Kwame Anthony Appiah: Is religion good or bad? (This is a trick question)

154,017 views ใƒป 2014-06-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:12
People say things about religion all the time.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
00:16
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:18
The late, great Christopher Hitchens
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ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ื”ื™ืฆ'ื™ื ืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื ื•ื—
00:20
wrote a book called "God Is Not Great"
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ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื "ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ"
00:22
whose subtitle was, "Religion Poisons Everything."
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ืฉืชืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” "ื”ื“ืช ืžืจืขื™ืœื” ื”ื›ืœ."
00:25
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:27
But last month, in Time magazine,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ื,
00:31
Rabbi David Wolpe, who I gather is referred to as America's rabbi,
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ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืœืคื™, ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื›ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
00:35
said, to balance that against that negative characterization,
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ืืžืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื–ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™,
00:40
that no important form of social change
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ืฉืืฃ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
00:42
can be brought about except through organized religion.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืืœื ื“ืจืš ื“ืช ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช.
00:46
Now, remarks of this sort on the negative
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช.
00:48
and the positive side are very old.
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00:52
I have one in my pocket here
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื—ืช ืคื” ื‘ื›ื™ืก
00:54
from the first century BCE by Lucretius,
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ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžืืช ืœื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืก,
01:00
the author of "On the Nature of Things," who said,
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ืžื—ื‘ืจ "ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื," ืฉื›ืชื‘,
01:03
"Tantum religio potuit suadere malorum" --
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"ื˜ื ื˜ื•ื ืจืœื™ื’ื™ื• ืคื•ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ ืกื•ืื“ืจื” ืžืœื•ืจื•ื" --
01:07
I should have been able to learn that by heart โ€”
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืคื” --
01:10
which is, that's how much religion
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื“ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื•ืœืœ ืจืข,
01:12
is able to persuade people to do evil,
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01:15
and he was talking about the fact
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
01:17
of Agamemnon's decision to place his daughter
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืื’ืžืžื ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•, ืื™ืคื™ื’ื ื™ื”,
01:20
Iphigenia on an altar of sacrifice
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืœืฆื‘ืื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื ืฆื—.
01:22
in order to preserve the prospects of his army.
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01:25
So there have been these long debates
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ืื– ื”ื™ื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
01:28
over the centuries, in that case, actually,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ืขืœ ื“ืช,
01:30
we can say over the millennia, about religion.
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01:31
People have talked about it a lot,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”,
01:33
and they've said good and bad
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืœื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘, ื‘ืฉืœื™ืœื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช.
01:35
and indifferent things about it.
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01:39
What I want to persuade you of today
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“:
01:40
is of a very simple claim,
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01:42
which is that these debates are
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ืฉื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื,
01:44
in a certain sense preposterous,
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01:47
because there is no such thing as religion
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” "ื“ืช"
01:51
about which to make these claims.
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ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
01:53
There isn't a thing called religion,
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื "ื“ืช",
01:54
and so it can't be good or bad.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืจืข.
01:57
It can't even be indifferent.
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™.
01:59
And if you think about claims
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ื•ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช
02:02
about the nonexistence of things,
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื,
02:06
one obvious way to try and establish
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ื“ืจืš ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
02:08
the nonexistence of a purported thing
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02:10
would be to offer a definition of that thing
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื•ืื– ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืชืื™ื ืœื”.
02:13
and then to see whether anything satisfied it.
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02:15
I'm going to start out on that little route
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.ืื ื™ ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
02:19
to begin with.
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02:20
So if you look in the dictionaries
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
02:22
and if you think about it,
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02:24
one very natural definition of religion
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ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืื—ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœื“ืช
02:26
is that it involves belief in gods or in spiritual beings.
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ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ื” ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืืœื™ื ืื• ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:32
As I say, this is in many dictionaries,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื,
02:33
but you'll also find it actually
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ื–ื”
02:36
in the work of Sir Edward Tylor,
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืจ ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ,
02:38
who was the first professor of anthropology at Oxford,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“,
02:40
one of the first modern anthropologists.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:42
In his book on primitive culture,
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ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
02:44
he says the heart of religion is what he called animism,
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ืœื• "ืื ื™ืžื™ื–ื",
02:47
that is, the belief in spiritual agency,
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ืื• ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืจื ืจื•ื—ื ื™,
02:49
belief in spirits.
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ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื ืฉืžื•ืช.
02:51
The first problem for that definition
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ื–ื•
02:53
is from a recent novel by Paul Beatty called "Tuff."
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ื‘ืื” ืžื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื ืงืจื "ื˜ืืฃ."
02:56
There's a guy talking to a rabbi.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืจื‘ื™. ื•ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.
02:57
The rabbi says he doesn't believe in God.
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03:00
The guy says, "You're a rabbi, how can you not believe in God?"
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ื”ืื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจ, "ืืชื” ืจื‘ื™, ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื?"
03:02
And the reply is, "It's what's so great about being Jewish.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, "ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™.
03:06
You don't have to believe in a God per se,
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"ืืชื” ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™."
03:08
just in being Jewish." (Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:10
So if this guy is a rabbi, and a Jewish rabbi,
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ืื– ืื ื–ื”ื• ืจื‘ื™, ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™,
03:13
and if you have to believe in God in order to be religious,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื™ื,
03:16
then we have the rather counterintuitive conclusion
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืกืงื ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช
03:20
that since it's possible to be a Jewish rabbi
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ืฉืžืื—ืจ ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื,
03:22
without believing in God,
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03:24
Judaism isn't a religion.
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ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ื“ืช.
03:26
That seems like a pretty counterintuitive thought.
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ื–ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
03:29
Here's another argument against this view.
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:33
A friend of mine, an Indian friend of mine,
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ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™,
03:35
went to his grandfather when he was very young,
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ื”ืœืš ืœืกื‘ื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ืœื“, ื•ืืžืจ ืœื•,
03:37
a child, and said to him,
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03:38
"I want to talk to you about religion,"
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"ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชืš ืขืœ ื“ืช,"
03:40
and his grandfather said, "You're too young.
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ื•ืกื‘ื• ืืžืจ, "ืืชื” ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžื“ื™. ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ื›ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ."
03:42
Come back when you're a teenager."
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03:43
So he came back when he was a teenager,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ื›ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื•ืืžืจ ืœืกื‘ื•,
03:45
and he said to his grandfather,
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03:47
"It may be a bit late now
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"ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ ื›ื™ ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื™ื."
03:48
because I've discovered that I don't believe in the gods."
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03:52
And his grandfather, who was a wise man, said,
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ื•ืกื‘ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ื—ื›ื ืืžืจ,
03:54
"Oh, so you belong to the atheist branch
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"ืื”, ืื– ืืชื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืขื ืฃ ื”ืืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืช."
03:56
of the Hindu tradition." (Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:59
And finally, there's this guy,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
04:03
who famously doesn't believe in God.
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ืฉื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื. ืฉืžื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืœืื™ ืœืืžื”.
04:05
His name is the Dalai Lama.
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04:07
He often jokes that he's one of the world's leading atheists.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื“ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
04:10
But it's true, because the Dalai Lama's religion
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
ื›ื™ ืฉื”ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืœืื™ ืœืืžื” ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืืœ.
04:13
does not involve belief in God.
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04:15
Now you might think this just shows
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ืจืง ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”
04:17
that I've given you the wrong definition
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04:20
and that I should come up with some other definition
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ื•ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืื—ืจืช
04:22
and test it against these cases
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ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:24
and try and find something that captures
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจ
04:26
atheistic Judaism, atheistic Hinduism,
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ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื–ื ื”ืืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื ื”ืืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ ื›ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืช,
04:29
and atheistic Buddhism as forms of religiosity,
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04:33
but I actually think that that's a bad idea,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข,
04:34
and the reason I think it's a bad idea
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข
04:37
is that I don't think that's how
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื›ืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ืช.
04:38
our concept of religion works.
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04:40
I think the way our concept of religion works
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช
04:42
is that we actually have, we have a list
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04:45
of paradigm religions
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04:47
and their sub-parts, right,
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ื•ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:50
and if something new comes along
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ื•ืื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืžืชื™ื™ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืช,
04:52
that purports to be a religion,
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04:54
what we ask is, "Well, is it like one of these?"
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื, "ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื—ืช ืžืืœื•?"
04:56
Right?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:59
And I think that's not only how we think about religion,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื“ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื›ื”.
05:01
and that's, as it were,
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05:03
so from our point of view,
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื ื•,
05:04
anything on that list had better be a religion,
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ืช,
05:06
which is why I don't think an account of religion
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืช ืฉืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื ื•ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช
05:08
that excludes Buddhism and Judaism
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05:10
has a chance of being a good starter,
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื ื•.
05:13
because they're on our list.
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05:15
But why do we have such a list?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื›ื–ื•?
05:17
What's going on? How did it come about
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”? ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•?
05:19
that we have this list?
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05:21
I think the answer is a pretty simple one
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ืกื” ื•ืคื•ืœืžื•ืกื ื™ืช.
05:24
and therefore crude and contentious.
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05:27
I'm sure a lot of people will disagree with it,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืื™ืชื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™,
05:29
but here's my story,
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05:30
and true or not, it's a story that I think
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ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ืœื, ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
05:33
gives you a good sense of how
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ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ืฆืจื”,
05:35
the list might have come about,
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05:37
and therefore helps you to think about
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืœืจืฉื™ืžื”.
05:38
what use the list might be.
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05:40
I think the answer is, European travelers,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื: ืžื’ืœื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื™ื,
05:43
starting roughly about the time of Columbus,
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ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก,
05:45
started going around the world.
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ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื ืกื•ืข ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
05:46
They came from a Christian culture,
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช,
05:49
and when they arrived in a new place,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืงื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ,
05:51
they noticed that some people didn't have Christianity,
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ื”ื ืจืื• ืฉื‘ืขืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆืจื•ืช,
05:53
and so they asked themselves the following question:
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ืื– ื”ื ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”:
05:55
what have they got instead of Christianity?
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ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ืฆืจื•ืช?
05:59
And that list was essentially constructed.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื ื‘ื ืชื”.
06:02
It consists of the things that other people had
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ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ืฆืจื•ืช.
06:04
instead of Christianity.
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06:07
Now there's a difficulty with proceeding in that way,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืžืงืฉื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืช...
06:10
which is that Christianity is extremely,
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06:13
even on that list, it's an extremely specific tradition.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื–ื• ืžืกื•ืจืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:17
It has all kinds of things in it
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื
06:19
that are very, very particular
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06:21
that are the results of the specifics
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ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช,
06:23
of Christian history,
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06:26
and one thing that's at the heart of it,
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
06:27
one thing that's at the heart of most understandings of Christianity,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช,
06:30
which is the result of the specific history of Christianity,
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ืฉื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช,
06:32
is that it's an extremely creedal religion.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ืืช ื“ืช ืขื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช,
06:36
It's a religion in which people are really concerned
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ื–ื• ื“ืช ื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืื ืืชื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
06:38
about whether you believe the right things.
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06:41
The history of Christianity, the internal history of Christianity,
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ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช,
06:43
is largely the history of people killing each other
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”
06:45
because they believed the wrong thing,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
06:47
and it's also involved in
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ื•ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืขื ื“ืชื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
06:49
struggles with other religions,
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06:51
obviously starting in the Middle Ages,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
06:55
a struggle with Islam,
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ืžืื‘ืง ืขื ื”ืื™ืกืœื,
06:56
in which, again, it was the infidelity,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื›ืคื™ืจื”, ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
06:59
the fact that they didn't believe the right things,
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07:01
that seemed so offensive to the Christian world.
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ื”ืขืœื™ื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™.
07:05
Now that's a very specific and particular history
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื•ืคืจื˜ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช,
07:07
that Christianity has,
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07:10
and not everywhere is everything
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ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื›ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš.
07:13
that has ever been put on this sort of list like it.
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07:17
Here's another problem, I think.
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ื”ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘.
07:18
A very specific thing happened.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืงืจื”.
07:20
It was actually adverted to earlier,
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:21
but a very specific thing happened
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืงืจื”
07:23
in the history of the kind of Christianity
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
07:25
that we see around us
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07:26
mostly in the United States today,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
07:28
and it happened in the late 19th century,
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19,
07:32
and that specific thing that happened
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19
07:33
in the late 19th century
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07:34
was a kind of deal that was cut
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ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื” ืฉื ื›ืจืชื”
07:37
between science,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข,
07:39
this new way of organizing intellectual authority,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช,
07:45
and religion.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืช.
07:46
If you think about the 18th century, say,
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
07:48
if you think about intellectual life
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19,
07:50
before the late 19th century,
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07:52
anything you did, anything you thought about,
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื, ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืขืœื™ื•,
07:55
whether it was the physical world,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ืฉืžื™,
07:58
the human world,
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ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื“ื,
08:00
the natural world apart from the human world,
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ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
08:02
or morality, anything you did
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ืื• ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื
08:04
would have been framed against the background
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช, ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช.
08:05
of a set of assumptions that were religious,
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08:08
Christian assumptions.
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08:09
You couldn't give an account
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืชืืจ ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
08:11
of the natural world
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08:12
that didn't say something about its relationship,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”
08:15
for example, to the creation story
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08:17
in the Abrahamic tradition,
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ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืื‘ืจื”ืžื™ืช,
08:19
the creation story in the first book of the Torah.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช.
08:22
So everything was framed in that way.
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ืื– ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืงืข ื”ื–ื”.
08:25
But this changes in the late 19th century,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19,
08:28
and for the first time, it's possible for people
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ื•ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืชื— ืงืจื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช
08:30
to develop serious intellectual careers
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08:32
as natural historians like Darwin.
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ื›ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื›ืžื• ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
08:34
Darwin worried about the relationship between
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ืืช ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืื™ื’ื• ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช,
08:36
what he said and the truths of religion,
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08:39
but he could proceed, he could write books
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกืคืจื™ื
08:41
about his subject
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ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœื•
08:43
without having to say what the relationship was
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื™ืืœืฅ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื• ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื,
08:45
to the religious claims,
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08:47
and similarly, geologists increasingly could talk about it.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
08:49
In the early 19th century, if you were a geologist
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
08:51
and made a claim about the age of the Earth,
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ื•ื˜ืขื ืชื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื™ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
08:53
you had to explain whether that was consistent
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“, ื•ืื™ืš,
08:55
or how it was or wasn't consistent
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08:56
with the age of the Earth implied
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ืขื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืžืฉืชืžืข ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช.
08:57
by the account in Genesis.
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08:59
By the end of the 19th century,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกืคืจ ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
09:00
you can just write a geology textbook
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09:02
in which you make arguments about how old the Earth is.
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ืขื ื˜ืขื ืชื›ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
09:04
So there's a big change, and that division,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ื–ื•,
09:06
that intellectual division of labor occurs as I say, I think,
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ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ, ืœื“ืขืชื™,
09:09
and it sort of solidifies so that by the end
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉ ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
09:12
of the 19th century in Europe,
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09:15
there's a real intellectual division of labor,
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ื™ืฉ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
09:17
and you can do all sorts of serious things,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื,
09:19
including, increasingly, even philosophy,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”,
09:23
without being constrained by the thought,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”,
09:26
"Well, what I have to say has to be consistent
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"ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“
09:28
with the deep truths that are given to me
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"ืขื ื”ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•."
09:31
by our religious tradition."
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09:33
So imagine someone who's coming out
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ืื– ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19,
09:35
of that world, that late-19th-century world,
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09:39
coming into the country that I grew up in, Ghana,
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ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื” ื’ื“ืœืชื™, ื’ืื ื”, ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ื”, ืืฉื ื˜ื™,
09:43
the society that I grew up in, Asante,
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09:45
coming into that world
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20
09:47
at the turn of the 20th century
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09:49
with this question that made the list:
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ืขื ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืจืฉื™ืžื”:
09:51
what have they got instead of Christianity?
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ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ืฆืจื•ืช?
09:54
Well, here's one thing he would have noticed,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
09:57
and by the way, there was a person who actually did this.
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
10:00
His name was Captain Rattray,
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ืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืงืคื˜ืŸ ืจื˜ืจื™ื™,
10:01
he was sent as the British government anthropologist,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืœื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™,
10:03
and he wrote a book about Asante religion.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื“ืช ื”ืืฉื ื˜ื™.
10:05
This is a soul disc.
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ื–ืืช ื“ื™ืกืงืช ื ืฉืžื”.
10:08
There are many of them in the British Museum.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™.
10:10
I could give you an interesting, different history
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืชืืจ ืœื›ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช
10:11
of how it comes about that many of the things
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ืื™ืš ืงืจื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™,
10:13
from my society ended up in the British Museum,
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:17
but we don't have time for that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืœื–ื”.
10:18
So this object is a soul disc.
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ืื– ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืกืงืช ื ืฉืžื”.
10:20
What is a soul disc?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืกืงืช ื ืฉืžื”?
10:21
It was worn around the necks
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ืจื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ื”ืืฉื ื˜ื™ ืขื ื“ื• ืื•ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ.
10:23
of the soul-washers of the Asante king.
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10:25
What was their job? To wash the king's soul.
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื? ืœืจื—ื•ืฅ ืืช ื ืฉืžืช ื”ืžืœืš.
10:29
It would take a long while
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ื ื“ืจืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ื ืฉืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื
10:31
to explain how a soul could be the kind of thing
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10:33
that could be washed,
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10:34
but Rattray knew that this was religion
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื˜ืจื™ื™ ื™ื“ืข ืฉื–ื• ื“ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ื ืฉืžื•ืช.
10:37
because souls were in play.
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10:41
And similarly,
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื
10:42
there were many other things, many other practices.
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
10:45
For example, every time anybody had a drink, more or less,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืชื”, ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:47
they poured a little bit on the ground
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืคืš ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ื ืกืš",
10:49
in what's called the libation,
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10:51
and they gave some to the ancestors.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื ืชืŸ ืงืฆืช ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื•.
10:52
My father did this. Every time he opened a bottle of whiskey,
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ืื‘ื™ ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”. ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื•ื•ื™ืกืงื™.
10:55
which I'm glad to say was very often,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื”,
10:56
he would take the top off and pour off just a little on the ground,
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืงืง ื•ืฉื•ืคืš ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”,
11:00
and he would talk to,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ,
11:02
he would say to Akroma-Ampim, the founder of our line,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืืงืจื•ืžื”-ืืžืคื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฉืœื ื•,
11:05
or Yao Antony, my great uncle,
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ืื• ื™ืื• ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™, ืจื‘-ื“ื•ื“ื™,
11:07
he would talk to them,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื,
11:09
offer them a little bit of this.
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ื•ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื”ื ืงืฆืช.
11:11
And finally, there were these huge public ceremonials.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื.
11:14
This is an early-19th-century drawing
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ื–ื” ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ืฉืœ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืื—ืจ
11:15
by another British military officer
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11:16
of such a ceremonial,
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ืฉืžืชืืจ ื˜ืงืก ื›ื–ื”,
11:18
where the king was involved,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ,
11:21
and the king's job,
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ื•ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš,
11:22
one of the large parts of his job,
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“,
11:23
apart from organizing warfare and things like that,
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
11:26
was to look after the tombs of his ancestors,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื•,
11:29
and when a king died,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืžืœืš ืžืช,
11:31
the stool that he sat on was blackened
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ื”ืฉืจืคืจืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ื™ืฉื‘ ื ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืฉื ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™,
11:33
and put in the royal ancestral temple,
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11:36
and every 40 days,
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ื•ื›ืœ 40 ื™ื•ื,
11:38
the King of Asante has to go and do cult
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืจื•ืš ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื•. ื–ื”ื• ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•.
11:40
for his ancestors.
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11:41
That's a large part of his job,
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11:43
and people think that if he doesn't do it,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”,
11:45
things will fall apart.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืชืคื•ืจืจื•.
11:46
So he's a religious figure,
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ืื– ื–ืืช ื“ืžื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช,
11:49
as Rattray would have said,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื˜ืจื™ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ,
11:50
as well as a political figure.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
11:53
So all this would count as religion for Rattray,
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื˜ืจื™ื™ ืœื“ืช,
11:57
but my point is that when you look
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื
11:59
into the lives of those people,
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ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
12:01
you also find that every time they do anything,
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ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื’ื ืฉื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•,
12:03
they're conscious of the ancestors.
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ื”ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
12:05
Every morning at breakfast,
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ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
12:07
you can go outside the front of the house
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืœืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช
12:09
and make an offering to the god tree, the nyame dua
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ื•ืœืชืช ืžื ื—ื” ืœืขืฅ ื”ืืœ, ื”ื ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืื”
12:12
outside your house,
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
12:14
and again, you'll talk to the gods
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืืชื ืชื“ื‘ืจื• ืœืืœื™ื
12:15
and the high gods and the low gods
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ื•ืœืืœื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืœืืœื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื›ื ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
12:16
and the ancestors and so on.
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12:18
This is not a world
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ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืช ืœืžื“ืข.
12:19
in which the separation between religion and science
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12:22
has occurred.
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12:24
Religion has not being separated
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ื”ื“ืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืคืจื“ืช ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื,
12:25
from any other areas of life,
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12:26
and in particular,
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ,
12:28
what's crucial to understand about this world
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ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”
12:30
is that it's a world in which the job
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ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•
12:32
that science does for us
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12:33
is done by what Rattray is going to call religion,
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ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืข"ื™ ืžื” ืฉืจื˜ืจื™ื™ ืžื›ื ื” "ื“ืช",
12:36
because if they want an explanation of something,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉื”ื•: ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืขืœื• ื™ืคื”,
12:38
if they want to know why the crop just failed,
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12:40
if they want to know why it's raining
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ืœืžื” ื™ื•ืจื“ ื’ืฉื ืื• ืœื, ืื ื”ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื’ืฉื,
12:41
or not raining, if they need rain,
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12:43
if they want to know why
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ืื ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืœืžื”
12:46
their grandfather has died,
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ืกื‘ื ืžืช,
12:48
they are going to appeal to the very same entities,
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ื”ื ื™ืคื ื• ืœืื•ืชืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช,
12:51
the very same language,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืคื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง,
12:52
talk to the very same gods about that.
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ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืชื ืืœื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
12:55
This great separation, in other words,
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ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•, ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืช ื•ืžื“ืข ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”.
12:57
between religion and science hasn't happened.
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12:59
Now, this would be a mere historical curiosity,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื™ืจืื” ื›ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช
13:03
except that in large parts of the world,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
13:07
this is still the truth.
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ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืช.
13:09
I had the privilege of going to a wedding
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืœื›ืช ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœื—ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ื‘ื™ื”,
13:11
the other day in northern Namibia,
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13:13
20 miles or so south of the Angolan border
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ื›-30 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืื ื’ื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœ 200 ืื ืฉื™ื.
13:16
in a village of 200 people.
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13:18
These were modern people.
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื.
13:19
We had with us Oona Chaplin,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืื™ืชื ื• ืื•ื ื” ืฆ'ืคืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื—ืœืงื›ื ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœื™ื”,
13:21
who some of you may have heard of,
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13:22
and one of the people from this village came up to her,
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื›ืคืจ ื‘ื ืืœื™ื”,
13:24
and said, "I've seen you in 'Game of Thrones.'"
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ื•ืืžืจ, "ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชืš ื‘'ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื›ืก'"
13:27
So these were not people who were isolated from our world,
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ืื– ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•,
13:31
but nevertheless, for them,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื,
13:32
the gods and the spirits are still very much there,
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ื”ืืœื™ื ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื,
13:35
and when we were on the bus going back and forth
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืงืก ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
13:37
to the various parts of the [ceremony],
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13:38
they prayed not just in a generic way
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ื”ื ื”ืชืคืœืœื• ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™
13:41
but for the safety of the journey,
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ืืœื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืข ื•ื”ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื–ื”,
13:42
and they meant it,
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13:43
and when they said to me that my mother,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ืืžืจื• ืœื™ ืฉืื™ืžื™,
13:46
the bridegroom's [grandmother],
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ื”ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืชืŸ,
13:48
was with us, they didn't mean it figuratively.
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ืื™ืชื ื•, ื”ื ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื™ืกื™.
13:51
They meant, even though she was a dead person,
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ื”ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื”,
13:53
they meant that she was still around.
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ื”ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
13:56
So in large parts of the world today,
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ืื– ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื,
13:59
that separation between science and religion
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ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืข ืœื“ืช ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื,
14:01
hasn't occurred in large parts of the world today,
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14:02
and as I say, these are not --
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื”ื ืœื --
14:06
This guy used to work for Chase and at the World Bank.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืขื‘ื“ ื‘"ืฆ'ื™ื™ืก" ื•ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
14:11
These are fellow citizens of the world with you,
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ืืœื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื•ื›ื,
14:14
but they come from a place in which religion
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ืžืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื“ืช ืžืžืœืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
14:15
is occupying a very different role.
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14:17
So what I want you to think about next time somebody wants
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื”ื›ืœืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืช
14:19
to make some vast generalization about religion
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14:22
is that maybe there isn't such a thing
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ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ, "ื“ืช", ื‘ืชื•ืจ "ื“ื‘ืจ",
14:25
as a religion, such a thing as religion,
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14:27
and that therefore what they say
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
14:29
cannot possibly be true.
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14:32
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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