The sound the universe makes | Janna Levin

196,962 views ・ 2011-03-15

TED


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譯者: Lauren Huang 審譯者: Diming Yu
00:15
I want to ask you all to consider for a second
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請各位思考一下
00:18
the very simple fact
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一個非常簡單的事實
00:20
that, by far,
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目前為止
00:22
most of what we know about the universe
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我們所知的宇宙
00:24
comes to us from light.
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都透過「光」而來
00:26
We can stand on the Earth and look up at the night sky
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站在地球上仰望夜空
00:29
and see stars with our bare eyes.
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我們憑肉眼就能看得見星星
00:32
The Sun burns our peripheral vision.
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太陽照亮我們的視野邊界
00:34
We see light reflected off the Moon.
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因為光的反射而看見月亮
00:37
And in the time since Galileo pointed that rudimentary telescope
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自從伽利略以最原始的望遠鏡
00:41
at the celestial bodies,
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舉目望天開始了觀測
00:44
the known universe has come to us through light,
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一向以來,已知宇宙都是透過光來向我們傳達訊息
00:47
across vast eras in cosmic history.
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即便穿越了宇宙浩瀚的歷史
00:50
And with all of our modern telescopes,
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以現代的望遠鏡
00:53
we've been able to collect
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我們能接收
00:55
this stunning silent movie of the universe --
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這齣令人驚異、讚歎的宇宙無聲電影
00:58
these series of snapshots
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用許多連續圖形
01:01
that go all the way back to the Big Bang.
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一路回溯至大霹靂時期
01:04
And yet, the universe is not a silent movie
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但是,宇宙上演的並不是一齣默劇
01:07
because the universe isn't silent.
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因為宇宙其實並非一片死寂
01:09
I'd like to convince you
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我想說服你們的就是這件事
01:11
that the universe has a soundtrack
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宇宙是個有聲電影
01:13
and that soundtrack is played on space itself,
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宇宙自己發出聲音成為它的聲部
01:17
because space can wobble like a drum.
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這是因為太空像鼓一樣會震動
01:20
It can ring out a kind of recording
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它像唱片一樣可以發出聲音
01:23
throughout the universe
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傳遍整個宇宙
01:25
of some of the most dramatic events as they unfold.
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尤其當某些極富戲劇效果的事件展開的時候
01:28
Now we'd like to be able to add
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現在我們想嘗試
01:31
to a kind of glorious visual composition
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在炫麗奪目的視覺效果以外
01:34
that we have of the universe --
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為我們的宇宙再加上
01:36
a sonic composition.
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它聲音的部份
01:38
And while we've never heard the sounds from space,
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雖然我們從沒聽過來自太空的聲音
01:42
we really should, in the next few years,
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幾年之內,我們應該可以開始
01:45
start to turn up the volume on what's going on out there.
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把外面世界發出的聲音音量再調更大
01:47
So in this ambition
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在這雄心壯志
01:49
to capture songs from the universe,
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企圖接收宇宙譜出的歌曲驅動下
01:52
we turn our focus
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帶領我們將目光轉向
01:54
to black holes and the promise they have,
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黑洞和它們的能量特性
01:56
because black holes can bang on space-time
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因為黑洞能在空-時中發出聲響
01:59
like mallets on a drum
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像一根鼓棒一樣
02:01
and have a very characteristic song,
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它的歌曲則極富特色
02:03
which I'd like to play for you -- some of our predictions
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在此根據我們的假設
02:06
for what that song will be like.
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將要播放一段黑洞可能會發出的聲音
02:08
Now black holes are dark against a dark sky.
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黑洞是襯在黑底之上
02:11
We can't see them directly.
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不可能直接看得見
02:13
They're not brought to us with light, at least not directly.
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它們不是直接以光的形式向我們呈現,至少沒有以直接的方式
02:16
We can see them indirectly,
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我們能以間接的方式看見它們
02:18
because black holes wreak havoc on their environment.
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也就是黑洞對它週遭環境施加的破壞
02:21
They destroy stars around them.
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諸如毀滅周圍恆星
02:23
They churn up debris in their surroundings.
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將方圓以內碎片劇烈攪拌...等
02:26
But they won't come to us directly through light.
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總之它們不會以可見光讓我們看見
02:28
We might one day see a shadow
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有一天我們或許看得見它的影子
02:30
a black hole can cast on a very bright background,
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當黑洞遇上一個非常明亮的背景時這就有可能
02:33
but we haven't yet.
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但現在還在努力中
02:35
And yet black holes may be heard
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但黑洞是可以聽得見的
02:37
even if they're not seen,
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就算它們真的是我們所不能看見的
02:39
and that's because they bang on space-time like a drum.
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能聽見黑洞是因它像鼓一樣,敲槌著空時
02:43
Now we owe the idea that space can ring like a drum
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我們會有這麼一個太空中響著鼓聲的念頭
02:46
to Albert Einstein -- to whom we owe so much.
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最該感謝的人是愛因斯坦,非常感謝
02:49
Einstein realized that if space were empty,
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愛因斯坦明瞭如果太空是空的
02:51
if the universe were empty,
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宇宙是空的
02:53
it would be like this picture,
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就像這張照片
02:56
except for maybe without the helpful grid drawn on it.
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或者說實際上應沒有這些輔助線會像得更徹底些
02:59
But if we were freely falling through the space,
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不過如果我們自由的墜入太空中
03:02
even without this helpful grid,
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就算沒有這些輔助線
03:04
we might be able to paint it ourselves,
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我們自己也能畫的出這幅圖
03:06
because we would notice that we traveled along straight lines,
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因為我們會注意到自己是以直線運動前進
03:09
undeflected straight paths
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以直線不偏轉的路徑
03:11
through the universe.
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通過宇宙
03:13
Einstein also realized --
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愛因斯坦還想到另一件事
03:15
and this is the real meat of the matter --
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而那個部份才是更加精采
03:17
that if you put energy or mass in the universe,
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也就是,若將能量或質量放在宇宙中
03:20
it would curve space,
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它會彎曲空間
03:22
and a freely falling object
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而自由落下的物體
03:24
would pass by, let's say, the Sun
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有可能會經過,譬如說,太陽
03:26
and it would be deflected
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於是它的路徑會受偏轉
03:28
along the natural curves in the space.
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沿著空間自然曲線偏轉
03:30
It was Einstein's great general theory of relativity.
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這是愛因斯坦的普通相對論
03:34
Now even light will be bent by those paths.
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因為連光都會受這些路徑影響而彎曲
03:37
And you can be bent so much
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彎曲到一個程度
03:39
that you're caught in orbit around the Sun,
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你會被太陽抓住而繞著它依軌道運轉
03:41
as the Earth is, or the Moon around the Earth.
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就像地球繞太陽轉,月亮繞地球轉
03:43
These are the natural curves in space.
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這就是空間的自然曲線
03:46
What Einstein did not realize
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愛因斯坦沒想通的事情是
03:48
was that, if you took our Sun
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如果你拿著太陽
03:50
and you crushed it down to six kilometers --
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把它擠壓直到只剩6公里直徑大小
03:53
so you took a million times the mass of the Earth
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這是一團質量是地球100萬倍的東西
03:56
and you crushed it to six kilometers across,
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然後把它的體積壓縮到6公里寬
03:59
you would make a black hole,
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這樣就是個黑洞
04:01
an object so dense
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一個非常嚴密的物質
04:03
that if light veered too close, it would never escape --
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如果靠得太近,連光不可能逃走
04:06
a dark shadow against the universe.
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成為一個相對於宇宙的黑色陰影
04:09
It wasn't Einstein who realized this,
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愛因斯坦沒領悟到這件事情
04:11
it was Karl Schwarzschild
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這是卡爾史瓦西解出來的
04:13
who was a German Jew in World War I --
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他是德國猶太人,在第一次世界大戰時
04:15
joined the German army already an accomplished scientist,
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在入伍時已是一位傑出科學家
04:18
working on the Russian front.
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在德俄邊境前線工作
04:21
I like to imagine Schwarzschild in the war in the trenches
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我總愛想像史瓦西是躲在戰爭時期的壕溝裡頭
04:24
calculating ballistic trajectories for cannon fire,
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邊計算高射炮的發射彈道
04:28
and then, in between,
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邊偶爾計算一下
04:30
calculating Einstein's equations --
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愛因斯坦的公式
04:32
as you do in the trenches.
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壕溝裡能做的事情不多
04:34
And he was reading Einstein's recently published
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他正拜讀愛因斯坦最新的
04:36
general theory of relativity,
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普通相對論
04:38
and he was thrilled by this theory.
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令他大感驚訝的理論
04:40
And he quickly surmised
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他很快推算出
04:42
an exact mathematical solution
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一道精確的數學解答
04:44
that described something very extraordinary:
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極不尋常的描述了一個現象
04:46
curves so strong
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一道強大的曲線
04:48
that space would rain down into them,
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空間會順勢下流
04:51
space itself would curve like a waterfall
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空間本身會像瀑布一般的彎曲
04:53
flowing down the throat of a hole.
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向下流入一個喉嚨敞開的洞
04:55
And even light could not escape this current.
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即便是光也無法逃離這股流勢
04:58
Light would be dragged down the hole
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光會被拉入這個洞中
05:00
as everything else would be,
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和其他任何東西一樣
05:02
and all that would be left would be a shadow.
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所有東西最後都會只剩下一個影子
05:04
Now he wrote to Einstein,
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史瓦西寫信告訴愛因斯坦
05:06
and he said, "As you will see,
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他說,「且看,
05:08
the war has been kind to me enough.
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戰爭對我是多麼慷慨有餘啊,
05:11
Despite the heavy gunfire,
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即便在戰火交織下
05:14
I've been able to get away from it all
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我也能有遠離這一切的一個某處可去
05:16
and walk through the land of your ideas."
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一步步前進在由你的理論所佔領的土地上。」
05:19
And Einstein was very impressed with his exact solution,
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愛因斯坦對史瓦西精確的解答實在印象深刻
05:22
and I should hope also the dedication of the scientist.
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我應該期望自己有科學家這樣全心全力
05:25
This is the hardworking scientist under harsh conditions.
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在這樣艱困的處境下仍辛勤工作
05:28
And he took Schwarzschild's idea
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帶著著史瓦西的理論想法
05:30
to the Prussian Academy of Sciences the next week.
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一週後,愛因斯坦前往波斯科學院
05:33
But Einstein always thought black holes were a mathematical oddity.
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愛因斯坦一向以為黑洞只不過是個純數學的怪物
05:36
He did not believe they existed in nature.
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他並不相信自然界真有這個東西存在
05:39
He thought nature would protect us from their formation.
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他認為自然界應該會在創生的過程中保護我們
05:42
It was decades
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幾十年過去
05:44
before the term "black hole" was coined
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黑洞一詞被憑空創造問世
05:46
and people realized
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人們理解到
05:48
that black holes are real astrophysical objects --
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黑洞是天文物理中真實的天體
05:50
in fact they're the death state
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事實上它們是一種最終的境界
05:52
of very massive stars
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大質量恆星們的最終結局
05:54
that collapse catastrophically
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災難性的崩塌瓦解
05:56
at the end of their lifetime.
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當它的生命走到盡頭時
05:58
Now our Sun will not collapse to a black hole.
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我們的太陽不會塌縮成黑洞
06:00
It's actually not massive enough.
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事實上它的質量還不夠形成為黑洞
06:02
But if we did a little thought experiment --
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但如果我們運用思考來做個實驗
06:04
as Einstein was very fond of doing --
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就像愛因斯坦很喜歡做的事情一樣
06:06
we could imagine
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我們不妨想像
06:08
putting the Sun crushed down to six kilometers,
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把太陽壓縮成6公里大小
06:11
and putting a tiny little Earth around it in orbit,
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把一個超微小地球放在它旁邊依軌道運行
06:14
maybe 30 kilometers
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距離約30公里
06:16
outside of the black-hole sun.
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在這顆太陽黑洞外面30公里處
06:19
And it would be self-illuminated,
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然後地球自己會發光
06:21
because now the Sun's gone, we have no other source of light --
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因為沒有太陽了,我們也將失去光源--
06:23
so let's make our little Earth self-illuminated.
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只好先假設地球變成是發光體的情形
06:26
And you would realize you could put the Earth in a happy orbit
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你會發現這個距離之下地球軌道
06:28
even 30 km
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在距離黑洞
06:30
outside of this crushed black hole.
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30公里以外
06:33
This crushed black hole
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一個被壓縮的黑洞
06:35
actually would fit inside Manhattan, more or less.
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事實上就和紐約市中心的曼哈頓區差不多大而已
06:37
It might spill off into the Hudson a little bit
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有時它或許會碰到一點哈得遜區
06:39
before it destroyed the Earth.
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在它快要吞滅地球之前
06:41
But basically that's what we're talking about.
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基本上我們說的就是體積這麼小的一個東西
06:43
We're talking about an object that you could crush down
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我們說的這個東西是你可以把它壓縮到
06:45
to half the square area of Manhattan.
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只有曼哈頓方圓一半大的區域
06:47
So we move this Earth very close --
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我們把這個地球移動到非常靠近 --
06:49
30 kilometers outside --
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30公里外的這個距離
06:51
and we notice it's perfectly fine orbiting around the black hole.
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這是繞行這顆黑洞完美的軌道
06:54
There's a sort of myth
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這有點神秘
06:56
that black holes devour everything in the universe,
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黑洞無一例外的吞滅宇宙裡的一切物體
06:58
but you actually have to get very close to fall in.
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但事實上你必須非常靠近它才能掉的下去
07:01
But what's very impressive is that, from our vantage point,
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但令人驚訝的是,從我們的觀望點
07:04
we can always see the Earth.
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我們總是看得到地球
07:06
It cannot hide behind the black hole.
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它沒辦法躲藏在黑洞的後方
07:08
The light from the Earth, some of it falls in,
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這時有些從地球發出的光會掉入黑洞中
07:10
but some of it gets lensed around and brought back to us.
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有些會因受到透鏡得作用,傳回來讓我們看見
07:13
So you can't hide anything behind a black hole.
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你沒辦法把一樣東西藏在黑洞後面
07:15
If this were Battlestar Galactica
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如果是在科幻影集「太空堡壘」中
07:17
and you're fighting the Cylons,
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你和塞隆人正在作戰
07:19
don't hide behind the black hole.
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千萬別選在一個黑洞的後面跟他玩躲迷藏
07:21
They can see you.
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敵人一定會看見你
07:24
Now, our Sun will not collapse to a black hole --
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太陽不會塌縮成黑洞
07:26
it's not massive enough --
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它質量不夠
07:28
but there are tens of thousands of black holes in our galaxy.
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我們的銀河系裡有上萬顆黑洞
07:32
And if one were to eclipse the Milky Way,
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如果銀河系裡發生了「食」的現象
07:35
this is what it would look like.
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看起來會像這樣
07:37
We would see a shadow of that black hole
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我們會看到一個黑洞的影子
07:40
against the hundred billion stars
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在數千億顆明亮恆星的映襯之下
07:42
in the Milky Way Galaxy and its luminous dust lanes.
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在銀河系還有許多明亮的塵埃帶中
07:45
And if we were to fall towards this black hole,
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若我們朝黑洞裡頭掉進去
07:48
we would see all of that light lensed around it,
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我們會看見受到透鏡作用的光環繞在外層
07:51
and we could even start to cross into that shadow
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我們甚至開始穿透那個陰影
07:54
and really not notice that anything dramatic had happened.
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卻並不會真的發現什麼太有戲劇效果的事情
07:57
It would be bad if we tried to fire our rockets and get out of there
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試圖從黑洞裡發射一顆火箭逃出來並不是個太好的主意
08:00
because we couldn't,
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因為根本不可行
08:02
anymore than light can escape.
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連光都逃不掉
08:04
But even though the black hole is dark from the outside,
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不過雖然黑洞從外面看是漆黑一片
08:07
it's not dark on the inside,
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內層卻不是黑的
08:09
because all of the light from the galaxy can fall in behind us.
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因為所有銀河系而來的光都在我們身後掉進來
08:12
And even though, due to a relativistic effect known as time dilation,
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儘管如此,由於時間膨脹的相對關係
08:16
our clocks would seem to slow down
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我們的時鐘會慢下來
08:19
relative to galactic time,
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相對於星系時間
08:22
it would look as though the evolution of the galaxy
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看起來會好像是銀河系的演化
08:25
had been sped up and shot at us,
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加速度進行並且正對著我們而來
08:27
right before we were crushed to death by the black hole.
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然後我們將被黑洞壓碎而死掉
08:30
It would be like a near-death experience
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很像是個瀕死經驗
08:32
where you see the light at the end of the tunnel,
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看得見光在隧道末端...
08:34
but it's a total death experience.
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但這經驗其實會讓你非死不可
08:36
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
08:38
And there's no way of telling anybody
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你也沒辦法跟任何人說這個經歷
08:40
about the light at the end of the tunnel.
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說你看得見光在隧道末端...
08:42
Now we've never seen a shadow like this of a black hole,
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我們從來沒看見過像這樣的一個黑洞的影子
08:45
but black holes can be heard,
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但是我們聽得見黑洞
08:47
even if they're not seen.
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雖然就算看不到
08:49
Imagine now taking an astrophysically realistic situation --
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想像現在天文物理中有這樣一個現實情境
08:53
imagine two black holes that have lived a long life together.
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有兩個黑洞在一起,已經過了很久的時間
08:56
Maybe they started as stars
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也許從它們是恆星的身分開始
08:58
and collapsed to two black holes --
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然後崩塌為兩個黑洞
09:00
each one 10 times the mass of the Sun.
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每一個都有太陽質量的十倍大
09:03
So now we're going to crush them down to 60 kilometers across.
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所以現在我們把它們壓縮為60公里大小
09:06
They can be spinning
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它們可能在自轉
09:08
hundreds of times a second.
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以每秒數百次的速度自轉
09:10
At the end of their lives,
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當它們的恆星生命走到盡頭時
09:12
they're going around each other very near the speed of light.
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它們以幾乎是光速互繞對方轉
09:15
So they're crossing thousands of kilometers
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以每秒數千里的速度
09:17
in a fraction of a second,
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快速移動
09:19
and as they do so, they not only curve space,
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如此,不只扭曲了空間
09:21
but they leave behind in their wake
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它們也在所經之處的後方
09:23
a ringing of space,
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留下一個發出響聲的空間
09:25
an actual wave on space-time.
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在空時中有一道實際的波
09:27
Space squeezes and stretches
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太空壓縮也延伸
09:29
as it emanates out from these black holes
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這些自黑洞中發出來的波
09:31
banging on the universe.
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敲擊著宇宙
09:33
And they travel out into the cosmos
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它們朝向宇宙
09:35
at the speed of light.
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以光速奔去
09:37
This computer simulation
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這個電腦模擬結果
09:39
is due to a relativity group at NASA Goddard.
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是由美國航太總署戈達德太空中心的相對論組製作
09:42
It took almost 30 years for anyone in the world to crack this problem.
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地球上很多人近30年時間都用來解答出這一道題目
09:45
This was one of the groups.
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戈達德小組是其中之一
09:47
It shows two black holes in orbit around each other,
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它顯示的情況是兩個黑洞彼此互繞
09:49
again, with these helpfully painted curves.
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如前述,藉由自然界事先就畫好的曲線
09:51
And if you can see -- it's kind of faint --
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它們看起來有點暗淡
09:54
but if you can see the red waves emanating out,
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但你看得見紅色的波向外散射
09:57
those are the gravitational waves.
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這就是重力波
09:59
They're literally the sounds of space ringing,
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使太空發出聲響
10:02
and they will travel out from these black holes at the speed of light
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它們從黑洞裡以光速跑出來
10:04
as they ring down and coalesce
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震盪並聯合
10:07
to one spinning, quiet black hole
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合成為一個波,安靜的黑洞
10:09
at the end of the day.
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在喧囂後重歸寧靜
10:11
If you were standing near enough,
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倘若你站的距離夠近
10:13
your ear would resonate
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耳中會回響著
10:15
with the squeezing and stretching of space.
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空間擠壓和伸展的聲音
10:17
You would literally hear the sound.
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你會真的聽得見聲音
10:19
Now of course, your head would be squeezed and stretched unhelpfully,
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當然你的頭也會被壓縮拉長,這是無可避免的
10:23
so you might have trouble understanding what's going on.
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所以其實你也根本搞不清楚現在是什麼情況
10:26
But I'd like to play for you
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不過我想播一段這個給你聽
10:28
the sound that we predict.
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這是我們預測中的聲音
10:30
This is from my group --
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從我的團隊而來的數據
10:32
a slightly less glamorous computer modeling.
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我們的電腦計算模型看起來比較沒那麼炫
10:35
Imagine a lighter black hole
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想像一個質量較輕的小黑洞
10:37
falling into a very heavy black hole.
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掉進了質量很大的黑洞
10:39
The sound you're hearing
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你聽見的聲音
10:41
is the light black hole banging on space
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是小黑洞敲擊著太空
10:44
each time it gets close.
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每一次的聲音都代表更加靠近
10:46
If it gets far away, it's a little too quiet.
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越遠會越安靜
10:49
But it comes in like a mallet,
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但它像是個木槌
10:51
and it literally cracks space,
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而且實際上它真的是在敲打著空間
10:53
wobbling it like a drum.
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像鼓一樣的震動
10:55
And we can predict what the sound will be.
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我們可以預估這個聲音像是什麼
10:58
We know that, as it falls in,
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我們知道,因為它掉進來
11:00
it gets faster and it gets louder.
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它愈來愈快也愈來愈大聲
11:02
And eventually,
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最後
11:04
we're going to hear the little guy just fall into the bigger guy.
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我們聽見小黑洞掉進大黑洞裡
11:07
(Thumping)
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(砰砰重擊聲)
11:24
Then it's gone.
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然後它消失
11:26
Now I've never heard it that loud -- it's actually more dramatic.
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我從來沒聽過這麼大聲的版本 -- 這樣更富戲劇效果
11:28
At home it sounds kind of anticlimactic.
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在家裡頭聽它比較像是漸漸沒力
11:30
It's sort of like ding, ding, ding.
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聽起來只有叮,叮,叮而已
11:32
This is another sound from my group.
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這裡還有另一個我的團隊所模擬的聲音
11:36
No, I'm not showing you any images,
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我就不播放影像的部份了
11:38
because black holes don't leave behind
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因為黑洞並不留下
11:40
helpful trails of ink,
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有跡可循的脈絡
11:42
and space is not painted,
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太空中也沒有明顯的
11:44
showing you the curves.
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告訴你哪裡有一道曲線
11:46
But if you were to float by in space on a space holiday
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但如果有一天你得到太空之旅的門票,要在太空中漂浮
11:48
and you heard this,
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聽到這個聲音的時候
11:50
you want to get moving.
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你就知道該拔腿逃走了
11:52
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
11:54
Want to get away from the sound.
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快點遠離這種聲音
11:56
Both black holes are moving.
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因為兩個黑洞都在移動
11:58
Both black holes are getting closer together.
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兩個都在朝向對方靠近移動中
12:01
In this case, they're both wobbling quite a lot.
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這種情況下,它們兩個都震的很厲害
12:04
And then they're going to merge.
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然後他們將要合併
12:06
(Thumping)
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(砰砰重擊聲)
12:14
Now it's gone.
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它沒了
12:16
Now that chirp is very characteristic of black holes merging --
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最後那個「啾」的一聲是黑洞合併非常具代表性的特色
12:19
that it chirps up at the end.
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在最後面的那個「啾」聲
12:22
Now that's our prediction
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這是我們基於我們將會看見景象
12:24
for what we'll see.
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所做成的假設預估
12:26
Luckily we're at this safe distance in Long Beach, California.
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很幸運我們是在加州長島,很安全,距離黑洞夠遠
12:28
And surely, somewhere in the universe
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但我相信在宇宙中必然有某處
12:30
two black holes have merged.
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兩個黑洞是已經合併
12:32
And surely, the space around us
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因此,實實在在的講,週遭的太空
12:34
is ringing
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正在發出聲響
12:36
after traveling maybe a million light years, or a million years,
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在旅遊了一百萬光年或一百萬年以後
12:39
at the speed of light to get to us.
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正以光速朝向我們而來
12:42
But the sound is too quiet for any of us to ever hear.
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但它的聲音太安靜我們沒人聽得到
12:45
There are very industrious experiments being built on Earth --
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現在地球上有很多相關的實驗正在進行
12:48
one called LIGO --
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一個叫做LIGO --
12:50
which will detect deviations
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它可監測偏向
12:52
in the squeezing and stretching of space
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因空間壓縮和拉長引起的偏向
12:55
at less than the fraction of a nucleus of an atom
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在四公里範圍內還不到
12:58
over four kilometers.
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一顆核子或原子大小的偏向
13:00
It's a remarkably ambitious experiment,
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這是一個極具野心的實驗
13:02
and it's going to be at advanced sensitivity
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需要非常高的靈敏度
13:04
within the next few years -- to pick this up.
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在幾年內可以完成一些實驗結果
13:07
There's also a mission proposed for space,
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還有一個和空間相關的實驗
13:09
which hopefully will launch in the next ten years,
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可望在未來10年內啟動
13:11
called LISA.
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稱為LISA計畫
13:13
And LISA will be able to see super-massive black holes --
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LISA能看見超大質量黑洞
13:16
black holes millions or billions of times
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這種黑洞是太陽質量
13:19
the mass of the Sun.
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的百萬倍甚至數十億倍
13:21
In this Hubble image, we see two galaxies.
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在這張哈伯太空望遠鏡的圖像中,我們看見兩個星系
13:24
They look like they're frozen in some embrace.
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看起來好像凝結不動
13:27
And each one probably harbors
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兩個可能都各自擁有
13:29
a super-massive black hole at its core.
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一個超大質量黑洞在其核心
13:32
But they're not frozen;
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但其實它們並非凝結不動的
13:34
they're actually merging.
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它們正在合併中
13:36
These two black holes are colliding,
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兩個黑洞正在走向相撞的不歸路
13:38
and they will merge over a billion-year time scale.
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它們將在一段長達數十億年的時程當中完成合併
13:41
It's beyond our human perception
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這遠超乎人類所能想像
13:43
to pick up a song of that duration.
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誰能掌握住一個長度如此的歌曲呢
13:46
But LISA could see the final stages
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但是LISA可以看到最終章
13:48
of two super-massive black holes
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兩個超大量黑洞命運的最終章
13:50
earlier in the universe's history,
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從宇宙較早的歷史中去找資料
13:52
the last 15 minutes before they fall together.
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找到它們最後鄉重前的最後15分鐘
13:55
And it's not just black holes,
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不僅只是黑洞有聲音而已
13:57
but it's also any big disturbance in the universe --
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宇宙中任何大擾動也都會有聲音
14:00
and the biggest of them all is the Big Bang.
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其中最大的就是大霹靂
14:02
When that expression was coined, it was derisive --
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當這個形容詞首度公開時,引來一陣潮笑
14:05
like, "Oh, who would believe in a Big Bang?"
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人們說,「大霹靂,怎麼可能真有霹哩啪啦這種事?」
14:07
But now it actually might be more technically accurate
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不過現在看來「霹靂」一詞技術上還滿正確的
14:09
because it might bang.
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因為它真的會霹靂
14:11
It might make a sound.
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它可能真的有聲響
14:13
This animation from my friends at Proton Studios
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這個動畫是我在Proton Studios的友人所製作
14:16
shows looking at the Big Bang from the outside.
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顯示從大霹靂外面看大霹靂
14:18
We don't ever want to do that actually. We want to be inside the universe
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那並不是我們想做的部份;我們想在宇宙以內而非以外
14:21
because there's no such thing as standing outside the universe.
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因為根本沒有所謂的站在宇宙以外的這種事
14:24
So imagine you're inside the Big Bang.
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現在假設你身處在大霹靂裡面
14:26
It's everywhere, it's all around you,
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大霹靂四圍環繞你
14:28
and the space is wobbling chaotically.
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空間混亂的抖動
14:30
Fourteen billion years pass
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經過140億年
14:32
and this song is still ringing all around us.
347
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而這首歌仍在我們四圍餘音繞樑
14:35
Galaxies form,
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星系形成
14:37
and generations of stars form in those galaxies,
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恆星在星系中形成,並且世代交替
14:39
and around one star,
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而在一顆恆星旁
14:41
at least one star,
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至少有一顆這樣的恆星旁邊
14:43
is a habitable planet.
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有一顆可適合人類居住的行星
14:45
And here we are frantically building these experiments,
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所以我們在地球上進行這些瘋狂的實驗
14:48
doing these calculations, writing these computer codes.
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進行這些運算,編寫這些電腦程式
14:50
Imagine a billion years ago,
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想像10億年前的事
14:53
two black holes collided.
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想像兩顆黑洞相撞
14:55
That song has been ringing through space
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這首歌穿越時空而來
14:57
for all that time.
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長長的時空
14:59
We weren't even here.
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它來自我們不存在之處
15:01
It gets closer and closer --
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越靠越近
15:03
40,000 years ago, we're still doing cave paintings.
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4萬年前我們還在山洞裡畫壁畫
15:05
It's like hurry, build your instruments.
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某處傳來一種催促聲說,快點建造你的儀器!
15:07
It's getting closer and closer, and in 20 ...
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時空之歌愈來愈近,走進了21世紀
15:10
whatever year it will be
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無論是哪一年
15:12
when our detectors are finally at advanced sensitivity --
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當我們的探測器終於夠精確靈敏
15:14
we'll build them, we'll turn on the machines
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這些儀器會被建造起來,我們總會讓它開工運作
15:16
and, bang, we'll catch it -- the first song from space.
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然後,我們會收聽到這首來自太初的大霹靂之歌
15:19
If it was the Big Bang we were going to pick up,
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如果我們真要收聽大霹靂之歌
15:21
it would sound like this.
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這就會是它聽起來像什麼樣子
15:23
(Static) It's a terrible sound.
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(靜電聲) 這聲音挺恐怖
15:26
It's literally the definition of noise.
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這根本是噪音
15:28
It's white noise; it's such a chaotic ringing.
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這是白色噪音,聽起來失序混亂的聲音
15:30
But it's around us everywhere, presumably,
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但它就在我們四周,假設
15:33
if it hasn't been wiped out
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如果到目前為止它都還沒被消音
15:35
by some other process in the universe.
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假設宇宙未曾發生任何變化過程而使它消失
15:37
And if we pick it up, it will be music to our ears
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然後我們接收到這首歌,耳中聽起來像歌
15:40
because it will be the quiet echo
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因為它會像是安靜的迴音
15:42
of that moment of our creation,
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來自創世的那一分那一秒
15:44
of our observable universe.
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在我們能觀測的這個宇宙中
15:46
So within the next few years,
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接下來的幾年
15:48
we'll be able to turn up the soundtrack a little bit,
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可能的話,我們可把音量調大
15:51
render the universe in audio.
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把宇宙轉譯為聲音
15:54
But if we detect those earliest moments,
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但如果接受到起初的聲音
15:57
it'll bring us that much closer
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它將會帶我們
15:59
to an understanding of the Big Bang,
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更了解大霹靂
16:01
which brings us that much closer
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使我們更能
16:04
to asking some of the hardest, most elusive, questions.
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問一些「大哉問」:
16:07
If we run the movie of our universe backwards,
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如果宇宙電影可以倒著播
16:10
we know that there was a Big Bang in our past,
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我們知道過去曾有一個大霹靂
16:13
and we might even hear the cacophonous sound of it,
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我們甚至聽得見這個不和諧的聲音
16:17
but was our Big Bang the only Big Bang?
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究竟這個大霹靂是唯一的大霹靂嗎?
16:19
I mean we have to ask, has it happened before?
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我們必須要問,還是它以前也曾發生過?
16:22
Will it happen again?
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還會再發生嗎?
16:24
I mean, in the spirit of rising to TED's challenge
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依循TED的精神宗旨及挑戰
16:27
to reignite wonder,
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我們要將「好奇心重新點燃」
16:29
we can ask questions, at least for this last minute,
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所以要在最後不多的時間裡問
16:32
that honestly might evade us forever.
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我們永遠都在逃避
16:34
But we have to ask:
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但又不得不問的問題
16:36
Is it possible that our universe
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有無可能我們的宇宙,在時間上
16:38
is just a plume off of some greater history?
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只不過是一棵歷史大樹上小小的枝枒?
16:41
Or, is it possible that we're just a branch off of a multiverse --
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又或者,我們該不會是多元宇宙的一小部份而已 --
16:45
each branch with its own Big Bang in its past --
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而每個小部份都來自一個大霹靂的過去 --
16:49
maybe some of them with black holes playing drums,
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也許其中有些有黑洞在敲著鼓聲
16:51
maybe some without --
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有些沒有 --
16:53
maybe some with sentient life, and maybe some without --
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有些是具有敏銳感覺,有些沒有
16:56
not in our past, not in our future,
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不在過去,不在未來
16:58
but somehow fundamentally connected to us?
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但奇妙的卻和我們在基本上相扣相連?
17:01
So we have to wonder, if there is a multiverse,
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所以我們必須設想,如果有多元宇宙
17:03
in some other patch of that multiverse,
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在那個宇宙的某一方塊
17:05
are there creatures?
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會有生物嗎?
17:07
Here's my multiverse creatures.
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來自平行宇宙的生物就在這邊...
17:09
Are there other creatures in the multiverse,
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在多元宇宙裡會有其他生物
17:11
wondering about us
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也正在揣測關於我們的一切
17:13
and wondering about their own origins?
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或許也正在揣測他們自己的起源?
17:16
And if they are,
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若果真如此
17:18
I can imagine them as we are,
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想像它們是和我們一樣
17:21
calculating, writing computer code,
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也計算,也用電腦寫計算程式
17:23
building instruments,
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也在建造尖端儀器
17:25
trying to detect that faintest sound
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試圖偵測到微弱不明的聲音
17:28
of their origins
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來自不同起源的聲音
17:30
and wondering who else is out there.
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也在猜想著,那邊有人嗎
17:32
Thank you. Thank you.
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謝謝各位.謝謝.
17:35
(Applause)
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