James Hansen: Why I must speak out about climate change

344,370 views ・ 2012-03-07

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG
00:15
What do I know
0
15260
2000
Što ja to znam
00:17
that would cause me,
1
17260
2000
što bi izazvalo da mene,
00:19
a reticent, Midwestern scientist,
2
19260
2000
povučenog, srednjozapadnog znanstvenika
00:21
to get myself arrested
3
21260
3000
uhite
00:24
in front of the White House protesting?
4
24260
3000
zbog prosvjeda ispred Bijele kuće?
00:27
And what would you do
5
27260
2000
I što biste vi učinili
00:29
if you knew what I know?
6
29260
2000
da znate ono što ja znam?
00:31
Let's start with how I got to this point.
7
31260
4000
Započnimo s time kako sam došao do ove točke.
00:35
I was lucky to grow up
8
35260
2000
Imao sam sreće što sam odrastao
00:37
at a time when it was not difficult
9
37260
3000
u vrijeme kada za
00:40
for the child of a tenant farmer
10
40260
2000
dijete farmera nije bilo teško
00:42
to make his way to the state university.
11
42260
2000
otići na državno sveučilište.
00:44
And I was really lucky
12
44260
3000
I zaista sam imao sreće
00:47
to go to the University of Iowa
13
47260
2000
što sam išao na Sveučilište u Iowi
00:49
where I could study under Professor James Van Allen
14
49260
3000
gdje sam mogao učiti od profesora Jamesa Van Allena
00:52
who built instruments
15
52260
2000
koji je napravio alat
00:54
for the first U.S. satellites.
16
54260
2000
za prve američke satelite.
00:56
Professor Van Allen told me
17
56260
3000
Profesor Van Allen govorio mi je
00:59
about observations of Venus,
18
59260
3000
o promatranjima Venere,
01:02
that there was intense microwave radiation.
19
62260
2000
o tome kako tamo postoji jako mikrovalno zračenje.
01:04
Did it mean that Venus had an ionosphere?
20
64260
3000
Je li to značilo da Venera ima ionosferu?
01:07
Or was Venus extremely hot?
21
67260
2000
Ili je Venera iznimno vruća?
01:09
The right answer,
22
69260
2000
Točan odgovor,
01:11
confirmed by the Soviet Venera spacecraft,
23
71260
5000
potvrđen od strane svemirske letjelice sovjetska Venera
01:16
was that Venus was very hot --
24
76260
3000
jest da je Venera vrlo vruća –
01:19
900 degrees Fahrenheit.
25
79260
2000
480°C.
01:21
And it was kept hot
26
81260
2000
A vrućom je održava
01:23
by a thick carbon dioxide atmosphere.
27
83260
3000
tanka atmosfera ugljičnog dioksida.
01:26
I was fortunate to join NASA
28
86260
2000
Imao sam sreću pridružiti se NASA-i
01:28
and successfully propose
29
88260
2000
i uspješno predložiti
01:30
an experiment to fly to Venus.
30
90260
2000
eksperiment leta na Veneru.
01:32
Our instrument took this image
31
92260
3000
Naši su aparati snimili ovu sliku
01:35
of the veil of Venus,
32
95260
2000
vea oko Venere,
01:37
which turned out to be
33
97260
2000
za što se ispostavilo
01:39
a smog of sulfuric acid.
34
99260
3000
da je smog sumporne kiseline.
01:42
But while our instrument was being built,
35
102260
3000
Ali dok su naši aparati bili u izradi,
01:45
I became involved in calculations
36
105260
2000
uključen sam u kalkulacije
01:47
of the greenhouse effect
37
107260
2000
o efektu staklenika
01:49
here on Earth,
38
109260
2000
ovdje na Zemlji
01:51
because we realized
39
111260
2000
jer smo shvatili
01:53
that our atmospheric composition was changing.
40
113260
3000
da se naš atmosferski sastav mijenja.
01:56
Eventually, I resigned
41
116260
2000
S vremenom sam dao ostavku
01:58
as principal investigator
42
118260
2000
na mjestu glavnog istraživača
02:00
on our Venus experiment
43
120260
2000
na eksperimentu Venera
02:02
because a planet changing before our eyes
44
122260
3000
jer je planet koji nam se mijenja pred očima
02:05
is more interesting and important.
45
125260
2000
zanimljiviji i važniji.
02:07
Its changes will affect all of humanity.
46
127260
3000
Te će promjene utjecati na cijeli ljudski rod.
02:10
The greenhouse effect had been well understood
47
130260
2000
Efekt staklenika vrlo je dobro poznat
02:12
for more than a century.
48
132260
2000
već više od stoljeća.
02:14
British physicist John Tyndall,
49
134260
2000
Britanski fizičar John Tyndall,
02:16
in the 1850's,
50
136260
2000
je 1850-ih,
02:18
made laboratory measurements
51
138260
2000
napravio laboratorijska mjerenja
02:20
of the infrared radiation,
52
140260
2000
infracrvenog zračenja,
02:22
which is heat.
53
142260
2000
što je zapravo toplina.
02:24
And he showed that gasses such as CO2 absorb heat,
54
144260
3000
I pokazao je da plinovi poput CO2 apsorbiraju toplinu
02:27
thus acting like a blanket
55
147260
3000
te se tako ponašaju poput deke
02:30
warming Earth's surface.
56
150260
2000
grijući površinu Zemlje.
02:32
I worked with other scientists
57
152260
2000
Radio sam s drugim znanstvenicima
02:34
to analyze Earth climate observations.
58
154260
4000
kako bih analizirao zapažanja u vezi Zemljine klime.
02:38
In 1981,
59
158260
2000
1981.
02:40
we published an article in Science magazine
60
160260
3000
objavili smo članak u časopisu Znanost
02:43
concluding that observed warming
61
163260
2000
zaključujući da je opaženo zagrijavanje
02:45
of 0.4 degrees Celsius
62
165260
2000
od 0.4°C
02:47
in the prior century
63
167260
2000
u prošlom stoljeću,
02:49
was consistent with the greenhouse effect
64
169260
2000
u skladu s efektom staklenika
02:51
of increasing CO2.
65
171260
2000
i povećavanjem CO2.
02:53
That Earth would likely warm in the 1980's,
66
173260
3000
Ta Zemlja bi se vjerojatno zagrijala 1980-ih,
02:56
and warming would exceed
67
176260
2000
a zagrijavanje bi prekoračilo
02:58
the noise level of random weather
68
178260
2000
razinu graje o nasumičnom vremenu
03:00
by the end of the century.
69
180260
2000
do kraja stoljeća.
03:02
We also said that the 21st century
70
182260
3000
Također smo rekli kako će se u 21. stoljeću
03:05
would see shifting climate zones,
71
185260
2000
vidjeti pomicanje klimatskih zona,
03:07
creation of drought-prone regions
72
187260
2000
stvaranje suši sklonih regija
03:09
in North America and Asia,
73
189260
2000
u Sjevernoj Americi i Aziji,
03:11
erosion of ice sheets, rising sea levels
74
191260
3000
erozija ledenih ploča, povisivanje razina mora
03:14
and opening of the fabled Northwest Passage.
75
194260
3000
i otvaranje slavnog Sjeverozapadnog prolaza.
03:17
All of these impacts
76
197260
2000
Svi su se ovi udari
03:19
have since either happened
77
199260
2000
ili dogodili
03:21
or are now well under way.
78
201260
2000
ili se upravo događaju.
03:23
That paper was reported on the front page of the New York Times
79
203260
4000
Članak je bio na naslovnici New York Timesa
03:27
and led to me testifying to Congress
80
207260
2000
i doveo me do svjedočenja Kongresu
03:29
in the 1980's,
81
209260
2000
1980.,
03:31
testimony in which I emphasized
82
211260
3000
svjedočenja u kojem sam naglasio
03:34
that global warming increases both extremes
83
214260
3000
da globalno zagrijavanje povećava oba ekstrema
03:37
of the Earth's water cycle.
84
217260
3000
u Zemljinom vodenom ciklusu.
03:40
Heatwaves and droughts on one hand,
85
220260
2000
Toplinski valovi i suše s jedne strane,
03:42
directly from the warming,
86
222260
2000
izravno od zagrijavanja,
03:44
but also, because a warmer atmosphere
87
224260
2000
ali također, zbog toplije atmosfere
03:46
holds more water vapor
88
226260
2000
sadrži više vodenih para
03:48
with its latent energy,
89
228260
2000
unutar svoje skrivene energije
03:50
rainfall will become
90
230260
2000
i oborine će se događati
03:52
in more extreme events.
91
232260
2000
u sve ekstremnijim uvjetima.
03:54
There will be stronger storms and greater flooding.
92
234260
3000
Bit će snažnijih oluja i većih poplava.
03:57
Global warming hoopla
93
237260
3000
Globalno zagrijavanje
04:00
became time-consuming
94
240260
2000
postalo je strašno dugotrajno
04:02
and distracted me from doing science --
95
242260
2000
i odvratilo me od znanosti –
04:04
partly because I had complained
96
244260
2000
djelomično zato što sam se žalio
04:06
that the White House altered my testimony.
97
246260
3000
da mi je Bijela kuća izmijenila svjedočenje.
04:09
So I decided to go back
98
249260
2000
Stoga sam se odlučio vratiti
04:11
to strictly doing science
99
251260
2000
isključivo znanosti
04:13
and leave the communication to others.
100
253260
4000
i ostaviti komunikaciju drugima.
04:17
By 15 years later,
101
257260
3000
15 godina kasnije,
04:20
evidence of global warming was much stronger.
102
260260
3000
dokaz globalnog zagrijavanja bio je mnogo veći.
04:23
Most of the things mentioned in our 1981 paper
103
263260
3000
Većina stvari spomenutih u članku iz 1981.
04:26
were facts.
104
266260
2000
bile su činjenice.
04:28
I had the privilege to speak twice
105
268260
3000
Imao sam privilegiju dva puta govoriti
04:31
to the president's climate task force.
106
271260
2000
pred predsjednikovom klimatskom operativnom grupom.
04:33
But energy policies continued to focus
107
273260
3000
Ali energetska se politika nastavila fokusirati
04:36
on finding more fossil fuels.
108
276260
3000
na pronalazak još više fosilnih goriva.
04:39
By then we had two grandchildren,
109
279260
3000
Do tada smo imali dvoje unučadi,
04:42
Sophie and Connor.
110
282260
2000
Sophie i Connora.
04:44
I decided
111
284260
2000
Odlučio sam
04:46
that I did not want them in the future
112
286260
2000
da ne želim da oni u budućnosti
04:48
to say, "Opa understood what was happening,
113
288260
2000
kažu, „Djed je razumio što se događa,
04:50
but he didn't make it clear."
114
290260
2000
ali nije to pojasnio.“
04:52
So I decided to give a public talk
115
292260
3000
Stoga sam odlučio održati javni govor
04:55
criticizing the lack of an appropriate energy policy.
116
295260
3000
kritizirajući nedostatak odgovarajuće energetske politike.
04:58
I gave the talk at the University of Iowa in 2004
117
298260
3000
Održao sam govor na Sveučilištu u Iowi 2004.
05:01
and at the 2005 meeting
118
301260
3000
i 2005. na susretu
05:04
of the American Geophysical Union.
119
304260
3000
Američke geofizičke unije.
05:07
This led to calls
120
307260
2000
To je dovelo do poziva
05:09
from the White House to NASA headquarters
121
309260
2000
Bijele kuće do NASA-inih sjedišta
05:11
and I was told that I could not give any talks or speak with the media
122
311260
3000
i rečeno mi je da više ne mogu držati nikakve govore ili komunicirati s medijima
05:14
without prior explicit approval
123
314260
3000
bez izričitog odobrenja
05:17
by NASA headquarters.
124
317260
3000
iz NASA-inog sjedišta.
05:20
After I informed the New York Times
125
320260
2000
Nakon što sam informirao New York Times
05:22
about these restrictions,
126
322260
2000
o ovim ograničenjima,
05:24
NASA was forced to end the censorship.
127
324260
3000
NASA je bila prisiljena završiti s cenzurom.
05:27
But there were consequences.
128
327260
2000
Ali postojale su posljedice.
05:29
I had been using the first line
129
329260
2000
Koristio sam prvu rečenicu
05:31
of the NASA mission statement,
130
331260
2000
iz NASA-ine predstavničke izjave,
05:33
"To understand and protect the home planet,"
131
333260
3000
„Razumijevati i štititi planet“,
05:36
to justify my talks.
132
336260
2000
kako bih opravdao svoje govore.
05:38
Soon the first line of the mission statement
133
338260
2000
Uskoro je prva rečenica predstavničke izjave
05:40
was deleted, never to appear again.
134
340260
4000
izbrisana i nikada se više nije pojavila.
05:44
Over the next few years
135
344260
2000
Sljedećih nekoliko godina
05:46
I was drawn more and more
136
346260
2000
sve sam više i više bio privučen
05:48
into trying to communicate the urgency
137
348260
3000
pokušavanjem kako bih prenio hitnost
05:51
of a change in energy policies,
138
351260
3000
promjena u energetsku politiku
05:54
while still researching the physics of climate change.
139
354260
3000
dok sam još uvijek istraživao fiziku klimatskih promjena.
05:57
Let me describe the most important conclusion from the physics --
140
357260
3000
Da vam opišem najvažniji zaključak iz fizike –
06:00
first, from Earth's energy balance
141
360260
3000
prvo, iz Zemljinog energetskog balansa
06:03
and, second, from Earth's climate history.
142
363260
4000
i drugo iz Zemljine klimatske povijesti.
06:07
Adding CO2 to the air
143
367260
2000
Dodavanje CO2 zraku
06:09
is like throwing another blanket on the bed.
144
369260
3000
je poput bacanja još jedne deke na krevet.
06:12
It reduces Earth's heat radiation to space,
145
372260
3000
Smanjuje Zemljino zračenje topline u svemir
06:15
so there's a temporary energy imbalance.
146
375260
3000
pa tu postoji privremeni energetski disbalans.
06:18
More energy is coming in
147
378260
2000
Više energije ulazi
06:20
than going out,
148
380260
2000
no što izlazi
06:22
until Earth warms up enough
149
382260
2000
sve dok se Zemlja ponovno dovoljno ne zagrije
06:24
to again radiate to space
150
384260
2000
kako bi zračila u svemir
06:26
as much energy as it absorbs from the Sun.
151
386260
2000
onoliko energije koliko apsorbira iz Sunca.
06:28
So the key quantity
152
388260
2000
Dakle, ključna količina
06:30
is Earth's energy imbalance.
153
390260
3000
je Zemljin energetski disbalans.
06:33
Is there more energy coming in
154
393260
2000
Ulazi li više energije
06:35
than going out?
155
395260
2000
no što izlazi?
06:37
If so, more warming is in the pipeline.
156
397260
3000
Ako je tako, čeka nas još zagrijavanja.
06:40
It will occur without adding any more greenhouse gasses.
157
400260
4000
Pojavit će se bez dodavanja dodatnih stakleničkih plinova.
06:44
Now finally,
158
404260
2000
Sada konačno
06:46
we can measure Earth's energy imbalance precisely
159
406260
4000
možemo izmjeriti Zemljin energetski disbalans točno
06:50
by measuring the heat content
160
410260
2000
mjereći toplinski sadržaj
06:52
in Earth's heat reservoirs.
161
412260
3000
u Zemljinim toplinskim rezervoarima.
06:55
The biggest reservoir, the ocean, was the least well measured,
162
415260
3000
Najveći rezervoar, ocean, najslabije je izmjeren
06:58
until more than 3,000 Argo floats
163
418260
3000
sve dok više od 3.000 Argo plovaka
07:01
were distributed around the world's ocean.
164
421260
3000
nije bilo raspodijeljeno po svjetskim oceanima.
07:04
These floats reveal
165
424260
2000
Ti plovci otkrivaju
07:06
that the upper half of the ocean
166
426260
2000
da gornja polovica oceana
07:08
is gaining heat at a substantial rate.
167
428260
3000
dobiva toplinu sa značajnom stopom.
07:11
The deep ocean is also gaining heat at a smaller rate,
168
431260
3000
Duboki ocean također dobiva toplinu s manjom stopom,
07:14
and energy is going
169
434260
2000
a energija ide
07:16
into the net melting of ice all around the planet.
170
436260
3000
u mrežu otopljenog leda širom cijelog planeta.
07:19
And the land, to depths of tens of meters,
171
439260
3000
A tlo se do dubine od deset metara
07:22
is also warming.
172
442260
2000
također zagrijava.
07:24
The total energy imbalance now
173
444260
3000
Sada je ukupan energetski disbalans
07:27
is about six-tenths of a watt per square meter.
174
447260
4000
oko šest stotinki vata po kvadratnom metru.
07:31
That may not sound like much,
175
451260
2000
To možda ne zvuči puno,
07:33
but when added up over the whole world, it's enormous.
176
453260
3000
ali kad se zbroji po cijelom svijetu, ogromno je.
07:36
It's about 20 times greater
177
456260
3000
To je oko 20 puta veće
07:39
than the rate of energy use by all of humanity.
178
459260
3000
od stope energije koju koristi cijelo čovječanstvo.
07:42
It's equivalent to exploding
179
462260
2000
Jednako je eksploziji
07:44
400,000 Hiroshima atomic bombs per day
180
464260
6000
400.000 atomskih bombi iz Hirošime po danu,
07:50
365 days per year.
181
470260
3000
365 dana u godini.
07:53
That's how much extra energy
182
473260
2000
Toliko dodatne energije
07:55
Earth is gaining each day.
183
475260
2000
Zemlja dobije svaki dan.
07:57
This imbalance,
184
477260
2000
Ovaj disbalans,
07:59
if we want to stabilize climate,
185
479260
3000
ako želimo stabilizirati klimu
08:02
means that we must reduce CO2
186
482260
2000
znači da moramo smanjiti CO2
08:04
from 391 ppm, parts per million,
187
484260
3000
s 391 ppm, (parts per million - čestica po milijunu),
08:07
back to 350 ppm.
188
487260
3000
na 350 ppm.
08:10
That is the change needed to restore energy balance
189
490260
3000
To je promjena potrebna za vraćanje energetskog balansa
08:13
and prevent further warming.
190
493260
2000
i sprječavanja daljnjeg zagrijavanja.
08:15
Climate change deniers argue
191
495260
3000
Oni koji negiraju klimatske promjene prepiru se
08:18
that the Sun is the main cause of climate change.
192
498260
3000
o tome kako je Sunce glavni uzrok klimatskih promjena.
08:21
But the measured energy imbalance occurred
193
501260
3000
Ali izmjeren energetski disbalans pojavio se
08:24
during the deepest solar minimum in the record,
194
504260
4000
tijekom najdubljeg solarnog minimuma, zabilježenog,
08:28
when the Sun's energy reaching Earth was least.
195
508260
4000
kada je Sunčeva energija koja dopire do Zemlje najmanja.
08:32
Yet, there was more energy coming in than going out.
196
512260
3000
Ipak je više energije ulazilo nego izlazilo.
08:35
This shows that the effect of the Sun's variations on climate
197
515260
3000
To pokazuje kako je efekt Sunčevih varijacija na našu klimu
08:38
is overwhelmed by the increasing greenhouse gasses,
198
518260
3000
preplavljen povećanim stakleničkim plinovima,
08:41
mainly from burning fossil fuels.
199
521260
3000
uglavnom zbog sagorijevanja fosilnih goriva.
08:44
Now consider Earth's climate history.
200
524260
3000
Uzmite u obzir Zemljinu klimatsku povijest.
08:47
These curves for global temperature,
201
527260
2000
Ove krivine za globalnu temperaturu,
08:49
atmospheric CO2 and sea level
202
529260
3000
atmosferski CO2 i razina mora
08:52
were derived from ocean cores and Antarctic ice cores,
203
532260
3000
izvedene su iz srži oceana i srži antarktičkog leda,
08:55
from ocean sediments and snowflakes
204
535260
2000
iz oceanskih taloga i snježnih pahuljica
08:57
that piled up year after year
205
537260
3000
koje su se nagomilavale godinu za godinom
09:00
over 800,000 years
206
540260
2000
više od 800.000 godina
09:02
forming a two-mile thick ice sheet.
207
542260
2000
stvarajući preko tri kilometra debelu ledenu ploču.
09:04
As you see, there's a high correlation
208
544260
3000
Kao što vidite, postoji velika korelacija
09:07
between temperature, CO2 and sea level.
209
547260
3000
između temperature, CO2 i razine mora.
09:10
Careful examination shows
210
550260
2000
Pažljiva ispitivanja pokazuju
09:12
that the temperature changes
211
552260
2000
kako promjene temperature
09:14
slightly lead the CO2 changes
212
554260
2000
polagano vode promjenama CO2
09:16
by a few centuries.
213
556260
3000
već nekoliko stoljeća.
09:19
Climate change deniers like to use this fact
214
559260
3000
Oni koji negiraju klimatske promjene vole koristiti ovu činjenicu
09:22
to confuse and trick the public
215
562260
3000
kako bi zbunili i prevarili publiku
09:25
by saying, "Look, the temperature causes CO2 to change,
216
565260
3000
govoreći, „Gledajte, temperatura uzrokuje promjenu CO2,
09:28
not vice versa."
217
568260
2000
a ne obrnuto.“
09:30
But that lag
218
570260
2000
Ali taj je vremenski pomak
09:32
is exactly what is expected.
219
572260
3000
upravo ono što je očekivano.
09:35
Small changes in Earth's orbit
220
575260
3000
Malene promjene u Zemljinoj orbiti
09:38
that occur over tens to hundreds of thousands of years
221
578260
3000
koje se događaju u više od deset do sto i tisuću godina
09:41
alter the distribution
222
581260
2000
mijenjaju raspodjelu
09:43
of sunlight on Earth.
223
583260
2000
Sunčeve svjetlosti na Zemlji.
09:45
When there is more sunlight
224
585260
2000
Kada imamo više Sunčeve svjetlosti
09:47
at high latitudes in summer, ice sheets melt.
225
587260
3000
na visokim geografskim širinama ljeti, ledene se ploče tope.
09:50
Shrinking ice sheets
226
590260
2000
Skupljanje ledenih ploča
09:52
make the planet darker,
227
592260
2000
čini planet tamnijim
09:54
so it absorbs more sunlight
228
594260
2000
pa on apsorbira više sunčeve svjetlosti
09:56
and becomes warmer.
229
596260
2000
i postaje topliji.
09:58
A warmer ocean releases CO2,
230
598260
2000
Topliji ocean otpušta CO2
10:00
just as a warm Coca-Cola does.
231
600260
3000
kao što to čini i topla Coca-Cola.
10:03
And more CO2 causes more warming.
232
603260
3000
A više CO2 uzrokuje više zagrijavanja.
10:06
So CO2, methane, and ice sheets
233
606260
3000
Dakle, CO2, metan i ledene ploče
10:09
were feedbacks
234
609260
2000
bili su povratne informacije
10:11
that amplified global temperature change
235
611260
3000
koje su pojačale globalnu promjenu temperature
10:14
causing these ancient climate oscillations to be huge,
236
614260
3000
uzrokujući te ogromne drevne klimatske oscilacije,
10:17
even though the climate change was initiated
237
617260
3000
iako su klimatske promjene započete
10:20
by a very weak forcing.
238
620260
2000
s vrlo slabim silama.
10:22
The important point
239
622260
2000
Važna stvar
10:24
is that these same amplifying feedbacks
240
624260
2000
je da će se te iste pojačane povratne informacije
10:26
will occur today.
241
626260
2000
pojaviti danas.
10:28
The physics does not change.
242
628260
2000
Fizika se ne mijenja.
10:30
As Earth warms,
243
630260
2000
Kako se Zemlja zagrijava,
10:32
now because of extra CO2 we put in the atmosphere,
244
632260
3000
sada zbog dodatnog CO2 koji ubacujemo u atmosferu,
10:35
ice will melt,
245
635260
2000
led će se topiti
10:37
and CO2 and methane will be released
246
637260
2000
i CO2 i metan će se oslobađati
10:39
by warming ocean and melting permafrost.
247
639260
3000
zagrijavanjem oceana i topljenjem vječnog leda.
10:42
While we can't say exactly how fast
248
642260
3000
Dok točno ne možemo reći koliko će se brzo
10:45
these amplifying feedbacks will occur,
249
645260
3000
te pojačane povratne informacije događati,
10:48
it is certain they will occur,
250
648260
3000
sigurno je da će se događati
10:51
unless we stop the warming.
251
651260
2000
ako ne zaustavimo zagrijavanje.
10:53
There is evidence
252
653260
2000
Ovdje je dokaz
10:55
that feedbacks are already beginning.
253
655260
3000
da povratne informacije već počinju.
10:58
Precise measurements
254
658260
2000
Precizna mjerenja
11:00
by GRACE, the gravity satellite,
255
660260
2000
pomoću GRACE, gravitacijskog satelita
11:02
reveal that both Greenland and Antarctica
256
662260
3000
otkrivaju da i Grenland i Antarktika
11:05
are now losing mass,
257
665260
2000
sada gube masu,
11:07
several hundred cubic kilometers per year.
258
667260
3000
nekoliko kubičnih kilometara na godinu.
11:10
And the rate has accelerated
259
670260
2000
A stopa se ubrzala
11:12
since the measurements began
260
672260
2000
otkada su mjerenja počela
11:14
nine years ago.
261
674260
2000
prije devet godina.
11:16
Methane is also beginning
262
676260
2000
Metan je također počeo
11:18
to escape from the permafrost.
263
678260
3000
bježati iz područja vječnog leda.
11:21
What sea level rise
264
681260
2000
Kakvom se porastu morske razine
11:23
can we look forward to?
265
683260
2000
možemo nadati?
11:25
The last time CO2 was 390 ppm,
266
685260
3000
Zadnji je puta CO2 bio 390 ppm,
11:28
today's value,
267
688260
2000
današnja vrijednost,
11:30
sea level was higher
268
690260
2000
morska razina bila je viša
11:32
by at least 15 meters, 50 feet.
269
692260
3000
za barem 15 metara, 50 stopa.
11:35
Where you are sitting now
270
695260
2000
Ovo gdje sada sjedite
11:37
would be under water.
271
697260
2000
bilo bi pod vodom.
11:39
Most estimates are that, this century,
272
699260
3000
Većina procjena je da će ovo stoljeće
11:42
we will get at least one meter.
273
702260
2000
dobiti barem jedan metar.
11:44
I think it will be more
274
704260
2000
Mislim da će biti i više,
11:46
if we keep burning fossil fuels,
275
706260
2000
ako nastavimo sagorijevati fosilna goriva,
11:48
perhaps even five meters, which is 18 feet,
276
708260
3000
možda čak i pet metara što je 18 stopa
11:51
this century or shortly thereafter.
277
711260
3000
ovo stoljeće ili ubrzo nakon njega.
11:54
The important point
278
714260
2000
Važna je stvar
11:56
is that we will have started a process
279
716260
3000
da ćemo započeti proces
11:59
that is out of humanity's control.
280
719260
3000
koji je van ljudske kontrole.
12:02
Ice sheets would continue to disintegrate for centuries.
281
722260
3000
Ledene će se ploče nastaviti raspadati stoljećima.
12:05
There would be no stable shoreline.
282
725260
2000
Neće biti stabilnih obala.
12:07
The economic consequences are almost unthinkable.
283
727260
3000
Ekonomske posljedice gotovo su nezamislive.
12:10
Hundreds of New Orleans-like devastations
284
730260
4000
Stotine pustoši poput New Orleansa
12:14
around the world.
285
734260
2000
širom svijeta.
12:16
What may be more reprehensible,
286
736260
2000
Ono što će biti još veće upozorenje je,
12:18
if climate denial continues,
287
738260
2000
ako se negiranje klimatskih promjena nastavi,
12:20
is extermination of species.
288
740260
2000
istrebljenje vrsta.
12:22
The monarch butterfly
289
742260
2000
Monarch leptiri
12:24
could be one of the 20 to 50 percent of all species
290
744260
5000
mogli bi biti jedna od 20 do 50% svih vrsta
12:29
that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates
291
749260
3000
koje će Međuvladina komisija za klimatske promjene
12:32
will be ticketed for extinction
292
752260
2000
označiti kao izumrle
12:34
by the end of the century
293
754260
2000
do kraja stoljeća
12:36
if we stay on business-as-usual fossil fuel use.
294
756260
4000
ako nastavimo sa standardnom upotrebom fosilnih goriva.
12:40
Global warming is already affecting people.
295
760260
3000
Globalno zagrijavanje već utječe na ljude.
12:43
The Texas, Oklahoma, Mexico
296
763260
2000
Toplinski val i suša
12:45
heatwave and drought last year,
297
765260
3000
u Teksasu, Oklahomi i Meksiku prošle godine,
12:48
Moscow the year before
298
768260
2000
Moskva godinu prije toga
12:50
and Europe in 2003,
299
770260
2000
i Europa 2003.,
12:52
were all exceptional events,
300
772260
3000
sve su to bili izuzetni događaji
12:55
more than three standard deviations outside the norm.
301
775260
4000
s više od tri standardne devijacije van norme.
12:59
Fifty years ago,
302
779260
2000
Prije pedeset godina
13:01
such anomalies
303
781260
2000
takve su nenormalnosti
13:03
covered only two- to three-tenths
304
783260
2000
pokrivale samo dvije do tri desetine
13:05
of one percent of the land area.
305
785260
2000
na jednom postotku zemljišta.
13:07
In recent years,
306
787260
2000
Nedavnih godina,
13:09
because of global warming,
307
789260
2000
zbog globalnog zagrijavanja,
13:11
they now cover about 10 percent --
308
791260
2000
one sada pokrivaju oko 10 posto –
13:13
an increase by a factor of 25 to 50.
309
793260
3000
porast prema čimbeniku od 25 do 50.
13:16
So we can say with a high degree of confidence
310
796260
3000
Možemo reći s velikom dozom pouzdanosti
13:19
that the severe Texas and Moscow heatwaves
311
799260
2000
da nekoliko toplinskih valova u Teksasu i Moskvi
13:21
were not natural;
312
801260
2000
nisu bili prirodni;
13:23
they were caused by global warming.
313
803260
3000
bili su uzrokovani globalnim zagrijavanjem.
13:26
An important impact,
314
806260
2000
Važan će utjecaj,
13:28
if global warming continues,
315
808260
2000
ako se globalno zagrijavanje nastavi,
13:30
will be on the breadbasket of our nation and the world,
316
810260
3000
biti na žitnicama naše zemlje i svijeta,
13:33
the Midwest and Great Plains,
317
813260
2000
Srednjozapadne i Velike ravnice
13:35
which are expected to become prone to extreme droughts,
318
815260
3000
za koje se očekuje da će postati sklone ekstremnim sušama,
13:38
worse than the Dust Bowl,
319
818260
2000
gorim od oluja prašine,
13:40
within just a few decades,
320
820260
2000
unutar samo nekoliko desetljeća,
13:42
if we let global warming continue.
321
822260
4000
ako se globalno zagrijavanje nastavi.
13:46
How did I get dragged deeper and deeper
322
826260
3000
Kako sam uvučen sve dublje i dublje
13:49
into an attempt to communicate,
323
829260
2000
u pokušaj komunikacije,
13:51
giving talks in 10 countries, getting arrested,
324
831260
3000
držeći govore u 10 zemalja, bivajući uhićen,
13:54
burning up the vacation time
325
834260
2000
trošeći vrijeme za godišnji odmor
13:56
that I had accumulated over 30 years?
326
836260
3000
koji sam skupljao više od 30 godina?
14:00
More grandchildren helped me along.
327
840260
3000
Još unučadi mi je pomoglo putem.
14:03
Jake is a super-positive,
328
843260
2000
Jake je super-pozitivan,
14:05
enthusiastic boy.
329
845260
3000
entuzijastičan dječak.
14:08
Here at age two and a half years,
330
848260
2000
Ovdje s dvije i pol godine
14:10
he thinks he can protect
331
850260
2000
misli kako može zaštititi
14:12
his two and a half-day-old little sister.
332
852260
3000
svoju dva i pol dana staru malu sestru.
14:15
It would be immoral
333
855260
2000
Bilo bi nemoralno
14:17
to leave these young people
334
857260
2000
ostaviti ovo dvoje ljudi
14:19
with a climate system
335
859260
2000
s klimatskim sustavom
14:21
spiraling out of control.
336
861260
2000
koji izmiče kontroli.
14:23
Now the tragedy about climate change
337
863260
3000
Tragedija što se tiče klimatskih promjena
14:26
is that we can solve it
338
866260
2000
je da je možemo riješiti
14:28
with a simple, honest approach
339
868260
2000
jednostavnim, iskrenim pristupom
14:30
of a gradually rising carbon fee
340
870260
3000
postupnog porasta pristojbe za ugljik
14:33
collected from fossil fuel companies
341
873260
2000
koja je skupljena iz naftnih kompanija
14:35
and distributed 100 percent electronically
342
875260
4000
i distribuirati 100% elektronički
14:39
every month to all legal residents
343
879260
2000
svaki mjesec svim zakonitim stanovnicima,
14:41
on a per capita basis,
344
881260
2000
po glavi stanovnika
14:43
with the government not keeping one dime.
345
883260
4000
s vladom koja ne zadržava ni jedan novčić.
14:47
Most people would get more in the monthly dividend
346
887260
3000
Većina ljudi dobila bi više u mjesečnoj dividendi
14:50
than they'd pay in increased prices.
347
890260
2000
no što bi platili povećane cijene.
14:52
This fee and dividend
348
892260
2000
Ova pristojba i dividenda
14:54
would stimulate the economy
349
894260
2000
stimulirali bi ekonomiju
14:56
and innovations,
350
896260
2000
i inovacije,
14:58
creating millions of jobs.
351
898260
2000
stvarajući milijune poslova.
15:00
It is the principal requirement
352
900260
2000
To je glavni uvjet
15:02
for moving us rapidly
353
902260
3000
koji bi nas brzo odveo
15:05
to a clean energy future.
354
905260
2000
do čiste energetske budućnosti.
15:07
Several top economists
355
907260
2000
Nekoliko vrsnih ekonomista
15:09
are coauthors on this proposition.
356
909260
3000
su koautori ovog prijedloga.
15:12
Jim DiPeso of Republicans for Environmental Protection
357
912260
3000
Jim DiPeso iz Republikanaca za ekološku zaštitu
15:15
describes it thusly:
358
915260
2000
to ovako opisuje:
15:17
"Transparent. Market-based.
359
917260
2000
„Transparentno. Temeljeno na tržištu.
15:19
Does not enlarge government.
360
919260
2000
Ne povećava vladu.
15:21
Leaves energy decisions to individual choices.
361
921260
3000
Ostavlja energetske odluke vlastitom izboru.
15:24
Sounds like a conservative climate plan."
362
924260
4000
Zvuči kao konzervativan klimatski plan.“
15:28
But instead of placing a rising fee on carbon emissions
363
928260
4000
Ali umjesto da povećaju pristojbu na emisiju ugljika
15:32
to make fossil fuels pay
364
932260
3000
kako bi fosilna goriva platila
15:35
their true cost to society,
365
935260
2000
stvarnu vrijednost društvu,
15:37
our governments are forcing the public
366
937260
3000
naša vlada forsira javnost
15:40
to subsidize fossil fuels
367
940260
3000
da subvencionira fosilna goriva
15:43
by 400 to 500 billion dollars
368
943260
3000
za 400 do 500 milijardi dolara
15:46
per year worldwide,
369
946260
2000
godišnje širom svijeta,
15:48
thus encouraging extraction of every fossil fuel --
370
948260
3000
tako ohrabrujući vađenje svog fosilnog goriva –
15:51
mountaintop removal,
371
951260
2000
uklanjanje planina,
15:53
longwall mining, fracking,
372
953260
2000
rudarenje, hidraulično lomljenje,
15:55
tar sands, tar shale,
373
955260
2000
katraniziranje pijeska, katraniziranje škriljca,
15:57
deep ocean Arctic drilling.
374
957260
3000
dubokooceansko bušenje Arktika.
16:00
This path, if continued,
375
960260
2000
Ovaj put, ako se nastavi,
16:02
guarantees that we will pass tipping points
376
962260
3000
garantira da ćemo prijeći vrhunac
16:05
leading to ice sheet disintegration
377
965260
2000
koji vodi do raspadanja ledenih ploča
16:07
that will accelerate out of control of future generations.
378
967260
4000
koje će se nekontrolirano ubrzati u budućim generacijama.
16:11
A large fraction of species
379
971260
2000
Velik dio vrsta
16:13
will be committed to extinction.
380
973260
2000
bit će doveden do istrebljenja.
16:15
And increasing intensity of droughts and floods
381
975260
2000
A povećan intenzitet suša i poplava
16:17
will severely impact breadbaskets of the world,
382
977260
3000
neizmjerno će utjecati na žitnice svijeta
16:20
causing massive famines
383
980260
2000
uzrokujući masovnu glad
16:22
and economic decline.
384
982260
3000
i ekonomsko propadanje.
16:26
Imagine a giant asteroid
385
986260
3000
Zamislite golemi asteroid
16:29
on a direct collision course with Earth.
386
989260
4000
na izravnoj Zemljinoj putanji.
16:33
That is the equivalent
387
993260
2000
To je ono s čime
16:35
of what we face now.
388
995260
2000
smo sada suočeni.
16:37
Yet, we dither,
389
997260
2000
Ipak, mi drhtimo
16:39
taking no action
390
999260
2000
ne poduzimajući ništa
16:41
to divert the asteroid,
391
1001260
2000
kako bismo skrenuli asteroid
16:43
even though the longer we wait,
392
1003260
2000
iako, što duže čekamo,
16:45
the more difficult and expensive it becomes.
393
1005260
4000
to postaje sve teže i skuplje.
16:49
If we had started in 2005,
394
1009260
2000
Da smo počeli 2005.
16:51
it would have required emission reductions of three percent per year
395
1011260
3000
to bi zahtijevalo smanjenje emisije od 3% godišnje
16:54
to restore planetary energy balance
396
1014260
3000
kako bismo povratili planetarni energetski balans
16:57
and stabilize climate this century.
397
1017260
3000
i stabilizirali klimu u ovom stoljeću.
17:00
If we start next year,
398
1020260
2000
Ako počnemo sljedeće godine,
17:02
it is six percent per year.
399
1022260
2000
to je 6% godišnje.
17:04
If we wait 10 years, it is 15 percent per year --
400
1024260
3000
Ako čekamo 10 godina, to je 15% godišnje –
17:07
extremely difficult and expensive,
401
1027260
2000
veoma teško i skupo,
17:09
perhaps impossible.
402
1029260
3000
možda čak i nemoguće.
17:12
But we aren't even starting.
403
1032260
2000
Ali mi uopće ne počinjemo.
17:14
So now you know what I know
404
1034260
3000
Sada znate ono što ja znam
17:17
that is moving me to sound this alarm.
405
1037260
3000
i što me vodi tome da upalim ovaj alarm.
17:20
Clearly, I haven't gotten this message across.
406
1040260
3000
Jasno je, nisam prenio ovu poruku posvuda.
17:23
The science is clear.
407
1043260
3000
Znanost je jasna.
17:26
I need your help
408
1046260
2000
Trebam vašu pomoć
17:28
to communicate the gravity and the urgency
409
1048260
2000
kako bih komunicirao o težini i hitnosti
17:30
of this situation
410
1050260
2000
ove situacije
17:32
and its solutions
411
1052260
2000
i njenih rješenja
17:34
more effectively.
412
1054260
2000
još efikasnije.
17:36
We owe it to our children and grandchildren.
413
1056260
2000
Dugujemo to našoj djeci i unucima.
17:38
Thank you.
414
1058260
2000
Hvala.
17:40
(Applause)
415
1060260
5000
(Pljesak)
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7