James Hansen: Why I must speak out about climate change

345,866 views ใƒป 2012-03-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: amir Goldstein ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
What do I know
0
15260
2000
ืžื” ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข
00:17
that would cause me,
1
17260
2000
ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื™
00:19
a reticent, Midwestern scientist,
2
19260
2000
ืžื“ืขืŸ ืžืื•ืคืง ืžื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘
00:21
to get myself arrested
3
21260
3000
ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืœื”ื™ืขืฆืจ
00:24
in front of the White House protesting?
4
24260
3000
ืžืคื’ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ?
00:27
And what would you do
5
27260
2000
ื•ืžื” ืืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื
00:29
if you knew what I know?
6
29260
2000
ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข?
00:31
Let's start with how I got to this point.
7
31260
4000
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
00:35
I was lucky to grow up
8
35260
2000
ื”ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ
00:37
at a time when it was not difficult
9
37260
3000
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื”
00:40
for the child of a tenant farmer
10
40260
2000
ืœื™ืœื“ ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ืจ ืืจื™ืก
00:42
to make his way to the state university.
11
42260
2000
ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”
00:44
And I was really lucky
12
44260
3000
ื•ืžืžืฉ ื”ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื™
00:47
to go to the University of Iowa
13
47260
2000
ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื™ื•ื•ื”
00:49
where I could study under Professor James Van Allen
14
49260
3000
ืฉื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื—ืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ืืŸ ืืœืŸ
00:52
who built instruments
15
52260
2000
ืฉื‘ื ื” ื›ืœื™ื
00:54
for the first U.S. satellites.
16
54260
2000
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.
00:56
Professor Van Allen told me
17
56260
3000
ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื•ืืŸ ืืœืŸ ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™
00:59
about observations of Venus,
18
59260
3000
ืขืœ ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื ื•ืก,
01:02
that there was intense microwave radiation.
19
62260
2000
ืฉื™ื’ืœื• ืงืจื™ื ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ ื—ื–ืงื”.
01:04
Did it mean that Venus had an ionosphere?
20
64260
3000
ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืก ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”?
01:07
Or was Venus extremely hot?
21
67260
2000
ืื• ืฉื•ื ื•ืก ื—ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“?
01:09
The right answer,
22
69260
2000
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
01:11
confirmed by the Soviet Venera spacecraft,
23
71260
5000
ืฉืื•ืฉืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ "ื•ื ืจื”",
01:16
was that Venus was very hot --
24
76260
3000
ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืก ื—ื ืžืื•ื“--
01:19
900 degrees Fahrenheit.
25
79260
2000
482 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
01:21
And it was kept hot
26
81260
2000
ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžืจ ื—ื
01:23
by a thick carbon dioxide atmosphere.
27
83260
3000
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืขื‘ื”.
01:26
I was fortunate to join NASA
28
86260
2000
ื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื ืืก"ื
01:28
and successfully propose
29
88260
2000
ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
01:30
an experiment to fly to Venus.
30
90260
2000
ื˜ื™ืกืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœื•ื ื•ืก.
01:32
Our instrument took this image
31
92260
3000
ื”ื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืฆื™ืœื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
01:35
of the veil of Venus,
32
95260
2000
ืฉืœ "ื”ืจืขืœื”" ืฉืœ ื•ื ื•ืก
01:37
which turned out to be
33
97260
2000
ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
01:39
a smog of sulfuric acid.
34
99260
3000
ืขืจืคื™ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื’ื•ืคืจืชื™ืช.
01:42
But while our instrument was being built,
35
102260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
01:45
I became involved in calculations
36
105260
2000
ืื ื™ ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
01:47
of the greenhouse effect
37
107260
2000
ืฉืœ ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื—ืžืžื”
01:49
here on Earth,
38
109260
2000
ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:51
because we realized
39
111260
2000
ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื•
01:53
that our atmospheric composition was changing.
40
113260
3000
ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื”.
01:56
Eventually, I resigned
41
116260
2000
ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืชืคื˜ืจืชื™
01:58
as principal investigator
42
118260
2000
ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืจืืฉื™
02:00
on our Venus experiment
43
120260
2000
ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ื•ื ื•ืก
02:02
because a planet changing before our eyes
44
122260
3000
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืžืฉืชื ื” ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•
02:05
is more interesting and important.
45
125260
2000
ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
02:07
Its changes will affect all of humanity.
46
127260
3000
ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
02:10
The greenhouse effect had been well understood
47
130260
2000
ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
02:12
for more than a century.
48
132260
2000
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื”.
02:14
British physicist John Tyndall,
49
134260
2000
ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื ื“ืœ,
02:16
in the 1850's,
50
136260
2000
ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1850,
02:18
made laboratory measurements
51
138260
2000
ืขืจืš ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
02:20
of the infrared radiation,
52
140260
2000
ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื™ื ืคืจื-ืื“ื•ืžื”,
02:22
which is heat.
53
142260
2000
ืฉื–ื” ื—ื•ื.
02:24
And he showed that gasses such as CO2 absorb heat,
54
144260
3000
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื” ืฉื’ื–ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ื—ื•ื,
02:27
thus acting like a blanket
55
147260
3000
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื™ื›ื”
02:30
warming Earth's surface.
56
150260
2000
ืฉืžื—ืžืžืช ืืช ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:32
I worked with other scientists
57
152260
2000
ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
02:34
to analyze Earth climate observations.
58
154260
4000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื”ืชืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:38
In 1981,
59
158260
2000
ื‘-1981
02:40
we published an article in Science magazine
60
160260
3000
ืคื™ืจืกืžื ื• ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ "Science"
02:43
concluding that observed warming
61
163260
2000
ื‘ื• ื”ืกืงื ื• ืฉื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืคื™ืช
02:45
of 0.4 degrees Celsius
62
165260
2000
ืฉืœ 0.4 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก
02:47
in the prior century
63
167260
2000
ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช
02:49
was consistent with the greenhouse effect
64
169260
2000
ืชืืžื” ืืช ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื—ืžืžื”
02:51
of increasing CO2.
65
171260
2000
ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™.
02:53
That Earth would likely warm in the 1980's,
66
173260
3000
ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ืชื—ืžื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1980,
02:56
and warming would exceed
67
176260
2000
ื•ืฉื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืชื’ื‘ืจ
02:58
the noise level of random weather
68
178260
2000
ืขืœ ื”"ืจืขืฉ" ืฉืœ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ืจื ื“ื•ืžืœื™
03:00
by the end of the century.
69
180260
2000
ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื”.
03:02
We also said that the 21st century
70
182260
3000
ืืžืจื ื• ื’ื ืฉื”ืžืื” ื”-21
03:05
would see shifting climate zones,
71
185260
2000
ืชืจืื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื,
03:07
creation of drought-prone regions
72
187260
2000
ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช
03:09
in North America and Asia,
73
189260
2000
ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืืกื™ื”,
03:11
erosion of ice sheets, rising sea levels
74
191260
3000
ื‘ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื—, ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžืคืœืก ื”ื™ื
03:14
and opening of the fabled Northwest Passage.
75
194260
3000
ื•ืคืชื™ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ืื’ื“ื™.
03:17
All of these impacts
76
197260
2000
ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
03:19
have since either happened
77
199260
2000
ืื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืžืื–
03:21
or are now well under way.
78
201260
2000
ืื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
03:23
That paper was reported on the front page of the New York Times
79
203260
4000
ืขืœ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื“ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”"ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก"
03:27
and led to me testifying to Congress
80
207260
2000
ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก
03:29
in the 1980's,
81
209260
2000
ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1980
03:31
testimony in which I emphasized
82
211260
3000
ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื“ื’ืฉืชื™
03:34
that global warming increases both extremes
83
214260
3000
ืฉื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช
03:37
of the Earth's water cycle.
84
217260
3000
ืฉืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:40
Heatwaves and droughts on one hand,
85
220260
2000
ื’ืœื™ ื—ื•ื ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“,
03:42
directly from the warming,
86
222260
2000
ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช,
03:44
but also, because a warmer atmosphere
87
224260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื—ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:46
holds more water vapor
88
226260
2000
ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื“ื™ ืžื™ื
03:48
with its latent energy,
89
228260
2000
ืขื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืจื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื,
03:50
rainfall will become
90
230260
2000
ื’ืฉื ื™ืจื“
03:52
in more extreme events.
91
232260
2000
ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
03:54
There will be stronger storms and greater flooding.
92
234260
3000
ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืฉื˜ืคื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:57
Global warming hoopla
93
237260
3000
ื”ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
04:00
became time-consuming
94
240260
2000
ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื›ืœืช-ื–ืžืŸ
04:02
and distracted me from doing science --
95
242260
2000
ื•ื”ืกื™ื—ื” ืื•ืชื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžื“ืข--
04:04
partly because I had complained
96
244260
2000
ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืชืœื•ื ื ืชื™
04:06
that the White House altered my testimony.
97
246260
3000
ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืขื“ื•ืชื™.
04:09
So I decided to go back
98
249260
2000
ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ
04:11
to strictly doing science
99
251260
2000
ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžื“ืข ื‘ืœื‘ื“
04:13
and leave the communication to others.
100
253260
4000
ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
04:17
By 15 years later,
101
257260
3000
ืขื“ 15 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
04:20
evidence of global warming was much stronger.
102
260260
3000
ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช.
04:23
Most of the things mentioned in our 1981 paper
103
263260
3000
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืž-1981
04:26
were facts.
104
266260
2000
ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
04:28
I had the privilege to speak twice
105
268260
3000
ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื
04:31
to the president's climate task force.
106
271260
2000
ืขื ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื.
04:33
But energy policies continued to focus
107
273260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“
04:36
on finding more fossil fuels.
108
276260
3000
ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ืขื•ื“ ื“ืœืง ืคื•ืกื™ืœื™.
04:39
By then we had two grandchildren,
109
279260
3000
ืื– ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืฉื ื™ ื ื›ื“ื™ื,
04:42
Sophie and Connor.
110
282260
2000
ืกื•ืคื™ ื•ืงื•ื ื•ืจ.
04:44
I decided
111
284260
2000
ืื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™
04:46
that I did not want them in the future
112
286260
2000
ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“
04:48
to say, "Opa understood what was happening,
113
288260
2000
"ืกื‘ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”,
04:50
but he didn't make it clear."
114
290260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง".
04:52
So I decided to give a public talk
115
292260
3000
ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืฉืืช ื ืื•ื ืคื•ืžื‘ื™
04:55
criticizing the lack of an appropriate energy policy.
116
295260
3000
ืฉืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ื”.
04:58
I gave the talk at the University of Iowa in 2004
117
298260
3000
ื ืฉืืชื™ ืืช ื”ื ืื•ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘-2004
05:01
and at the 2005 meeting
118
301260
3000
ื•ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘-2005
05:04
of the American Geophysical Union.
119
304260
3000
ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืคื™ื–ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
05:07
This led to calls
120
307260
2000
ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช
05:09
from the White House to NASA headquarters
121
309260
2000
ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืœืžื˜ื” ื ืืก"ื
05:11
and I was told that I could not give any talks or speak with the media
122
311260
3000
ื•ืืžืจื• ืœื™ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ ืœืฉืืช ืขื•ื“ ื ืื•ืžื™ื ืื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
05:14
without prior explicit approval
123
314260
3000
ืžื‘ืœื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื•ืžืคื•ืจืฉ
05:17
by NASA headquarters.
124
317260
3000
ืžืžื˜ื” ื ืืก"ื.
05:20
After I informed the New York Times
125
320260
2000
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืืช ื”"ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก"
05:22
about these restrictions,
126
322260
2000
ืขืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืืœื”,
05:24
NASA was forced to end the censorship.
127
324260
3000
ื ืืก"ื ื ืืœืฆื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืขื ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื”.
05:27
But there were consequences.
128
327260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช.
05:29
I had been using the first line
129
329260
2000
ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
05:31
of the NASA mission statement,
130
331260
2000
ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื
05:33
"To understand and protect the home planet,"
131
333260
3000
"ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ",
05:36
to justify my talks.
132
336260
2000
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื ืื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื™.
05:38
Soon the first line of the mission statement
133
338260
2000
ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื”
05:40
was deleted, never to appear again.
134
340260
4000
ื ืžื—ืง, ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
05:44
Over the next few years
135
344260
2000
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
05:46
I was drawn more and more
136
346260
2000
ื ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:48
into trying to communicate the urgency
137
348260
3000
ืœืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช
05:51
of a change in energy policies,
138
351260
3000
ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
05:54
while still researching the physics of climate change.
139
354260
3000
ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
05:57
Let me describe the most important conclusion from the physics --
140
357260
3000
ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงื”--
06:00
first, from Earth's energy balance
141
360260
3000
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
06:03
and, second, from Earth's climate history.
142
363260
4000
ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ืžื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
06:07
Adding CO2 to the air
143
367260
2000
ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืœืื•ื™ืจ
06:09
is like throwing another blanket on the bed.
144
369260
3000
ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืฉื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื”.
06:12
It reduces Earth's heat radiation to space,
145
372260
3000
ื–ื” ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื—ืœืœ,
06:15
so there's a temporary energy imbalance.
146
375260
3000
ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ื–ืžื ื™.
06:18
More energy is coming in
147
378260
2000
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืกืช
06:20
than going out,
148
380260
2000
ืžืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
06:22
until Earth warms up enough
149
382260
2000
ืขื“ ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืชื—ืžื ืžืกืคื™ืง
06:24
to again radiate to space
150
384260
2000
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคืœื•ื˜ ืœื—ืœืœ
06:26
as much energy as it absorbs from the Sun.
151
386260
2000
ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ืคื’ ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ.
06:28
So the key quantity
152
388260
2000
ืื– ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื•ื
06:30
is Earth's energy imbalance.
153
390260
3000
ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
06:33
Is there more energy coming in
154
393260
2000
ื”ืื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ืคื ื™ืžื”
06:35
than going out?
155
395260
2000
ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืืช?
06:37
If so, more warming is in the pipeline.
156
397260
3000
ืื ื›ืŸ, ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš.
06:40
It will occur without adding any more greenhouse gasses.
157
400260
4000
ื–ื” ื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
06:44
Now finally,
158
404260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ,
06:46
we can measure Earth's energy imbalance precisely
159
406260
4000
ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง
06:50
by measuring the heat content
160
410260
2000
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ื
06:52
in Earth's heat reservoirs.
161
412260
3000
ื‘ืžืื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
06:55
The biggest reservoir, the ocean, was the least well measured,
162
415260
3000
ื”ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉื ืžื“ื“ ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘,
06:58
until more than 3,000 Argo floats
163
418260
3000
ืขื“ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-3,000 ืจืคืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•
07:01
were distributed around the world's ocean.
164
421260
3000
ืคื•ื–ืจื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
07:04
These floats reveal
165
424260
2000
ื”ืจืคืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื’ื™ืœื•
07:06
that the upper half of the ocean
166
426260
2000
ืฉื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
07:08
is gaining heat at a substantial rate.
167
428260
3000
ืฆื•ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
07:11
The deep ocean is also gaining heat at a smaller rate,
168
431260
3000
ื’ื ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฆื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื, ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:14
and energy is going
169
434260
2000
ื•ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช
07:16
into the net melting of ice all around the planet.
170
436260
3000
ืœื”ืžืกื” ื ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืงืจื— ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
07:19
And the land, to depths of tens of meters,
171
439260
3000
ื•ื”ืงืจืงืข, ืœืขื•ืžืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
07:22
is also warming.
172
442260
2000
ื’ื ืžืชื—ืžืžืช.
07:24
The total energy imbalance now
173
444260
3000
ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
07:27
is about six-tenths of a watt per square meter.
174
447260
4000
ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืฉ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืื˜ ืœืžื˜ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืข.
07:31
That may not sound like much,
175
451260
2000
ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ื”ืจื‘ื”,
07:33
but when added up over the whole world, it's enormous.
176
453260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืกื•ื›ืžื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื–ื” ืขืฆื•ื.
07:36
It's about 20 times greater
177
456260
3000
ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 20 ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:39
than the rate of energy use by all of humanity.
178
459260
3000
ืžืืฉืจ ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
07:42
It's equivalent to exploding
179
462260
2000
ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ
07:44
400,000 Hiroshima atomic bombs per day
180
464260
6000
400,000 ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื.
07:50
365 days per year.
181
470260
3000
365 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
07:53
That's how much extra energy
182
473260
2000
ื–ื• ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ืคืช
07:55
Earth is gaining each day.
183
475260
2000
ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืกื•ืคื’ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
07:57
This imbalance,
184
477260
2000
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
07:59
if we want to stabilize climate,
185
479260
3000
ืื ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
08:02
means that we must reduce CO2
186
482260
2000
ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™
08:04
from 391 ppm, parts per million,
187
484260
3000
ืž-391ppm, ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ,
08:07
back to 350 ppm.
188
487260
3000
ื—ื–ืจื” ืœ-350ppm.
08:10
That is the change needed to restore energy balance
189
490260
3000
ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
08:13
and prevent further warming.
190
493260
2000
ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช.
08:15
Climate change deniers argue
191
495260
3000
ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื
08:18
that the Sun is the main cause of climate change.
192
498260
3000
ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
08:21
But the measured energy imbalance occurred
193
501260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืžื“ื“ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ
08:24
during the deepest solar minimum in the record,
194
504260
4000
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื™ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื•ืขื“,
08:28
when the Sun's energy reaching Earth was least.
195
508260
4000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื˜ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืืจืฅ.
08:32
Yet, there was more energy coming in than going out.
196
512260
3000
ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืกื” ืžืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืื”.
08:35
This shows that the effect of the Sun's variations on climate
197
515260
3000
ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
08:38
is overwhelmed by the increasing greenhouse gasses,
198
518260
3000
ืžื•ื›ื ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”,
08:41
mainly from burning fossil fuels.
199
521260
3000
ื‘ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง ืคื—ืžืžื ื™.
08:44
Now consider Earth's climate history.
200
524260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืงืœื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
08:47
These curves for global temperature,
201
527260
2000
ื”ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
08:49
atmospheric CO2 and sea level
202
529260
3000
ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื
08:52
were derived from ocean cores and Antarctic ice cores,
203
532260
3000
ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืžืชื•ืš ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื— ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก
08:55
from ocean sediments and snowflakes
204
535260
2000
ืžืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ื•ืคืชื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื’
08:57
that piled up year after year
205
537260
3000
ืฉื ืขืจืžื• ื–ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื”
09:00
over 800,000 years
206
540260
2000
ืœืžืฉืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืž 800,000 ืฉื ื™ื
09:02
forming a two-mile thick ice sheet.
207
542260
2000
ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื“ืฃ ืงืจื— ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื› 3.6 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
09:04
As you see, there's a high correlation
208
544260
3000
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืžืชืื ื’ื‘ื•ื”
09:07
between temperature, CO2 and sea level.
209
547260
3000
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”, ืจืžืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
09:10
Careful examination shows
210
550260
2000
ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืงืช ืžืจืื”
09:12
that the temperature changes
211
552260
2000
ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”
09:14
slightly lead the CO2 changes
212
554260
2000
ืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืคื—ืžื“ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™
09:16
by a few centuries.
213
556260
3000
ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช.
09:19
Climate change deniers like to use this fact
214
559260
3000
ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ืžื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื•
09:22
to confuse and trick the public
215
562260
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื•ืœืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
09:25
by saying, "Look, the temperature causes CO2 to change,
216
565260
3000
ื‘ืืžืจื "ืชืจืื•, ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ืจืžื” ืœืจืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช,
09:28
not vice versa."
217
568260
2000
ื•ืœื ื”ื”ืคืš".
09:30
But that lag
218
570260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื–ื”
09:32
is exactly what is expected.
219
572260
3000
ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœื•.
09:35
Small changes in Earth's orbit
220
575260
3000
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
09:38
that occur over tens to hundreds of thousands of years
221
578260
3000
ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื
09:41
alter the distribution
222
581260
2000
ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”
09:43
of sunlight on Earth.
223
583260
2000
ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
09:45
When there is more sunlight
224
585260
2000
ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ
09:47
at high latitudes in summer, ice sheets melt.
225
587260
3000
ื‘ืงื•ื™ ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ืžื“ืฃ ื”ืงืจื— ื ืžืก.
09:50
Shrinking ice sheets
226
590260
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ืฃ ื”ืงืจื— ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ
09:52
make the planet darker,
227
592260
2000
ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืขืฉื” ื›ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:54
so it absorbs more sunlight
228
594260
2000
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืคื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ
09:56
and becomes warmer.
229
596260
2000
ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:58
A warmer ocean releases CO2,
230
598260
2000
ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืœืื•ื™ืจ,
10:00
just as a warm Coca-Cola does.
231
600260
3000
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืฉืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืงื•ืงื”-ืงื•ืœื”.
10:03
And more CO2 causes more warming.
232
603260
3000
ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืขื•ื“ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช.
10:06
So CO2, methane, and ice sheets
233
606260
3000
ื›ืš ืฉืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™, ืžืชืืŸ ื•ืžื“ืคื™ ื”ืงืจื—
10:09
were feedbacks
234
609260
2000
ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ื‘
10:11
that amplified global temperature change
235
611260
3000
ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”
10:14
causing these ancient climate oscillations to be huge,
236
614260
3000
ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช,
10:17
even though the climate change was initiated
237
617260
3000
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ืžื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
10:20
by a very weak forcing.
238
620260
2000
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ื— ื—ืœืฉ ืžืื•ื“.
10:22
The important point
239
622260
2000
ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื
10:24
is that these same amplifying feedbacks
240
624260
2000
ืฉืื•ืชื ืžืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื
10:26
will occur today.
241
626260
2000
ื™ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื›ื™ื•ื.
10:28
The physics does not change.
242
628260
2000
ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”.
10:30
As Earth warms,
243
630260
2000
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืชื—ืžื,
10:32
now because of extra CO2 we put in the atmosphere,
244
632260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
10:35
ice will melt,
245
635260
2000
ืงืจื— ื™ืžืก,
10:37
and CO2 and methane will be released
246
637260
2000
ื•ืขื•ื“ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื•ืžืชืืŸ ื™ืฉืชื—ืจืจื•
10:39
by warming ocean and melting permafrost.
247
639260
3000
ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ืžืžื• ื•ืžื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ืงืคื•ืื” ืฉื”ืคืฉื™ืจื”.
10:42
While we can't say exactly how fast
248
642260
3000
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
10:45
these amplifying feedbacks will occur,
249
645260
3000
ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืชืจื—ืฉื•,
10:48
it is certain they will occur,
250
648260
3000
ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ืชืจื—ืฉื•,
10:51
unless we stop the warming.
251
651260
2000
ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื ืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช.
10:53
There is evidence
252
653260
2000
ื™ืฉื ื ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš
10:55
that feedbacks are already beginning.
253
655260
3000
ืฉื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื•.
10:58
Precise measurements
254
658260
2000
ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช
11:00
by GRACE, the gravity satellite,
255
660260
2000
ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ GRACE , ืœืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ื’ืจื•ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”,
11:02
reveal that both Greenland and Antarctica
256
662260
3000
ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื’ื ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“ ื•ื’ื ืื ื˜ืจื˜ื™ืงื”
11:05
are now losing mass,
257
665260
2000
ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืกื”,
11:07
several hundred cubic kilometers per year.
258
667260
3000
ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
11:10
And the rate has accelerated
259
670260
2000
ื•ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื•ืืฅ
11:12
since the measurements began
260
672260
2000
ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช
11:14
nine years ago.
261
674260
2000
ืœืคื ื™ ืชืฉืข ืฉื ื™ื.
11:16
Methane is also beginning
262
676260
2000
ื’ื ืžืชืืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ
11:18
to escape from the permafrost.
263
678260
3000
ืœื”ื™ืคืœื˜ ืžื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืงืคื•ืื”.
11:21
What sea level rise
264
681260
2000
ืœืื™ื–ื• ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื
11:23
can we look forward to?
265
683260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช?
11:25
The last time CO2 was 390 ppm,
266
685260
3000
ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• 390 ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
11:28
today's value,
267
688260
2000
ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
11:30
sea level was higher
268
690260
2000
ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:32
by at least 15 meters, 50 feet.
269
692260
3000
ื‘ืœืคื—ื•ืช 15 ืžื˜ืจื™ื, 50 ืจื’ืœ ืžืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
11:35
Where you are sitting now
270
695260
2000
ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
11:37
would be under water.
271
697260
2000
ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
11:39
Most estimates are that, this century,
272
699260
3000
ืœืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื–ื•,
11:42
we will get at least one meter.
273
702260
2000
ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื™ืขืœื• ื‘ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“.
11:44
I think it will be more
274
704260
2000
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:46
if we keep burning fossil fuels,
275
706260
2000
ืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
11:48
perhaps even five meters, which is 18 feet,
276
708260
3000
ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื 18 ืจื’ืœ,
11:51
this century or shortly thereafter.
277
711260
3000
ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืื• ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื”.
11:54
The important point
278
714260
2000
ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื
11:56
is that we will have started a process
279
716260
3000
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš
11:59
that is out of humanity's control.
280
719260
3000
ืฉื™ืฆื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
12:02
Ice sheets would continue to disintegrate for centuries.
281
722260
3000
ืžื“ืคื™ ื”ืงืจื— ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืคื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ื,
12:05
There would be no stable shoreline.
282
725260
2000
ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงื• ื—ื•ืฃ ืงื‘ื•ืข.
12:07
The economic consequences are almost unthinkable.
283
727260
3000
ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ื•ืจื’ื•ืช ืžื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
12:10
Hundreds of New Orleans-like devastations
284
730260
4000
ืžืื•ืช ืขืจื™ื ื™ื”ืจืกื• ื›ืžื• ื ื™ื•-ืื•ืจืœื™ืื ืก
12:14
around the world.
285
734260
2000
ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
12:16
What may be more reprehensible,
286
736260
2000
ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข
12:18
if climate denial continues,
287
738260
2000
ืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
12:20
is extermination of species.
288
740260
2000
ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื.
12:22
The monarch butterfly
289
742260
2000
ื”ืคืจืคืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™
12:24
could be one of the 20 to 50 percent of all species
290
744260
5000
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืž 20 ืขื“ 50 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื
12:29
that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates
291
749260
3000
ืฉื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื”
12:32
will be ticketed for extinction
292
752260
2000
ืฉื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืกืฃ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”
12:34
by the end of the century
293
754260
2000
ืขื“ ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื”
12:36
if we stay on business-as-usual fossil fuel use.
294
756260
4000
ืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘"ืขืกืงื™ื ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ" ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
12:40
Global warming is already affecting people.
295
760260
3000
ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
12:43
The Texas, Oklahoma, Mexico
296
763260
2000
ื’ืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ื ื•ื”ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช
12:45
heatwave and drought last year,
297
765260
3000
ืฉื”ื™ื›ื• ื‘ื˜ืงืกืก, ืื•ืงืœื”ื•ืžื” ื•ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
12:48
Moscow the year before
298
768260
2000
ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื”
12:50
and Europe in 2003,
299
770260
2000
ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ 2003
12:52
were all exceptional events,
300
772260
3000
ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
12:55
more than three standard deviations outside the norm.
301
775260
4000
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž3 ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืชืงืŸ ืžืขืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
12:59
Fifty years ago,
302
779260
2000
ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื™ื,
13:01
such anomalies
303
781260
2000
ืื ื•ืžืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
13:03
covered only two- to three-tenths
304
783260
2000
ื›ื™ืกื• ืจืง ืฉืชื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื•ืช
13:05
of one percent of the land area.
305
785260
2000
ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืื“ืžื”.
13:07
In recent years,
306
787260
2000
ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
13:09
because of global warming,
307
789260
2000
ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ืช,
13:11
they now cover about 10 percent --
308
791260
2000
ื”ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืžืขืœ 10 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื --
13:13
an increase by a factor of 25 to 50.
309
793260
3000
ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 25 ืขื“ 50.
13:16
So we can say with a high degree of confidence
310
796260
3000
ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
13:19
that the severe Texas and Moscow heatwaves
311
799260
2000
ืฉื’ืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืงืกืก ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”
13:21
were not natural;
312
801260
2000
ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื;
13:23
they were caused by global warming.
313
803260
3000
ื”ื ื ื’ืจืžื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ืช.
13:26
An important impact,
314
806260
2000
ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”,
13:28
if global warming continues,
315
808260
2000
ืื ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ืช ืชืžืฉื™ืš,
13:30
will be on the breadbasket of our nation and the world,
316
810260
3000
ืชื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืืกื ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
13:33
the Midwest and Great Plains,
317
813260
2000
ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
13:35
which are expected to become prone to extreme droughts,
318
815260
3000
ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจ ืœื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช
13:38
worse than the Dust Bowl,
319
818260
2000
ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืงืขืจืช ื”ืื‘ืง (ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืกื•ืคื•ืช ืื‘ืง)
13:40
within just a few decades,
320
820260
2000
ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ,
13:42
if we let global warming continue.
321
822260
4000
ืื ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ืช ืœื”ืžืฉืš.
13:46
How did I get dragged deeper and deeper
322
826260
3000
ืื™ืš ื ื’ืจืจืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืง
13:49
into an attempt to communicate,
323
829260
2000
ืœื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ,
13:51
giving talks in 10 countries, getting arrested,
324
831260
3000
ื ืชืชื™ ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื‘ 10 ืืจืฆื•ืช, ื ืขืฆืจืชื™,
13:54
burning up the vacation time
325
834260
2000
ืฉืจืคืชื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉื”
13:56
that I had accumulated over 30 years?
326
836260
3000
ืฉืฆื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 30 ืฉื ื™ื?
14:00
More grandchildren helped me along.
327
840260
3000
ืขื•ื“ ื ื›ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืจื• ืœื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš.
14:03
Jake is a super-positive,
328
843260
2000
ื’'ื™ื™ืง ื”ื•ื ื™ืœื“
14:05
enthusiastic boy.
329
845260
3000
ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื•ื ืœื”ื‘.
14:08
Here at age two and a half years,
330
848260
2000
ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™,
14:10
he thinks he can protect
331
850260
2000
ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ืŸ
14:12
his two and a half-day-old little sister.
332
852260
3000
ืขืœ ืื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™.
14:15
It would be immoral
333
855260
2000
ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ืกืจื™
14:17
to leave these young people
334
857260
2000
ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
14:19
with a climate system
335
859260
2000
ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงืœื™ืžื™ืช
14:21
spiraling out of control.
336
861260
2000
ืฉืžืกืชื—ืจืจืช ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
14:23
Now the tragedy about climate change
337
863260
3000
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ืžื™ ื”ื–ื”
14:26
is that we can solve it
338
866260
2000
ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”
14:28
with a simple, honest approach
339
868260
2000
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ื™ืฉื™ืจื”,
14:30
of a gradually rising carbon fee
340
870260
3000
ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœืื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืžืก ืคื—ืžืŸ"
14:33
collected from fossil fuel companies
341
873260
2000
ืฉื™ื’ื‘ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื
14:35
and distributed 100 percent electronically
342
875260
4000
ื•ื™ื—ื•ืœืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
14:39
every month to all legal residents
343
879260
2000
ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘
14:41
on a per capita basis,
344
881260
2000
ืœืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื™ื,
14:43
with the government not keeping one dime.
345
883260
4000
ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชืฉืžื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื” ืื’ื•ืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืงื”.
14:47
Most people would get more in the monthly dividend
346
887260
3000
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช ื–ื•
14:50
than they'd pay in increased prices.
347
890260
2000
ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขืœื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ.
14:52
This fee and dividend
348
892260
2000
ื”ืžืก ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื ื“
14:54
would stimulate the economy
349
894260
2000
ื™ื’ืจื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”
14:56
and innovations,
350
896260
2000
ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื,
14:58
creating millions of jobs.
351
898260
2000
ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
15:00
It is the principal requirement
352
900260
2000
ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช
15:02
for moving us rapidly
353
902260
3000
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื™ื•ืช
15:05
to a clean energy future.
354
905260
2000
ืœื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ ืขื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื”.
15:07
Several top economists
355
907260
2000
ื›ืžื” ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื
15:09
are coauthors on this proposition.
356
909260
3000
ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื–ื•.
15:12
Jim DiPeso of Republicans for Environmental Protection
357
912260
3000
ื’'ื™ื ื“ื™ืคืกื• ืž"ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”"
15:15
describes it thusly:
358
915260
2000
ืชื™ืืจ ื–ืืช ื›ืš:
15:17
"Transparent. Market-based.
359
917260
2000
"ืฉื•ืง ืคืชื•ื— ื•ืฉืงื•ืฃ.
15:19
Does not enlarge government.
360
919260
2000
ืœื ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.
15:21
Leaves energy decisions to individual choices.
361
921260
3000
ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื.
15:24
Sounds like a conservative climate plan."
362
924260
4000
ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”".
15:28
But instead of placing a rising fee on carbon emissions
363
928260
4000
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืžืก ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ืขืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ
15:32
to make fossil fuels pay
364
932260
3000
ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ืœืงื™ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื
15:35
their true cost to society,
365
935260
2000
ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื”,
15:37
our governments are forcing the public
366
937260
3000
ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžื›ืจื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
15:40
to subsidize fossil fuels
367
940260
3000
ืœืกื‘ืกื“ ืืช ื“ืœืงื™ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื
15:43
by 400 to 500 billion dollars
368
943260
3000
ื‘ 400 ืขื“ 500 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
15:46
per year worldwide,
369
946260
2000
ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
15:48
thus encouraging extraction of every fossil fuel --
370
948260
3000
ื•ื›ืš ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื --
15:51
mountaintop removal,
371
951260
2000
ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื•ืช,
15:53
longwall mining, fracking,
372
953260
2000
ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืืจ ืขืžื•ืงื” , ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ ืžื™ื,
15:55
tar sands, tar shale,
373
955260
2000
ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื–ืคืช, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืฆืœื™ ื–ืคืช,
15:57
deep ocean Arctic drilling.
374
957260
3000
ืงื™ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื”ืขืžื•ืง.
16:00
This path, if continued,
375
960260
2000
ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื•,
16:02
guarantees that we will pass tipping points
376
962260
3000
ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื”
16:05
leading to ice sheet disintegration
377
965260
2000
ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืžืกืช ืžื“ืคื™ ื”ืงืจื—
16:07
that will accelerate out of control of future generations.
378
967260
4000
ืฉืชืื™ืฅ ืœืœื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
16:11
A large fraction of species
379
971260
2000
ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื
16:13
will be committed to extinction.
380
973260
2000
ื™ื™ื›ื—ื“ื•
16:15
And increasing intensity of droughts and floods
381
975260
2000
ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ืช, ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช
16:17
will severely impact breadbaskets of the world,
382
977260
3000
ื™ืคื’ืขื• ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืกืžื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
16:20
causing massive famines
383
980260
2000
ื•ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœืจืขื‘ ื›ื‘ื“
16:22
and economic decline.
384
982260
3000
ื•ืœืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
16:26
Imagine a giant asteroid
385
986260
3000
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืขื ืง
16:29
on a direct collision course with Earth.
386
989260
4000
ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
16:33
That is the equivalent
387
993260
2000
ื–ื• ื”ื”ืงื‘ืœื”
16:35
of what we face now.
388
995260
2000
ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
16:37
Yet, we dither,
389
997260
2000
ื•ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื”ืกืกื™ื
16:39
taking no action
390
999260
2000
ืœื ื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”
16:41
to divert the asteroid,
391
1001260
2000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“,
16:43
even though the longer we wait,
392
1003260
2000
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื—ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
16:45
the more difficult and expensive it becomes.
393
1005260
4000
ื›ืš ื–ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืงืจ .
16:49
If we had started in 2005,
394
1009260
2000
ืื ื”ื™ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ 2005,
16:51
it would have required emission reductions of three percent per year
395
1011260
3000
ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ 3% ื‘ืฉื ื”
16:54
to restore planetary energy balance
396
1014260
3000
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
16:57
and stabilize climate this century.
397
1017260
3000
ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื–ื•.
17:00
If we start next year,
398
1020260
2000
ืื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”,
17:02
it is six percent per year.
399
1022260
2000
ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ 6% ื‘ืฉื ื”.
17:04
If we wait 10 years, it is 15 percent per year --
400
1024260
3000
ืื ื ืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ 10 ืฉื ื™ื, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ 15% ื‘ืฉื ื” --
17:07
extremely difficult and expensive,
401
1027260
2000
ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ื•ื™ืงืจ,
17:09
perhaps impossible.
402
1029260
3000
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
17:12
But we aren't even starting.
403
1032260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื.
17:14
So now you know what I know
404
1034260
3000
ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข
17:17
that is moving me to sound this alarm.
405
1037260
3000
ืฉืžื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืื–ืขืงื” ื”ื–ื•.
17:20
Clearly, I haven't gotten this message across.
406
1040260
3000
ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื–ื”.
17:23
The science is clear.
407
1043260
3000
ื”ืžื“ืข ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
17:26
I need your help
408
1046260
2000
ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ืขื–ืจืชื›ื
17:28
to communicate the gravity and the urgency
409
1048260
2000
ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื”
17:30
of this situation
410
1050260
2000
ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘
17:32
and its solutions
411
1052260
2000
ื•ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
17:34
more effectively.
412
1054260
2000
ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
17:36
We owe it to our children and grandchildren.
413
1056260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ื ื•.
17:38
Thank you.
414
1058260
2000
ืชื•ื“ื”
17:40
(Applause)
415
1060260
5000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7