The case for anonymity online | Christopher "moot" Poole

484,201 views ใƒป 2010-06-02

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Mark Sheinkman ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shaike Katz
00:17
Tom Green: That's a 4chan thing.
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ื˜ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืŸ: ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ 4chan.
00:19
These kids on the Internet, they have this group of kids
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
00:21
and they like to say funny words
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ื•ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช.
00:23
like "barrel roll."
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ื›ืžื• "barrel roll".
00:25
It's a video game move from "Star Fox."
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ื–ื” ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ืฉื Star Fox.
00:27
"Star Fox 20"? (Assistant: "Star Fox 64.")
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"Star Fox 20?" (ืขื•ื–ืจ: "Star fox 64.")
00:30
Tom Green: Yeah. And they've been dogging me for a year.
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ื˜ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืŸ: ื›ืŸ. ื•ื”ื ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื”.
00:32
I got to tell you, it's driving me nuts, actually.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืš, ื–ื” ืžืฉื’ืข ืื•ืชื™, ื‘ืืžืช.
00:34
Sometimes I wake up in the middle of the night and I scream,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื™ ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืฆื•ืขืง,
00:37
"4chan!"
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4chan!!
00:43
Christopher Poole: When I was 15,
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ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืคื•ืœ: ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ 15,
00:45
I found this website called Futaba Channel.
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืชืจ ื‘ืฉื Futaba Channel.
00:48
And it was a Japanese forum and imageboard.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืจื•ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืคื ื™.
00:52
That format of forum, at that time,
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ื•ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”,
00:55
was not well-known outside of Japan.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืคืŸ.
00:57
And so what I did is I took it, I translated it into English,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™, ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”, ืชื™ืจื’ืžืชื™ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช,
01:00
and I stuck it up for my friends to use.
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ื•ื”ืขืœืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™.
01:03
Now, six and a half years later,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:05
over seven million people are using it,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ,
01:07
contributing over 700,000 posts per day.
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ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-700,000 ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื,
01:10
And we've gone from one board
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืžืคื•ืจื•ื ืื—ื“,
01:12
to 48 boards.
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ืœ-48 ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื.
01:15
This is what it looks like.
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ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื”.
01:17
So, what's unique about the site
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ืื–, ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืืชืจ
01:19
is that it's anonymous,
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™,
01:21
and it has no memory.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
01:23
There's no archive, there are no barriers, there's no registration.
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ืื™ืŸ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ืฉื•ื.
01:26
These things that we're used to with forums
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื
01:28
don't exist on 4chan.
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ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘-4chan.
01:30
And that's led to this
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ
01:32
discussion that's completely raw, completely unfiltered.
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ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืžื™, ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ืžืกื•ื ืŸ.
01:37
What the site's known for,
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ื•ื”ืืชืจ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื–ื”,
01:39
because it has this environment,
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ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
01:41
is it's fostered the creation of a lot of
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื— ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื”
01:43
Internet phenomena, viral videos and whatnot, known as "memes."
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ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื•ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžื” ืฉืœื ืชืจืฆื•, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืžื™ื (ืžื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“).
01:46
Two of the largest memes that have come out of this site
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืžืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ืืชืจ
01:48
some of you might be familiar with are these LOLcats --
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื LOLcats -
01:51
just silly pictures of cats with text.
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ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืงืกื˜.
01:54
And this resonates with millions of people, apparently,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ,
01:56
because there are tens of thousands of these,
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
01:58
and there is a whole blogging empire now
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื™ืช ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœืžื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
02:00
dedicated to pictures like these.
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ืฉืžื•ืงื“ืฉืช ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
02:03
And Rick Astley's kind of rebirth
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ื•ื”ืกื•ื’-ืฉืœ ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืง ืืกื˜ืœื™.
02:06
these past two years ...
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ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช...
02:08
Rickroll was this bait and switch,
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ืจื™ืงืจื•ืœื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชืขืœื•ืœ,
02:10
really simple, classic bait and switch.
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ืžืื•ื“ ืงืœืืกื™ ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜.
02:12
Somebody says they're linking to something interesting,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื ืง ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
02:15
and you get an '80s pop song. That's all it was.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืจ ืคื•ืค ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80. ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ.
02:18
And it got big enough to the point where
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืืœื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื
02:20
there was a float last year at the Macy's Thanksgiving Day parade,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ืŸ ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ ื—ื’ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ Macy,
02:23
and Rick Astley pops out, and rickrolls
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ื•ืจื™ืง ืืกื˜ืœื™ ืงื•ืคืฅ ืžืฉื, ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืจื™ืงืจื•ืœื™ื ื’
02:25
millions of people on television.
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ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.
02:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:30
There are thousands of memes that come out of the site.
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ื™ืฉ ืืœืคื™ ืžืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ืืชืจ ื”ื–ื”.
02:32
There are a handful that have escaped into the mainstream,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœ ื”ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื™ื,
02:34
the ones I've just shown you,
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ืืœื” ืฉื”ืจืืชื™ ืœื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
02:36
but every day, every month,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ,
02:39
people are producing thousands of these.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืœืคื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
02:43
So does a site like this have rules?
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ืื– ืœืืชืจ ื›ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงื™ื?
02:45
We do; they're the codified rules that I've come up with,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•. ืืœื” ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™,
02:48
which are more-or-less ignored by the community.
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ื•ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช-ืื•-ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
02:51
And so they've come up with their own set of rules,
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ื”ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื,
02:53
the "Rules of the Internet."
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"ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜".
02:55
And so there are three that I want to show you specifically.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
02:58
Rule one is you don't talk about /b/.
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ /b/.
03:01
Two is you do not talk about /b/.
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ /b/.
03:04
And this one's kind of interesting:
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื ืงืฆืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ:
03:06
"If it exists, there is porn of it. No exceptions."
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"ืื ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืจื ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื”. ื‘ืœื™ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ."
03:09
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:11
And I will spare you that slide.
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ืื ื™ ืื—ืกื•ืš ืžื›ื ืืช ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช.
03:13
I assure you, it is very true.
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื, ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง.
03:16
/b/ is the first board we started with,
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/b/ ื–ื” ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืื™ืชื•,
03:19
and it is, in many ways,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื,
03:21
the beating heart of the website.
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ื–ื” ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ.
03:23
It is where a third of all the traffic is going.
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ืœืฉื ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช.
03:26
And /b/ is known for,
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ื•-/b/ ื™ื“ื•ืข,
03:28
more than anything,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ,
03:30
not just the memes they've created, but the exploits.
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉืœื•.
03:33
And Chris just touched on one of those a second ago,
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ื›ืจื™ืก ื ื’ืข ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœืคื ื™ ืจื’ืข,
03:36
and that was the Time 100 poll.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกืงืจ ื”-Time 100.
03:39
So somebody at Time, at the magazine,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ Time,
03:41
thought it would be fun to nominate me
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ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื
03:43
for this thing they did last year.
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ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”.
03:46
And so they placed me on it,
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ืื– ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืกืงืจ,
03:48
and the Internet got wind of it. My community
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ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื™
03:51
decided they wanted me to win it.
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืื ืฆื—.
03:54
I didn't instruct them to do it; they just decided that that's what they wanted.
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ืœื ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
03:57
And so, you know, 390 percent approval rating ain't so bad.
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ื•, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, 390% ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื–ื” ืœื ืจืข ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
04:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:02
So they broke that poll.
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ืื– ื”ื ืฉื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ืกืงืจ.
04:05
And I ended up on top.
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ื•ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
04:07
I ended up at this really fancy party.
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื•ื“ืจืช.
04:10
But that's not what's interesting about this.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื”.
04:13
It's that they weren't putting me at the top of this list;
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ืกืชื ืฉืžื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”,
04:16
they were actually --
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” --
04:18
it got so sophisticated to the point where they gamed
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ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ืฉื”ื ืกื™ื“ืจื•
04:20
all of the top 21 places
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ืืช ื›ืœ 21 ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”
04:23
to spell "mARBLECAKE. ALSO, THE GAME."
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ื›ื›ื” ืฉื”ื ืื™ื™ืชื• "mARBLECAKE. ALSO, THE GAME".
04:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:29
The amount of time and effort that went into that
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžืืžืฅ ืฉื”ื•ืฉืงืขื• ื‘ื–ื”
04:32
is absolutely incredible.
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ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ.
04:34
And "marble cake" is significant because
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ื•ื”-"marble cake" ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ
04:36
it is the channel that this group called Anonymous organized.
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช Anonymous ืื™ืจื’ื ื”.
04:39
Anonymous is this group of people
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Anonymous ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
04:42
that protested, very famously,
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ืฉืžื•ื—ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืคื•ืจืกื,
04:45
Scientology.
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ื ื’ื“ ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
04:47
The story is,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื,
04:49
Scientology had this embarrassing video of Tom Cruise. It went up online.
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ืœืกื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืžื‘ื™ืš ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื ืงืจื•ื–. ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
04:52
They got it taken offline and managed to piss off part of the Internet.
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ื”ื ื“ืื’ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืกืจ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืจื’ื™ื–ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
04:55
And so these people, over 7,000 people,
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-7,000 ืื™ืฉ,
04:58
less than one month later,
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”,
05:00
organized in a hundred cities around the globe and --
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ืื™ืจื’ื ื•, ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื --
05:02
this is L.A. --
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ื–ืืช ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก --
05:04
protested the Church of Scientology,
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ืžื—ืื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
05:07
and they have continued to do so,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
05:09
now, two full years after the fact.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืฉื”.
05:11
They are still protesting.
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ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื—ื™ื.
05:13
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:20
So we've got this activist group that's this grassroots group
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ ืขื,
05:23
that's come out of the site.
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื”ืืชืจ.
05:25
And last, I'm going to show you the example,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
05:27
the story of Dusty the cat.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ืืกื˜ื™ ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ.
05:29
Dusty is the name that we've given to this cat.
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ื“ืืกื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœื—ืชื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
05:32
This young man
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ
05:34
posted a video
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ื”ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืœื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘
05:36
of him abusing his cat on YouTube.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขืœืœ ื‘ื—ืชื•ืœ ืฉืœื•.
05:39
And, you know, this didn't sit well with people,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš,
05:42
and so there was this outpouring of support
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ืื– ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจื ืฉืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื”
05:46
for people to do something about this.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืขืฉื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”.
05:50
So what they did is they -- I mean, they put CSI to shame here --
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• -- CSI ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืชื --
05:53
the Internet detectives came out.
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ื‘ืœืฉื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื™ืฆืื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
05:55
They matched, they found his MySpace.
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ื”ื ื”ืชืื™ืžื•, ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”-MySpace ืฉืœื•.
05:58
They took the YouTube video and they mashed everything in the video.
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ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื•ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•,
06:01
Within 24 hours,
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ื•ืชื•ืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช,
06:03
they had his name,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืฉื ืฉืœื•.
06:05
and within 48 hours, he was arrested.
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ืชื•ืš 48 ืฉืขื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืฆืจ.
06:09
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
06:16
And so, what I think is really intriguing
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
06:18
about a community like 4chan
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ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื›ืžื• 4chan
06:20
is just that it's this open place.
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ื–ื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืชื•ื—.
06:22
As I said, it's raw, it's unfiltered.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื–ื” ื’ื•ืœืžื™, ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกื•ื ืŸ.
06:24
And sites like it are kind of
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ื•ืืชืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”
06:26
going the way of the dinosaur right now.
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ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข.
06:28
They're endangered because we're moving
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ื”ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขื™ื
06:30
towards social networking.
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
06:32
We're moving towards persistent identity.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืขืงื‘ื™ืช.
06:34
We're moving towards,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ,
06:37
you know, a lack of privacy, really.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืืžืช.
06:39
We're sacrificing a lot of that, and I think in doing so,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
06:42
moving towards those things, we're losing something valuable.
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ื ืขื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš.
06:45
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
06:47
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
06:55
Chris Anderson: Thank you.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš.
06:57
Got a couple questions for you.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื™ืš.
06:59
But if I ask them, is the TED website going to go down?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื ื™ ืืฉืืœ ืื•ืชืŸ, ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœ TED ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงืจื•ืก?
07:02
CP: You're lucky that this is not
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ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืคื•ืœ: ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžื–ืœ ืฉื–ื” ืœื
07:04
being streamed to them live right now.
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ืžืฉื•ื“ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
07:06
CA: Well, you never know. Some of them --
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ื›.ื: ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื --
07:08
we've got people in 75 countries out there watching.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘-75 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื–ื”.
07:11
Don't tell.
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ืืœ ืชืกืคืจ.
07:14
But seriously,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
07:16
this issue on anonymity is --
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื --
07:18
I mean, you made the case there.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš.
07:20
But anonymity basically allows people to say anything,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
07:23
all the rules gone.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื.
07:25
You've had to wrestle with issues like child pornography.
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ืขื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื•ืจื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
07:27
And I'm just curious whether you
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ื•ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืกืงืจืŸ, ื”ืื ืืชื”
07:30
sometimes lie awake in the night
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ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื”
07:32
worrying that you've opened Pandora's box.
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ื“ื•ืื’ ืฉืžื ืคืชื—ืช ืืช ืชื™ื‘ืช ืคื ื“ื•ืจื”.
07:36
CP: Yes and no.
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ื›.ืค: ื›ืŸ ื•ืœื.
07:38
I mean, for as much good
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘
07:40
that kind of comes out of this environment,
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื›ื–ืืช,
07:42
there is plenty of bad.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืข.
07:44
There are plenty of downsides.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื.
07:46
But I think that the greater good
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ
07:49
is being served here by just allowing people --
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื --
07:51
there are very few places, now, where you can go
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื, ืฉืืœื™ื”ื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื›ืช
07:54
and not have identity, to be completely anonymous
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ื‘ืœื™ ื–ื”ื•ืช, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™
07:56
and say whatever you'd like.
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืชืจืฆื”.
07:58
And saying whatever you like, I think, is powerful.
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืชืจืฆื”, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื–ื” ื—ื–ืง.
08:01
Doing whatever you like is now crossing a line.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืชืจืฆื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืงื•.
08:03
But I think it's important to have these places.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
08:06
When I get emails, people say, "Thank you for giving me this place,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉื ืชืช ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
08:09
this outlet, where I can come after work
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ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืืœื™ื• ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
08:11
and be myself."
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™."
08:13
CA: But words, saying things,
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ื›.ื: ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
08:17
you know, can be constructive; it can be really damaging.
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื ื”, ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื–ื™ืง.
08:20
And if you cut the link between what is said
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืชืš ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ
08:23
and any attribution back to you,
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื•ืš ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœื™ืš,
08:25
I mean, surely there are huge risks with that.
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ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืขื ื–ื”.
08:28
CP: There are, certainly.
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ื›.ืค: ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
08:30
But --
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ืื‘ืœ --
08:32
CA: Tell me about what -- I mean, I think you asked the board
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ื›.ื: ืกืคืจ ืœื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” -- ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืฉืืœืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื
08:35
what you might say at TED, right?
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ืžื” ืืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื‘-TED, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
08:37
CP: Yeah, I posted a thread
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ื›.ื: ื›ืŸ, ืคืชื—ืชื™ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ
08:39
on Sunday.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
08:41
And within 24 hours,
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ื•ืชื•ืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช,
08:43
it had over 12,000 responses.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 12,000 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
08:45
And the thing is,
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ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื,
08:48
I didn't make it into that presentation
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ืœื ื›ืœืœืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฆื’ืช
08:50
because I can't read to you anything that they said, more or less.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ืืžืจื•, ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:54
99 percent of it is just,
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99% ืžื–ื”,
08:57
would have been, you know, bleeped out.
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ื”ื™ื”, ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืžืฆื•ื ื–ืจ.
08:59
But there were some good things that came out of that too.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžื–ื”.
09:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:03
Love and peace were mentioned.
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ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื•.
09:05
CA: Love and peace were mentioned,
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ื›.ื: ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื•,
09:07
kind of with quote marks around them, right?
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ืขื ืžืจื›ืื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
09:09
CP: Cats and dogs were mentioned too.
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ื›.ืค: ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ื’ื.
09:11
CA: And that content is all off the board now.
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ื›.ื: ื•ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืจื“ ืžื”ืคื•ืจื•ื.
09:14
Right, it's gone? Or is it still up there?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื ืขืœื? ืื• ืฉื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื?
09:16
CP: I stuck that thread so it lasted a few days.
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ื›.ืค: ื”ื“ื‘ืงืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื.
09:18
It went up to about 16,000 posts,
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ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-16,000 ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช,
09:20
and now it has been taken off.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื”ื•ืกืจ.
09:23
CA: Okay, well.
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ื›.ื: ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื›ืš.
09:27
Now, I'm not sure I would have necessarily recommended
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืžืœื™ืฅ
09:29
everyone at TED to go and check it out anyway.
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ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘-TED ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”.
09:33
Chris, you yourself? I mean, you're a figure of some intrigue.
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ื›ืจื™ืก, ืืชื” ืขืฆืžืš -- ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืชื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืกืงืจื ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
09:36
You've got this surprising
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื”,
09:38
semi-underground influence,
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ื—ืฆื™-ืžื—ืชืจืชื™ืช,
09:41
but it's not making you a lot of money, yet.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
09:45
What's the commercial picture here?
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ืžื” ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืคื”?
09:48
CP: The commercial picture is that there really isn't
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ื›.ืค: ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช
09:50
much of one, I guess.
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ืื—ืช ื›ื–ืืช, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—.
09:52
The site has adult content on it.
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ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
09:55
I mean, obviously, it's got some very offensive, obscene content on it,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ืก,
09:57
just in terms of language alone.
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ื•ืœื• ืจืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฉืคื”.
09:59
And when you've got that, you've pretty much sacrificed
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ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื–ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจื‘ืช
10:02
any hope of making lots of money.
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ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ.
10:05
CA: But you still live at home, right?
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ื›.ื: ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจ ืขื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
10:08
CP: I actually moved out recently.
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ื›.ืค: ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืœื“ื™ืจื” ืžืฉืœื™ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
10:10
CA: That's very cool.
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ื›.ื: ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ.
10:12
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:14
CP: I got out of Mom's, and I'm back in school right now.
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ื›.ืค: ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื, ื•ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื.
10:17
CA: But what conversations did you or do you
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ื›.ื: ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืื• ื”ื™ื• ืœืš
10:19
have with your mother about 4chan?
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ืขื ืืžื ืฉืœืš ืขืœ 4chan?
10:22
CP: At first, very kind of pained,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“, ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืื‘ื•ืช,
10:24
awkward conversations.
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ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช.
10:26
The content is not dinner table conversation in the least.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:30
But my parents -- I think part of why
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ -- ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื”
10:33
they kind of are able to appreciate it
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื–ื”
10:36
is because they don't understand it.
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ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
10:38
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:41
CA: And they were probably pleased to see you
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ื›.ื: ื•ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืš
10:44
on top of the Time poll.
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ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืกืงืจ ืฉืœ Time.
10:46
CP: Yeah. They still didn't know what to think of that though.
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ื›.ืค: ื›ืŸ. ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
10:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:51
CA: And so, in 10 years' time,
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ื›.ื: ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื,
10:53
what do you picture yourself doing?
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ืžื” ืืชื” ืžื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืขื•ืฉื”?
10:56
CP: That's a good question.
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ื›.ืค: ื–ืืช ืฉืืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
10:58
As I said, I just went back to school,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื,
11:00
and I am considering
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืงืœ
11:02
majoring in urban studies
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ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื
11:04
and then going on to urban planning,
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™,
11:06
kind of taking whatever I've learned from online communities
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ืœืงื—ืช ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืงื•ื•ื ื•ืช
11:09
and trying to adapt that
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
11:11
to a physical community.
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ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืกื™ื•ืช.
11:14
CA: Chris, thank you. Absolutely fascinating. Thank you for coming to TED.
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ื›.ื: ื›ืจื™ืก, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš. ืžืจืชืง ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜. ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืืช ืœ-TED.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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