David Deutsch: Chemical scum that dream of distant quasars

譯者: Shih Hsin-Han 審譯者: Adrienne Lin

We've been told to go out on a limb and say something surprising.

我們將竭盡所能且陳述些驚人之語。

So I'll try and do that,

因此我會努力的達到這一點。但是

but I want to start with two things that everyone already knows.

我想先從大家都知道的兩件事說起。

And the first one, in fact, is something that has been known

第一件事，事實上這是

for most of recorded history,

從有記錄的歷史以來就眾所周知的事。

and that is, that the planet Earth, or the solar system,

就是這地球，或者太陽系，

or our environment or whatever,

或者說我們的環境，等諸如此類，

is uniquely suited to sustain our evolution --

是獨一無二地適合並維持我們的進化，或者說創造，正如我們以前所理解的一樣

or creation, as it used to be thought --

and our present existence, and most important, our future survival.

適合我們當下的生存，最重要的是我們未來的生存。

Nowadays, this idea has a dramatic name: Spaceship Earth.

今天這一個概念有個戲劇化的名字-太空船地球。

And the idea there is that outside the spaceship,

在這個概念裡，太空船之外

the universe is implacably hostile,

宇宙不可調和地充滿敵意，

and inside is all we have, all we depend on,

而其內部是我們賴以為生的一切。

and we only get the one chance: if we mess up our spaceship,

我們只有一次機會：如果我們弄壞我們的太空船,

we've got nowhere else to go.

我們將無處可去.

Now, the second thing that everyone already knows

第二件大家都知道的事是

is that, contrary to what was believed for most of human history,

與我們在人類歷史中大部份時間所堅信的相反

human beings are not, in fact, the hub of existence.

人類事實上並不是存在的中心.

As Stephen Hawking famously said,

就如史蒂芬·霍金說過

we're just a chemical scum on the surface of a typical planet

我們只是存在於典型的星球表面的化學汙垢

that's in orbit around a typical star,

這個典型的星球在軌道上環繞著一個典型的恆星,

which is on the outskirts of a typical galaxy, and so on.

且位於一個典型的銀河系的邊緣,以此類推.

Now, the first of those two things that everyone knows is kind of saying

大家都知道的兩件事當中的第一件

大概是說我們存在於一個非常不典型的地方.

that we're at a very untypical place, uniquely suited and so on.

獨一無二的適合性等.

And the second one is saying that we're at a typical place.

而第二件事卻說我們存在於一個典型的地方.

And, especially if you regard these two as deep truths to live by

尤其是當你將這兩件事當作生命中深刻的真理

and to inform your life decisions,

並以此作為你人生決策的依據.

then they seem a little bit to conflict with each other.

那麼他們似乎彼此有些衝突.

But that doesn't prevent them from both being completely false.

但這也無法改變他們都是徹底錯誤的這個事實.

(Laughter)

And they are.

他們就是錯誤的.讓我從第二件事說起：

So let me start with the second one: typical.

典型－這是一個典型的地方嗎？讓我們看看

Well, is this a typical place?

Well, let's look around, you know, look in a random direction,

隨便望去.我們會看到一面牆.還有一些化學汙垢

and we see a wall and chemical scum --

(Laughter)

and that's not typical of the universe at all.

而這在宇宙中一點也不典型.

All you've got to do is go a few hundred miles in that same direction

你只要朝著同一個方向走數百英里，然後往回看

and look back,

and you won't see any walls or chemical scum at all --

你跟本不會看到任何牆或著化學污垢

all you see is a blue planet.

你所能看到的是一個藍色星球.如果你繼續前行.

And if you go further than that,

you'll see the Sun, the solar system and the stars and so on,

你會看到太陽,太陽系,以及恆星等等.

but that's still not typical of the universe,

然而這在宇宙中仍然不算典型.因為恆星存在於星系中.

because stars come in galaxies.

And most places in the universe, a typical place in the universe,

宇宙中的大部份地方,或著說宇宙中一個典型的地方.

is nowhere near any galaxies.

不是任何靠近星系的地方.

So let's go out further, till we're outside the galaxy,

因次我們繼續前行.直到我們走出星系,然後再往回看.

and look back,

and yeah, there's the huge galaxy with spiral arms laid out in front of us.

是的,你會看到巨大的星系,它螺旋形的觸手展現在我們面前.

而到達此地,我們已經跨越了十萬光年.

And at this point, we've come 100,000 light-years from here.

But we're still nowhere near a typical place in the universe.

但是我們認然一點也沒有靠近宇宙中的典型地方.

To get to a typical place,

要到達典型底方.

you've got to go 1,000 times as far as that,

你需要跨越此距離約1000倍,直到你到達星系間的地方.

into intergalactic space.

And so, what does that look like -- "typical?"

那裡看上去是什麼樣子呢？典型的.

What does a "typical" place in the universe look like?

那麼宇宙中一個典型的地方看上去是怎樣的呢？

Well, at enormous expense, TED has arranged

在這裡,TED不惜代價,給大家安排了一次高清晰的

a high-resolution immersion virtual reality rendering

模擬的星系間空間的真實體驗

of the view from intergalactic space.

--星系間空間的景觀.

Can we have the lights off, please, so we can see it?

請將電燈關閉,我們就可以看到了.

Well, not quite, not quite perfect.

不太準確,不是非常完美--看到了嗎？星系間的空間

You see, intergalactic space is completely dark, pitch dark.

--星系間的空間是徹底黑暗的,極端地黑暗.

It's so dark,

這個空間是如此的黑暗,假使你正盯著離你最近的恆星,

that if you were to be looking at the nearest star to you,

and that star were to explode as a supernova,

這顆恆星正好發生超新星爆炸,

and you were to be staring directly at it at the moment when its light reached you,

當光線射到你的時候,假使你正直直地盯著它看

you still wouldn't be able to see even a glimmer.

你甚至連微弱的閃光都無法看到.

That's how big and how dark the universe is.

宇宙就是如此的巨大、黑暗

And that's despite the fact that a supernova is so bright,

這還沒有考慮超新星爆炸的光線是如此強烈明亮

so brilliant an event,

that it would kill you stone dead at a range of several light-years.

你在距離它數光年的地方會立即斃命.

(Laughter)

And yet, from intergalactic space,

但是在星系間的空間,它是如此的遙遠,你甚至無法看見.

it's so far away you wouldn't even see it.

It's also very cold out there --

那裡也非常寒冷

less than three degrees above absolute zero.

不超過絕對零度三度.

And it's very empty.

什麼都沒有.那裡真空的濃度比

The vacuum there is one million times less dense than the highest vacuum

目前地球上最好的技術可以產生的真空濃度的一百萬分之一還要小.

that our best technology on Earth can currently create.

所以這就是宇宙裡一個典型的地方與這兒如何不同.

So that's how different a typical place is from this place.

And that is how untypical this place is.

也就是說我們現在所處的這個地方是如此地不典型.

So can we have the lights back on please? Thank you.

請開燈,謝謝.

Now, how do we know about an environment that's so far away and so different

那麼我們如何瞭解距離離我們如此遙遠的一個環境呢？

and so alien from anything we're used to?

與我們所熟悉的一切相比,它是如次不同,如此陌生.

Well, the Earth -- our environment, in the form of us --

地球--我們的環境,以我們這一形式存在-- 創造知識.

is creating knowledge.

Well, what does that mean?

這又意味著什麼呢？朝我們剛去過的地方的更遠處望去

Well, look out even further than we've just been --

I mean from here, with a telescope --

我的意思是從這裡開始,利用望遠鏡--你會看到類似恆星的東西.

and you'll see things that look like stars, they're called quasars.

他們叫做類星體.類星體原意是指類似恆星的物體.

"Quasars" originally meant "quasi-stellar object,"

which means "things that look a bit like stars."

也就是說是指看上去有點像恆星的物體. 但他們不是恆星.

(Laughter)

But they're not stars.

And we know what they are.

我們已經知道他們是什麼了.數十億年前,數十億光年之外,

Billions of years ago and billions of light-years away,

the material at the center of a galaxy collapsed

一個星系中心的物質朝著

towards a supermassive black hole.

一個巨大的黑洞塌陷.

And then intense magnetic fields directed some of the energy

隨後密集的磁場對重力塌陷中的一些能量產生了導向作用.

of that gravitational collapse

其中一些物質.

and some of the matter

back out in the form of tremendous jets,

以巨大的噴射流得形式逃離,照亮了宏偉的太空,

which illuminated lobes

with the brilliance of -- I think it's a trillion -- suns.

--我認為相當於一千億個太陽的光亮.

Now, the physics of the human brain could hardly be more unlike

然而,與這樣一個噴射流的物理相比,我們大腦的物理大鄉逕庭到極點.

the physics of such a jet.

We couldn't survive for an instant in it.

在這樣的環境裡,我們連一瞬間都無法生存

Language breaks down when trying to describe

當我們試著描述那樣的噴射流中的狀況,語言變得無法表達.

what it would be like in one of those jets.

It would be a bit like experiencing a supernova explosion,

這可能有點像經歷一次超新星爆炸,

but at point-blank range and for millions of years at a time.

但是是在零距離接觸並且將數百萬年的能量集中到同一時間爆發

(Laughter)

And yet, that jet happened in precisely such a way

但是,這個噴射流發生得如此地精確,以至於數十億年後

that billions of years later, on the other side of the universe,

在宇宙的另一端,一些化學污垢可以準確地描述

some bit of chemical scum could accurately describe

and model and predict and explain, above all --

建立模型,並預測和解釋,最重要的是 你可以找得到參考

there's your reference --

what was happening there, in reality.

現實中曾經發生過的事.

The one physical system, the brain, contains an accurate working model

一個物理系統,大腦,

包含了另一個物理系統的準確工作模型 --類星體.

of the other, the quasar.

Not just a superficial image of it, though it contains that as well,

不僅是個粗淺的圖像,雖然也包含圖像,

but an explanatory model,

而且還包含解釋性的模型,這表達同樣的數學

embodying the same mathematical relationships

and the same causal structure.

關係和依樣的因果結構.

Now, that is knowledge.

這就是知識.如過這還不夠讓你驚訝的話,

And if that weren't amazing enough,

the faithfulness with which the one structure resembles the other

一個結構表達另外一個的準確性

is increasing with time.

正隨著時間不斷提高.這就是知識的增長.

That is the growth of knowledge.

So, the laws of physics have this special property,

因此,物理規律擁有這樣一個特殊的性質.

that physical objects as unlike each other as they could possibly be

物體,不管他們彼此多麼相異,

can, nevertheless, embody the same mathematical and causal structure

卻仍然能夠表現同樣的數學和因果結構,

and to do it more and more so over time.

而且隨著時間增長表現的越來越多.

So we are a chemical scum that is different.

因次我們是與眾不同的化學污垢.這化學污垢擁有普適性.

This chemical scum has universality.

Its structure contains, with ever-increasing precision,

他的結構準確度越來越高地包容著,

the structure of everything.

世界萬物的結構.這個地方,不是宇宙中任何其他地方,

This place, and not other places in the universe,

is a hub which contains within itself the structural and causal essence

在它自身內部,成為包容其他一切宇宙萬物結構性和因果性精髓的中心.

of the whole of the rest of physical reality.

因此,意義深遠的是,

And so, far from being insignificant,

the fact that the laws of physics allow this

物理規律允許這現象, 甚至主導了它的發生

or even mandate that this can happen

is one of the most important things about the physical world.

是關於物理世界的最重要的事情之一.

Now, how does the solar system -- our environment, in the form of us --

那麼太陽系-我們的環境,以我們的形式

acquire this special relationship with the rest of the universe?

是如何獲取這樣一個宇宙其他部份的特殊關係的呢？

Well, one thing that's true about Stephen Hawking's remark --

史蒂芬霍金觀點中其中一個正確面 -- 這是正確的

I mean, it is true, but it's the wrong emphasis --

但是著重點是錯的.其中一個正確面是

one thing that's true about it is that it doesn't do it with any special physics,

它並沒有依賴任何特殊的物理學.沒有特殊的放寬

there's no special dispensation, no miracles involved.

沒有奇蹟發生.他的發生只依賴於我們現在賦有的三種東西

It does it simply with three things that we have here in abundance.

One of them is matter,

其中一個是物質,因為知識的增長是一種信息處理的形式.

because the growth of knowledge is a form of information processing.

信息處理需要計算

Information processing is computation, computation requires a computer,

計算需要點腦

and there's no known way of making a computer without matter.

現有的知識都需要物質來製造電腦.

We also need energy to make the computer, and most important,

我們還需要能量來製造電腦,最重要的是

to make the media, in effect, onto which we record

要使得用來紀錄我們所發現知識的媒介工作.

the knowledge that we discover.

And then thirdly, less tangible but just as essential

第三種東西,較難感觸得到,但是在開放式的知識和解釋的開發中

for the open-ended creation of knowledge, of explanations,

同樣關鍵的是證據.

is evidence.

我們的環境中充滿了證據.

Now, our environment is inundated with evidence.

We happened to get round to testing, let's say, Newton's law of gravity,

但是我們經常忽略了測試 比如,牛頓的地球引力定律

about 300 years ago.

大約是在300年前提出的.

But the evidence that we used to do that

但是我們習以為常的證據,從數十億年前就在地球上的每個角落裡不斷墜落,

was falling down on every square meter of the Earth

for billions of years before that,

也會在接下來的數十億年裡繼續墜落.

and we'll continue to fall for billions of years afterwards.

其他科學也同樣如此.

And the same is true for all the other sciences.

As far as we know,

就我們所知, 發掘所有科學大部分基本真理的證據

evidence to discover the most fundamental truths of all the sciences

就在我們的星球上等待我們獲取

is here just for the taking, on our planet.

Our location is saturated with evidence

我們所在的地方充滿了證據,還有物質和能量.

and also with matter and energy.

Out in intergalactic space,

而在星系間的空間中,這三個

those three prerequisites for the open-ended creation of knowledge

創造開放式知識的前題條件存在的可能性極端之小.

are at their lowest possible supply --

as I said, it's empty, it's cold and it's dark out there.

正如我所說,那裡空無一物,寒冷,黑暗.抑或不是如此？

Or is it?

Now actually, that's just another parochial misconception.

事實上,這只是另外一個狹義的誤解

(Laughter)

Because imagine a cube out there in intergalactic space,

假想在星系間空間有個立方體存在,

the same size as our home, the solar system.

與我們的房屋大小一般,太陽系.以我們的標準來看,這個立方體非常空,

Now, that cube is very empty by human standards,

but that still means that it contains over a million tons of matter.

但是它事實上仍然包含著超過百萬噸的物質.

And a million tons is enough to make, say, a self-contained space station,

一百萬噸足夠建造個,比方說,自給自足的空間站,

on which there's a colony of scientists

在這個空間站內聚居著一群科學家,他們致力於不斷創照

that are devoted to creating an open-ended stream of knowledge, and so on.

開放式的知識,等等.

Now, it's way beyond present technology

然而,現在的科技甚至連從星系間空間收集氫氣

to even gather the hydrogen from intergalactic space

和將其轉化成別的元素等都遠不能做到.

and form it into other elements and so on.

But the thing is, in a comprehensible universe,

但問題是,在一個可以理解的宇宙中,

if something isn't forbidden by the laws of physics,

如果某事是物理定律所允許的,

then what could possibly prevent us from doing it, other than knowing how?

那麼在我們知道如何運作的情況下,什麼會妨礙我們去實踐它呢？

In other words, it's a matter of knowledge, not resources.

換句話說,這是一個關於知識的問題,而不是關於資源.

If we could do that, we'd automatically have an energy supply,

同樣,如果我們可以做到的話,哪麼我們將自動獲得能源供給,

because this transmutation would be a fusion reactor.

因為這裡得變化將是核反應堆--證據？

And evidence?

Well, again, it's dark out there to human senses,

還是一樣,對人類的感官來說那裡漆黑一片.但是你所需要做的是

but all you've got to do is take a telescope,

even one of present-day design,

拿起望遠鏡,甚至是今天的技術設計,

look out, and you'll see the same galaxies as we do from here.

往外看去,你會看到我們從這兒看到同樣的星系.

And with a more powerful telescope,

如果你有個更厲害的望遠鏡,你將能看到恆星和行星.

you'll be able to see stars and planets in those galaxies,

you'll be able to do astrophysics and learn the laws of physics.

在那些星系裡,你可以進行天體物理學研究,瞭解物理定律.

And locally there, you could build particle accelerators

在你所處的位置,你可以製造粒子加速器,

and learn elementary particle physics and chemistry, and so on.

研究初級粒子物理學,化學等.

Probably the hardest science to do would be biology field trips --

也許最難做得科學研究是生物學實地考察,因為需要花費

(Laughter)

because it would take several hundred million years

數百萬年才能往返最近的有生命得星球.

to get to the nearest life-bearing planet and back.

But I have to tell you -- and sorry, Richard --

但是我必須告訴你 --對不起 Richard -

but I never did like biology field trips much --

但是我從來都不是那麼喜歡生物學實地考察,

(Laughter)

我想我們可以每數百萬年才進行一次.

and I think we can just about make do

with one every few hundred million years.

(Laughter)

(觀眾笑聲)

So, in fact, intergalactic space does contain all the prerequisites

因此事實上,星系間空間並不具備創造開放式知識得前提條件.

for the open-ended creation of knowledge.

任何一個這樣的立方體,在宇宙中任何地方,

Any such cube anywhere in the universe

could become the same kind of hub that we are,

都可以成為跟我們一樣的中心,

如果履行這一計畫的知識確實存在的話.

if the knowledge of how to do so were present there.

So, we're not in a uniquely hospitable place.

因此我們並不是唯一熱情好客的地方.

If intergalactic space is capable of creating

如過星系間空間可以創造出一串開放式得解說,

an open-ended stream of explanations,

then so is almost every other environment,

那麼幾乎其他所有的環境都是可以的.地球也一樣.被污染的地球也是一樣.

so is the Earth.

So is a polluted Earth.

And the limiting factor, there and here,

而限制性因素,這裡和那裡,不是資源,因為資源很充沛,

is not resources -- because they're plentiful --

but knowledge, which is scarce.

而知識,非常匱乏

Now, this cosmic knowledge-based view may -- and, I think, ought to --

這樣一個知識型的宇宙觀也許 --我認為應該

make us feel very special.

--讓我們感覺非常不平凡.但同時也讓我們感覺到自己的脆弱,

But it should also make us feel vulnerable,

because it means that without the specific knowledge

因為這也意味著如果沒有那些必須的具體的知識來幫助我們應對宇宙中

that's needed to survive the ongoing challenges of the universe,

源源不斷地挑戰,我們將無法生存.

we won't survive them.

All it takes is for a supernova to go off a few light-years away,

僅僅是幾光年外的一個超新星爆炸,我們都將必死無疑.

and we'll all be dead!

Martin Rees has recently written a book

Martin Rees 最近剛寫了一本關於我們人類對於所有事物的脆弱性的書,

about our vulnerability to all sorts of things,

from astrophysics, to scientific experiments gone wrong,

從天體物理學,到科學實驗事故,

and most importantly, to terrorism with weapons of mass destruction.

還有最重要的擁有大規模殺傷性武器的恐怖主義.

And he thinks that civilization has only a 50 percent chance

他認為人類文明只有50%的機率可以存活過這個世紀.

of surviving this century.

I think he's going to talk about that later in the conference.

我想他晚些時候會在這個會上給大家講述.

Now, I don't think that probability is the right category

但是我認為這一問題並不適合用機率來描述.

to discuss this issue in,

but I do agree with him about this:

但是我同意他就此的看法.我們可以生存下去,我們也可能不會續存.

we can survive and we can fail to survive.

But it depends, not on chance,

但是這並不取決於機率,而是我門是否可以及時創造出相關的知識.

but on whether we create the relevant knowledge in time.

The danger is not at all unprecedented.

這種危險肯定不是前所未有的.物種ㄧ直都在滅絕.

Species go extinct all the time.

Civilizations end.

文明也會終至.絕大多數存在過的物種和文明

The overwhelming majority of all species and all civilizations

that have ever existed

都以成歷史.

are now history.

And if we want to be the exception to that,

如果我們想成為例外的話,邏輯上來看我們唯一的希望

then logically, our only hope is to make use of the one feature

是利用將我們這個種群和文明與其他物種區別開的這個特徵,

that distinguishes our species and civilization from all the others,

與其他一切都區別開的這個特徵.

namely, our special relationship with the laws of physics,

也就是,我們與物理定律的特殊關係.

our ability to create new explanations, new knowledge --

我們創造新的解釋和知識的能力 成為存在的中心

to be a hub of existence.

So let me now apply this to a current controversy,

讓我將此運用到當前的一個論戰中,

not because I want to advocate any particular solution,

不是因為我想提議任何特定的解決方法,

but just to illustrate the kind of thing I mean.

而只是用來闡明我所要講述的一些是.

And the controversy is global warming.

這個論戰就是全球暖化.

Now, I'm a physicist, but I'm not the right kind of physicist.

我是一個物理學家,但我並不是此領域的物理學家.就全球暖化來說,

In regard to global warming, I'm just a layman.

我只是個門外漢.對一個門外漢來說理智的做法是

And the rational thing for a layman to do

is to take seriously the prevailing scientific theory.

嚴肅對待權威的科學理論.而根據這一裡論,

And according to that theory, it's already too late to avoid a disaster,

已經太晚了,災難在所難免.

because, if it's true that our best option at the moment is to prevent CO2 emissions

因為,如果我們目前最好的選擇是阻止二氧化碳排放的話,

with something like the Kyoto Protocol,

例如通過京都議定書之類的,限制經濟活動,

with its constraints on economic activity and its enormous cost

以及花費千億美元等巨大的代價,

of hundreds of billions of dollars, or whatever it is,

then that is already a disaster by any reasonable measure.

那麼不管如何衡量,這就已經是ㄧ個災難了.

And the actions that are advocated are not even purported to solve the problem,

倡議的行動甚至都不是為解決問題,

merely to postpone it by a little.

而只是稍微推遲災難的到來.因此災難在所難免,ㄧ切都已晚,

So it's already too late to avoid it,

and it probably has been too late to avoid it

或在所有人意識到這個危險之前就已經太晚了.

ever since before anyone realized the danger.

It was probably already too late in the 1970s,

上世紀70年代的時候也許就已經太晚了,

when the best available scientific theory was telling us

那時候最先進的科學理論告訴我們工業排放

that industrial emissions were about to precipitate a new ice age,

將促成一個新的冰河世紀,數十億的人類將從此滅亡.

in which billions would die.

Now, the lesson of that seems clear to me,

這一教訓對我來說清晰可見,

and I don't know why it isn't informing public debate.

我不明白為什麼它沒有傳達至公眾辯論.

It is that we can't always know.

事實是我們不可能永遠知道.當我們知道有一個災難將要降臨,

When we know of an impending disaster

and how to solve it at a cost less than the cost of the disaster itself,

應對這個災難的成本要比災難本身小,

then there's not going to be much argument, really.

那麼就真的沒有什麼好爭論的.

But no precautions and no precautionary principle

但是沒有任何預防措施,或著預防原則

can avoid problems that we do not yet foresee.

可以幫助我們避免我們還沒有預測到的問題.

因次我們需要準備好去解決問題,而不是僅僅避面問題.

Hence, we need a stance of problem-fixing,

not just problem-avoidance.

And it's true that an ounce of prevention equals a pound of cure,

一盎司的預防等於一盎司的解决，這是事實，

but that's only if we know what to prevent.

但是這只是在我們知道預防什麼的情況下.

If you've been punched on the nose,

如過你的鼻子被打了一拳,醫學不會教你

then the science of medicine does not consist of

teaching you how to avoid punches.

如何閃躲拳頭.

(Laughter)

If medical science stopped seeking cures and concentrated on prevention only,

如果醫學不在研究治病的方法,而是僅僅研究預防,

then it would achieve very little of either.

那麼它將幾乎ㄧ事無成.

The world is buzzing at the moment

目前整個世界都在不計成本地忙著計畫來促成

with plans to force reductions in gas emissions at all costs.

氣體排放量的減少.

It ought to be buzzing with plans to reduce the temperature

而它應該趕緊計畫如何降低溫度,

and with plans to live at the higher temperature --

以及計畫如何在溫度升高之後如何生存.

and not at all costs, but efficiently and cheaply.

不是不計成本,而是有效地,廉價的計畫.而這樣的計畫已經存在了,

And some such plans exist,

things like swarms of mirrors in space to deflect the sunlight away

比如在太空中放置大批鏡子來將太陽光反射出去,

and encouraging aquatic organisms to eat more carbon dioxide.

以及刺激海洋生物消費更多的二氧化碳.

At the moment, these things are fringe research;

而目前,這些都只是邊緣研究.

they're not central to the human effort to face this problem

人類在應對這個問題或者廣義上來說這些問題的時候,他們起不到核心作用.

or problems in general.

And with problems that we are not aware of yet,

對與我們並未知覺的問題,糾正錯誤的能力--

the ability to put right -- not the sheer good luck of avoiding indefinitely --

不是無限期的躲過,期待發生的絕對好運 --是我們唯一的希望,

is our only hope, not just of solving problems,

不僅僅是解決問題,而是為生存.

but of survival.

So, take two stone tablets

我們應該拿起兩塊石牌,在上面刻上銘文.

and carve on them.

On one of them, carve:

其中一塊刻上“問題是可以解決的”.

"Problems are soluble."

And on the other one, carve:

另外一塊刻上“問題是不可避免的”

"Problems are inevitable."

Thank you.

謝謝

(Applause)