Could fish social networks help us save coral reefs? | Mike Gil

38,049 views ใƒป 2018-02-21

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers
00:13
Who here is fascinated by life under the sea?
0
13160
3680
ืžื™ ืคื” ืžื•ืงืกื ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื?
00:18
Fantastic.
1
18960
1376
ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™.
00:20
Now, what did we just do?
2
20360
1560
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืขืฉื™ื ื•?
00:22
Let's dissect this for a second.
3
22760
1816
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืชื— ืืช ื–ื” ืจื’ืข.
00:24
The simple action of an individual raising a hand
4
24600
3496
ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ื™ื“
00:28
led many others to do the same.
5
28120
1840
ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
00:30
Now, it's true that when individuals in a social network
6
30880
3336
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
00:34
have common priorities,
7
34240
1576
ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช,
00:35
it's often beneficial to copy one another.
8
35840
2976
ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.
00:38
Think back to grade school and dressing like the cool kids made you "cool."
9
38840
3856
ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื•ืฉืœื”ืชืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืฉื” ืืชื›ื ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื.
00:42
But copying behavior is also common in wild animals.
10
42720
3696
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขืชืงืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ.
00:46
For example, some birds copy the alarm calls of other birds
11
46440
3736
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืื–ื”ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช
00:50
to spread information about approaching predators.
12
50200
2800
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื.
00:53
But could copying behavior in wild animals
13
53920
3256
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ืขืชืงืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ
00:57
affect entire ecosystems that we humans depend on?
14
57200
3640
ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื?
01:02
I was led to this question while studying coral reefs,
15
62040
2576
ื”ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื,
01:04
which support millions of people through fisheries and tourism
16
64640
3496
ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ืจืš ื“ื’ื” ื•ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช
01:08
here in Africa and around the world.
17
68160
2576
ืคื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
01:10
But coral reefs depend on fish
18
70760
3256
ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื’ื™ื
01:14
that perform a critical job by eating algae.
19
74040
3080
ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืืฆื•ืช.
01:17
Because if left unchecked,
20
77640
1256
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ืœื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ,
01:18
these algae can kill coral and take over entire coral reefs,
21
78920
3896
ื”ืืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœืžื•ืช,
01:22
a costly change that is difficult or impossible to reverse.
22
82840
4600
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืงืจ ืฉืงืฉื” ืื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš.
01:28
So to understand how fish may prevent this,
23
88160
3016
ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื–ื”,
01:31
I spy on them
24
91200
1936
ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื
01:33
while they're eating algae,
25
93160
2056
ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืืฆื•ืช,
01:35
which can be difficult for them to do
26
95240
2056
ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื ืงืฉื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
01:37
in open parts of the reef exposed to predators,
27
97320
3816
ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื,
01:41
some of which, on rare occasion,
28
101160
1776
ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื,
01:42
appear to realize I'm watching them.
29
102960
2400
ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื”ื.
01:45
(Laughter)
30
105880
4040
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:52
So clearly, clearly, for reef fish,
31
112280
3056
ืื– ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืœื“ื’ื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ืช,
01:55
dining out can be scary.
32
115360
2336
ืœืกืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“.
01:57
But I wanted to understand how these fish do their job
33
117720
2536
ืื‘ืœ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื
02:00
in risky situations.
34
120280
1576
ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื.
02:01
So my colleagues and I put massive video camera stands
35
121880
4256
ืื– ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืฉืžื ื• ืžืชืงื ื™ ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
02:06
in a coral reef
36
126160
1336
ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื
02:07
to remotely monitor entire feeding grounds
37
127520
2696
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื˜ืจ ืžืจื—ื•ืง ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื›ืœื” ืฉืœืžื™ื
02:10
that produce a lot of algae
38
130240
1576
ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืฆื•ืช
02:11
but are exposed to predators.
39
131840
2760
ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื.
02:15
And this perspective from above
40
135560
2136
ื•ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืžืœืžืขืœื”
02:17
shows us the feeding behavior and precise movements
41
137720
3496
ืžืจืื” ืœื ื• ืืช ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื•ืช
02:21
of many different fish,
42
141240
1576
ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
02:22
shown here with colored dots.
43
142840
1640
ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืคื” ืขื ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:25
And by analyzing thousands of fish movements
44
145240
2896
ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช
02:28
to and from feeding grounds,
45
148160
2216
ืืœ ื•ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ ืื›ื™ืœื”,
02:30
we discovered a pattern.
46
150400
1600
ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืชื‘ื ื™ืช
02:32
These fish, despite being from different species
47
152680
2656
ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืžืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
02:35
and not swimming in schools,
48
155360
1816
ื•ืœื ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืœื”ืงื•ืช,
02:37
were copying one another,
49
157200
2016
ื—ื™ืงื• ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™,
02:39
such that one fish entering these dangerous feeding grounds
50
159240
3216
ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉื“ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืื›ืœื” ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:42
could lead many others to do the same.
51
162480
2400
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
02:45
And fish stayed for longer and ate more algae
52
165320
2936
ื•ื“ื’ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืื›ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆื•ืช
02:48
when they were surrounded by more feeding fish.
53
168280
3016
ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื’ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื.
02:51
Now, this could be happening
54
171320
1936
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ
02:53
because even simple movements by individual fish
55
173280
2576
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
02:55
can inadvertently communicate vital information.
56
175880
3976
ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื™ื•ื ื™.
02:59
For example, if even one fish sees a predator and flees,
57
179880
3976
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื’ ืื—ื“ ืจื•ืื” ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื•ื‘ื•ืจื—,
03:03
this can alert many others to danger.
58
183880
2736
ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกื›ื ื”.
03:06
And a fish safely entering feeding grounds can show others that the coast is clear.
59
186640
3920
ื•ื“ื’ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื—ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื•ื™.
03:11
So it turns out that even when these fish are different species,
60
191320
4016
ืื– ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
03:15
they are connected within social networks
61
195360
3616
ื”ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
03:19
which can provide information on when it's safe to eat.
62
199000
3000
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื›ื•ืœ.
03:22
And our analyses indicate that fish simply copying other fish in their social network
63
202840
4976
ื•ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืฉื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื™ืงื• ื“ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
03:27
could account for over 60 percent of the algae eaten by the fish community,
64
207840
5056
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 60 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืืฆื•ืช ืฉื ืื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื,
03:32
and thus could be critical to the flow of energy and resources
65
212920
5016
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
03:37
through coral reef ecosystems.
66
217960
2000
ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
03:40
But these findings also suggest that overfishing,
67
220680
2576
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื’ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื’ ื™ืชืจ,
03:43
a common problem in coral reefs,
68
223280
1976
ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื,
03:45
not only removes fish,
69
225280
2456
ืœื ืจืง ืžืกื™ืจื” ื“ื’ื™ื,
03:47
but it could break up the social network of remaining fish,
70
227760
3056
ืืœื ื’ื ืžืคืจืงืช ืืช ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื•,
03:50
which may hide more and eat less algae
71
230840
2776
ืฉื™ืชื—ื‘ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ืื›ืœื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืืฆื•ืช
03:53
because they're missing critical information.
72
233640
2536
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™.
03:56
And this would make coral reefs more vulnerable than we currently predict.
73
236200
3960
ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข.
04:02
So remarkably, fish social networks
74
242040
4336
ืื– ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื
04:06
allow the actions of one to spread to many
75
246400
2896
ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฆืช ืœืจื‘ื™ื
04:09
and could affect entire coral reefs,
76
249320
1936
ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœืžื•ืช,
04:11
which feed millions of us
77
251280
3256
ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•
04:14
and support the global economy
78
254560
1776
ื•ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
04:16
for all of us.
79
256360
1480
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
04:18
Now, our discovery points us towards better ways
80
258440
2696
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื ื—ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื“ืจื›ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:21
to sustainably manage coral reefs,
81
261160
2176
ืœื ื”ืœ ื‘ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื,
04:23
but it also shows us,
82
263360
1576
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืจืื” ืœื ื•,
04:24
we humans are not just affected by the actions of other humans,
83
264960
4176
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
04:29
but we could be affected by the actions of individual fish
84
269160
2895
ืืœื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื
04:32
on a distant coral reef
85
272079
1777
ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื•ืช
04:33
through their simple copying behavior.
86
273880
2456
ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœื”ื.
04:36
Thank you.
87
276360
1216
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
04:37
(Applause)
88
277600
4720
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7