David Deutsch: Chemical scum that dream of distant quasars

154,784 views ใƒป 2007-01-16

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: David Yang ๊ฒ€ํ† : InHyuk Song
00:25
We've been told to go out on a limb and say something surprising.
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์ถ”์ธก์ด๋”๋ผ๋„ ์†Œ์‹ ๊ป ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ๊นœ์ง ๋†€๋ž„๋งŒํ•œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋” ๊ตฐ์š”.
00:30
So I'll try and do that,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
00:32
but I want to start with two things that everyone already knows.
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์‹œ์ž‘์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
And the first one, in fact, is something that has been known
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์ฒซ์งธ๋Š”, ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์œ ์‚ฌ ์ด๋ž˜
00:41
for most of recorded history,
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์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์˜จ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
00:45
and that is, that the planet Earth, or the solar system,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ, ๋˜๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„๊ฐ€,
00:49
or our environment or whatever,
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์ด๋ฅผ โ€˜ํ™˜๊ฒฝโ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋„ ์ข‹๊ตฌ์š”, ์•„๋ฌดํŠผ
00:52
is uniquely suited to sustain our evolution --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์™€ - ์ด๊ฑธ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ - ํ˜„์กด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
00:59
or creation, as it used to be thought --
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01:02
and our present existence, and most important, our future survival.
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๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ƒ์กด์— ๋น„ํ•  ๋ฐ ์—†์ด ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
Nowadays, this idea has a dramatic name: Spaceship Earth.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” โ€˜์šฐ์ฃผ์„  ์ง€๊ตฌํ˜ธโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ง๋„ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
And the idea there is that outside the spaceship,
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๊ทธ ๋ง์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ฐ– ์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์ž๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ๋Œ€์ ์ธ
01:16
the universe is implacably hostile,
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๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:19
and inside is all we have, all we depend on,
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์˜์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ค์ง ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
and we only get the one chance: if we mess up our spaceship,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์ผ ์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์„ ๋”๋Ÿฝํžˆ๋ฉด
01:26
we've got nowhere else to go.
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๊ทธ๋• ์–ด๋””์—๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐˆ ๊ณณ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
Now, the second thing that everyone already knows
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋„ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ธ๋ฐ์š”, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€
01:31
is that, contrary to what was believed for most of human history,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์ด๋ž˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏฟ์–ด์™”๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ,
01:36
human beings are not, in fact, the hub of existence.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์กด์žฌ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
As Stephen Hawking famously said,
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์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ํ˜ธํ‚น์˜ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ง์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
01:44
we're just a chemical scum on the surface of a typical planet
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” โ€˜ํ™”ํ•™ ์ฐŒ๊บผ๊ธฐโ€™์— ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ,
01:49
that's in orbit around a typical star,
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜•์  ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ์ผ๊ฐœ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:51
which is on the outskirts of a typical galaxy, and so on.
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ํƒœ์–‘์€ ์ „ํ˜•์  ์€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋‘๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๊ฐœ ํ•ญ์„ฑ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
Now, the first of those two things that everyone knows is kind of saying
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์ด ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ฒซ์งธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€, ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ๋น„์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„, ์ฆ‰ ๋น„ํ•  ๋ฐ ์—†์ด ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—
02:01
that we're at a very untypical place, uniquely suited and so on.
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์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
02:07
And the second one is saying that we're at a typical place.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์‚ด๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
And, especially if you regard these two as deep truths to live by
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ๋ณ„ํžˆ ์‹ฌ์˜คํ•œ ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ
02:14
and to inform your life decisions,
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์‚ถ์˜ ๊ธˆ๊ณผ์˜ฅ์กฐ์™€ ๋‚˜์นจ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:17
then they seem a little bit to conflict with each other.
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์„œ๋กœ ์ข€ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
But that doesn't prevent them from both being completely false.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
02:28
(Laughter)
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02:30
And they are.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ด๋ž€ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
So let me start with the second one: typical.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š” -- ์ด๊ณณ์ด ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ผ๊นŒ์š”? ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค,
02:39
Well, is this a typical place?
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02:42
Well, let's look around, you know, look in a random direction,
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์•„๋ฌด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ์ชฝ ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด์ด ๋ณด์ด๋„ค์š”, ํ™”ํ•™ ์ฐŒ๊บผ๊ธฐ๋“ค๋„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ์š” -- (์›ƒ์Œ)
02:45
and we see a wall and chemical scum --
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02:50
(Laughter)
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02:52
and that's not typical of the universe at all.
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-- ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฑด ์ „ํ˜€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์  ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
All you've got to do is go a few hundred miles in that same direction
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ด์•ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์œ„๋กœ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋‹ค ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
03:00
and look back,
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03:01
and you won't see any walls or chemical scum at all --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด๋„ ํ™”ํ•™ ์ฐŒ๊บผ๊ธฐ๋„ ์•ˆ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  --
03:04
all you see is a blue planet.
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ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด
03:06
And if you go further than that,
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03:09
you'll see the Sun, the solar system and the stars and so on,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘๊ณผ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์™€ ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
03:13
but that's still not typical of the universe,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ ์—ญ์‹œ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์  ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ์€ํ•˜ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:15
because stars come in galaxies.
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03:19
And most places in the universe, a typical place in the universe,
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€
03:23
is nowhere near any galaxies.
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์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„  ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
So let's go out further, till we're outside the galaxy,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์€ํ•˜๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋’ค๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
03:30
and look back,
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03:31
and yeah, there's the huge galaxy with spiral arms laid out in front of us.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ๋„ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•ž์— ๋‚˜์„ ํ˜• ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ป—์€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๋„ค์š”.
์ด ์ •๋„๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ 10๋งŒ ๊ด‘๋…„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
And at this point, we've come 100,000 light-years from here.
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03:43
But we're still nowhere near a typical place in the universe.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—๋„ ๋ชป ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
To get to a typical place,
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์ „ํ˜•์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฐ
03:49
you've got to go 1,000 times as far as that,
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๊ทธ ๋ณด๋‹ค 1,000 ๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
into intergalactic space.
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03:56
And so, what does that look like -- "typical?"
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์„๊นŒ์š”? ์ „ํ˜•์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
What does a "typical" place in the universe look like?
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:02
Well, at enormous expense, TED has arranged
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ TED๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ์„œ ์ค€๋น„ํ•œ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„
04:06
a high-resolution immersion virtual reality rendering
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์ž ์ž… ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:11
of the view from intergalactic space.
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-- ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
Can we have the lights off, please, so we can see it?
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ „๋“ฑ ์ข€ ๊บผ ์ฃผ์‹ค๊นŒ์š”?
04:23
Well, not quite, not quite perfect.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ชจ์ž๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ -- ๋„ค ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„  --
04:26
You see, intergalactic space is completely dark, pitch dark.
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์€ํ•˜๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์–ด๋‘์šด ์น ํ‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
It's so dark,
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์–ด๋‘์›Œ์„œ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ์ณ๋‹ค๋ด๋„,
04:35
that if you were to be looking at the nearest star to you,
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04:40
and that star were to explode as a supernova,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํญ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ 
04:44
and you were to be staring directly at it at the moment when its light reached you,
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๊ทธ ๋น›์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์ฐฉํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ๋น›์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์‘์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„
04:49
you still wouldn't be able to see even a glimmer.
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ํ•œ์  ํ๋ฆฟํ•œ ๋น›์กฐ์ฐจ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
That's how big and how dark the universe is.
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ด‘๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋‘์šด ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
And that's despite the fact that a supernova is so bright,
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์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฐ๊ณ  ๋ˆˆ๋ถ€์‹œ๊ฒŒ ํญ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
so brilliant an event,
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05:04
that it would kill you stone dead at a range of several light-years.
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์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ์€ ๋ช‡ ๊ด‘๋…„ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ ๋น›์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ฃฝ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
(Laughter)
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05:09
And yet, from intergalactic space,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ์˜ ๋น›์กฐ์ฐจ ๋‹ฟ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋จผ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
it's so far away you wouldn't even see it.
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05:14
It's also very cold out there --
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ถ”์šด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
less than three degrees above absolute zero.
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-- ์„ญ์”จ ์˜ํ•˜ 270๋„ ์ดํ•˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
And it's very empty.
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ ์ง„๊ณต์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ตœ์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ
05:22
The vacuum there is one million times less dense than the highest vacuum
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ง„๊ณต์ƒํƒœ๋ณด๋‹ค 1๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
that our best technology on Earth can currently create.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด์ œ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
05:31
So that's how different a typical place is from this place.
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05:38
And that is how untypical this place is.
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์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋น„์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๊ณณ์ธ์ง€๋„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
So can we have the lights back on please? Thank you.
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ „๋“ฑ์„ ์ผค๊นŒ์š”? ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
Now, how do we know about an environment that's so far away and so different
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทธํ† ๋ก ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธํ† ๋ก ์ด์งˆ์ ์ด๊ณ ,
05:51
and so alien from anything we're used to?
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๊ทธํ† ๋ก ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
05:54
Well, the Earth -- our environment, in the form of us --
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” -- ์ฆ‰ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ง€์‹์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
is creating knowledge.
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06:00
Well, what does that mean?
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป ์ผ๊นŒ์š”? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์ „์— ๊ฐ€๋ดค๋˜ ๊ณณ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋จผ ๊ณณ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด --
06:01
Well, look out even further than we've just been --
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06:05
I mean from here, with a telescope --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค -- ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ํ•ญ์„ฑ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
and you'll see things that look like stars, they're called quasars.
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์ค€์„ฑ(ๆบ–ๆ˜Ÿ)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ์š”, ์ค€์„ฑ์€ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ โ€œ๋ณ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ฒœ์ฒดโ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
"Quasars" originally meant "quasi-stellar object,"
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06:14
which means "things that look a bit like stars."
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โ€˜์Šคํƒ€โ€™๋ฅผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด๋ž€ ๋œป์ด์ง€์š”. (์›ƒ์Œ) ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ค€์„ฑ์€ ๋ณ„์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
(Laughter)
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06:19
But they're not stars.
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06:20
And we know what they are.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ์ง€์š”. ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ์–ต๋…„ ์ „์—, ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ์–ต๊ด‘๋…„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์—์„œ
06:24
Billions of years ago and billions of light-years away,
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06:27
the material at the center of a galaxy collapsed
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ํ•œ ์€ํ•˜๊ณ„์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ธ”๋ž™ํ™€๋กœ
06:32
towards a supermassive black hole.
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๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋•Œ
06:34
And then intense magnetic fields directed some of the energy
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๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ๊ทธ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ถ•๊ดด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ผ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋Œ๋ ค๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
of that gravitational collapse
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์ถœ๋“ค์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ
06:40
and some of the matter
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06:42
back out in the form of tremendous jets,
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๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๋Œ์ถœ๋ถ€๋“ค์ด, ๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ํƒœ์–‘ 1์กฐ(ๅ…†)๊ฐœ ์ •๋„์˜ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ
06:44
which illuminated lobes
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06:45
with the brilliance of -- I think it's a trillion -- suns.
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๋น›๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
Now, the physics of the human brain could hardly be more unlike
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ„์ถœ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
the physics of such a jet.
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06:59
We couldn't survive for an instant in it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋‹จ ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋„ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
Language breaks down when trying to describe
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ„์ถœ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์ธ์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
what it would be like in one of those jets.
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07:07
It would be a bit like experiencing a supernova explosion,
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์•„๋งˆ ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ ํญ๋ฐœ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
07:10
but at point-blank range and for millions of years at a time.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์— ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋งŒ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์–˜๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
07:13
(Laughter)
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07:17
And yet, that jet happened in precisely such a way
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ถ„์ถœ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ - ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๋…„ ํ›„์—, ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ์—์„œ,
07:23
that billions of years later, on the other side of the universe,
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์ผ๋ถ€ ํ™”ํ•™ ์ฐŒ๊บผ๊ธฐ(์‚ฌ๋žŒ)๋“ค์ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
07:27
some bit of chemical scum could accurately describe
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07:31
and model and predict and explain, above all --
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์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค -- ์ €๊ธฐ ์ฐธ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋„ค์š”
07:35
there's your reference --
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07:37
what was happening there, in reality.
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-- ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
The one physical system, the brain, contains an accurate working model
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฒด๊ณ„์ธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋Š”
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ, ์ฆ‰ ์ค€์„ฑ์˜ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์šฉ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ’ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
of the other, the quasar.
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07:48
Not just a superficial image of it, though it contains that as well,
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๊ทธ ํ”ผ์ƒ์  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ๊ธด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
07:51
but an explanatory model,
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๋™์ผํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š”
07:53
embodying the same mathematical relationships
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07:56
and the same causal structure.
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์„ค๋ช…๋ชจ๋ธ๋„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
Now, that is knowledge.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง€์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€,
08:02
And if that weren't amazing enough,
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08:04
the faithfulness with which the one structure resembles the other
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฎ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ์›๋ณธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถฉ์‹ค๋„๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก
08:08
is increasing with time.
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์ข‹์•„์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง€์‹์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
That is the growth of knowledge.
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08:12
So, the laws of physics have this special property,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ•์น™์—๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์†์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
that physical objects as unlike each other as they could possibly be
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๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ฎ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„
08:20
can, nevertheless, embody the same mathematical and causal structure
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๋™์ผํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก
08:26
and to do it more and more so over time.
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์ ์  ๋” ์ž˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
So we are a chemical scum that is different.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™”ํ•™ ์ฐŒ๊บผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ™”ํ•™ ์ฐŒ๊บผ๊ธฐ์—” ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
This chemical scum has universality.
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08:36
Its structure contains, with ever-increasing precision,
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ๋” ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŒ๋ฌผ์˜
08:41
the structure of everything.
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๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ’ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ฉฐ,
08:42
This place, and not other places in the universe,
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08:46
is a hub which contains within itself the structural and causal essence
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์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์‹ค์žฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ณธ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณผ์  ๋ณธ์งˆ์„
08:52
of the whole of the rest of physical reality.
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ํ’ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•˜์ฐฎ์€ ์กด์žฌ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ปค๋…•,
08:55
And so, far from being insignificant,
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08:57
the fact that the laws of physics allow this
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์น™์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€, ์•„๋‹ˆ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ด๋„ ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ถŒ์œ„๋Š”
08:59
or even mandate that this can happen
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09:03
is one of the most important things about the physical world.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
Now, how does the solar system -- our environment, in the form of us --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„๋Š”, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต ์•ˆ์—์„œ, ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
09:13
acquire this special relationship with the rest of the universe?
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
09:17
Well, one thing that's true about Stephen Hawking's remark --
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์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ํ˜ธํ‚น์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ค‘ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ -- ์ œ ๋ง์€, โ€œํ™”ํ•™ ์ฐŒ๊บผ๊ธฐโ€์ธ ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ง€๋งŒ
09:21
I mean, it is true, but it's the wrong emphasis --
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์ ์ ˆ์น˜ ์•Š์€ ๊ฐ•์กฐ์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค -- ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ
09:25
one thing that's true about it is that it doesn't do it with any special physics,
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—” ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์„ญ๋ฆฌ๋„
09:31
there's no special dispensation, no miracles involved.
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๊ธฐ์ ๋„ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋„˜์ณ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
It does it simply with three things that we have here in abundance.
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09:39
One of them is matter,
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ง€์‹์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๊ธฐ
09:40
because the growth of knowledge is a form of information processing.
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
09:45
Information processing is computation, computation requires a computer,
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๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ,
09:49
and there's no known way of making a computer without matter.
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๋ฌผ์งˆ ์—†์ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ฆ‡์ด์ง€์š”.
09:52
We also need energy to make the computer, and most important,
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๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ธ๋ฐ, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
09:56
to make the media, in effect, onto which we record
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๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋Š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์ง€์‹์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
the knowledge that we discover.
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10:02
And then thirdly, less tangible but just as essential
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋œ ์‹ค์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ, ๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ์˜ ์ง€์‹ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์™€
10:06
for the open-ended creation of knowledge, of explanations,
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์„ค๋ช… ์ฐฝ์กฐ์— ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ โ€˜์ฆ๊ฑฐโ€™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
is evidence.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ๋„˜์ณ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
Now, our environment is inundated with evidence.
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10:17
We happened to get round to testing, let's say, Newton's law of gravity,
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์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ ฅ๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋‰ดํ„ด์ด ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
10:23
about 300 years ago.
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-- ์•ฝ 300๋…„ ์ „์—์š”,
10:24
But the evidence that we used to do that
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์ค‘๋ ฅ๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€๊ตฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ
10:28
was falling down on every square meter of the Earth
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10:31
for billions of years before that,
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ณ„์† ๋–จ์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
and we'll continue to fall for billions of years afterwards.
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์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
And the same is true for all the other sciences.
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10:40
As far as we know,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š”, ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋“ค์˜
10:42
evidence to discover the most fundamental truths of all the sciences
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์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ–‰์„ฑ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ๋„๋ ค์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
is here just for the taking, on our planet.
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10:49
Our location is saturated with evidence
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์ณ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
and also with matter and energy.
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10:54
Out in intergalactic space,
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์€ํ•˜๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—” ๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ์ง€์‹ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด 3๊ฐ€์ง€
10:56
those three prerequisites for the open-ended creation of knowledge
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ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ € ์ˆ˜์ค€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
are at their lowest possible supply --
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11:02
as I said, it's empty, it's cold and it's dark out there.
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์ด๋ฏธ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ ํ…… ๋น„๊ณ , ์ถฅ๊ณ , ์–ด๋‘์šด ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
11:07
Or is it?
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11:09
Now actually, that's just another parochial misconception.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํŽธํ˜‘ํ•œ ์˜คํ•ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
11:13
(Laughter)
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11:14
Because imagine a cube out there in intergalactic space,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์ธ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„๋งŒํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž…๋ฐฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€
11:19
the same size as our home, the solar system.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ‘œ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ…… ๋นˆ ์ƒํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
Now, that cube is very empty by human standards,
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11:26
but that still means that it contains over a million tons of matter.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ์†์—” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ํ†ค ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
And a million tons is enough to make, say, a self-contained space station,
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๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ํ†ค์ด๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์™„๋น„๋œ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ๋„
11:36
on which there's a colony of scientists
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๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ์ง€์‹์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„
11:38
that are devoted to creating an open-ended stream of knowledge, and so on.
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์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
Now, it's way beyond present technology
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๋‹ค๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ๋Š” ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์œผ๋Š” ์ผ์กฐ์ฐจ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ ,
11:45
to even gather the hydrogen from intergalactic space
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›์†Œ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
and form it into other elements and so on.
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11:52
But the thing is, in a comprehensible universe,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ ์•ˆ์—์„œ,
11:55
if something isn't forbidden by the laws of physics,
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ•์น™์— ์œ„๋ฐฐ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ผ์€
11:59
then what could possibly prevent us from doing it, other than knowing how?
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์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋งŒ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:03
In other words, it's a matter of knowledge, not resources.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ ์ด๊ฑด ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด์ง€ ์ž์›์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
If we could do that, we'd automatically have an energy supply,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›์†Œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์€ ์ž๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ
12:10
because this transmutation would be a fusion reactor.
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์›์†Œ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -- ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์š”?
12:13
And evidence?
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12:15
Well, again, it's dark out there to human senses,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๊ณณ ์™ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋ก  ์–ด๋‘์šด ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ
12:18
but all you've got to do is take a telescope,
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12:20
even one of present-day design,
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ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ชปํ•ด ์š”์ฆ˜ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉด
12:23
look out, and you'll see the same galaxies as we do from here.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ณ„๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
And with a more powerful telescope,
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์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๋” ์ข‹์€ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํ•ญ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
you'll be able to see stars and planets in those galaxies,
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12:32
you'll be able to do astrophysics and learn the laws of physics.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์€ํ•˜๊ณ„์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฒœ์ฒด๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์น™๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ,
12:36
And locally there, you could build particle accelerators
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์ž…์ž ๊ฐ€์†๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž…์ž๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
12:38
and learn elementary particle physics and chemistry, and so on.
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ํ™”ํ•™์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
Probably the hardest science to do would be biology field trips --
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์•„๋งˆ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ํ˜„์žฅ๊ฒฌํ•™์ผ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ, ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
12:46
(Laughter)
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12:47
because it would take several hundred million years
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์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ๋‹ค๋…€์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์ˆ˜ ์–ต๋…„์€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:50
to get to the nearest life-bearing planet and back.
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12:54
But I have to tell you -- and sorry, Richard --
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์ด ์–˜๊ธด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๋ฐ -- ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ(๋„ํ‚จ์Šค: ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž), ๋ฏธ์•ˆํ•˜์˜ค --
12:56
but I never did like biology field trips much --
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๋‚œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ฒฌํ•™์„ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
12:59
(Laughter)
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์ˆ˜ ์–ต๋…„์— ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ •๋„๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
and I think we can just about make do
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13:03
with one every few hundred million years.
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13:05
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
13:07
So, in fact, intergalactic space does contain all the prerequisites
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ์ง€์‹ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•„์ˆ˜์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—
13:14
for the open-ended creation of knowledge.
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ํ’ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์‹๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
13:17
Any such cube anywhere in the universe
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13:20
could become the same kind of hub that we are,
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์šฐ์ฃผ ์•ˆ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋“  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
์ด๊ณณ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ถ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
if the knowledge of how to do so were present there.
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13:30
So, we're not in a uniquely hospitable place.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:34
If intergalactic space is capable of creating
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๋งŒ์ผ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ์„ค๋ช… ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:36
an open-ended stream of explanations,
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13:39
then so is almost every other environment,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ตฌ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ณ , ์˜ค์—ผ๋œ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
so is the Earth.
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13:42
So is a polluted Earth.
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13:45
And the limiting factor, there and here,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋“  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋“  ์ œํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ง€์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
is not resources -- because they're plentiful --
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13:52
but knowledge, which is scarce.
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๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
Now, this cosmic knowledge-based view may -- and, I think, ought to --
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์ง€์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:00
make us feel very special.
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-- ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ปด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ์š”. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:03
But it should also make us feel vulnerable,
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14:05
because it means that without the specific knowledge
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋„์ „์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ 
14:09
that's needed to survive the ongoing challenges of the universe,
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์ง€์‹์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ์กดํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:12
we won't survive them.
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14:14
All it takes is for a supernova to go off a few light-years away,
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๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ์ด ๋ช‡ ๊ด‘๋…„ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ํญ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:17
and we'll all be dead!
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14:19
Martin Rees has recently written a book
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๋งˆํ‹ด ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์„ ํ•œ๊ถŒ ์ผ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฒœ์ฒด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ
14:21
about our vulnerability to all sorts of things,
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14:25
from astrophysics, to scientific experiments gone wrong,
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์‹คํŒจํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ด์ƒ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ
14:29
and most importantly, to terrorism with weapons of mass destruction.
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ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌํ–‰์œ„์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:33
And he thinks that civilization has only a 50 percent chance
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์ด ๊ธˆ์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ 50%๋กœ ์ ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:36
of surviving this century.
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14:38
I think he's going to talk about that later in the conference.
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์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ €์ž๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‚˜์˜ค์…”์„œ ๊ฐ•์˜ํ•ด์ฃผ์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
Now, I don't think that probability is the right category
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์ด ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ํ™•๋ฅ ๋กœ ๋…ผํ•  ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์ด๊ฒƒ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ์€
14:46
to discuss this issue in,
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14:48
but I do agree with him about this:
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๊ทธ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์— ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:49
we can survive and we can fail to survive.
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14:54
But it depends, not on chance,
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์ด๊ฑด ํ™•๋ฅ  ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ ๋•Œ์— ๊ด€๋ จ์ง€์‹์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:57
but on whether we create the relevant knowledge in time.
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15:01
The danger is not at all unprecedented.
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์ด ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ์ „๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ข…์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ ,
15:03
Species go extinct all the time.
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15:07
Civilizations end.
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๋ฌธ๋ช…๋„ ์ข…๋ง์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์••๋„์  ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜
15:09
The overwhelming majority of all species and all civilizations
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15:12
that have ever existed
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์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ข…๊ณผ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์†์—๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:14
are now history.
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15:15
And if we want to be the exception to that,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์ผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ
15:18
then logically, our only hope is to make use of the one feature
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์†Œ๋ง์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ข… ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ
15:24
that distinguishes our species and civilization from all the others,
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ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ
15:28
namely, our special relationship with the laws of physics,
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ์ฆ‰ ๋ชจ๋“  ์กด์žฌ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ค๋ช…,
15:33
our ability to create new explanations, new knowledge --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง€์‹์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธธ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
to be a hub of existence.
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15:40
So let me now apply this to a current controversy,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž‘๊ธˆ์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:44
not because I want to advocate any particular solution,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ํŠน์ • ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
15:47
but just to illustrate the kind of thing I mean.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:50
And the controversy is global warming.
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๊ทธ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์•„๋‹Œ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:53
Now, I'm a physicist, but I'm not the right kind of physicist.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์ด๊ธด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ๋งŒํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:56
In regard to global warming, I'm just a layman.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ €๋Š” ๋ฌธ์™ธํ•œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์™ธํ•œ์ด ์ด์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
15:59
And the rational thing for a layman to do
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16:02
is to take seriously the prevailing scientific theory.
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์ผ์€ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ๊ณผํ•™ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ด๋ก ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
16:07
And according to that theory, it's already too late to avoid a disaster,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์•™์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ์—” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Šฆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:11
because, if it's true that our best option at the moment is to prevent CO2 emissions
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋งŒ์ผ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ด ๊ตํ†  ์˜์ •์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜‘์•ฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ
16:17
with something like the Kyoto Protocol,
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ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™ ์œ„์ถ•์„ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ,
16:19
with its constraints on economic activity and its enormous cost
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์ƒ ๊ฑฐ์•ก์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
16:23
of hundreds of billions of dollars, or whatever it is,
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16:26
then that is already a disaster by any reasonable measure.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ์žฃ๋Œ€๋กœ๋„ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์žฌ์•™์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:31
And the actions that are advocated are not even purported to solve the problem,
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์ฃผ์žฅ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฑ…๋“ค๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹จ์ง€
16:36
merely to postpone it by a little.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ์—” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Šฆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
16:38
So it's already too late to avoid it,
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16:40
and it probably has been too late to avoid it
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ธฐ ์ด์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ค„๊ณง ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Šฆ์–ด์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:43
ever since before anyone realized the danger.
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16:47
It was probably already too late in the 1970s,
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1970๋…„๋Œ€๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Šฆ์€ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ,
16:50
when the best available scientific theory was telling us
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๋‹น์‹œ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๊ณผํ•™์ด๋ก ์€ ์‚ฐ์—… ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
16:53
that industrial emissions were about to precipitate a new ice age,
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์žฌ์ด‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:57
in which billions would die.
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17:00
Now, the lesson of that seems clear to me,
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๋‚ด๊ฒ ๊ทธ ๊ตํ›ˆ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ
17:02
and I don't know why it isn't informing public debate.
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์™œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณต๋ก ์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:06
It is that we can't always know.
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๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž„๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์žฌ์•™์„ ์•Œ๋ฉด,
17:09
When we know of an impending disaster
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17:12
and how to solve it at a cost less than the cost of the disaster itself,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์žฌ์•™์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๋ฉด
17:16
then there's not going to be much argument, really.
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๊ทธ ์žฌ์•™์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:19
But no precautions and no precautionary principle
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ์ฒ˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
17:24
can avoid problems that we do not yet foresee.
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์‚ฌ์ „ ์กฐ์น˜๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์€ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ,
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ž์„ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:29
Hence, we need a stance of problem-fixing,
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17:33
not just problem-avoidance.
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17:36
And it's true that an ounce of prevention equals a pound of cure,
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ํ˜ธ๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋ง‰์„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ž˜๋กœ ๋ง‰๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง๋„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๊ธด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
17:40
but that's only if we know what to prevent.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์–ด๋””๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์•„์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:43
If you've been punched on the nose,
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์˜ํ•™์€ ํ™”์ƒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜์ง€
17:45
then the science of medicine does not consist of
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17:47
teaching you how to avoid punches.
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ํ™”์ƒ์„ ์ž…์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:49
(Laughter)
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17:50
If medical science stopped seeking cures and concentrated on prevention only,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์˜ํ•™์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์— ์น˜์ค‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์˜ํ•™์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ
17:56
then it would achieve very little of either.
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ํฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:58
The world is buzzing at the moment
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์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋น„์šฉ์— ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—†์ด ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
18:00
with plans to force reductions in gas emissions at all costs.
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์˜จ๊ฐ– ๋Œ€์ฑ…๋“ค๋กœ ๋‚œ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:05
It ought to be buzzing with plans to reduce the temperature
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ํ—ˆ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์˜จ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒ์Šน๋œ ๊ธฐ์˜จ์—์„œ
18:10
and with plans to live at the higher temperature --
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์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์— ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
18:13
and not at all costs, but efficiently and cheaply.
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๋น„์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค ์ค‘์—๋Š”
18:16
And some such plans exist,
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18:17
things like swarms of mirrors in space to deflect the sunlight away
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์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ์šธ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–‡๋น›์„ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
18:22
and encouraging aquatic organisms to eat more carbon dioxide.
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์ˆ˜์ค‘ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋จน์–ด์น˜์šฐ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:26
At the moment, these things are fringe research;
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
18:29
they're not central to the human effort to face this problem
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:33
or problems in general.
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18:35
And with problems that we are not aware of yet,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
18:37
the ability to put right -- not the sheer good luck of avoiding indefinitely --
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ˆœ์ „ํžˆ ์šด์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์น˜์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋งŒ์ด
18:43
is our only hope, not just of solving problems,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ํฌ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:46
but of survival.
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18:48
So, take two stone tablets
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ด์ œ (์‹ญ๊ณ„๋ช…์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ) ๋‘ ๋ŒํŒ์„ ์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ทธ ์œ„์— ๊ธ€์„ ์ƒˆ๊น์‹œ๋‹ค.
18:53
and carve on them.
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18:56
On one of them, carve:
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2061
ํ•œ ๋ŒํŒ ์œ„์—๋Š” โ€œ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๊ธฐ๊ณ ,
18:58
"Problems are soluble."
325
1138199
2221
19:00
And on the other one, carve:
326
1140763
2125
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ ๋ŒํŒ ์œ„์—๋Š” โ€œ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๊น์‹œ๋‹ค.
19:02
"Problems are inevitable."
327
1142912
1953
19:05
Thank you.
328
1145444
1158
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
19:06
(Applause)
329
1146626
1103
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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