Chris Downey: Design with the blind in mind

119,236 views ใƒป 2013-11-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Elazar Raab ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
So, stepping down out of the bus,
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ืื–, ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก,
00:18
I headed back to the corner
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ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ื ื”,
00:19
to head west en route to a braille training session.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืœ.
00:23
It was the winter of 2009,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœ 2009,
00:25
and I had been blind for about a year.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ื”.
00:27
Things were going pretty well.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
00:29
Safely reaching the other side,
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™,
00:31
I turned to the left,
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ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืฉืžืืœื”,
00:33
pushed the auto-button for the audible pedestrian signal,
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ืœื—ืฆืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืข ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ,
00:35
and waited my turn.
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ื•ื—ื™ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœืชื•ืจื™.
00:37
As it went off, I took off
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ื”, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืœื›ืช
00:39
and safely got to the other side.
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ื•ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœืžื“ืจื›ื” ืžืžื•ืœ.
00:41
Stepping onto the sidewalk,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื™ ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื”,
00:43
I then heard the sound of a steel chair
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ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืกื ืžืชื›ืช
00:46
slide across the concrete sidewalk in front of me.
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ืžื—ืœื™ืง ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื” ืžื•ืœื™.
00:50
I know there's a cafe on the corner,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ื™ืช ืงืคื” ื‘ืคื™ื ื”,
00:52
and they have chairs out in front,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ืžืงื“ื™ืžื”,
00:54
so I just adjusted to the left
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ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื–ื–ืชื™ ืœืฉืžืืœ
00:55
to get closer to the street.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘.
00:57
As I did, so slid the chair.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื–ื–ืชื™, ื›ืš ื’ื ื–ื– ื”ื›ื™ืกื.
01:00
I just figured I'd made a mistake,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช,
01:03
and went back to the right,
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ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ,
01:04
and so slid the chair in perfect synchronicity.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœื™ืง ื’ื ื”ื›ื™ืกื ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ืžื•ืฉืœื.
01:08
Now I was getting a little anxious.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ื•ืฅ.
01:10
I went back to the left,
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืฉืžืืœ,
01:12
and so slid the chair,
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื›ื™ืกื,
01:13
blocking my path of travel.
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ื—ื•ืกื ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื™.
01:16
Now, I was officially freaking out.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื‘ื•ื”ืœ.
01:19
So I yelled,
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ืื– ืฆืขืงืชื™,
01:20
"Who the hell's out there? What's going on?"
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" ืžื™ ื–ื” ืฉื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช? ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืคื”?"
01:24
Just then, over my shout,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื–, ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืฆืขืงื” ืฉืœื™,
01:26
I heard something else, a familiar rattle.
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ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ - ืจื™ืฉืจื•ืฉ ืžื•ื›ืจ.
01:29
It sounded familiar,
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื•ื›ืจ,
01:30
and I quickly considered another possibility,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืฉืงืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืช,
01:32
and I reached out with my left hand,
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ื•ื”ื•ืฉื˜ืชื™ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช,
01:34
as my fingers brushed against something fuzzy,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื™ ื”ืชื—ื›ื›ื• ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
01:38
and I came across an ear,
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ื•ืื– ื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ืื•ื–ืŸ,
01:40
the ear of a dog, perhaps a golden retriever.
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ื‘ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื‘, ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื•ืœื“ืŸ ืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืจ.
01:44
Its leash had been tied to the chair
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ืจืฆื•ืขืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื›ื™ืกื
01:46
as her master went in for coffee,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื” ื ื›ื ืกื• ืคื ื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืงืคื”,
01:48
and she was just persistent in her efforts
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืง ืขื™ืงื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžืืžืฆื™ื”
01:50
to greet me, perhaps get a scratch behind the ear.
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ืœื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชื™, ืื•ืœื™ ืชืงื‘ืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ.
01:53
Who knows, maybe she was volunteering for service.
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ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื” ืœืชืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
01:56
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:58
But that little story is really about
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืœ
02:01
the fears and misconceptions that come along
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ื”ืคื—ื“ื™ื ื•ืื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื•ืช
02:04
with the idea of moving through the city
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ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ืจ
02:07
without sight,
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ืœืœื ืจืื™ื”,
02:08
seemingly oblivious to the environment
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ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
02:11
and the people around you.
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ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืš.
02:14
So let me step back and set the stage a little bit.
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ืื– ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืื—ื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืœื›ื ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘.
02:18
On St. Patrick's Day of 2008,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ืคื˜ืจื™ืง ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 2008,
02:20
I reported to the hospital for surgery
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ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื™ืชื•ื—
02:23
to remove a brain tumor.
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ืœื”ืกืจืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื—.
02:25
The surgery was successful.
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ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
02:27
Two days later, my sight started to fail.
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ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจ.
02:30
On the third day, it was gone.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ื™ื ื ืขืœืžื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
02:34
Immediately, I was struck by an incredible sense
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ืžื™ื“ ืชืงืคื” ืื•ืชื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื ื•ืจืื™ืช
02:36
of fear, of confusion, of vulnerability,
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ืฉืœ ืคื—ื“, ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ, ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช,
02:40
like anybody would.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉ.
02:42
But as I had time to stop and think,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืงื“ืฉืชื™ ืœื›ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”,
02:45
I actually started to realize
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”
02:47
I had a lot to be grateful for.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•.
02:50
In particular, I thought about my dad,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™,
02:53
who had passed away from complications
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ืืฉืจ ื”ืœืš ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืš
02:55
from brain surgery.
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ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื•ื—.
02:57
He was 36. I was seven at the time.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 36. ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ 7 ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ.
03:02
So although I had every reason
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ืื– ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช
03:05
to be fearful of what was ahead,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ื—ื“ ืžื”ืขืชื™ื“,
03:07
and had no clue quite what was going to happen,
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืœื™,
03:10
I was alive.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:11
My son still had his dad.
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ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืืช ืื‘ื ืฉืœื•.
03:14
And besides, it's not like I was the first person
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ื•ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
03:16
ever to lose their sight.
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ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืจืื™ื™ืชื•.
03:18
I knew there had to be all sorts of systems
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ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช
03:20
and techniques and training to have
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ื•ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื—ืช
03:22
to live a full and meaningful, active life
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช
03:25
without sight.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืจืื•ืช.
03:26
So by the time I was discharged from the hospital
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ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจืชื™ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื
03:28
a few days later, I left with a mission,
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ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืขื ืžืฉื™ืžื”,
03:31
a mission to get out and get the best training
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ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:33
as quickly as I could and get on to rebuilding my life.
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ืžื”ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื—ื™ื™.
03:38
Within six months, I had returned to work.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
03:42
My training had started.
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ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื—ืœ.
03:44
I even started riding a tandem bike
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื ื“ื• ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื™ื
03:46
with my old cycling buddies,
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ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื,
03:47
and was commuting to work on my own,
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ื•ื ืกืขืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื™,
03:50
walking through town and taking the bus.
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ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก.
03:52
It was a lot of hard work.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื”.
03:55
But what I didn't anticipate
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื ืฆืคื™ืชื™
03:57
through that rapid transition
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ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”
04:00
was the incredible experience of the juxtaposition
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืœื”
04:04
of my sighted experience up against my unsighted experience
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช ืฉืœื™
04:08
of the same places and the same people
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืื•ืชื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
04:11
within such a short period of time.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฆืจ.
04:14
From that came a lot of insights,
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ืžืชื•ืš ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช,
04:16
or outsights, as I called them,
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ืื• ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ืœื”ื,
04:18
things that I learned since losing my sight.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžืื– ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืืช ืจืื™ื™ืชื™.
04:21
These outsights ranged from the trival
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ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืขื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื•ื™ืืœื™ ืœืขืžื•ืง,
04:24
to the profound,
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04:26
from the mundane to the humorous.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืขืžื ืœืžืฉืขืฉืข.
04:28
As an architect, that stark juxtaposition
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ื›ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜, ื”ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช
04:31
of my sighted and unsighted experience
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช
04:34
of the same places and the same cities
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืื•ืชื ื”ืขืจื™ื
04:36
within such a short period of time
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ืชื•ืš ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš
04:38
has given me all sorts of wonderful outsights
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ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช
04:40
of the city itself.
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ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื”.
04:43
Paramount amongst those
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ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช
04:45
was the realization that, actually,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”
04:47
cities are fantastic places for the blind.
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ืขืจื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื.
04:51
And then I was also surprised
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ื•ื›ืžื•-ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืคืชืข ื’ื
04:54
by the city's propensity for kindness and care
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ืžื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ื ืœืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช
04:57
as opposed to indifference or worse.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื• ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืš.
05:00
And then I started to realize that
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ื•ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
05:02
it seemed like the blind seemed to have
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ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ
05:04
a positive influence on the city itself.
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ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื”.
05:08
That was a little curious to me.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืžืกืงืจืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™.
05:11
Let me step back and take a look
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืœืจื’ืข ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ
05:14
at why the city is so good for the blind.
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื.
05:19
Inherent with the training for recovery from sight loss
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ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืžืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืจืื™ื”
05:23
is learning to rely on all your non-visual senses,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื-ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš,
05:27
things that you would otherwise maybe ignore.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืื—ืจ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืชืชืขืœื ืžื”ื.
05:30
It's like a whole new world of sensory information
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื•ืฉื™
05:33
opens up to you.
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ืฉื ืคืชื— ืœืคื ื™ืš.
05:34
I was really struck by the symphony
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืžืฉ ื”ืžื•ื ืžื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”
05:36
of subtle sounds all around me in the city
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ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ
05:39
that you can hear and work with
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ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื
05:40
to understand where you are,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืืชื”,
05:42
how you need to move, and where you need to go.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขืœื™ืš ืœื ื•ืข, ื•ืœืืŸ ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช.
05:45
Similarly, just through the grip of the cane,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืจืง ื“ืจืš ื”ืื—ื™ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืงืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื”,
05:47
you can feel contrasting textures in the floor below,
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืจืงืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ืฆืคื” ืชื—ืชื™ืš,
05:51
and over time you build a pattern of where you are
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืืชื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืืชื” ื ืžืฆื
05:54
and where you're headed.
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ื•ืœืืŸ ืคื ื™ืš ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช.
05:55
Similarly, just the sun warming one side of your face
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ, ืจืง ืงืจื ื™ ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืžื—ืžืžื•ืช ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ืš
05:58
or the wind at your neck
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ืื• ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจืš
06:01
gives you clues about your alignment
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ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืš ืจืžื–ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš
06:03
and your progression through a block
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ื•ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ืœื•ืง
06:05
and your movement through time and space.
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ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘.
06:08
But also, the sense of smell.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื—.
06:11
Some districts and cities have their own smell,
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ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื•ืขืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจื™ื— ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœื”ืŸ,
06:13
as do places and things around you,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืš,
06:17
and if you're lucky, you can even follow your nose
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืจ-ืžื–ืœ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืืคืš
06:18
to that new bakery that you've been looking for.
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ืœืžืืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉืช.
06:22
All this really surprised me,
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื™,
06:23
because I started to realize that
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
06:26
my unsighted experienced
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ืฉื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช ืฉืœื™
06:29
was so far more multi-sensory
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื‘-ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช
06:31
than my sighted experience ever was.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ืื™ ืคืขื.
06:34
What struck me also was how much the city
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืขื™ืจ
06:37
was changing around me.
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ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™.
06:39
When you're sighted,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืจื•ืื”,
06:41
everybody kind of sticks to themselves,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืขืฆืžื•,
06:43
you mind your own business.
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ืืชื” ืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ืš.
06:45
Lose your sight, though,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื ืชืื‘ื“ ืืช ืจืื™ื™ืชืš,
06:46
and it's a whole other story.
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ื•ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
06:49
And I don't know who's watching who,
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ื•ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžื™,
06:50
but I have a suspicion that a lot of people are watching me.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื“ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื™.
06:54
And I'm not paranoid, but everywhere I go,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืคืจื ื•ื™ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืืœื™ื•,
06:56
I'm getting all sorts of advice:
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆื•ืช:
06:59
Go here, move there, watch out for this.
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ืœืš ืœืคื”, ื–ื•ื– ืœืฉื, ืชื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžื–ื”.
07:01
A lot of the information is good.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
07:03
Some of it's helpful. A lot of it's kind of reversed.
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ื—ืœืงื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™. ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืคื•ืš.
07:06
You've got to figure out what they actually meant.
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื•.
07:09
Some of it's kind of wrong and not helpful.
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ื—ืœืงื• ื“ื™ ืฉื’ื•ื™ ื•ืœื ืขื•ื–ืจ.
07:13
But it's all good in the grand scheme of things.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื”"ื› ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
07:16
But one time I was in Oakland
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ืื‘ืœ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืงืœื ื“
07:17
walking along Broadway, and came to a corner.
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ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืคื™ื ื”.
07:20
I was waiting for an audible pedestrian signal,
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ื”ืžืชื ืชื™ ืœืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื™ ืœื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ (ื‘ืจืžื–ื•ืจ),
07:23
and as it went off, I was just about to step out into the street,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืœื›ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืœืจื“ืช ืœืจื—ื•ื‘,
07:26
when all of a sudden, my right hand
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืคืชืข ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื ืื—ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื,
07:28
was just gripped by this guy,
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07:29
and he yanked my arm and pulled me out into the crosswalk
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืš ืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืกื—ื‘ ืื•ืชื™ ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฆื™ื™ื”
07:32
and was dragging me out across the street,
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ื•ื’ืจืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘,
07:33
speaking to me in Mandarin.
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ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ ื‘(ืกื™ื ื™ืช-)ืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื™ืช.
07:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:37
It's like, there was no escape from this man's death grip,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆื ืžืื—ื™ื–ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื,
07:41
but he got me safely there.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื” ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘.
07:43
What could I do?
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ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
07:45
But believe me, there are more polite ways
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™, ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ื•ืžืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืขื–ืจื”,
07:47
to offer assistance.
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07:49
We don't know you're there,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืืชื ืฉื,
07:51
so it's kind of nice to say "Hello" first.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืžื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื•ื“ื "ืฉืœื•ื".
07:53
"Would you like some help?"
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"ื”ืื ืชืจืฆื” ืขื–ืจื”?"
07:55
But while in Oakland, I've really been struck by
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ืื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืงืœื ื“ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ื
07:58
how much the city of Oakland changed
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื•ืงืœื ื“
08:01
as I lost my sight.
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ื‘ืขืช ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืืช ืจืื™ื™ืชื™.
08:03
I liked it sighted. It was fine.
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ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืื™ืชื™. ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
08:05
It's a perfectly great city.
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ื–ื• ืขื™ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื”ื“ืจืช.
08:08
But once I lost my sight
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืืช ืจืื™ื™ืชื™
08:09
and was walking along Broadway,
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ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™,
08:11
I was blessed every block of the way.
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ื‘ื•ืจื›ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ืœื•ืง ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš.
08:15
"Bless you, man."
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"ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื‘ื ืื“ื."
08:16
"Go for it, brother."
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"ืœืš ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื—ื™."
08:18
"God bless you."
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"ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชืš."
08:20
I didn't get that sighted.
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ื•ื›ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื ื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœื–ื”.
08:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:23
And even without sight, I don't get that in San Francisco.
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ื•ื‘ืกืŸ-ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื–ื”.
08:30
And I know it bothers some of my blind friends,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื,
08:33
it's not just me.
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ืœื ืจืง ืื•ืชื™.
08:34
Often it's thought that
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืจื’ืฉ ืฉื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืจื—ืžื™ื.
08:36
that's an emotion that comes up out of pity.
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08:39
I tend to think that it comes out of our shared humanity,
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ืื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
08:43
out of our togetherness, and I think it's pretty cool.
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ืžื”ืื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
08:46
In fact, if I'm feeling down,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืืก,
08:48
I just go to Broadway in downtown Oakland,
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ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืงืœื ื“,
08:49
I go for a walk, and I feel better like that,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืš,
08:52
in no time at all.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข.
08:55
But also that it illustrates how
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“
08:57
disability and blindness
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ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ
08:59
sort of cuts across ethnic, social,
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ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืืชื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื’ื–ืขื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื.
09:02
racial, economic lines.
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09:05
Disability is an equal-opportunity provider.
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ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
09:08
Everybody's welcome.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื.
09:11
In fact, I've heard it said in the disability community
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช
09:13
that there are really only two types of people:
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ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื:
09:16
There are those with disabilities,
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช,
09:18
and there are those that haven't quite found theirs yet.
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ื•ืืช ืืœื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
09:22
It's a different way of thinking about it,
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ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
09:25
but I think it's kind of beautiful,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื“ื™ ื™ืคื”,
09:27
because it is certainly far more inclusive
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื™ืœื”
09:29
than the us-versus-them
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”"ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ื”ื"
09:31
or the abled-versus-the-disabled,
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ืื• ื”"ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช"
09:34
and it's a lot more honest and respectful
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืŸ ื•ืžื›ื‘ื“
09:36
of the fragility of life.
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ืืช ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:40
So my final takeaway for you is
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ืื– ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื
09:42
that not only is the city good for the blind,
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ื–ื” ืฉืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื,
09:46
but the city needs us.
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ืืœื ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื ื•.
09:49
And I'm so sure of that that
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ื•ืื ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื›ืš
09:51
I want to propose to you today
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ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื
09:52
that the blind be taken as the prototypical city dwellers
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ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื™ื
09:56
when imagining new and wonderful cities,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช,
09:59
and not the people that are thought about
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื
10:01
after the mold has already been cast.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืงื‘ืขื•.
10:03
It's too late then.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™.
10:06
So if you design a city with the blind in mind,
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ืื– ืื ืชืชื›ื ื ื• ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื
10:10
you'll have a rich, walkable network of sidewalks
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืจืฉืช ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืจื›ื•ืช
10:14
with a dense array of options and choices
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ืื ืžืขืจืš ืฆืคื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”
10:16
all available at the street level.
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ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืœืก ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘.
10:20
If you design a city with the blind in mind,
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ืื ืืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื,
10:22
sidewalks will be predictable and will be generous.
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ืžื“ืจื›ื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
10:25
The space between buildings will be well-balanced
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ื”ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื–ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
10:27
between people and cars.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
10:31
In fact, cars, who needs them?
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช - ืžื™ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื”ื?
10:35
If you're blind, you don't drive. (Laughter)
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ืื ืืชื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ืืชื” ืœื ื ื•ื”ื’. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:38
They don't like it when you drive. (Laughter)
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ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:41
If you design a city with the blind in mind,
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ืื ืืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื,
10:44
you design a city with a robust,
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ืืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืขื™ืจ ืขื
ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื—ืกื™ื ื”, ื ื’ื™ืฉื”, ื•ืžืงื•ืฉืจืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
10:47
accessible, well-connected mass transit system
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10:50
that connects all parts of the city
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ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ
10:52
and the region all around.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
10:55
If you design a city with the blind in mind,
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ืื ืืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื,
10:57
there'll be jobs, lots of jobs.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืขืกื•ืงื” - ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืขืกื•ืงื”.
11:00
Blind people want to work too.
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ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
11:01
They want to earn a living.
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก.
11:04
So, in designing a city for the blind,
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ืื– ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจ ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื,
11:06
I hope you start to realize
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
11:09
that it actually would be a more inclusive,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืชื”ื™ื” ืขื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื™ืœื”,
11:11
a more equitable, a more just city for all.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ืœื›ื•ืœื.
11:15
And based on my prior sighted experience,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื™,
11:17
it sounds like a pretty cool city,
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืขื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื”,
11:19
whether you're blind, whether you have a disability,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ, ืื• ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช,
11:23
or you haven't quite found yours yet.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื’ื™ืœื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
11:25
So thank you.
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ืื– ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:28
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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