David Deutsch: Chemical scum that dream of distant quasars

159,473 views ・ 2007-01-16

TED


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Prevoditelj: Stjepan Mateljan Recezent: Ivan Stamenković
00:25
We've been told to go out on a limb and say something surprising.
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Rečeno nam je neka se ohrabrimo i kažemo nešto iznenađujuće.
00:30
So I'll try and do that,
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pa ću to i pokušati,
00:32
but I want to start with two things that everyone already knows.
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ali htio bih početi sa dvije stvari koje svi već znaju.
00:38
And the first one, in fact, is something that has been known
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Prva je , zapravo nešto što se zna
00:41
for most of recorded history,
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kroz većinu pisane povijesti,
00:45
and that is, that the planet Earth, or the solar system,
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a to je kako je planet Zemlja, ili sunčev sustav,
00:49
or our environment or whatever,
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ili naše okružje ili kako god,
00:52
is uniquely suited to sustain our evolution --
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jedinstveno ugođen kako bi podržao naš razvoj --
00:59
or creation, as it used to be thought --
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ili stvaranje, kako se nekad mislilo --
01:02
and our present existence, and most important, our future survival.
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i naše trenutno postojanje, te najvažnije, naše buduće preživljavanje.
01:09
Nowadays, this idea has a dramatic name: Spaceship Earth.
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Danas ta ideja ima dramatično ime: Svemirski brod Zemlja.
01:13
And the idea there is that outside the spaceship,
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A ideja je kako izvan svemirskog broda,
01:16
the universe is implacably hostile,
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svemir je neumoljivo neprijateljski,
01:19
and inside is all we have, all we depend on,
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dok je unutra sve što imamo, sve o čemu ovisimo,
01:23
and we only get the one chance: if we mess up our spaceship,
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te imamo samo jednu priliku: ako udesimo naš svemirski brod,
01:26
we've got nowhere else to go.
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nemamo ići gdje drugdje.
01:28
Now, the second thing that everyone already knows
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Sad, druga stvar koju svi već znaju
01:31
is that, contrary to what was believed for most of human history,
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je kako, obrnuto od onog što smo vjerovali kroz ljudsku povijest,
01:36
human beings are not, in fact, the hub of existence.
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ljudska bića nisu, zapravo, centar postojanja.
01:42
As Stephen Hawking famously said,
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Kako je Stephen Hawking slavno rekao,
01:44
we're just a chemical scum on the surface of a typical planet
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samo smo kemijska skrama na površini tipičnog planeta
01:49
that's in orbit around a typical star,
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koji je u orbiti oko tipične zvijezde,
01:51
which is on the outskirts of a typical galaxy, and so on.
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koja je na periferiji tipične galaksije, i tako dalje.
01:56
Now, the first of those two things that everyone knows is kind of saying
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Sad, prva od ove dvije stvari koje svi znaju na neki način govori
02:01
that we're at a very untypical place, uniquely suited and so on.
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kako smo na vrlo netipičnom mjestu, jedinstveno ugođenom i tako dalje,
a druga govori kako smo na tipičnom mjestu.
02:07
And the second one is saying that we're at a typical place.
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02:09
And, especially if you regard these two as deep truths to live by
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Te, posebno ako se odnosite prema tim dvjema kao dubokim istinama
02:14
and to inform your life decisions,
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po kojima se ravnate i donosite životne odluke,
02:17
then they seem a little bit to conflict with each other.
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onda se čine kao pomalo u konfliktu jedna sa drugom.
02:23
But that doesn't prevent them from both being completely false.
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Ali to ih ne sprječava da obje budu potpuno krive.
02:28
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:30
And they are.
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A jesu.
02:32
So let me start with the second one: typical.
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Pa dajte da krene od druge:
"Tipično." Dobro, je li ovo tipično mjesto?
02:39
Well, is this a typical place?
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02:42
Well, let's look around, you know, look in a random direction,
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Dobro, Pogledajmo uokolo, znate, pogledajmo u nasumičnom pravcu,
02:45
and we see a wall and chemical scum --
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pa vidimo zid, i kemijski otpad--
02:50
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:52
and that's not typical of the universe at all.
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a to uopće nije tipično za svemir.
02:56
All you've got to do is go a few hundred miles in that same direction
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Sve što trebate učiniti je otići par stotina milja u tom istom smjeru
03:00
and look back,
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te pogledati unazad,
03:01
and you won't see any walls or chemical scum at all --
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i nećete vidjeti nikakve zidove niti kemijski otpad --
03:04
all you see is a blue planet.
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sve što vidite je plavi planet.
03:06
And if you go further than that,
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A ako idete dalje od toga,
03:09
you'll see the Sun, the solar system and the stars and so on,
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vidjet ćete Sunce, sunčev sustav i zvijezde i tako dalje,
03:13
but that's still not typical of the universe,
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ali to i dalje nije tipično za svemir,
03:15
because stars come in galaxies.
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jer zvijezde dolaze u galaksijama.
03:19
And most places in the universe, a typical place in the universe,
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A najviše mjesta u svemiru, tipično mjesto u svemiru,
03:23
is nowhere near any galaxies.
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nije nigdje niti blizu galaksijama.
03:26
So let's go out further, till we're outside the galaxy,
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Pa hajdemo dalje, dok izađemo iz galaksije, te se osvrnimo,
03:30
and look back,
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03:31
and yeah, there's the huge galaxy with spiral arms laid out in front of us.
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i da, ovdje je ogromna galaksija sa spiralnim kracima ispred nas.
03:37
And at this point, we've come 100,000 light-years from here.
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U ovom trenutku, došli smo 100.000 svjetlosnih godina odavde.
03:43
But we're still nowhere near a typical place in the universe.
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Ali i dalje nismo niti blizu tipičnom mjestu u svemiru.
03:48
To get to a typical place,
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Kako biste došli do tipičnog mjesta,
03:49
you've got to go 1,000 times as far as that,
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morali biste ići 1.000 puta dalje nego sada,
03:54
into intergalactic space.
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u međugalaktički prostor.
03:56
And so, what does that look like -- "typical?"
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Pa onda, kako to izgleda -- "tipično?"
03:59
What does a "typical" place in the universe look like?
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kako izgleda "tipično" mjesto u svemiru?
04:02
Well, at enormous expense, TED has arranged
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Dobro, kroz enormne troškove, TED je sredio
04:06
a high-resolution immersion virtual reality rendering
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VR prikaz, visoke razlučivosti radi bolje imerzije,
04:11
of the view from intergalactic space.
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pogleda iz međugalaktičkog prostora.
04:15
Can we have the lights off, please, so we can see it?
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Možemo li ugasiti svijetla, molim, kako bismo ga mogli vidjeti?
04:23
Well, not quite, not quite perfect.
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Dobro, ne posve, ne posve savršeno.
04:26
You see, intergalactic space is completely dark, pitch dark.
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Vidite, međugalaktički je prostor posve mračan, tamo je mrkli mrak.
04:33
It's so dark,
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Toliko je mračno
04:35
that if you were to be looking at the nearest star to you,
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da kada biste gledali prema sebi najbližoj zvijezdi,
04:40
and that star were to explode as a supernova,
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a ta bi zvijezda eksplodirala kao supernova,
04:44
and you were to be staring directly at it at the moment when its light reached you,
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a vi biste gledali ravno u nju u trenu kad bi vas njeno svjetlo doseglo,
04:49
you still wouldn't be able to see even a glimmer.
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i dalje ne biste mogli vidjeti čak niti treptaj.
04:53
That's how big and how dark the universe is.
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To je koliko je velik i koliko je mračan svemir.
04:56
And that's despite the fact that a supernova is so bright,
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A to je usprkos činjenici kako je supernova toliko svijetao,
05:01
so brilliant an event,
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toliko sjajan događaj,
05:04
that it would kill you stone dead at a range of several light-years.
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da bi vas smjesta ubila na udaljenosti od nekoliko svjetlosnih godina.
05:08
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:09
And yet, from intergalactic space,
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Pa ipak, iz međugalaktičkog prostora,
05:11
it's so far away you wouldn't even see it.
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toliko je daleko da ju ne biste niti vidjeli.
05:14
It's also very cold out there --
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Tamo je također i vrlo hladno --
05:17
less than three degrees above absolute zero.
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manje od tri stupnja iznad apsolutne nule.
05:20
And it's very empty.
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I vrlo je prazno.
05:22
The vacuum there is one million times less dense than the highest vacuum
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Vakuum tamo je milijun puta rjeđi od najrjeđeg vakuuma
05:28
that our best technology on Earth can currently create.
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kojeg najbolja tehnologija na Zemlji trenutno može stvoriti.
05:31
So that's how different a typical place is from this place.
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Toliko je različito tipično mjesto od ovog mjesta.
05:38
And that is how untypical this place is.
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Dakle to je koliko je ovo mjesto netipično.
05:41
So can we have the lights back on please? Thank you.
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Možemo li ponovno upaliti svijetla, molim? Hvala.
05:46
Now, how do we know about an environment that's so far away and so different
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Sad, kako znamo o okružju koje je toliko udaljeno i toliko različito
05:51
and so alien from anything we're used to?
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i toliko strano od svega na što smo navikli?
05:54
Well, the Earth -- our environment, in the form of us --
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Pa, Zemlja -- naše okružje, u obliku nas --
05:58
is creating knowledge.
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stvara znanje.
06:00
Well, what does that mean?
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Dobro, što to znači?
06:01
Well, look out even further than we've just been --
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Pa, pogledajmo čak i dalje od ovog gdje smo upravo bili --
06:05
I mean from here, with a telescope --
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mislim odavde, teleskopom --
06:07
and you'll see things that look like stars, they're called quasars.
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i vidjet ćete stvari koji izgledaju poput zvijezda, a zovu se kvazari.
06:11
"Quasars" originally meant "quasi-stellar object,"
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"Kvazari" je izvorno značilo "Kvazi stelarni objekti",
06:14
which means "things that look a bit like stars."
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Što znači: "stvari koje pomalo nalikuju zvijezdama."
06:17
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
Ali oni nisu zvijezde.
06:19
But they're not stars.
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06:20
And we know what they are.
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A mi znamo što su.
06:24
Billions of years ago and billions of light-years away,
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Prije više milijardi godina i više milijardi godina svjetlosti od nas,
06:27
the material at the center of a galaxy collapsed
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materijal u središtu galaksije se urušio
06:32
towards a supermassive black hole.
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prema super masivnoj crnoj rupi.
06:34
And then intense magnetic fields directed some of the energy
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A potom su silna magnetska polja
usmjerila nešto energije tog gravitacijskog urušavanja
06:39
of that gravitational collapse
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06:40
and some of the matter
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i nešto materije
06:42
back out in the form of tremendous jets,
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nazad van u obliku ogromnih mlazova,
06:44
which illuminated lobes
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koji su osvjetlili režnjeve
06:45
with the brilliance of -- I think it's a trillion -- suns.
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sa sjajem -- mislim da je trilijuna -- sunaca.
06:52
Now, the physics of the human brain could hardly be more unlike
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Sad, fizika bi ljudskog mozga teško mogla biti različitija
06:57
the physics of such a jet.
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od fizike takvog mlaza.
06:59
We couldn't survive for an instant in it.
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Ne bismo mogli preživjeti u njemu niti trenutak.
07:01
Language breaks down when trying to describe
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Jezik se slama prilikom pokušaja opisa
07:04
what it would be like in one of those jets.
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kako bi bilo u jednom od tih mlazova.
07:07
It would be a bit like experiencing a supernova explosion,
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Bilo bi pomalo nalik iskustvu eksplozije supernove,
07:10
but at point-blank range and for millions of years at a time.
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ali iz neposredne blizine i u trajanju više milijuna godina.
07:13
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
07:17
And yet, that jet happened in precisely such a way
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Pa ipak, taj se mlaz dogodio na točno takav način
07:23
that billions of years later, on the other side of the universe,
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da milijarde godina kasnije, na drugoj strani svemira,
07:27
some bit of chemical scum could accurately describe
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neki dio kemijske skrame može točno opisati
07:31
and model and predict and explain, above all --
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i modelirati i predvidjeti i objasniti, prije svega --
07:35
there's your reference --
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eto vam upute --
07:37
what was happening there, in reality.
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što se događalo tamo, u stvarnosti.
07:41
The one physical system, the brain, contains an accurate working model
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Jedan fizički sustav, mozak, sadrži točan radni model
07:46
of the other, the quasar.
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drugoga, kvazara.
07:48
Not just a superficial image of it, though it contains that as well,
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Ne samo njegovu površinsku sliku, iako također sadrži i to,
07:51
but an explanatory model,
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nego model koji objašnjava,
07:53
embodying the same mathematical relationships
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koji utjelovljuje iste matematičke odnose
07:56
and the same causal structure.
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i istu uzročnu strukturu.
07:59
Now, that is knowledge.
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Sad, to je znanje.
A ako to nije dovoljno zapanjujuće,
08:02
And if that weren't amazing enough,
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08:04
the faithfulness with which the one structure resembles the other
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stupanj kojem jedna struktura nalikuje drugoj
08:08
is increasing with time.
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sa vremenom raste.
08:10
That is the growth of knowledge.
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To je rast znanja.
08:12
So, the laws of physics have this special property,
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Jer, zakoni fizike imaju to posebno svojstvo
08:16
that physical objects as unlike each other as they could possibly be
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da fizički objekti toliko međusobno različiti koliko uopće mogu biti,
08:20
can, nevertheless, embody the same mathematical and causal structure
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mogu ipak utjeloviti istu matematičku i uzročnu strukturu
08:26
and to do it more and more so over time.
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te to činiti sve više i više tijekom vremena.
08:30
So we are a chemical scum that is different.
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Tako da smo mi kemijska skrama koja je različita.
08:33
This chemical scum has universality.
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Ovaj kemijski otpad ima općenitost.
08:36
Its structure contains, with ever-increasing precision,
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Njegova struktura sadrži, sa stalno rastućom preciznošću,
08:41
the structure of everything.
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strukturu svega.
08:42
This place, and not other places in the universe,
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Ovo mjesto, a ne druga mjesta u svemiru,
08:46
is a hub which contains within itself the structural and causal essence
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je središte koje u sebi sadrži strukturalnu i uzročnu srž
08:52
of the whole of the rest of physical reality.
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čitave ostale fizičke stvarnosti.
08:55
And so, far from being insignificant,
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Tako da, daleko od bivanja beznačajnom,
08:57
the fact that the laws of physics allow this
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činjenica kako zakoni fizike omogućuju ovo
08:59
or even mandate that this can happen
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ili se čak pobrinu kako bi se to moglo dogoditi,
09:03
is one of the most important things about the physical world.
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je jedna od najvažnijih stvari o fizičkom svijetu.
09:08
Now, how does the solar system -- our environment, in the form of us --
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Sad, kako sunčev sustav -- naše okružje, u obliku nas --
09:13
acquire this special relationship with the rest of the universe?
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stječe taj poseban odnos s ostatkom svemira?
09:17
Well, one thing that's true about Stephen Hawking's remark --
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Pa, jedna stvar koja je ispravna u Stephen Hawkingovoj opasci --
09:21
I mean, it is true, but it's the wrong emphasis --
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mislim, ispravna je, samo je krivo naglašena.
09:25
one thing that's true about it is that it doesn't do it with any special physics,
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Jedna stvar koja je ispravna je kako ne koristi nikakvu posebnu fiziku,
09:31
there's no special dispensation, no miracles involved.
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Nema posebnih božanskih zakona, nisu uključena nikakva čuda.
09:34
It does it simply with three things that we have here in abundance.
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Radi jednostavno sa tri stvari koje ovdje imamo u izobilju.
09:39
One of them is matter,
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Jedna od njih je materija,
09:40
because the growth of knowledge is a form of information processing.
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jer rast znanja je oblik obrade informacija.
09:45
Information processing is computation, computation requires a computer,
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Obrada informacija je računanje, računanje zahtijeva računalo --
09:49
and there's no known way of making a computer without matter.
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nema poznatog načina pravljenja računala bez materije.
09:52
We also need energy to make the computer, and most important,
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Također trebamo energiju kako bi napravili računalo, te najvažnije,
09:56
to make the media, in effect, onto which we record
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da napravimo medij, u biti, na koji spremamo
10:00
the knowledge that we discover.
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znanje koje smo otkrili.
10:02
And then thirdly, less tangible but just as essential
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Te potom treće, manje opipljivo ali jednako bitno
10:06
for the open-ended creation of knowledge, of explanations,
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za bezgraničeno stvaranje znanja, stvaranje objašnjenja
10:10
is evidence.
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je dokaz.
10:14
Now, our environment is inundated with evidence.
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Sad, naše je okružje preplavljeno dokazima
10:17
We happened to get round to testing, let's say, Newton's law of gravity,
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Dogodilo se da smo testirali, recimo, Newtonov zakon gravitacije,
10:23
about 300 years ago.
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prije oko 300 godina.
10:24
But the evidence that we used to do that
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Ali dokazi koje smo koristili
10:28
was falling down on every square meter of the Earth
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su padali na svaki četvorni metar Zemlje
10:31
for billions of years before that,
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milijardama godina ranije
10:33
and we'll continue to fall for billions of years afterwards.
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i nastavit će padati milijardama godina nakon.
10:37
And the same is true for all the other sciences.
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A isto vrijedi i za ostale znanosti.
10:40
As far as we know,
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Koliko nam je poznato, dokazi za otkrivanje najtemeljnijih istina
10:42
evidence to discover the most fundamental truths of all the sciences
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svih znanosti nalaze se ovdje, na našoj planeti, samo ih treba uzeti.
10:46
is here just for the taking, on our planet.
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10:49
Our location is saturated with evidence
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Naša je lokacija preplavljena dokazima
10:52
and also with matter and energy.
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te također materijom i energijom.
10:54
Out in intergalactic space,
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Vani u međugalaktičkom prostoru,
10:56
those three prerequisites for the open-ended creation of knowledge
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ova su tri preduvjeta za bezgranično stvaranje znanja
11:00
are at their lowest possible supply --
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na najnižoj mogućoj razini dostupnosti --
11:02
as I said, it's empty, it's cold and it's dark out there.
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kako rekoh, tamo vani je prazno, hladno i mračno.
11:07
Or is it?
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No je li tako?
11:09
Now actually, that's just another parochial misconception.
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Pa zapravo, to je još jedno pučko pogrešno shvaćanje.
(Smijeh)
11:13
(Laughter)
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11:14
Because imagine a cube out there in intergalactic space,
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Jer zamislite kocku tamo u međugalaktičkom prostoru
11:19
the same size as our home, the solar system.
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iste veličine kao naš dom, sunčev sustav.
11:22
Now, that cube is very empty by human standards,
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Sad ta je kocka jako prazna po ljudskim standardima,
11:26
but that still means that it contains over a million tons of matter.
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ali to i dalje znači kako sadrži više od milijun tona materije.
11:31
And a million tons is enough to make, say, a self-contained space station,
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A milijun tona je dovoljno za stvoriti, recimo, samodostatnu svemirsku stanicu,
11:36
on which there's a colony of scientists
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na kojoj je kolonija znanstvenika
11:38
that are devoted to creating an open-ended stream of knowledge, and so on.
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koja je posvećena stvaranju bezgraničnog toka znanja, i tako dalje.
11:42
Now, it's way beyond present technology
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Sad, trenutno je poprilično onkraj tehnologije
čak i prikupiti vodik iz međugalaktičkog prostora
11:45
to even gather the hydrogen from intergalactic space
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11:49
and form it into other elements and so on.
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te ga oblikovati u druge elemente i tako dalje.
11:52
But the thing is, in a comprehensible universe,
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Ali stvar je, u razumljivom svemiru,
11:55
if something isn't forbidden by the laws of physics,
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ako nešto nije zabranjeno zakonima fizike,
11:59
then what could possibly prevent us from doing it, other than knowing how?
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onda što nas može spriječiti da to učinimo, osim znanja kako?
12:03
In other words, it's a matter of knowledge, not resources.
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Drugim riječima, to je stvar znanja, ne resursa.
Ako bismo to mogli učiniti, automatski bi imali izvor energije,
12:07
If we could do that, we'd automatically have an energy supply,
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12:10
because this transmutation would be a fusion reactor.
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jer ta bi transmutacija bila fuzijski reaktor.
12:13
And evidence?
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A dokazi?
12:15
Well, again, it's dark out there to human senses,
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Dobro, ponovno, tamo je tamno za ljudske pojmove,
12:18
but all you've got to do is take a telescope,
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ali sve što trebaš napraviti je uzeti teleskop,
12:20
even one of present-day design,
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čak neki današnjeg dizajna,
12:23
look out, and you'll see the same galaxies as we do from here.
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pogledati, i vidjet ćeš iste galaksije kao i mi odavde.
12:27
And with a more powerful telescope,
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A s moćnijim teleskopom,
12:29
you'll be able to see stars and planets in those galaxies,
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moći ćeš vidjeti zvijezde i planete u tim galaksijama,
12:32
you'll be able to do astrophysics and learn the laws of physics.
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moći ćeš se baviti astrofizikom te učiti zakone fizike.
12:36
And locally there, you could build particle accelerators
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A tamo lokalno mogao bi sagraditi ubrzivače čestica,
12:38
and learn elementary particle physics and chemistry, and so on.
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te učiti fiziku elementarnih čestica te kemiju, i tako dalje.
12:42
Probably the hardest science to do would be biology field trips --
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Vjerojatni bi najteža znanost za činiti bila biološki terenski rad --
12:46
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
12:47
because it would take several hundred million years
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jer bi trebalo nekoliko stotina milijuna godina
12:50
to get to the nearest life-bearing planet and back.
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za doći do najbližeg planeta koji sadrži život i nazad.
12:54
But I have to tell you -- and sorry, Richard --
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Ali moram vam reći -- i oprosti, Richarde, --
12:56
but I never did like biology field trips much --
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ali nikad nisam baš ni volio biološki terenski rad.
12:59
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
13:01
and I think we can just about make do
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pa smatram kako nam je zapravo taman dovoljno
13:03
with one every few hundred million years.
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imati jedan svakih nekoliko stotina milijuna godina.
13:05
(Laughter)
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2017
(Smijeh)
13:07
So, in fact, intergalactic space does contain all the prerequisites
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Tako da zapravo, međugalaktički prostor sadrži preduvjete
13:14
for the open-ended creation of knowledge.
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za bezgranično stvaranje znanja.
13:17
Any such cube anywhere in the universe
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Bilo koja takva kocka bilo gdje u svemiru
13:20
could become the same kind of hub that we are,
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bi mogla postati ista vrst koncentratora kakav smo i mi,
13:25
if the knowledge of how to do so were present there.
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ako bi znanje kako to učiniti tamo bila prisutna.
13:30
So, we're not in a uniquely hospitable place.
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Dakle, nismo na jedinstveno nastanjivom mjestu.
13:34
If intergalactic space is capable of creating
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Ako je međugalaktički prostor sposoban stvoriti
13:36
an open-ended stream of explanations,
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bezgraničan tok objašnjenja,
13:39
then so is almost every other environment,
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onda je tako i gotovo svako drugo okružje,
13:41
so is the Earth.
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tako je i Zemlja.
13:42
So is a polluted Earth.
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Tako je i zagađena Zemlja.
13:45
And the limiting factor, there and here,
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A ograničavajući faktor, tamo i ovdje,
13:49
is not resources -- because they're plentiful --
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nisu resursi, jer njih je obilje,
13:52
but knowledge, which is scarce.
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nego znanje, kojeg je malo.
13:54
Now, this cosmic knowledge-based view may -- and, I think, ought to --
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Sad ovaj pogled na svemir temeljen na znanju može -- a mislim da i treba --
14:00
make us feel very special.
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učiniti da se osjećamo vrlo posebnima.
Ali bi nas također trebao učiniti da se osjećamo ranjivima,
14:03
But it should also make us feel vulnerable,
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14:05
because it means that without the specific knowledge
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jer to znači kako bez određenog znanja
14:09
that's needed to survive the ongoing challenges of the universe,
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koje je potrebno za preživjeti trenutne izazove svemira,
14:12
we won't survive them.
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nećemo ih preživjeti.
14:14
All it takes is for a supernova to go off a few light-years away,
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Sve što je potrebno je da supernova okine nekoliko svjetlosnih godina odavde,
14:17
and we'll all be dead!
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i svi bismo bili mrtvi!
14:19
Martin Rees has recently written a book
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Martin Rees je nedavno napisao knjigu
14:21
about our vulnerability to all sorts of things,
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o našoj ranjivosti spram svakakvih stvari,
14:25
from astrophysics, to scientific experiments gone wrong,
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od astrofizike do znanstvenih eksperimenata koji su pošli ukrivo
14:29
and most importantly, to terrorism with weapons of mass destruction.
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te najvažnije. do terorizma oružjem masovnog uništenja.
14:33
And he thinks that civilization has only a 50 percent chance
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Te on misli kako civilizacija ima samo 50 posto šanse
14:36
of surviving this century.
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preživjeti ovo stoljeće.
14:38
I think he's going to talk about that later in the conference.
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Mislim kako će on pričati o tome kasnije u konferenciji.
14:41
Now, I don't think that probability is the right category
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Sad, ne mislim kako je vjerojatnost ispravna kategorija
14:46
to discuss this issue in,
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za raspravu o ovoj temi,
14:48
but I do agree with him about this:
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ali slažem se s njim oko ovoga:
14:49
we can survive and we can fail to survive.
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možemo preživjeti, a možemo i ne preživjeti.
14:54
But it depends, not on chance,
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Ali to ne ovisi o šansi,
14:57
but on whether we create the relevant knowledge in time.
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nego o tome jesmo li stvorili relevantno znanje na vrijeme.
15:01
The danger is not at all unprecedented.
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Opasnost uopće nije besprimjerna.
15:03
Species go extinct all the time.
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Vrste izumiru svo vrijeme.
15:07
Civilizations end.
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Civilizacije završavaju.
15:09
The overwhelming majority of all species and all civilizations
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Nadmoćna većina svih vrsta i svih civilizacija
15:12
that have ever existed
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koje su ikad postojale sad su povijest.
15:14
are now history.
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15:15
And if we want to be the exception to that,
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A ako mi želimo biti iznimka iz toga,
15:18
then logically, our only hope is to make use of the one feature
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tad je, logično, naša jedina nada upotrijebiti tu jedinstvenu odliku
15:24
that distinguishes our species and civilization from all the others,
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koja izdvaja našu vrstu i civilizaciju od svih ostalih --
15:28
namely, our special relationship with the laws of physics,
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rječju, naš poseban odnos sa zakonima fizike,
15:33
our ability to create new explanations, new knowledge --
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našu sposobnost stvoriti nova objašnjenja, novo znanje --
15:37
to be a hub of existence.
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biti centralni čvor postojanja.
15:40
So let me now apply this to a current controversy,
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Pa dajte neka primijenim ovo na trenutnu polemiku,
15:44
not because I want to advocate any particular solution,
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ne stoga što želim zastupati neko određeno rješenje,
15:47
but just to illustrate the kind of thing I mean.
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nego samo kako bih prikazao na kakve stvari mislim.
15:50
And the controversy is global warming.
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A polemika je globalno zatopljenje.
15:53
Now, I'm a physicist, but I'm not the right kind of physicist.
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Sad, ja sam fizičar, ali nisam prava vrst fizičara.
15:56
In regard to global warming, I'm just a layman.
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Spram golablnog zatopljenja, tek sam laik.
15:59
And the rational thing for a layman to do
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A razumna stvar za laika
16:02
is to take seriously the prevailing scientific theory.
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je shvatiti ozbiljno prevladavajuću znanstvenu teoriju.
16:07
And according to that theory, it's already too late to avoid a disaster,
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A u skladu s tom teorijom, već je prekasno za izbjeći nepogodu,
16:11
because, if it's true that our best option at the moment is to prevent CO2 emissions
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što ako je istina da je naša trenutno najbolja mogućnost spriječiti emisije CO2
16:17
with something like the Kyoto Protocol,
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pomoću nečega nalik Protokolu iz Kyota,
16:19
with its constraints on economic activity and its enormous cost
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sa ograničavanjem gospodarske aktivnosti i ogromnom cijenom toga
16:23
of hundreds of billions of dollars, or whatever it is,
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u stotinama milijardi dolara, ili kolika već jest,
16:26
then that is already a disaster by any reasonable measure.
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onda je to već sad nepogoda u bilo kojoj razumnoj mjeri.
16:31
And the actions that are advocated are not even purported to solve the problem,
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A akcije koje se zastupaju čak niti ne podrazumjevaju riješiti problem,
16:36
merely to postpone it by a little.
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već ga tek kane malo odgoditi.
16:38
So it's already too late to avoid it,
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Dakle već je prekasno izbjeći ju,
16:40
and it probably has been too late to avoid it
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a vjerojatno je bilo prekasno izbjeći ju
16:43
ever since before anyone realized the danger.
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i prije nego je itko uočio opasnost.
16:47
It was probably already too late in the 1970s,
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Vjerojatno je već bilo prekasno u 1970-ima,
16:50
when the best available scientific theory was telling us
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3195
kada nam je najbolja postojeća znanstvena teorija govorila
16:53
that industrial emissions were about to precipitate a new ice age,
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kako će industrijske emisije ubrzati dolazak novog ledenog doba,
16:57
in which billions would die.
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u kojem će milijarde izginuti.
17:00
Now, the lesson of that seems clear to me,
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Sad, pouka ovoga meni se čini jasna,
17:02
and I don't know why it isn't informing public debate.
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i ne znam zašto ne utječe na javnu raspravu.
17:06
It is that we can't always know.
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Govori nam kako ne možemo uvijek znati.
17:09
When we know of an impending disaster
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Kad znamo za nadolazeću nepogodu,
17:12
and how to solve it at a cost less than the cost of the disaster itself,
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te kako ju riješiti po cijeni nižoj od cijene same nepogode,
17:16
then there's not going to be much argument, really.
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tada zapravo i neće biti puno rasprave.
17:19
But no precautions and no precautionary principle
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ali nikakva predostrožnost niti mjera opreza
17:24
can avoid problems that we do not yet foresee.
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4142
ne može izbjeći probleme koje još nismo predvidjeli.
Stoga, trebamo stav rješavanja problema,
17:29
Hence, we need a stance of problem-fixing,
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17:33
not just problem-avoidance.
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ne samo izbjegavanja problema.
17:36
And it's true that an ounce of prevention equals a pound of cure,
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Istina je kako šaka sprječavanja vrijedi kao vreća lijeka,
17:40
but that's only if we know what to prevent.
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2928
ali to vrijedi samo ako znamo što spriječiti.
17:43
If you've been punched on the nose,
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Ako ste udareni po nosu,
17:45
then the science of medicine does not consist of
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2603
onda se znanost medicine me sastoji od poučavanja vas
17:47
teaching you how to avoid punches.
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1946
kako izbjeći udarce.
17:49
(Laughter)
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1016
(Smijeh)
17:50
If medical science stopped seeking cures and concentrated on prevention only,
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5458
Ako bi medicinska znanost prestala tražiti lijekove i usredotočila se na prevenciju,
17:56
then it would achieve very little of either.
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2571
onda bi postigla jako malo ijednoga.
17:58
The world is buzzing at the moment
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2025
Svijet trenutno bruji
18:00
with plans to force reductions in gas emissions at all costs.
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4797
od planova kako primorati na smanjenje ispuštanja plinova po svaku cijenu.
18:05
It ought to be buzzing with plans to reduce the temperature
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4231
Trebao bi brujati od planova kako smanjiti temperaturu,
18:10
and with plans to live at the higher temperature --
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3087
i od planova kako živjeti na višoj temperaturi --
18:13
and not at all costs, but efficiently and cheaply.
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3144
i ne po svaku cijenu, već učinkovito i jeftino.
18:16
And some such plans exist,
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1327
A neki takvi planovi postoje,
18:17
things like swarms of mirrors in space to deflect the sunlight away
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4638
stvari poput jata zrcala u svemiru koja bi odbijala sunčevu svjetlost,
18:22
and encouraging aquatic organisms to eat more carbon dioxide.
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te poticanja vodenih organizama jesti više ugljičnog dioksida.
18:26
At the moment, these things are fringe research;
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U ovom trenutku, ove su stvari rubna istraživanja;
18:29
they're not central to the human effort to face this problem
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3752
nisu u središtu ljudskog napora za suočenje sa ovim problemom,
18:33
or problems in general.
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1541
ili problemima uopće.
18:35
And with problems that we are not aware of yet,
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2852
A s problemima kojih još nismo svjesni,
18:37
the ability to put right -- not the sheer good luck of avoiding indefinitely --
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6078
sposobnost za ispravno postupanje -- ne tek puka sreća vječitog izbjegavanja --
18:43
is our only hope, not just of solving problems,
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je naša jedina nada, ne samo rješavanja problema,
18:46
but of survival.
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nego preživljavanja.
18:48
So, take two stone tablets
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3948
Pa uzmite dvije kamene pločice, i urežite u njih.
18:53
and carve on them.
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1709
18:56
On one of them, carve:
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2061
Na jednu, urežite: "Problemi su rješivi"
18:58
"Problems are soluble."
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2221
19:00
And on the other one, carve:
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2125
A na drugu, urežite: "Problemi su neizbježni"
19:02
"Problems are inevitable."
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19:05
Thank you.
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1158
Hvala vam.
19:06
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

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