Molly Crockett: Beware neuro-bunk

148,849 views ใƒป 2012-12-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
I'm a neuroscientist, and I study decision-making.
1
16093
3877
ืื ื™ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
00:19
I do experiments to test how different chemicals
2
19970
2307
ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
00:22
in the brain influence the choices we make.
3
22277
3600
ื‘ืžื•ื— ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
00:25
I'm here to tell you the secret to successful decision-making:
4
25877
6748
ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช:
00:32
a cheese sandwich.
5
32625
2238
ื›ืจื™ืš ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”.
00:34
That's right. According to scientists, a cheese sandwich
6
34863
3660
ืื›ืŸ ื›ืš. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ื›ืจื™ืš ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”
00:38
is the solution to all your tough decisions.
7
38523
3622
ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื.
00:42
How do I know? I'm the scientist who did the study.
8
42145
5057
ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช? ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื• ืื ื™.
00:47
A few years ago, my colleagues and I were interested
9
47202
2300
ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•
00:49
in how a brain chemical called serotonin
10
49502
2293
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœ ื‘ืžื•ื—, ืฉืฉืžื• ืกืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ,
00:51
would influence people's decisions in social situations.
11
51795
3270
ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื.
00:55
Specifically, we wanted to know how serotonin would affect
12
55065
3095
ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช, ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืกืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืคื™ืข
00:58
the way people react when they're treated unfairly.
13
58160
3815
ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื™ื—ืก ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ.
01:01
So we did an experiment.
14
61975
1538
ืœื›ืŸ ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
01:03
We manipulated people's serotonin levels by giving them
15
63513
3146
ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืกืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืชืŸ
01:06
this really disgusting-tasting artificial lemon-flavored drink
16
66659
4623
ืžืฉืงื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ืขื™ืœ, ื‘ื˜ืขื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ
01:11
that works by taking away the raw ingredient for serotonin
17
71282
3632
ื”ืกืจืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ืกืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ
01:14
in the brain.
18
74914
1178
ื‘ืžื•ื—.
01:16
This is the amino acid tryptophan.
19
76092
2977
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื”ืืžื™ื ื™ืช ื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืคืŸ.
01:19
So what we found was, when tryptophan was low,
20
79069
2361
ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืจืžืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”,
01:21
people were more likely to take revenge
21
81430
2452
ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื˜ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืงื•ื
01:23
when they're treated unfairly.
22
83882
3548
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื–ื›ื• ืœื™ื—ืก ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ.
01:27
That's the study we did, and here are some of the headlines
23
87430
3823
ื–ื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•, ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช
01:31
that came out afterwards.
24
91253
2729
ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš.
01:33
("A cheese sandwich is all you need for strong decision-making")
25
93982
2495
("ื›ืจื™ืš ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช")
01:36
("What a friend we have in cheeses")
26
96477
2095
("ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื“ื™ื“ ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช")
01:38
("Eating Cheese and Meat May Boost Self-Control") At this point, you might be wondering, did I miss something?
27
98572
3200
("ืื›ื™ืœืช ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ืฉืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช") ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืืชื ืชื•ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืžืคืกืคืก ืžืฉื”ื•?
01:41
("Official! Chocolate stops you being grumpy") Cheese? Chocolate? Where did that come from?
28
101772
5395
("ื–ื” ืจืฉืžื™! ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืžื•ื ืข ืžืžืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืจืžืจ") ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”? ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“? ืžืื™ืคื” ื–ื” ื‘ื?
01:47
And I thought the same thing myself when these came out,
29
107167
2133
ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืจืกื,
01:49
because our study had nothing to do with cheese or chocolate.
30
109300
4245
ื›ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ืื• ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“.
01:53
We gave people this horrible-tasting drink
31
113545
2329
ื ืชื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืงื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื ื•ืจื
01:55
that affected their tryptophan levels.
32
115874
3202
ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:59
But it turns out that tryptophan also happens to be found
33
119076
3681
ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืคืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงืจื”
02:02
in cheese and chocolate.
34
122757
2801
ื’ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“.
02:05
And of course when science says cheese and chocolate
35
125558
2310
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“
02:07
help you make better decisions, well, that's sure to grab people's attention.
36
127868
4081
ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื–ื” ื™ืชืคื•ืก ืืช
02:11
So there you have it:
37
131949
1967
ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:13
the evolution of a headline.
38
133916
3507
ืื– ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชืจืช.
02:17
When this happened, a part of me thought, well,
39
137423
2342
ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ, ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘,
02:19
what's the big deal?
40
139765
2004
ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืงืจื”?
02:21
So the media oversimplified a few things, but in the end,
41
141769
3879
ืื– ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœืงืชื” ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ืชืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
02:25
it's just a news story.
42
145648
2076
ื–ื”ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™.
02:27
And I think a lot of scientists have this attitude.
43
147724
3353
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืชื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื–ื” ื›ืš.
02:31
But the problem is that this kind of thing happens all the time,
44
151077
3897
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
02:34
and it affects not just the stories you read in the news
45
154974
3127
ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
02:38
but also the products you see on the shelves.
46
158101
2779
ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืคื™ื.
02:40
When the headlines rolled, what happened was,
47
160880
2667
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ, ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื•ื
02:43
the marketers came calling.
48
163547
2826
ืฉื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืชืงืฉืจื• ืืœื™ื™.
02:46
Would I be willing to provide a scientific endorsement
49
166373
3219
ื”ืื ืื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช
02:49
of a mood-boosting bottled water?
50
169592
3261
ืœื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคืจื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—?
02:52
Or would I go on television to demonstrate,
51
172853
2144
ืื• ื”ืื ืื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ
02:54
in front of a live audience,
52
174997
1025
ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ ื—ื™
02:56
that comfort foods really do make you feel better?
53
176022
3599
ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ?
02:59
I think these folks meant well, but had I taken them up on their offers,
54
179621
3961
ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ืขื ื™ืช ืœื”ืฆืขื•ืชื™ื”ื,
03:03
I would have been going beyond the science,
55
183582
2374
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืข,
03:05
and good scientists are careful not to do this.
56
185956
3257
ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื–ื”ืจื™ื ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
03:09
But nevertheless, neuroscience is turning up more and more in marketing.
57
189213
4368
ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™-ื›ืŸ, ืžื“ืข ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง.
03:13
Here's one example: Neuro drinks,
58
193581
2560
ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช: ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•,
03:16
a line of products, including Nuero Bliss here,
59
196141
3241
ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”"ืื•ืฉืจ-ื ื•ื™ืจื•" ื›ืืŸ,
03:19
which according to its label helps reduce stress,
60
199382
2901
ืฉืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ืžืชื—,
03:22
enhances mood, provides focused concentration,
61
202283
3426
ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—, ืžืืคืฉืจ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืžืžื•ืงื“,
03:25
and promotes a positive outlook.
62
205709
2688
ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
03:28
I have to say, this sounds awesome. (Laughter)
63
208397
4625
ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื“ื”ื™ื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:33
I could totally have used this 10 minutes ago.
64
213022
3876
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ 10 ื“ืงื•ืช.
03:36
So when this came up in my local shop, naturally I was
65
216898
3430
ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื™, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™
03:40
curious about some of the research backing these claims.
66
220328
3549
ืกืงืจื ื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืืœื•.
03:43
So I went to the company's website looking to find
67
223877
2926
ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ื’ืฉืชื™ ืœืืชืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื
03:46
some controlled trials of their products.
68
226803
3426
ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื”ื.
03:50
But I didn't find any.
69
230229
1677
ืืš ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ ื›ืืœื”.
03:51
Trial or no trial, these claims are front and center
70
231906
3738
ืขื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื• ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•, ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜
03:55
on their label right next to a picture of a brain.
71
235644
3962
ื‘ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื™ื“ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—.
03:59
And it turns out that pictures of brains have special properties.
72
239606
5703
ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื— ื™ืฉ ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช.
04:05
A couple of researchers asked a few hundred people
73
245309
2462
ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื
04:07
to read a scientific article.
74
247771
2691
ืœืงืจื•ื ืžืืžืจ ืžื“ืขื™.
04:10
For half the people, the article included a brain image,
75
250462
3327
ืืฆืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื”ืžืืžืจ ื›ืœืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—,
04:13
and for the other half, it was the same article
76
253789
1863
ืืฆืœ ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืืžืจ
04:15
but it didn't have a brain image.
77
255652
2704
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
04:18
At the end โ€” you see where this is going โ€”
78
258356
1632
ื‘ืกื•ืฃ โ€” ืืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืœืืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ โ€”
04:19
people were asked whether they agreed
79
259988
2110
ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืฉืืœื• ืื ื”ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื
04:22
with the conclusions of the article.
80
262098
3322
ืขื ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ืžืืžืจ.
04:25
So this is how much people agree with the conclusions
81
265420
2273
ื–ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื
04:27
with no image.
82
267693
1913
ืขื ื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
04:29
And this is how much they agree with the same article
83
269606
3647
ื•ื–ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ืื•ืชื• ืžืืžืจ
04:33
that did include a brain image.
84
273253
2767
ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
04:36
So the take-home message here is,
85
276020
1949
ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืกืจ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื
04:37
do you want to sell it? Put a brain on it.
86
277969
4907
ืฉืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•, ืชื“ื‘ื™ืงื• ืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ื—.
04:42
Now let me pause here and take a moment to say that
87
282876
2113
ื›ืขืช ืืขืฆื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืœืจื’ืข ื•ืื•ืžืจ
04:44
neuroscience has advanced a lot in the last few decades,
88
284989
3698
ืฉืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืชืงื“ืžื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
04:48
and we're constantly discovering amazing things
89
288687
2453
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื’ืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
04:51
about the brain.
90
291140
1273
ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
04:52
Like, just a couple of weeks ago, neuroscientists at MIT
91
292413
3144
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘-MIT
04:55
figured out how to break habits in rats
92
295557
2800
ืคื™ืฆื—ื• ืื™ืš ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช
04:58
just by controlling neural activity in a specific part of their brain.
93
298357
3993
ืจืง ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
05:02
Really cool stuff.
94
302350
1590
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื.
05:03
But the promise of neuroscience has led to some really
95
303940
3293
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื”,
05:07
high expectations and some overblown, unproven claims.
96
307233
5236
ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืžื” ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืžื ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื›ื—ื•ืช.
05:12
So what I'm going to do is show you how to spot
97
312469
3039
ืœื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
05:15
a couple of classic moves, dead giveaways, really,
98
315508
3546
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืงืœืกื™ื™ื, ืžื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
05:19
for what's variously been called neuro-bunk,
99
319054
2796
ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืืช-ื ื•ื™ืจื•,
05:21
neuro-bollocks, or, my personal favorite, neuro-flapdoodle.
100
321850
5692
ืื• ืฉื˜ื•ืช-ื ื•ื™ืจื•, ืื•, ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื‘ืœื™-ื ื•ื™ืจื•.
05:27
So the first unproven claim is that you can use brain scans
101
327542
4338
ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื›ื—ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
05:31
to read people's thoughts and emotions.
102
331880
3912
ื‘ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช ืžื•ื— ืœืงืจื™ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
05:35
Here's a study published by a team of researchers
103
335792
3047
ื”ื ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื
05:38
as an op-ed in The New York Times.
104
338839
2833
ื›ืžืืžืจ ืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก.
05:41
The headline? "You Love Your iPhone. Literally."
105
341672
4245
ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช? "ืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ. ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•."
05:45
It quickly became the most emailed article on the site.
106
345917
4450
ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœืžืืžืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืคืฅ ื‘ื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืืชืจ.
05:50
So how'd they figure this out?
107
350367
2169
ืื™ืš ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื–ื”?
05:52
They put 16 people inside a brain scanner
108
352536
3028
ื”ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• 16 ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืกื•ืจืง ืžื•ื—
05:55
and showed them videos of ringing iPhones.
109
355564
3282
ื•ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ืคื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆืœืฆืœื™ื.
05:58
The brain scans showed activation in a part of the brain
110
358846
3462
ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืจืื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—
06:02
called the insula, a region they say
111
362308
2652
ืฉื ืงืจื ื”-ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื”, ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื
06:04
is linked to feelings of love and compassion.
112
364960
3784
ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืœื” ื•ืื”ื‘ื”.
06:08
So they concluded that because they saw activation in the insula,
113
368744
3660
ื›ืš ื”ื ื”ืกื™ืงื• ืฉืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื”,
06:12
this meant the subjects loved their iPhones.
114
372404
4287
ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
06:16
Now there's just one problem with this line of reasoning,
115
376691
2144
ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื—ืช ืขื ืงื• ื–ื” ืฉืœ
06:18
and that's that the insula does a lot.
116
378835
3516
ื”ืกืงืช ืžืกืงื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
06:22
Sure, it is involved in positive emotions
117
382351
2305
ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื
06:24
like love and compassion,
118
384656
2342
ื›ืžื• ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื—ืžืœื”,
06:26
but it's also involved in tons of other processes,
119
386998
2673
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ
06:29
like memory, language, attention,
120
389671
3073
ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืฉืคื”, ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘,
06:32
even anger, disgust and pain.
121
392744
4036
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืขืก, ืฉืื˜-ื ืคืฉ ื•ื›ืื‘.
06:36
So based on the same logic, I could equally conclude
122
396780
4463
ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”
06:41
you hate your iPhone.
123
401243
2453
ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
06:43
The point here is, when you see activation in the insula,
124
403696
2844
ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื”,
06:46
you can't just pick and choose your favorite explanation
125
406540
3026
ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืกืชื ื›ื›ื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ
06:49
from off this list, and it's a really long list.
126
409566
4666
ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”, ื•ื–ื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืžืฉ ืืจื•ื›ื”.
06:54
My colleagues Tal Yarkoni and Russ Poldrack
127
414232
2334
ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™, ื˜ืœ ื™ืจืงื•ื ื™ ื•ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืœื“ืจืืง,
06:56
have shown that the insula pops up in almost a third
128
416566
3122
ื”ืจืื• ืฉื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื” ืฆืฆื” ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื™ืฉ
06:59
of all brain imaging studies that have ever been published.
129
419688
4736
ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ืช ืžื•ื— ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืื™-ืคืขื.
07:04
So chances are really, really good
130
424424
1514
ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉ, ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
07:05
that your insula is going off right now,
131
425938
3126
ืฉื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื” ืฉืœืš ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืจื•ื‘ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช,
07:09
but I won't kid myself
132
429064
1622
ืืš ืœื ืืขืฉื” ืฆื—ื•ืง ืžืขืฆืžื™
07:10
to think this means you love me.
133
430686
3677
ื•ืื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™.
07:14
So speaking of love and the brain,
134
434363
2907
ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ื—,
07:17
there's a researcher, known to some as Dr. Love,
135
437270
3865
ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจ, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ื“"ืจ ืื”ื‘ื”,
07:21
who claims that scientists have found the glue
136
441135
3485
ืฉื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืง
07:24
that holds society together,
137
444620
2647
ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
07:27
the source of love and prosperity.
138
447267
3776
ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’.
07:31
This time it's not a cheese sandwich.
139
451043
2189
ื”ืคืขื ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืจื™ืš ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”.
07:33
No, it's a hormone called oxytocin.
140
453232
3857
ืœื, ื–ื” ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ.
07:37
You've probably heard of it.
141
457089
1867
ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื•.
07:38
So, Dr. Love bases his argument on studies showing
142
458956
2892
ื“"ืจ ืื”ื‘ื” ืžื‘ืกืก ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื
07:41
that when you boost people's oxytocin,
143
461848
2945
ื”ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
07:44
this increases their trust, empathy and cooperation.
144
464793
4173
ื–ื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ, ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
07:48
So he's calling oxytocin "the moral molecule."
145
468966
4080
ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ "ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ".
07:53
Now these studies are scientifically valid,
146
473046
2842
ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืœื• ืชืงืคื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
07:55
and they've been replicated, but they're not the whole story.
147
475888
4136
ื”ื ื’ื ืฉื•ื—ื–ืจื•, ืืš ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
08:00
Other studies have shown that boosting oxytocin
148
480024
2713
ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ
08:02
increases envy. It increases gloating.
149
482737
4743
ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืงื ืื”. ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืžื—ื”-ืœืื™ื“.
08:07
Oxytocin can bias people to favor their own group
150
487480
3316
ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ
08:10
at the expense of other groups.
151
490796
3092
ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
08:13
And in some cases, oxytocin can even decrease cooperation.
152
493888
4252
ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
08:18
So based on these studies, I could say oxytocin
153
498140
3820
ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืœื”, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ
08:21
is an immoral molecule, and call myself Dr. Strangelove.
154
501960
4751
ื”ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืขืฆืžื™ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื’'ืœืื‘ (ืื”ื‘ื” ืžื•ื–ืจื”).
08:26
(Laughter)
155
506711
3360
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:30
So we've seen neuro-flapdoodle all over the headlines.
156
510071
4110
ืื ื›ืš, ืจืื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ืœื™-ื ื•ื™ืจื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช.
08:34
We see it in supermarkets, on book covers.
157
514181
2778
ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืจื›ื•ืœื™ื, ืขืœ ื›ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื.
08:36
What about the clinic?
158
516959
2671
ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืจืคืื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ?
08:39
SPECT imaging is a brain-scanning technology
159
519630
3415
ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ืช SPECT ื”ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืกืจื™ืงืช ื”ืžื•ื—
08:43
that uses a radioactive tracer
160
523045
2069
ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืกืžื ื™ื ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
08:45
to track blood flow in the brain.
161
525114
3040
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
08:48
For the bargain price of a few thousand dollars,
162
528154
3084
ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืฆื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื,
08:51
there are clinics in the U.S. that will give you
163
531238
4118
ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžืจืคืื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชืš ื“ืจืš ืกืจื™ืงืช
08:55
one of these SPECT scans and use the image
164
535356
3453
SPECT ื›ื–ื• ื•ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ื” ื–ื•
08:58
to help diagnose your problems.
165
538809
2637
ื›ืขื–ืจ ืœืื™ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
09:01
These scans, the clinics say, can help
166
541446
2529
ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช ืืœื•, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืจืคืื•ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข
09:03
prevent Alzheimer's disease,
167
543975
2902
ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ,
09:06
solve weight and addiction issues,
168
546877
2464
ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช,
09:09
overcome marital conflicts,
169
549341
2672
ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ,
09:12
and treat, of course, a variety of mental illnesses
170
552013
3150
ื•ืœื˜ืคืœ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉ,
09:15
ranging from depression to anxiety to ADHD.
171
555163
3579
ืžื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืคืจืขืช ืงืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื™ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
09:18
This sounds great. A lot of people agree.
172
558742
2570
ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื ื”ื“ืจ. ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ื–ื”.
09:21
Some of these clinics are pulling in tens of millions
173
561312
2166
ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืจืคืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช
09:23
of dollars a year in business.
174
563478
3304
ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
09:26
There's just one problem.
175
566782
2084
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื—ืช.
09:28
The broad consensus in neuroscience
176
568866
2677
ื™ืฉ ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—
09:31
is that we can't yet diagnose mental illness
177
571543
3185
ืฉืœืคื™ื• ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืžื—ืœืช ื ืคืฉ
09:34
from a single brain scan.
178
574728
2783
ืžืกืจื™ืงืช ืžื•ื— ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช.
09:37
But these clinics have treated
179
577511
2231
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืจืคืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื˜ื™ืคืœื•
09:39
tens of thousands of patients to date,
180
579742
2440
ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขื“ ื›ื”,
09:42
many of them children,
181
582182
1762
ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
09:43
and SPECT imaging involves a radioactive injection,
182
583944
3478
ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ืช SPECT ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื–ืจื™ืงื” ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
09:47
so exposing people to radiation, potentially harmful.
183
587422
5997
ืฉื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืงื”.
09:53
I am more excited than most people, as a neuroscientist,
184
593419
3114
ืื ื™ ื ืจื’ืฉืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
09:56
about the potential for neuroscience to treat mental illness
185
596533
4281
ืžื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉ
10:00
and even maybe to make us better and smarter.
186
600814
4724
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:05
And if one day we can say that cheese and chocolate
187
605538
2700
ืื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื
10:08
help us make better decisions, count me in.
188
608238
4304
ืœื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืจืคืช ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”.
10:12
But we're not there yet.
189
612542
2576
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืฉื.
10:15
We haven't found a "buy" button inside the brain,
190
615118
3735
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฆืŸ "ืžืฆื™ืื”" ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—,
10:18
we can't tell whether someone is lying or in love
191
618853
3698
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืงืจ ืื• ืžืื•ื”ื‘
10:22
just by looking at their brain scans,
192
622551
3383
ืจืง ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื•,
10:25
and we can't turn sinners into saints with hormones.
193
625934
4264
ื•ืื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื—ื•ื˜ืื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื.
10:30
Maybe someday we will, but until then,
194
630198
2204
ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืื–,
10:32
we have to be careful that we don't let overblown claims
195
632402
2843
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืœืชืช ืœื”ื›ืจื–ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช
10:35
detract resources and attention away from the real science
196
635245
3386
ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืืžื™ืชื™
10:38
that's playing a much longer game.
197
638631
3759
ืฉืงืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื˜ื™.
10:42
So here's where you come in.
198
642390
2438
ื•ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชืžื•ื ื”.
10:44
If someone tries to sell you something with a brain on it,
199
644828
3171
ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื ืกื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื ืžื•ื— ืขืœื™ื•,
10:47
don't just take them at their word.
200
647999
2879
ืืœ ืชืืžื™ื ื• ื™ืฉืจ ืœืžื™ืœื” ืฉืœื•.
10:50
Ask the tough questions. Ask to see the evidence.
201
650878
3246
ืชืฉืืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช. ื‘ืงืฉื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช.
10:54
Ask for the part of the story that's not being told.
202
654124
3898
ื‘ืงืฉื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื›ื.
10:58
The answers shouldn't be simple, because the brain isn't simple.
203
658022
5088
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืื™ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜.
11:03
But that's not stopping us from trying to figure it out anyway.
204
663110
4495
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขื“ื ื• ืžืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”.
11:07
Thank you. (Applause)
205
667605
4000
ืชื•ื“ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7