
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื›ื™ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืืจ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง,
07:27
some bit of chemical scum could accurately describe
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07:31
and model and predict and explain, above all --
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ื•ืœื“ืžื•ืช, ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืช, ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ืžืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ - ื”ื ื” ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœืš
07:35
there's your reference --
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07:37
what was happening there, in reality.
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืฉื, ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
07:41
The one physical system, the brain, contains an accurate working model
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื”ืื—ืช, ื”ืžื•ื—,
ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจืช - ื”ืงื•ื•ืื–ืจ.
07:46
of the other, the quasar.
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07:48
Not just a superficial image of it, though it contains that as well,
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ืœื ืจืง ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื˜ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ,
07:51
but an explanatory model,
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ืืœื ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ, ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื
07:53
embodying the same mathematical relationships
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07:56
and the same causal structure.
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ื•ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžื‘ื ื” ืกื™ื‘ืชื™.
07:59
Now, that is knowledge.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื“ืข. ื•ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
08:02
And if that weren't amazing enough,
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08:04
the faithfulness with which the one structure resembles the other
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ื”ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจ
08:08
is increasing with time.
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ื’ื“ืœื” ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื–ื”ื• ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข.
08:10
That is the growth of knowledge.
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08:12
So, the laws of physics have this special property,
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ืื–, ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ื–ืืช.
08:16
that physical objects as unlike each other as they could possibly be
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ืฉืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™,
08:20
can, nevertheless, embody the same mathematical and causal structure
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ืชื™.
08:26
and to do it more and more so over time.
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
08:30
So we are a chemical scum that is different.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื›ื™ืžื™ ืฉื•ื ื”. ืœืœื›ืœื•ืš ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช.
08:33
This chemical scum has universality.
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08:36
Its structure contains, with ever-increasing precision,
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื• ืžื›ื™ืœ, ืขื ื“ื™ื•ืง ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš,
08:41
the structure of everything.
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ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœ. ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืœื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
08:42
This place, and not other places in the universe,
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08:46
is a hub which contains within itself the structural and causal essence
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ื–ื” ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ
08:52
of the whole of the rest of physical reality.
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ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช. ื•ื›ืš, ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
08:55
And so, far from being insignificant,
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08:57
the fact that the laws of physics allow this
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื–ืืช, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืงืจืงืข ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”,
08:59
or even mandate that this can happen
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09:03
is one of the most important things about the physical world.
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™.
09:08
Now, how does the solar system -- our environment, in the form of us --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื™ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ - ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื•, ื“ืจื›ื ื• -
09:13
acquire this special relationship with the rest of the universe?
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ืจื•ื›ืฉืช ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืขื ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืงื•ื?
09:17
Well, one thing that's true about Stephen Hawking's remark --
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’ - ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
09:21
I mean, it is true, but it's the wrong emphasis --
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื” ื–ื”
09:25
one thing that's true about it is that it doesn't do it with any special physics,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
09:31
there's no special dispensation, no miracles involved.
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ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉืคืข.
09:34
It does it simply with three things that we have here in abundance.
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09:39
One of them is matter,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ
09:40
because the growth of knowledge is a form of information processing.
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ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข. ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘,
09:45
Information processing is computation, computation requires a computer,
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ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ -
09:49
and there's no known way of making a computer without matter.
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ.
09:52
We also need energy to make the computer, and most important,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘, ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
09:56
to make the media, in effect, onto which we record
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืœื™ื” ืื ื• ืžืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื.
10:00
the knowledge that we discover.
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10:02
And then thirdly, less tangible but just as essential
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ื•ืื– ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช
10:06
for the open-ended creation of knowledge, of explanations,
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ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข, ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื, ื–ื” ืจืื™ื•ืช.
10:10
is evidence.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื• ืžื•ืฆืคืช ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืช.
10:14
Now, our environment is inundated with evidence.
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10:17
We happened to get round to testing, let's say, Newton's law of gravity,
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ื™ืฆื ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ - ื ื’ื™ื“, ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ
10:23
about 300 years ago.
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- ืœืคื ื™ 300 ืฉื ื”.
10:24
But the evidence that we used to do that
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ืืš ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื ืคืœื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื˜ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืข
10:28
was falling down on every square meter of the Earth
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10:31
for billions of years before that,
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ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื•ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
10:33
and we'll continue to fall for billions of years afterwards.
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื.
10:37
And the same is true for all the other sciences.
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10:40
As far as we know,
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืจืื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช
10:42
evidence to discover the most fundamental truths of all the sciences
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•.
10:46
is here just for the taking, on our planet.
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10:49
Our location is saturated with evidence
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ืžืงื•ืžื ื• ืจื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
10:52
and also with matter and energy.
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10:54
Out in intergalactic space,
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ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืงื˜ื™, ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื ื”ืืœื”
10:56
those three prerequisites for the open-ended creation of knowledge
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืืกืคืงื” ื”ื“ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
11:00
are at their lowest possible supply --
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11:02
as I said, it's empty, it's cold and it's dark out there.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื–ื” ืจื™ืง, ื–ื” ืงืจ, ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ืš ืฉื. ืื• ืฉืœื?
11:07
Or is it?
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11:09
Now actually, that's just another parochial misconception.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืขื•ื“ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฆืจืช ืื•ืคืงื™ื ื•ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:13
(Laughter)
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11:14
Because imagine a cube out there in intergalactic space,
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ื›ื™ ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืงื˜ื™, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ืžื•
11:19
the same size as our home, the solar system.
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ื‘ื™ืชื ื•, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืื•ื“ ืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื,
11:22
Now, that cube is very empty by human standards,
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11:26
but that still means that it contains over a million tons of matter.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ.
11:31
And a million tons is enough to make, say, a self-contained space station,
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ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช, ื ื’ื™ื“, ืกืคื™ื ืช ื—ืœืœ ืฉืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื”,
11:36
on which there's a colony of scientists
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ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืžืกื•ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
11:38
that are devoted to creating an open-ended stream of knowledge, and so on.
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ื–ืจื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
11:42
Now, it's way beyond present technology
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืจืง ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ
11:45
to even gather the hydrogen from intergalactic space
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ืžื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื’ืœืงื˜ื™ ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
11:49
and form it into other elements and so on.
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11:52
But the thing is, in a comprehensible universe,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
11:55
if something isn't forbidden by the laws of physics,
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ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ืืกื•ืจ ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
11:59
then what could possibly prevent us from doing it, other than knowing how?
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ืื– ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš?
12:03
In other words, it's a matter of knowledge, not resources.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข, ืœื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช.
12:07
If we could do that, we'd automatically have an energy supply,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ - ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
12:10
because this transmutation would be a fusion reactor.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื”ืžืจื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš - ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช?
12:13
And evidence?
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12:15
Well, again, it's dark out there to human senses,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ืš ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื”
12:18
but all you've got to do is take a telescope,
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12:20
even one of present-day design,
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ืœืงื—ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื•ื›ื—ื™,
12:23
look out, and you'll see the same galaxies as we do from here.
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ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ืืŸ.
12:27
And with a more powerful telescope,
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ื•ืขื ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช.
12:29
you'll be able to see stars and planets in those galaxies,
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12:32
you'll be able to do astrophysics and learn the laws of physics.
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ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืืชื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
12:36
And locally there, you could build particle accelerators
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ื•ืฉื ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืื™ืฅ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
12:38
and learn elementary particle physics and chemistry, and so on.
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ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืคื™ืกื™ืงืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
12:42
Probably the hardest science to do would be biology field trips --
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงื—
12:46
(Laughter)
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12:47
because it would take several hundred million years
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ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:50
to get to the nearest life-bearing planet and back.
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12:54
But I have to tell you -- and sorry, Richard --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืืžืจ ืœื›ื - ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ -
12:56
but I never did like biology field trips much --
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
12:59
(Laughter)
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ื ืกืชื“ืจ ืขื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
13:01
and I think we can just about make do
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13:03
with one every few hundred million years.
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13:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:07
So, in fact, intergalactic space does contain all the prerequisites
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ืื– ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช
13:14
for the open-ended creation of knowledge.
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ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข. ื›ืœ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื” ืฉื›ื–ืืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
13:17
Any such cube anywhere in the universe
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13:20
could become the same kind of hub that we are,
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ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื›ืžื•ื ื•,
ืื ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื” ื ืžืฆื ืฉื.
13:25
if the knowledge of how to do so were present there.
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13:30
So, we're not in a uniquely hospitable place.
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ืื– ืื ื• ืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช.
13:34
If intergalactic space is capable of creating
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ืื ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ืจื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื,
13:36
an open-ended stream of explanations,
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13:39
then so is almost every other environment,
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ืื– ื›ืš ื’ื ื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช. ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื–ื•ื”ื
13:41
so is the Earth.
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13:42
So is a polluted Earth.
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13:45
And the limiting factor, there and here,
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ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ, ืฉื ื•ื›ืืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืžื”ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืคืข,
13:49
is not resources -- because they're plentiful --
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13:52
but knowledge, which is scarce.
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ืืœื ื™ื“ืข, ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื“ื™ืจ.
13:54
Now, this cosmic knowledge-based view may -- and, I think, ought to --
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ืื– ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื™ื“ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ - ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื‘
14:00
make us feel very special.
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- ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื,
14:03
But it should also make us feel vulnerable,
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14:05
because it means that without the specific knowledge
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืœื™ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“
14:09
that's needed to survive the ongoing challenges of the universe,
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ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ืื ื• ืœื ื ืฉืจื•ื“ ืื•ืชื.
14:12
we won't survive them.
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14:14
All it takes is for a supernova to go off a few light-years away,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ืชืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื™ื!
14:17
and we'll all be dead!
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14:19
Martin Rees has recently written a book
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ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืก ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืชื ื• ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
14:21
about our vulnerability to all sorts of things,
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14:25
from astrophysics, to scientific experiments gone wrong,
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ืžืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ืขื“ ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉื•.
14:29
and most importantly, to terrorism with weapons of mass destruction.
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช.
14:33
And he thinks that civilization has only a 50 percent chance
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืจืง 50 ืื—ื•ื– ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
14:36
of surviving this century.
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14:38
I think he's going to talk about that later in the conference.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื”.
14:41
Now, I don't think that probability is the right category
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
14:46
to discuss this issue in,
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14:48
but I do agree with him about this:
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ืืš ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”. ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“, ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
14:49
we can survive and we can fail to survive.
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14:54
But it depends, not on chance,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
14:57
but on whether we create the relevant knowledge in time.
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15:01
The danger is not at all unprecedented.
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ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื‘ืœื™ ืชืงื“ื™ื. ืžื™ื ื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
15:03
Species go extinct all the time.
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15:07
Civilizations end.
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ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ื ื’ืžืจื•ืช. ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช
15:09
The overwhelming majority of all species and all civilizations
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15:12
that have ever existed
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ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ื ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
15:14
are now history.
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15:15
And if we want to be the exception to that,
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื–ื”, ืื– ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•
15:18
then logically, our only hope is to make use of the one feature
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ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื—ื“ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
15:24
that distinguishes our species and civilization from all the others,
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ื•ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืื—ืจื•ืช.
15:28
namely, our special relationship with the laws of physics,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
15:33
our ability to create new explanations, new knowledge --
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ - ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืงื™ื•ื.
15:37
to be a hub of existence.
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15:40
So let me now apply this to a current controversy,
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ืื– ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช,
15:44
not because I want to advocate any particular solution,
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื“ ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
15:47
but just to illustrate the kind of thing I mean.
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ืืœื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ.
15:50
And the controversy is global warming.
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
15:53
Now, I'm a physicist, but I'm not the right kind of physicist.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
15:56
In regard to global warming, I'm just a layman.
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜. ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช
15:59
And the rational thing for a layman to do
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16:02
is to take seriously the prevailing scientific theory.
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ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช. ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
16:07
And according to that theory, it's already too late to avoid a disaster,
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืกื•ืŸ.
16:11
because, if it's true that our best option at the moment is to prevent CO2 emissions
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื– ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื” ื–ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช CO2
16:17
with something like the Kyoto Protocol,
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ืขื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืืžื ืช ืงื™ื•ื˜ื•, ืขื ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช
16:19
with its constraints on economic activity and its enormous cost
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ื•ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืื• ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”,
16:23
of hundreds of billions of dollars, or whatever it is,
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16:26
then that is already a disaster by any reasonable measure.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืืกื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื“ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
16:31
And the actions that are advocated are not even purported to solve the problem,
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ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”,
16:36
merely to postpone it by a little.
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ืจืง ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืขื˜. ืื– ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื”, ื•ื–ื”
16:38
So it's already too late to avoid it,
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16:40
and it probably has been too late to avoid it
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”.
16:43
ever since before anyone realized the danger.
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16:47
It was probably already too late in the 1970s,
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70
16:50
when the best available scientific theory was telling us
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ื›ืฉื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ืžืฆื ืืžืจื” ืœื ื• ืฉืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช
16:53
that industrial emissions were about to precipitate a new ice age,
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ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื–ืจื– ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืงืจื— ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ื™ืžื•ืชื•.
16:57
in which billions would die.
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17:00
Now, the lesson of that seems clear to me,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืœืงื— ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
17:02
and I don't know why it isn't informing public debate.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืขื“ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.
17:06
It is that we can't always know.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื• ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืืกื•ืŸ ืžืชืงืจื‘,
17:09
When we know of an impending disaster
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17:12
and how to solve it at a cost less than the cost of the disaster itself,
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ื•ืื™ืš ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืืกื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•,
17:16
then there's not going to be much argument, really.
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ืื– ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื, ื‘ืืžืช.
17:19
But no precautions and no precautionary principle
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืฉื•ื ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
17:24
can avoid problems that we do not yet foresee.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช.
ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ืœื ืจืง ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
17:29
Hence, we need a stance of problem-fixing,
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17:33
not just problem-avoidance.
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17:36
And it's true that an ounce of prevention equals a pound of cure,
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื•ืœื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื” ืื—ืจื›ืš
17:40
but that's only if we know what to prevent.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืจืง ืื ืื ื• ื ื“ืข ืžื” ืœืžื ื•ืข.
17:43
If you've been punched on the nose,
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ืื ืงื™ื‘ืœืช ืžื›ื” ื‘ืืฃ, ืื– ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืœื
17:45
then the science of medicine does not consist of
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17:47
teaching you how to avoid punches.
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชืš ืื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืื’ืจื•ืคื™ื.
17:49
(Laughter)
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17:50
If medical science stopped seeking cures and concentrated on prevention only,
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ืื ืžื“ืข ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืกืง ืžืœื—ืคืฉ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืžืงื“ ืจืง ื‘ืžื ื™ืขื”.
17:56
then it would achieve very little of either.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื™ื’ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ื”ื.
17:58
The world is buzzing at the moment
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ืจื•ืขืฉ ื›ืจื’ืข ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืชื•ืช
18:00
with plans to force reductions in gas emissions at all costs.
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ื‘ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื’ื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ.
18:05
It ought to be buzzing with plans to reduce the temperature
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ื”ื•ื ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืจืขื™ืฉ ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”,
18:10
and with plans to live at the higher temperature --
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ื•ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
18:13
and not at all costs, but efficiently and cheaply.
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ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ, ืืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื•ื–ื•ืœื”. ื•ื›ืžื” ื›ืืœื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
18:16
And some such plans exist,
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18:17
things like swarms of mirrors in space to deflect the sunlight away
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืจืื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
18:22
and encouraging aquatic organisms to eat more carbon dioxide.
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ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™.
18:26
At the moment, these things are fringe research;
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื”, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื.
18:29
they're not central to the human effort to face this problem
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ืื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœื™.
18:33
or problems in general.
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18:35
And with problems that we are not aware of yet,
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ื•ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ืŸ, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื“ืจื’ ื ื›ื•ืŸ -
18:37
the ability to put right -- not the sheer good luck of avoiding indefinitely --
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ืœื ืืช ื”ืžื–ืœ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” - ื–ื• ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
18:43
is our only hope, not just of solving problems,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช.
18:46
but of survival.
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18:48
So, take two stone tablets
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ืื– ืชื™ืงื—ื• ืฉื ื™ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืื‘ืŸ, ื•ืชื—ืจื˜ื• ื‘ื”ื.
18:53
and carve on them.
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18:56
On one of them, carve:
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ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ, ืชื—ืจื˜ื• "ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืคืชื™ืจื•ืช."
18:58
"Problems are soluble."
325
1138199
2221
19:00
And on the other one, carve:
326
1140763
2125
ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืชื—ืจื˜ื• "ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขื•ืช."
19:02
"Problems are inevitable."
327
1142912
1953
19:05
Thank you.
328
1145444
1158
ืชื•ื“ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
19:06
(Applause)
329
1146626
1103
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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