The sound the universe makes | Janna Levin

197,457 views ใƒป 2011-03-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
I want to ask you all to consider for a second
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉื ื™ื”
00:18
the very simple fact
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ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
00:20
that, by far,
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ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื,
00:22
most of what we know about the universe
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ืจื•ื‘ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
00:24
comes to us from light.
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
00:26
We can stand on the Earth and look up at the night sky
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืžืขืœื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”
00:29
and see stars with our bare eyes.
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืจื•ืžื•ืช.
00:32
The Sun burns our peripheral vision.
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืกื ื•ื•ืจืช ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
00:34
We see light reflected off the Moon.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžื”ื™ืจื—,
00:37
And in the time since Galileo pointed that rudimentary telescope
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ื•ืžื”ืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื•
00:41
at the celestial bodies,
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ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
00:44
the known universe has come to us through light,
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ืจ,
00:47
across vast eras in cosmic history.
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ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืขื™ื“ื ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช.
00:50
And with all of our modern telescopes,
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
00:53
we've been able to collect
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืืกื•ืฃ
00:55
this stunning silent movie of the universe --
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ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืื™ืœื ื•ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื --
00:58
these series of snapshots
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ืกื™ื“ืจืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ื–ื•
01:01
that go all the way back to the Big Bang.
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ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืื—ื•ืจื” ืขื“ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
01:04
And yet, the universe is not a silent movie
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืกืจื˜ ืื™ืœื,
01:07
because the universe isn't silent.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื.
01:09
I'd like to convince you
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื
01:11
that the universe has a soundtrack
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ืฉืœื™ืงื•ื ื™ืฉ ืคืกืงื•ืœ,
01:13
and that soundtrack is played on space itself,
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ื•ืฉืคืกืงื•ืœ ื–ื” ืžื ื•ื’ืŸ ืขืœ-ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืขืฆืžื•.
01:17
because space can wobble like a drum.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ืœืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื˜ื•ื˜ ื›ืžื• ืชื•ืฃ.
01:20
It can ring out a kind of recording
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืœื•ื˜ ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื”ื•ื“ ืžื•ืงืœื˜
01:23
throughout the universe
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ืืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
01:25
of some of the most dramatic events as they unfold.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืชื.
01:28
Now we'd like to be able to add
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื• ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ
01:31
to a kind of glorious visual composition
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ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื”
01:34
that we have of the universe --
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
01:36
a sonic composition.
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ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืงื•ืœื™ืช.
01:38
And while we've never heard the sounds from space,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉืžืขื ื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื—ืœืœ,
01:42
we really should, in the next few years,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืœื™ื•ื
01:45
start to turn up the volume on what's going on out there.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื.
01:47
So in this ambition
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ื‘ืฉืื™ืคื” ื–ื•
01:49
to capture songs from the universe,
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ืœืงืœื™ื˜ืช ื–ื™ืžืจืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
01:52
we turn our focus
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ืื ื• ืžืคื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืจืงื•ืจ
01:54
to black holes and the promise they have,
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ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื,
01:56
because black holes can bang on space-time
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืœื•ื ืขืœ-ื’ื‘ื™ ื–ืžืŸ-ื—ืœืœ
01:59
like mallets on a drum
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ื›ืžื• ืคื˜ื™ืฉ-ืขืฅ ืขืœ ืชื•ืฃ
02:01
and have a very characteristic song,
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ืžืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™,
02:03
which I'd like to play for you -- some of our predictions
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
02:06
for what that song will be like.
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ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืจ.
02:08
Now black holes are dark against a dark sky.
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ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื›ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื—ืœืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
02:11
We can't see them directly.
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ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืชื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
02:13
They're not brought to us with light, at least not directly.
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ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื ื• ืขื ืื•ืจ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
02:16
We can see them indirectly,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื™ืฃ,
02:18
because black holes wreak havoc on their environment.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื ื“ืจืœืžื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื.
02:21
They destroy stars around them.
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ื”ื ืžืฉืžื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื.
02:23
They churn up debris in their surroundings.
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ื”ื ืžืขืจื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื.
02:26
But they won't come to us directly through light.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ืจ.
02:28
We might one day see a shadow
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื ืจืื” ืฆืœืœื™ืช
02:30
a black hole can cast on a very bright background,
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ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ,
02:33
but we haven't yet.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ื–ืืช.
02:35
And yet black holes may be heard
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื
02:37
even if they're not seen,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืชื,
02:39
and that's because they bang on space-time like a drum.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื ืขืœ-ื’ื‘ื™ ื–ืžืŸ-ื—ืœืœ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืฃ.
02:43
Now we owe the idea that space can ring like a drum
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ืื ื• ื—ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื“ื”ื“ ื›ืžื• ืชื•ืฃ
02:46
to Albert Einstein -- to whom we owe so much.
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ืœืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื ื• ื—ื‘ื™ื ืœื• ื›ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”.
02:49
Einstein realized that if space were empty,
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ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ืœืœ ื”ื™ื” ืจื™ืง,
02:51
if the universe were empty,
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ืื ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืจื™ืง,
02:53
it would be like this picture,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•,
02:56
except for maybe without the helpful grid drawn on it.
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ืงื•ื™ ื”ืฉืชื™ ื•ืขืจื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจื ืขืœื™ื”.
02:59
But if we were freely falling through the space,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื ืคื™ืœื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
03:02
even without this helpful grid,
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ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื™ ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื™ื,
03:04
we might be able to paint it ourselves,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืจื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•
03:06
because we would notice that we traveled along straight lines,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื™ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื,
03:09
undeflected straight paths
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ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืœืœื ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช
03:11
through the universe.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื•ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
03:13
Einstein also realized --
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ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ --
03:15
and this is the real meat of the matter --
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื‘ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ --
03:17
that if you put energy or mass in the universe,
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ืฉืื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื• ืžืกื” ืœื™ืงื•ื,
03:20
it would curve space,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืขืงื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ.
03:22
and a freely falling object
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ื•ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื ืคื™ืœื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช
03:24
would pass by, let's say, the Sun
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ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ, ื ืืžืจ, ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
03:26
and it would be deflected
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืข ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืขืงืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช
03:28
along the natural curves in the space.
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ (ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืกืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ).
03:30
It was Einstein's great general theory of relativity.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื”ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื”.
03:34
Now even light will be bent by those paths.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืจ ืžืชื›ื•ืคืฃ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืืœื”.
03:37
And you can be bent so much
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื™ืคื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื–ื•
03:39
that you're caught in orbit around the Sun,
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ืฉืขืฆื ื ืœื›ื“ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
03:41
as the Earth is, or the Moon around the Earth.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืงืจื” ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื• ืœื™ืจื— ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:43
These are the natural curves in space.
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
03:46
What Einstein did not realize
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ืžื” ืฉืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื’ื™ืœื”
03:48
was that, if you took our Sun
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื•ื•ืฅ
03:50
and you crushed it down to six kilometers --
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ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืงื•ื˜ืจ 6 ืง"ืž --
03:53
so you took a million times the mass of the Earth
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืกื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ
03:56
and you crushed it to six kilometers across,
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฆื” ืœ-6 ืง"ืž,
03:59
you would make a black hole,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
04:01
an object so dense
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ืขืฆื ื›ื” ืฆืคื•ืฃ
04:03
that if light veered too close, it would never escape --
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ืฉืื ืื•ืจ ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ื™, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช --
04:06
a dark shadow against the universe.
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ืฆืœืœื™ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
04:09
It wasn't Einstein who realized this,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื–ืืช,
04:11
it was Karl Schwarzschild
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืจืœ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืฉื™ืœื“
04:13
who was a German Jew in World War I --
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ืจืืฉื•ื ื” --
04:15
joined the German army already an accomplished scientist,
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ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืฆื‘ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื“ืขืŸ ืžื•ื›ื—,
04:18
working on the Russian front.
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ื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช.
04:21
I like to imagine Schwarzschild in the war in the trenches
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืฉื™ืœื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช
04:24
calculating ballistic trajectories for cannon fire,
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ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื’ื–ื™ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื,
04:28
and then, in between,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ,
04:30
calculating Einstein's equations --
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ืขื•ืฉื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ --
04:32
as you do in the trenches.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช.
04:34
And he was reading Einstein's recently published
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
04:36
general theory of relativity,
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ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช,
04:38
and he was thrilled by this theory.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืคืขื ืžื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื”.
04:40
And he quickly surmised
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ื•ื—ื™ืฉ-ืงืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื”
04:42
an exact mathematical solution
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ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง
04:44
that described something very extraordinary:
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ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืฆื-ื“ื•ืคืŸ:
04:46
curves so strong
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ืขืงืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ื” ื—ื–ืงื”
04:48
that space would rain down into them,
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ืฉื”ื—ืœืœ ื™ืชื›ื ืก ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื•,
04:51
space itself would curve like a waterfall
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ื”ื—ืœืœ ื™ืชืขืงืœ ื›ืžื• ืžืคืœ
04:53
flowing down the throat of a hole.
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ื”ื–ื•ืจื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจ.
04:55
And even light could not escape this current.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืจ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื”ืกื—ืฃ ื”ื–ื”.
04:58
Light would be dragged down the hole
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ืื•ืจ ื™ื™ื’ืจืจ ืœืžื˜ื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืจ
05:00
as everything else would be,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ,
05:02
and all that would be left would be a shadow.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื–ื• ืฆืœืœื™ืช.
05:04
Now he wrote to Einstein,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ,
05:06
and he said, "As you will see,
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ื•ืืžืจ, "ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชืจืื”,
05:08
the war has been kind to me enough.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื ื•ืจืื”,
05:11
Despite the heavy gunfire,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
05:14
I've been able to get away from it all
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ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžื–ื”
05:16
and walk through the land of your ideas."
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ื•ืœื”ืชื”ืœืš ืขืœ ืงืจืงืข ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš."
05:19
And Einstein was very impressed with his exact solution,
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ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืชืจืฉื ืžื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื”ื–ื”,
05:22
and I should hope also the dedication of the scientist.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื™ ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืฉื’ื ืžื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ.
05:25
This is the hardworking scientist under harsh conditions.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ืขืŸ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:28
And he took Schwarzschild's idea
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ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงื— ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืฉื™ืœื“
05:30
to the Prussian Academy of Sciences the next week.
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ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืคืจื•ืกื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ.
05:33
But Einstein always thought black holes were a mathematical oddity.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช.
05:36
He did not believe they existed in nature.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
05:39
He thought nature would protect us from their formation.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื.
05:42
It was decades
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื
05:44
before the term "black hole" was coined
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ืคืš ืœืžื˜ื‘ืข ืœืฉื•ืŸ
05:46
and people realized
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ืœื•
05:48
that black holes are real astrophysical objects --
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ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืขืฆืžื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื --
05:50
in fact they're the death state
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
05:52
of very massive stars
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ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
05:54
that collapse catastrophically
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ืืฉืจ ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคืœื™
05:56
at the end of their lifetime.
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ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
05:58
Now our Sun will not collapse to a black hole.
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืชืงืจื•ืก ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
06:00
It's actually not massive enough.
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ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช.
06:02
But if we did a little thought experiment --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืขืฉื” ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืงื˜ืŸ --
06:04
as Einstein was very fond of doing --
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืื”ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช --
06:06
we could imagine
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
06:08
putting the Sun crushed down to six kilometers,
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ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื ืžื—ืฆืช ืœืงื•ื˜ืจ 6 ืง"ืž,
06:11
and putting a tiny little Earth around it in orbit,
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ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ืืจืฅ ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื”ื—ื’ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
06:14
maybe 30 kilometers
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 30 ืง"ืž
06:16
outside of the black-hole sun.
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ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
06:19
And it would be self-illuminated,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื•,
06:21
because now the Sun's gone, we have no other source of light --
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื ืขืœืžื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืงื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ --
06:23
so let's make our little Earth self-illuminated.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื•.
06:26
And you would realize you could put the Earth in a happy orbit
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ื•ืื– ื ื’ืœื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ
06:28
even 30 km
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ืฉืœ ืืคื™ืœื• 30 ืง"ืž
06:30
outside of this crushed black hole.
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ.
06:33
This crushed black hole
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ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ื–ื”
06:35
actually would fit inside Manhattan, more or less.
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ื™ื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ, ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:37
It might spill off into the Hudson a little bit
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืคืš ืงืฆืช ืœืชื•ืš ืžืคืจืฅ ื”ื“ืกืŸ
06:39
before it destroyed the Earth.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
06:41
But basically that's what we're talking about.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื•.
06:43
We're talking about an object that you could crush down
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ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื•ื•ืฆื•
06:45
to half the square area of Manhattan.
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ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืฉื˜ื— ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ.
06:47
So we move this Earth very close --
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ืื– ืื ื• ืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ --
06:49
30 kilometers outside --
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 30 ืง"ืž --
06:51
and we notice it's perfectly fine orbiting around the black hole.
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ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื’ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
06:54
There's a sort of myth
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืŸ ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื
06:56
that black holes devour everything in the universe,
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ื‘ื•ืœืขื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
06:58
but you actually have to get very close to fall in.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืคื ื™ืžื”.
07:01
But what's very impressive is that, from our vantage point,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืžืจืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
07:04
we can always see the Earth.
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ืื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
07:06
It cannot hide behind the black hole.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
07:08
The light from the Earth, some of it falls in,
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ื”ืื•ืจ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ, ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื ื•ืคืœ ืคื ื™ืžื”,
07:10
but some of it gets lensed around and brought back to us.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช-ืขื“ืฉื” ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืืœื™ื ื•.
07:13
So you can't hide anything behind a black hole.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
07:15
If this were Battlestar Galactica
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ืื ื–ื• ืžืœื—ืžืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ืช
07:17
and you're fighting the Cylons,
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ื•ืืชื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื,
07:19
don't hide behind the black hole.
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ืืœ ืชืชื—ื‘ืื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
07:21
They can see you.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืชื›ื.
07:24
Now, our Sun will not collapse to a black hole --
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืชืงืจื•ืก ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ;
07:26
it's not massive enough --
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ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช,
07:28
but there are tens of thousands of black holes in our galaxy.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
07:32
And if one were to eclipse the Milky Way,
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ื•ืื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
07:35
this is what it would look like.
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ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื”.
07:37
We would see a shadow of that black hole
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฆืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ
07:40
against the hundred billion stars
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ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
07:42
in the Milky Way Galaxy and its luminous dust lanes.
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ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžืฉืขื•ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ืง ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”.
07:45
And if we were to fall towards this black hole,
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื–ื”,
07:48
we would see all of that light lensed around it,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช-ืขื“ืฉื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•,
07:51
and we could even start to cross into that shadow
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆืœืœื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ื
07:54
and really not notice that anything dramatic had happened.
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืงื•ืจื”.
07:57
It would be bad if we tried to fire our rockets and get out of there
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ืืžื ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืฉื
08:00
because we couldn't,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื ื• ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื—,
08:02
anymore than light can escape.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื‘ืจื•ื—.
08:04
But even though the black hole is dark from the outside,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืื ื”ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืืคืœ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
08:07
it's not dark on the inside,
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื›ื–ื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื,
08:09
because all of the light from the galaxy can fall in behind us.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืžื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคื ื™ืžื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•.
08:12
And even though, due to a relativistic effect known as time dilation,
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ื•ื’ื ืื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
08:16
our clocks would seem to slow down
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ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื ื• ื™ื™ืจืื• ืœื ื• ื›ืžืื™ื˜ื™ื
08:19
relative to galactic time,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœืงื˜ื™,
08:22
it would look as though the evolution of the galaxy
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ื–ื” ื™ื™ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”
08:25
had been sped up and shot at us,
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ืžื•ืืฆืช ื•ืžืฉื•ื’ืจืช ืืœื™ื ื•,
08:27
right before we were crushed to death by the black hole.
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ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ืžื—ืฅ ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
08:30
It would be like a near-death experience
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ืœืžื•ื•ืช
08:32
where you see the light at the end of the tunnel,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืจ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื ื”ืจื”,
08:34
but it's a total death experience.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืžื•ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
08:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:38
And there's no way of telling anybody
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœืกืคืจ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื•
08:40
about the light at the end of the tunnel.
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ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื ื”ืจื”.
08:42
Now we've never seen a shadow like this of a black hole,
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ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืฆืœืœื™ืช ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
08:45
but black holes can be heard,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื,
08:47
even if they're not seen.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื.
08:49
Imagine now taking an astrophysically realistic situation --
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืช --
08:53
imagine two black holes that have lived a long life together.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
08:56
Maybe they started as stars
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
08:58
and collapsed to two black holes --
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ื•ืงืจืกื• ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื --
09:00
each one 10 times the mass of the Sun.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืคื™-10 ืžื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
09:03
So now we're going to crush them down to 60 kilometers across.
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ื›ืขืช ื ื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืื•ืชื ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ 60 ืง"ืž ืžืงืฆื” ืœืงืฆื”.
09:06
They can be spinning
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ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื—ืจืจ
09:08
hundreds of times a second.
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ืžืื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื”.
09:10
At the end of their lives,
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ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืคื,
09:12
they're going around each other very near the speed of light.
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ื”ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื–ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
09:15
So they're crossing thousands of kilometers
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœืคื™ ืง"ืž
09:17
in a fraction of a second,
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืฉื ื™ื”.
09:19
and as they do so, they not only curve space,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช, ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื ืžืขืงืžื™ื ื—ืœืœ,
09:21
but they leave behind in their wake
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ื
09:23
a ringing of space,
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ื”ื™ื“ื”ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ,
09:25
an actual wave on space-time.
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ืžืžืฉ ื’ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ-ื—ืœืœ.
09:27
Space squeezes and stretches
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ื”ื—ืœืœ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื•ืžืชืคืฉื˜
09:29
as it emanates out from these black holes
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืœ ื ืคืœื˜ ืžื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
09:31
banging on the universe.
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ื”ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
09:33
And they travel out into the cosmos
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ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
09:35
at the speed of light.
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
09:37
This computer simulation
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ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื–ื•
09:39
is due to a relativity group at NASA Goddard.
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ื‘ืื” ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืืจื“, ื ืืกื.
09:42
It took almost 30 years for anyone in the world to crack this problem.
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ื–ื” ืœืงื— ื›ืžืขื˜ 30 ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืคื™ืฆื— ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื”.
09:45
This was one of the groups.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.
09:47
It shows two black holes in orbit around each other,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืจืื” ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™,
09:49
again, with these helpfully painted curves.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
09:51
And if you can see -- it's kind of faint --
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ืื ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืจืื•ืช -- ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ --
09:54
but if you can see the red waves emanating out,
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ื’ืœื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
09:57
those are the gravitational waves.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื’ืœื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
09:59
They're literally the sounds of space ringing,
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื• ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ ื”ืžื”ื“ื”ื“,
10:02
and they will travel out from these black holes at the speed of light
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืขื• ืžื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืจ
10:04
as they ring down and coalesce
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืชืžื–ื’ื™ื
10:07
to one spinning, quiet black hole
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ืœื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืžื ื•ืžืกืชื—ืจืจ
10:09
at the end of the day.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
10:11
If you were standing near enough,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืงืจื•ื‘,
10:13
your ear would resonate
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ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ื•ืช
10:15
with the squeezing and stretching of space.
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ืขื ื”ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ.
10:17
You would literally hear the sound.
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ืžืžืฉ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ.
10:19
Now of course, your head would be squeezed and stretched unhelpfully,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื•ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืžืขืฆืžื•,
10:23
so you might have trouble understanding what's going on.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
10:26
But I'd like to play for you
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ื’ืŸ ืœื›ื
10:28
the sound that we predict.
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ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžื ื‘ืื™ื.
10:30
This is from my group --
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ื–ื” ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื™ --
10:32
a slightly less glamorous computer modeling.
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ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื”.
10:35
Imagine a lighter black hole
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ
10:37
falling into a very heavy black hole.
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ื”ื ื•ืคืœ ืืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื‘ื“.
10:39
The sound you're hearing
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ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื
10:41
is the light black hole banging on space
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื—ืœืœ
10:44
each time it gets close.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืจื‘.
10:46
If it gets far away, it's a little too quiet.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื—ืง, ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืฉืงื˜ ืžื“ื™.
10:49
But it comes in like a mallet,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื›ืžื• ืคื˜ื™ืฉ,
10:51
and it literally cracks space,
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ืžืžืฉ ืžื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ,
10:53
wobbling it like a drum.
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ื•ืžืจืขื™ื“ื• ื›ืžื• ืชื•ืฃ.
10:55
And we can predict what the sound will be.
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืขืจ ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืฉืžืข ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ.
10:58
We know that, as it falls in,
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืคืœ ืคื ื™ืžื”,
11:00
it gets faster and it gets louder.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืื™ืฅ ื•ืžืจืขื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:02
And eventually,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
11:04
we're going to hear the little guy just fall into the bigger guy.
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ืื ื• ื ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื ืฉ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืคืœ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืจื ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
11:07
(Thumping)
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(ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืช)
11:24
Then it's gone.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ืขืœื.
11:26
Now I've never heard it that loud -- it's actually more dramatic.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื–ืืช ื›ื” ื—ื–ืง -- ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™.
11:28
At home it sounds kind of anticlimactic.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืจืฉื™ื.
11:30
It's sort of like ding, ding, ding.
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ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’, ื“ื™ื ื’, ื“ื™ื ื’.
11:32
This is another sound from my group.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ืœ ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื™.
11:36
No, I'm not showing you any images,
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ืœื, ืื™ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช,
11:38
because black holes don't leave behind
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ื
11:40
helpful trails of ink,
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ืฉื•ื‘ืœื™ ื“ื™ื• ื”ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืืชืจื,
11:42
and space is not painted,
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ืฆื‘ืข
11:44
showing you the curves.
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ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืขืงืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
11:46
But if you were to float by in space on a space holiday
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืจื—ืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื—ืœืœ
11:48
and you heard this,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
11:50
you want to get moving.
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ื”ื™ื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชืชืจื—ืงื•.
11:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:54
Want to get away from the sound.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ืงื•ืœ.
11:56
Both black holes are moving.
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื ืขื™ื.
11:58
Both black holes are getting closer together.
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.
12:01
In this case, they're both wobbling quite a lot.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืชื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื“ื™ ื—ื–ืง.
12:04
And then they're going to merge.
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ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื–ื’.
12:06
(Thumping)
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(ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืช)
12:14
Now it's gone.
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ื–ื” ื ื’ืžืจ.
12:16
Now that chirp is very characteristic of black holes merging --
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ื”ืฆื™ืคืฆื•ืฃ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื --
12:19
that it chirps up at the end.
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืฆืคืฆืฃ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
12:22
Now that's our prediction
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื—ื–ื™ืชื ื•
12:24
for what we'll see.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื”.
12:26
Luckily we're at this safe distance in Long Beach, California.
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ืฅ', ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
12:28
And surely, somewhere in the universe
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ื•ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
12:30
two black holes have merged.
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ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื• ื›ืจื’ืข.
12:32
And surely, the space around us
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ื•ืœื‘ื˜ื—, ื”ื—ืœืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
12:34
is ringing
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ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ ืžื”ื’ืœื™ื
12:36
after traveling maybe a million light years, or a million years,
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ืฉืขืฉื• ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช-ืื•ืจ, ืื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื,
12:39
at the speed of light to get to us.
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœื™ื ื•.
12:42
But the sound is too quiet for any of us to ever hear.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœ ื—ืœืฉ ืžื“ื™ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ืฉืžืข ืื•ืชื•.
12:45
There are very industrious experiments being built on Earth --
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ื™ืฉ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืงื“ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ --
12:48
one called LIGO --
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื ืงืจื LIGO --
12:50
which will detect deviations
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ืืฉืจ ื™ืืชืจ ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช
12:52
in the squeezing and stretching of space
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ื‘ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ
12:55
at less than the fraction of a nucleus of an atom
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ืœืื•ืจืš 4 ืง"ืž,
12:58
over four kilometers.
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ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ื.
13:00
It's a remarkably ambitious experiment,
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ื–ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืชื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
13:02
and it's going to be at advanced sensitivity
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ื‘ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“
13:04
within the next few years -- to pick this up.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช -- ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื–ื”.
13:07
There's also a mission proposed for space,
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ืœื—ืœืœ,
13:09
which hopefully will launch in the next ten years,
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ืืฉืจ ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืชืฆื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš 10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
13:11
called LISA.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” LISA.
13:13
And LISA will be able to see super-massive black holes --
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LISA ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืกื•ืคืจ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื --
13:16
black holes millions or billions of times
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ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“
13:19
the mass of the Sun.
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ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ.
13:21
In this Hubble image, we see two galaxies.
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืžื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ืื‘ืœ, ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืชื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
13:24
They look like they're frozen in some embrace.
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ื”ืŸ ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ืงืคืื• ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง.
13:27
And each one probably harbors
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื›ื ืจืื”
13:29
a super-massive black hole at its core.
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ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืกื•ืคืจ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื”.
13:32
But they're not frozen;
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืœื ืงืคื•ืื•ืช,
13:34
they're actually merging.
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ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช.
13:36
These two black holes are colliding,
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื,
13:38
and they will merge over a billion-year time scale.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืชืžื–ื’ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”.
13:41
It's beyond our human perception
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ื–ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
13:43
to pick up a song of that duration.
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ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื–ืžืจ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื›ื–ื”.
13:46
But LISA could see the final stages
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ืื‘ืœ LISA ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
13:48
of two super-massive black holes
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ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืกื•ืคืจ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
13:50
earlier in the universe's history,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
13:52
the last 15 minutes before they fall together.
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ืืช 15 ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•.
13:55
And it's not just black holes,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื,
13:57
but it's also any big disturbance in the universe --
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ืืœื ื–ื” ื’ื ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ื --
14:00
and the biggest of them all is the Big Bang.
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ื•ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ ื”ื™ื "ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ".
14:02
When that expression was coined, it was derisive --
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืœืขื’ --
14:05
like, "Oh, who would believe in a Big Bang?"
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"ืื”, ืžื™ ื™ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ?"
14:07
But now it actually might be more technically accurate
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืขืช ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช,
14:09
because it might bang.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื“ื”ื“;
14:11
It might make a sound.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆืœื™ืœ.
14:13
This animation from my friends at Proton Studios
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ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืŸ
14:16
shows looking at the Big Bang from the outside.
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ืžืชืืจืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
14:18
We don't ever want to do that actually. We want to be inside the universe
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื; ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
14:21
because there's no such thing as standing outside the universe.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืงื•ื.
14:24
So imagine you're inside the Big Bang.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
14:26
It's everywhere, it's all around you,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื,
14:28
and the space is wobbling chaotically.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืœ ืจื•ื˜ื˜ ืœืœื ืกื“ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
14:30
Fourteen billion years pass
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช 14 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”
14:32
and this song is still ringing all around us.
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ื•ื”ื–ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
14:35
Galaxies form,
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ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช,
14:37
and generations of stars form in those galaxies,
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ื•ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
14:39
and around one star,
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ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืื—ื“,
14:41
at least one star,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืื—ื“,
14:43
is a habitable planet.
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ื ืžืฆื ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื—ื™ื”.
14:45
And here we are frantically building these experiments,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ,
14:48
doing these calculations, writing these computer codes.
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘.
14:50
Imagine a billion years ago,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”,
14:53
two black holes collided.
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ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•.
14:55
That song has been ringing through space
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ื”ื–ื™ืžืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ืช ืžืื– ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
14:57
for all that time.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
14:59
We weren't even here.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
15:01
It gets closer and closer --
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ื–ื” ืžืชืงืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ --
15:03
40,000 years ago, we're still doing cave paintings.
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ืœืคื ื™ 40,000 ืฉื ื”, ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช.
15:05
It's like hurry, build your instruments.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžื”ืจ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื.
15:07
It's getting closer and closer, and in 20 ...
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ื–ื” ืžืชืงืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘-20....
15:10
whatever year it will be
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ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื ื” ืฉื–ื• ืœื ืชื”ื™ื”,
15:12
when our detectors are finally at advanced sensitivity --
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง --
15:14
we'll build them, we'll turn on the machines
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ื ื‘ื ื” ืื•ืชื, ื ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื
15:16
and, bang, we'll catch it -- the first song from space.
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ื•ื˜ืจืื—, ื ืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื–ื” -- ื”ื–ื™ืžืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื—ืœืœ.
15:19
If it was the Big Bang we were going to pick up,
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ืื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืขืžื“ื ื• ืœืงืœื•ื˜,
15:21
it would sound like this.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืš:
15:23
(Static) It's a terrible sound.
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(ืกื˜ื˜ื™) ื–ื”ื• ืงื•ืœ ื ื•ืจื.
15:26
It's literally the definition of noise.
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ื–ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจืขืฉ.
15:28
It's white noise; it's such a chaotic ringing.
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ื–ื”ื• ืจืขืฉ ืœื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื“ื”ื•ื“ ื›ื” ื›ืื•ื˜ื™.
15:30
But it's around us everywhere, presumably,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•, ื›ื ืจืื”,
15:33
if it hasn't been wiped out
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ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืžื—ื”
15:35
by some other process in the universe.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื—ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
15:37
And if we pick it up, it will be music to our ears
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ื•ืื ื ืงืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืื•ื–ื ื™ื ื•,
15:40
because it will be the quiet echo
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ื“ ื”ืฉืงื˜
15:42
of that moment of our creation,
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื”,
15:44
of our observable universe.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ.
15:46
So within the next few years,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
15:48
we'll be able to turn up the soundtrack a little bit,
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ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ืคืกืงื•ืœ --
15:51
render the universe in audio.
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืื•ื“ื™ื•.
15:54
But if we detect those earliest moments,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืืชืจ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
15:57
it'll bring us that much closer
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ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืงืจื•ื‘
15:59
to an understanding of the Big Bang,
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ืœื”ื‘ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
16:01
which brings us that much closer
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ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืงืจื•ื‘
16:04
to asking some of the hardest, most elusive, questions.
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ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื•ืช, ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืžืงืžืงื•ืช.
16:07
If we run the movie of our universe backwards,
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ืื ื ืจื™ืฅ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืกืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
16:10
we know that there was a Big Bang in our past,
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืคืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื ื•,
16:13
and we might even hear the cacophonous sound of it,
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ื•ืื ื• ืืฃ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื•,
16:17
but was our Big Bang the only Big Bang?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“?
16:19
I mean we have to ask, has it happened before?
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื’ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ื”?
16:22
Will it happen again?
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ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘?
16:24
I mean, in the spirit of rising to TED's challenge
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ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉ-TED ื”ืขืžื™ื“
16:27
to reignite wonder,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื”ื™ื™ื”,
16:29
we can ask questions, at least for this last minute,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืงื” ื–ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
16:32
that honestly might evade us forever.
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ืืฉืจ ืœืืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืขื•ืœืžื™ื.
16:34
But we have to ask:
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ:
16:36
Is it possible that our universe
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ื”ืื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื ื•
16:38
is just a plume off of some greater history?
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”?
16:41
Or, is it possible that we're just a branch off of a multiverse --
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ืื•, ื”ืื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืจืง ืขื ืฃ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ืช-ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื --
16:45
each branch with its own Big Bang in its past --
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ื›ืœ ืขื ืฃ ืขื ืžืคืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืœื• --
16:49
maybe some of them with black holes playing drums,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืœืงื ืขื ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืคืคื™ื,
16:51
maybe some without --
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ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ื --
16:53
maybe some with sentient life, and maybe some without --
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ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืœืงื ืขื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ืฉื”, ื•ื—ืœืงื ืœื --
16:56
not in our past, not in our future,
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ืœื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื ื•, ืœื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ื ื•,
16:58
but somehow fundamentally connected to us?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื?
17:01
So we have to wonder, if there is a multiverse,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืชื”ื•ืช, ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ืช-ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื,
17:03
in some other patch of that multiverse,
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืœืงื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช,
17:05
are there creatures?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื?
17:07
Here's my multiverse creatures.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืžืฉื.
17:09
Are there other creatures in the multiverse,
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉื ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ืช-ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื,
17:11
wondering about us
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ื”ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื ื•
17:13
and wondering about their own origins?
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ื•ื”ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืฆืื ืฉืœื”ื?
17:16
And if they are,
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืืœื”,
17:18
I can imagine them as we are,
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ืช ืื•ืชื ืฉื”ื ื›ืžื•ื ื•,
17:21
calculating, writing computer code,
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘,
17:23
building instruments,
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ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื,
17:25
trying to detect that faintest sound
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืงืœื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
17:28
of their origins
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ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื
17:30
and wondering who else is out there.
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ื•ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืžื™ ืขื•ื“ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื.
17:32
Thank you. Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื. ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
17:35
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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