Could fish social networks help us save coral reefs? | Mike Gil

38,148 views ใƒป 2018-02-21

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sojeong KIM ๊ฒ€ํ† : Gichung Lee
00:13
Who here is fascinated by life under the sea?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท์† ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์— ํ‘น ๋น ์ง€์‹  ๋ถ„ ๊ณ„์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
00:18
Fantastic.
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
Now, what did we just do?
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:22
Let's dissect this for a second.
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์ž ๊น ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
00:24
The simple action of an individual raising a hand
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ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ์†์„ ๋“ค์ž
00:28
led many others to do the same.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ์†์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
Now, it's true that when individuals in a social network
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ์†ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์„ ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
have common priorities,
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00:35
it's often beneficial to copy one another.
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์„œ๋กœ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋“์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
00:38
Think back to grade school and dressing like the cool kids made you "cool."
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ํ•™์ฐฝ์‹œ์ ˆ, ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ท์„ ์ž…์œผ๋ฉด "๋ฉ‹์ ธ" ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:42
But copying behavior is also common in wild animals.
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์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ”ํžˆ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
For example, some birds copy the alarm calls of other birds
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒˆ๋“ค์€ ํฌ์‹์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ฌ ๋•Œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ์šธ์Œ์„ ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
to spread information about approaching predators.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์šธ์Œ์„ ์žฌ์—ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
00:53
But could copying behavior in wild animals
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€
00:57
affect entire ecosystems that we humans depend on?
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ธ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:02
I was led to this question while studying coral reefs,
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
which support millions of people through fisheries and tourism
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋Š” ์–ด์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ด‘์ž์› ์—ญํ• ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์ง€ํƒฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
here in Africa and around the world.
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์ด๊ณณ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์—์„œ์š”.
01:10
But coral reefs depend on fish
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ์˜ ์šด๋ช…์€
01:14
that perform a critical job by eating algae.
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ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
Because if left unchecked,
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ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋˜๋ฉด
01:18
these algae can kill coral and take over entire coral reefs,
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ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
a costly change that is difficult or impossible to reverse.
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๋˜๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํฐ ์†์‹ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
So to understand how fish may prevent this,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
I spy on them
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:33
while they're eating algae,
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01:35
which can be difficult for them to do
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ํฌ์‹์ž์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ์ฑ„
01:37
in open parts of the reef exposed to predators,
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์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ธฐ๋ž€ ์–ด๋ ค์› ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
some of which, on rare occasion,
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๊ทธ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋“œ๋ฌผ์ง€๋งŒ
01:42
appear to realize I'm watching them.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ˆˆ์น˜์ฑˆ ๋…€์„๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:45
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:52
So clearly, clearly, for reef fish,
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ ์–ด๋ฅ˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š”
01:55
dining out can be scary.
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์™ธ์‹์ด ๋ฌด์„œ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
01:57
But I wanted to understand how these fish do their job
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์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š”์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
in risky situations.
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02:01
So my colleagues and I put massive video camera stands
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์„ค์น˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ 
02:06
in a coral reef
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02:07
to remotely monitor entire feeding grounds
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ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ „์ฒด ๋จน์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์›๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
that produce a lot of algae
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02:11
but are exposed to predators.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋จน์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ํฌ์‹์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:15
And this perspective from above
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์œ„์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์˜์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
02:17
shows us the feeding behavior and precise movements
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–ด์ข…์˜ ์„ญ์‹ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
of many different fish,
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02:22
shown here with colored dots.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒ‰๊น”์˜ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
And by analyzing thousands of fish movements
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๋จน์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜
02:28
to and from feeding grounds,
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ
02:30
we discovered a pattern.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
These fish, despite being from different species
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์–ด์ข…์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ 
02:35
and not swimming in schools,
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๋–ผ์ง€์–ด ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„
02:37
were copying one another,
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
such that one fish entering these dangerous feeding grounds
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋จน์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด
02:42
could lead many others to do the same.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋“ค๋„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋จน์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
And fish stayed for longer and ate more algae
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์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก
02:48
when they were surrounded by more feeding fish.
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๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋จน์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
Now, this could be happening
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜
02:53
because even simple movements by individual fish
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์ด์ง€๋งŒ
02:55
can inadvertently communicate vital information.
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์˜๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:59
For example, if even one fish sees a predator and flees,
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๊ฐ€๋ น, ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌ์‹์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„๋ง์„ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:03
this can alert many others to danger.
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์ด ํ–‰๋™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
And a fish safely entering feeding grounds can show others that the coast is clear.
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จน์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋ฌด์‚ฌํžˆ ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:11
So it turns out that even when these fish are different species,
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ์ฃ .
03:15
they are connected within social networks
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ์–ด์ข…์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋„, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
03:19
which can provide information on when it's safe to eat.
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๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ธฐ์— ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
And our analyses indicate that fish simply copying other fish in their social network
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๋ถ„์„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด,
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์–‘์€
03:27
could account for over 60 percent of the algae eaten by the fish community,
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์–ด๋ฅ˜ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ด ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ 60% ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
and thus could be critical to the flow of energy and resources
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ž์›์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์—
03:37
through coral reef ecosystems.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
But these findings also suggest that overfishing,
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์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์–ด๋ฅ˜ ๋‚จํš์€
03:43
a common problem in coral reefs,
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03:45
not only removes fish,
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์–ด์ข…์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:47
but it could break up the social network of remaining fish,
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๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง๋„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
which may hide more and eat less algae
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋” ์ž์ฃผ ์ˆจ๊ณ  ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋œ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
03:53
because they're missing critical information.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ค‘์š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
And this would make coral reefs more vulnerable than we currently predict.
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์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ทจ์•ฝํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
So remarkably, fish social networks
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๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„, ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์€
04:06
allow the actions of one to spread to many
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํŒŒํ•˜๊ณ 
04:09
and could affect entire coral reefs,
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ ์ „์ฒด๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
which feed millions of us
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒŒ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ,
04:14
and support the global economy
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํƒฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
for all of us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
04:18
Now, our discovery points us towards better ways
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•œ
04:21
to sustainably manage coral reefs,
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
but it also shows us,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋™์‹œ์—,
04:24
we humans are not just affected by the actions of other humans,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:29
but we could be affected by the actions of individual fish
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์ € ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ ํ–‰๋™์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋„
04:32
on a distant coral reef
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04:33
through their simple copying behavior.
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์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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