Sean Gourley on the mathematics of war

102,358 views ใƒป 2009-05-04

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
We look around the media, as we see on the news from Iraq,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืขื™ืจืืง,
00:15
Afghanistan, Sierra Leone,
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ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืกื™ื™ืจื” ืœืื•ืŸ,
00:18
and the conflict seems incomprehensible to us.
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ื•ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ื™ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•.
00:22
And that's certainly how it seemed to me when I started this project.
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
00:26
But as a physicist,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™,
00:28
I thought, well if you give me some data,
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ืื ืชืชื ื• ืœื™ ืงืฆืช ืžื™ื“ืข,
00:31
I could maybe understand this. You know, give us a go.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”. ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™.
00:33
So as a naive New Zealander
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ืื– ื›ื™ืœื™ื“ ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“
00:35
I thought, well I'll go to the Pentagon.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ืื ื™ ืืœืš ืœืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ.
00:37
Can you get me some information?
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื™ ืงืฆืช ืžื™ื“ืข?
00:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:42
No. So I had to think a little harder.
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ืœื. ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง.
00:46
And I was watching the news one night in Oxford.
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ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“.
00:49
And I looked down at the chattering heads on my channel of choice.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื—ืจืชื™.
00:52
And I saw that there was information there.
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ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื.
00:54
There was data within the streams of news that we consume.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื›ื ื•.
00:57
All this noise around us actually has information.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจืขืฉ ื”ืจืงืข ื”ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื“ืข.
01:01
So what I started thinking was,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”,
01:03
perhaps there is something like open source intelligence here.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื›ืืŸ.
01:06
If we can get enough of these streams of information together,
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ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืื—ื“ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื–ืจืžื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืืœื”
01:09
we can perhaps start to understand the war.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช.
01:12
So this is exactly what I did. We started bringing a team together,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™. ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฆื•ื•ืช,
01:15
an interdisciplinary team of scientists,
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ืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื‘ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
01:17
of economists, mathematicians.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื, ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื.
01:20
We brought these guys together and we started to try and solve this.
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ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืœื” ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
01:23
We did it in three steps.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื.
01:25
The first step we did was to collect. We did 130 different sources of information --
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ. ืืกืคื ื• 130 ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข --
01:29
from NGO reports to newspapers and cable news.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื“ื•ื—ื•ืช NGO ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ืœื™ื.
01:32
We brought this raw data in and we filtered it.
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ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืกื™ื ื ื• ืื•ืชื•.
01:35
We extracted the key bits on information to build the database.
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ื—ื™ืœืฆื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
01:38
That database contained
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ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื›ื™ืœ
01:40
the timing of attacks,
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ืืช ืชื–ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช,
01:42
the location, the size and the weapons used.
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ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื, ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื”ื ืฉืง ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื•.
01:44
It's all in the streams of information we consume daily,
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
01:47
we just have to know how to pull it out.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
01:49
And once we had this we could start doing some cool stuff.
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื.
01:51
What if we were to look at the distribution of the sizes of attacks?
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช?
01:54
What would that tell us?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•?
01:56
So we started doing this. And you can see here
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”. ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื”
01:58
on the horizontal axis
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ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืื•ืคืงื™
02:00
you've got the number of people killed in an attack
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื”
02:02
or the size of the attack.
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ืื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื”.
02:04
And on the vertical axis you've got the number of attacks.
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ื•ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช.
02:07
So we plot data for sample on this.
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ืื– ืฉืจื˜ื˜ื ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืืŸ.
02:09
You see some sort of random distribution --
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ืช --
02:11
perhaps 67 attacks, one person was killed,
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ืื•ืœื™ 67 ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช, ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื ื”ืจื’,
02:14
or 47 attacks where seven people were killed.
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ืื• 47 ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ 7 ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื•.
02:17
We did this exact same thing for Iraq.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืขื™ืจืืง.
02:19
And we didn't know, for Iraq what we were going to find.
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ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื•, ืžื” ื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ืขื™ืจืืง.
02:22
It turns out what we found was pretty surprising.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข.
02:26
You take all of the conflict,
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ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜,
02:28
all of the chaos, all of the noise,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืื•ืก, ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขืฉ,
02:30
and out of that
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ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื–ื”
02:32
comes this precise mathematical distribution
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ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”
02:34
of the way attacks are ordered in this conflict.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
02:37
This blew our mind.
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•.
02:39
Why should a conflict like Iraq have this
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ืœืžื” ืฉืœืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื›ืžื• ืขื™ืจืืง ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืช ื–ื”
02:43
as its fundamental signature?
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ื›ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื•?
02:45
Why should there be order in war?
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ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”?
02:47
We didn't really understand that.
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ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
02:49
We thought maybe there is something special about Iraq.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง.
02:53
So we looked at a few more conflicts.
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ืื– ื‘ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื.
02:55
We looked at Colombia, we looked at Afghanistan,
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ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”, ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ,
02:57
and we looked at Senegal.
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ื•ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ืกื ื’ืœ.
02:59
And the same pattern emerged in each conflict.
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ื•ืื•ืชื” ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื™ืฆืื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื.
03:01
This wasn't supposed to happen.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
03:03
These are different wars, with different religious factions,
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ืืœื• ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืขื ื“ืชื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
03:06
different political factions, and different socioeconomic problems.
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ื“ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
03:09
And yet the fundamental patterns underlying them
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืชื
03:13
are the same.
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ื”ื™ื• ื–ื”ื•ืช.
03:16
So we went a little wider.
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ืื– ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘.
03:18
We looked around the world at all the data we could get our hands on.
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ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’.
03:21
From Peru to Indonesia,
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ืžืคืจื• ืœืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”,
03:24
we studied this same pattern again.
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ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉื•ื‘.
03:26
And we found that not only
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืœื ืจืง
03:29
were the distributions these straight lines,
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ืฉื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ,
03:31
but the slope of these lines, they clustered around
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื, ื”ืชื›ื ืกื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘
03:33
this value of alpha equals 2.5.
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ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืืœืคื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ 2.5.
03:36
And we could generate an equation
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฉื•ื•ืื”
03:38
that could predict the likelihood of an attack.
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ืฉื™ื›ืœื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชืงืคื”.
03:41
What we're saying here
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืคื”
03:43
is the probability of an attack killing X number of people
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ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชืงืคื” ื‘ื” ื™ื”ืจื’ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
03:47
in a country like Iraq
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ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ืžื• ืขื™ืจืืง,
03:49
is equal to a constant, times the size of that attack,
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ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข, ื›ืคื•ืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืชืงืคื”,
03:52
raised to the power of negative alpha.
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ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืืœืคื.
03:55
And negative alpha is the slope of that line I showed you before.
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ื•ืืœืคื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืงื• ืฉื”ืจืืชื™ ืœื›ื ืžืงื•ื“ื.
04:01
So what?
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ืื– ืžื”?
04:03
This is data, statistics. What does it tell us about these conflicts?
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ื–ื” ืžื™ื“ืข, ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”. ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื?
04:06
That was a challenge we had to face as physicists.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืชื’ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ื›ืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™ื.
04:09
How do we explain this?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
04:12
And what we really found was that alpha,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืฆืื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉืืœืคื
04:14
if we think about it, is the organizational
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ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื ื”
04:16
structure of the insurgency.
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ื”ืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช.
04:19
Alpha is the distribution of the sizes of attacks,
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ืืœืคื ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช,
04:22
which is really the distribution
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ
04:24
of the group strength carrying out the attacks.
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ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช.
04:26
So we look at a process of group dynamics:
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช --
04:28
coalescence and fragmentation,
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ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ืœื•ืงื”.
04:31
groups coming together, groups breaking apart.
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืชืื—ื“ื•ืช. ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืชืคืจืงื•ืช.
04:33
And we start running the numbers on this. Can we simulate it?
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
04:36
Can we create the kind of patterns that we're seeing
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
04:39
in places like Iraq?
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขื™ืจืืง?
04:42
Turns out we kind of do a reasonable job.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื ืจืขื”.
04:44
We can run these simulations.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
04:46
We can recreate this using a process of group dynamics
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช
04:49
to explain the patterns that we see
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
04:51
all around the conflicts around the world.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
04:56
So what's going on?
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ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”?
04:58
Why should these different -- seemingly different conflicts
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ืœืžื” ืฉืœืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื -- ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืจืื”
05:01
have the same patterns?
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช?
05:03
Now what I believe is going on is that
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื
05:06
the insurgent forces, they evolve over time. They adapt.
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ืฉื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื, ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
05:10
And it turns out there is only one solution
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืง ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“
05:12
to fight a much stronger enemy.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืื•ื™ื‘ ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:14
And if you don't find that solution as an insurgent force,
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ื•ืื ืœื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืจื“,
05:17
you don't exist.
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ืœื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
05:19
So every insurgent force that is ongoing,
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ืจื“ ืฉืžืžืฉื™ืš,
05:21
every conflict that is ongoing,
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ื›ืœ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืฉืžืžืฉื™ืš,
05:23
it's going to look something like this.
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ื™ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
05:25
And that is what we think is happening.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
05:28
Taking it forward, how do we change it?
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ื•ื”ืœืื”, ืื™ืš ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
05:30
How do we end a war like Iraq?
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ืื™ืš ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืžื• ืขื™ืจืืง?
05:32
What does it look like?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื”?
05:34
Alpha is the structure. It's got a stable state at 2.5.
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ืืœืคื ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื ื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืขืจืš ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœ 2.5.
05:37
This is what wars look like when they continue.
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ื›ื›ื” ื ืจืื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช.
05:41
We've got to change that.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
05:43
We can push it up:
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืขืœื”.
05:45
the forces become more fragmented;
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ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื˜ืขื™ื.
05:47
there is more of them, but they are weaker.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:51
Or we push it down:
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ืื• ืฉื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžื˜ื”.
05:53
they're more robust; there is less groups;
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ื”ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.
05:55
but perhaps you can sit and talk to them.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื.
05:59
So this graph here, I'm going to show you now.
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ืื– ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืคื”, ืฉืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
06:01
No one has seen this before. This is literally
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจืื” ืืช ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ. ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช
06:04
stuff that we've come through last week.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืืœื™ื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ.
06:06
And we see the evolution of Alpha through time.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืคื ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
06:10
We see it start. And we see it grow up to the stable state
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ. ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื’ื“ืœ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘
06:13
the wars around the world look like.
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ื‘ื• ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื ืžืฆืื•ืช.
06:15
And it stays there through the invasion of Fallujah
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืฉืืจ ืฉื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœืคืœื•ื–ื”
06:18
until the Samarra bombings in the
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ืขื“ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืกืžืืจื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš
06:20
Iraqi elections of '06.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืฉืœ 2006.
06:23
And the system gets perturbed. It moves upwards
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ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืชื‘ืœื’ื ืช. ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื•ื‘
06:25
to a fragmented state.
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ืœืžืฆื‘ ืžืคื•ื–ืจ.
06:27
This is when the surge happens.
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ื›ืืŸ ืงื•ืจื” ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช.
06:29
And depending on who you ask,
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ื•ืชืœื•ื™ ืืช ืžื™ ืชืฉืืœื•,
06:31
the surge was supposed to push it up even further.
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ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืžืขืœื”.
06:34
The opposite happened.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืคืš ืงื•ืจื”.
06:36
The groups became stronger.
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ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ืขืฉื• ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:38
They became more robust.
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ื”ืŸ ื ืขืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื•ื—ื•ืช.
06:40
And so I'm thinking, right, great, it's going to keep going down.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื ื”ื“ืจ, ื–ื” ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืจื“ืช.
06:43
We can talk to them. We can get a solution. The opposite happened.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื. ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ. ื•ื”ื”ืคืš ืงื•ืจื”.
06:46
It's moved up again. The groups are more fragmented.
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ื–ื” ืขืœื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืœื”. ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืชืคืจืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘.
06:49
And this tells me one of two things.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
06:51
Either we're back where we started
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ืื• ืฉื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ืœื”,
06:54
and the surge has had no effect;
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ื•ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื”.
06:56
or finally the groups have been fragmented to the extent
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ืื• ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืชืคืจืงื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš
07:00
that we can start to think about maybe moving out.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืœืฆืืช ืžืฉื.
07:04
I don't know what the answer is to that.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื–ื”.
07:06
But I know that we should be looking at the structure of the insurgency
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช
07:09
to answer that question.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”.
07:11
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
07:13
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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