Kwame Anthony Appiah: Is religion good or bad? (This is a trick question)

153,769 views ・ 2014-06-16

TED


請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。

譯者: Geoff Chen 審譯者: Peipei Xiang
00:12
People say things about religion all the time.
0
12509
4227
人們常常討論宗教。
00:16
(Laughter)
1
16736
1974
(觀衆笑聲)
00:18
The late, great Christopher Hitchens
2
18710
2250
已逝的著名作家克里斯托弗·希欽斯
00:20
wrote a book called "God Is Not Great"
3
20960
1421
寫了一本書叫做《上帝不偉大》,
00:22
whose subtitle was, "Religion Poisons Everything."
4
22381
3532
副標題叫做“宗教毒害一切”。
00:25
(Laughter)
5
25913
1373
(觀眾笑聲)
00:27
But last month, in Time magazine,
6
27286
4094
但是上個月,時代雜誌刊登了
00:31
Rabbi David Wolpe, who I gather is referred to as America's rabbi,
7
31380
4013
拉比大衛·沃普的一段話, 他被公認為美國的拉比(智者),
00:35
said, to balance that against that negative characterization,
8
35393
4638
反駁這些對宗教的負面描述,
00:40
that no important form of social change
9
40031
2624
他說:任何形式的社會改革
00:42
can be brought about except through organized religion.
10
42655
4340
都只能通過有組織的宗教活動進行。
00:46
Now, remarks of this sort on the negative
11
46995
1978
這些關於宗教正面與負面的評價
00:48
and the positive side are very old.
12
48973
3037
都是老生常談了。
00:52
I have one in my pocket here
13
52010
2441
我口袋裡就有一句話是
00:54
from the first century BCE by Lucretius,
14
54451
5915
公元一世紀的盧克萊斯說的,
01:00
the author of "On the Nature of Things," who said,
15
60366
2863
他是《物性論》的作者,他這樣說道,
01:03
"Tantum religio potuit suadere malorum" --
16
63229
4283
“Tantum religio potuit suadere malorum”(拉丁文),
01:07
I should have been able to learn that by heart —
17
67512
2622
我應該把這句話背下來。
01:10
which is, that's how much religion
18
70134
2688
這句話的意思就是,宗教
01:12
is able to persuade people to do evil,
19
72822
2510
就是這樣慫恿人們向惡。
01:15
and he was talking about the fact
20
75332
1787
他講訴了
01:17
of Agamemnon's decision to place his daughter
21
77119
3045
阿伽蒙農爲了軍隊無往不勝
01:20
Iphigenia on an altar of sacrifice
22
80164
1911
而要把他自己的女兒依菲琴妮婭
01:22
in order to preserve the prospects of his army.
23
82075
3500
送上祭壇作爲犧牲的事實。
01:25
So there have been these long debates
24
85575
2896
所以這些關於宗教的辯論
01:28
over the centuries, in that case, actually,
25
88471
1889
已經持續了幾個世紀,而按這個例子來看,
01:30
we can say over the millennia, about religion.
26
90360
1586
我們可以說關於宗教的爭論 已經持續了幾千年。
01:31
People have talked about it a lot,
27
91946
1853
人們經常討論這個話題,
01:33
and they've said good and bad
28
93799
1798
他們表達了很多關於宗教的好的壞的
01:35
and indifferent things about it.
29
95597
3509
和無所謂的觀點。
01:39
What I want to persuade you of today
30
99106
1735
我今天想跟大家說的,
01:40
is of a very simple claim,
31
100841
1603
是一個簡單的觀點。
01:42
which is that these debates are
32
102444
2237
那就是,這些爭論
01:44
in a certain sense preposterous,
33
104681
2493
從某種意義上來說都是荒謬可笑的,
01:47
because there is no such thing as religion
34
107174
4171
那是因爲這個世界上 根本就沒有宗教這個東西,
01:51
about which to make these claims.
35
111345
1735
所以這些爭論純是無稽之談。
01:53
There isn't a thing called religion,
36
113080
1388
既然沒有宗教這個東西
01:54
and so it can't be good or bad.
37
114468
3051
也就沒有好於壞之分,
01:57
It can't even be indifferent.
38
117519
2161
甚至都不可能對其無所謂。
01:59
And if you think about claims
39
119680
2459
如果你想想這些關於
02:02
about the nonexistence of things,
40
122139
3988
事物的不存在性的觀點,
02:06
one obvious way to try and establish
41
126127
2192
有一個顯而易見的
02:08
the nonexistence of a purported thing
42
128319
2452
來確定這些想像的事物的 不存在性的方法
02:10
would be to offer a definition of that thing
43
130771
2458
就是先提出一个定義,
02:13
and then to see whether anything satisfied it.
44
133229
2761
然後看看哪些事物符合這個定義。
02:15
I'm going to start out on that little route
45
135990
3212
現在我準備就開始
02:19
to begin with.
46
139202
1209
以這一點開始討論。
02:20
So if you look in the dictionaries
47
140411
2577
如果你去查字典,
02:22
and if you think about it,
48
142988
1150
如果你想想這些事情,
02:24
one very natural definition of religion
49
144138
2369
一個對宗教的非常自然的解釋就是
02:26
is that it involves belief in gods or in spiritual beings.
50
146507
5817
宗教是對神靈和有神性事物的信仰。
02:32
As I say, this is in many dictionaries,
51
152324
1506
我是說,這是在很多字典裏面的解釋,
02:33
but you'll also find it actually
52
153830
2751
但是你也會發現其實在
02:36
in the work of Sir Edward Tylor,
53
156581
1627
牛津大學第一位人類學教授,
02:38
who was the first professor of anthropology at Oxford,
54
158208
2227
現代人類學先鋒之一,
02:40
one of the first modern anthropologists.
55
160435
1996
爵士愛德華泰勒的著作中就提到過。
02:42
In his book on primitive culture,
56
162431
2234
在他的有關原始文化的書裡面,
02:44
he says the heart of religion is what he called animism,
57
164665
3020
他提到,宗教的核心就是萬物有靈,
02:47
that is, the belief in spiritual agency,
58
167685
1718
也就是相信神體,
02:49
belief in spirits.
59
169403
2377
信仰靈性。
02:51
The first problem for that definition
60
171780
2008
這個定義的第一個挑戰
02:53
is from a recent novel by Paul Beatty called "Tuff."
61
173788
2740
來自最近保羅貝·蒂的一本小說《塔夫》。
02:56
There's a guy talking to a rabbi.
62
176528
1406
他寫到一個人向拉比求教,
02:57
The rabbi says he doesn't believe in God.
63
177934
2396
拉比說他自己不相信上帝。
03:00
The guy says, "You're a rabbi, how can you not believe in God?"
64
180330
2430
那人就說“你可是拉比啊,你怎麼能不相信上帝?”
03:02
And the reply is, "It's what's so great about being Jewish.
65
182760
3391
回答是“這就是做猶太人的好處。”
03:06
You don't have to believe in a God per se,
66
186151
1963
你不需要去相信上帝本身,
03:08
just in being Jewish." (Laughter)
67
188114
2456
只要相信自己是猶太人。“(笑聲)
03:10
So if this guy is a rabbi, and a Jewish rabbi,
68
190570
3028
所以如果這個人是拉比,並且是猶太拉比,
03:13
and if you have to believe in God in order to be religious,
69
193598
3192
而如果只有信仰上帝才算信教,
03:16
then we have the rather counterintuitive conclusion
70
196790
3283
那麼我們會得到一個有悖常理的結論,
03:20
that since it's possible to be a Jewish rabbi
71
200073
2192
那就是你不可能成爲一位不信仰上帝的
03:22
without believing in God,
72
202265
1889
猶太拉比,
03:24
Judaism isn't a religion.
73
204154
2350
猶太教不是一個宗教。
03:26
That seems like a pretty counterintuitive thought.
74
206504
3466
這個結論似乎有悖常理。
03:29
Here's another argument against this view.
75
209970
3261
這裡還有另外一個反駁這個定義的觀點。
03:33
A friend of mine, an Indian friend of mine,
76
213231
2172
我有一個印度的朋友,
03:35
went to his grandfather when he was very young,
77
215403
2183
他年輕的時候去他祖父家,
03:37
a child, and said to him,
78
217586
1135
還是個小孩,他跟祖父說,
03:38
"I want to talk to you about religion,"
79
218721
2119
“我想跟你談談宗教。”
03:40
and his grandfather said, "You're too young.
80
220840
1245
祖父回答他說:“你還太小。
03:42
Come back when you're a teenager."
81
222085
1531
等你長大成少年了再來找我。“
03:43
So he came back when he was a teenager,
82
223616
1843
所以他長大成少年後又去找他祖父,
03:45
and he said to his grandfather,
83
225459
1696
他跟祖父說:
03:47
"It may be a bit late now
84
227155
1326
“現在可能有點晚了,
03:48
because I've discovered that I don't believe in the gods."
85
228481
3740
因爲我發現自己根本不相信有神靈。“
03:52
And his grandfather, who was a wise man, said,
86
232221
2027
他的祖父是一個很有智慧的人,他說道:
03:54
"Oh, so you belong to the atheist branch
87
234248
2184
“哦,所以你是屬於印度教
03:56
of the Hindu tradition." (Laughter)
88
236432
3186
無神論派的嘍。”(笑聲)
03:59
And finally, there's this guy,
89
239618
3702
最後,這人
04:03
who famously doesn't believe in God.
90
243320
2456
成了世界有名的不相信神的人。
04:05
His name is the Dalai Lama.
91
245776
1818
他的名字是達賴喇嘛。
04:07
He often jokes that he's one of the world's leading atheists.
92
247594
2648
他經常開玩笑的說自己是世界上 領先的無神論者。
04:10
But it's true, because the Dalai Lama's religion
93
250242
2944
但是這是真的,因爲達賴喇嘛的宗教信仰
04:13
does not involve belief in God.
94
253186
2780
並不包括信仰神。
04:15
Now you might think this just shows
95
255966
1613
現在你可能認爲這只能說明
04:17
that I've given you the wrong definition
96
257579
3020
我提出了一個錯誤的定義。
04:20
and that I should come up with some other definition
97
260599
2119
那麼我必須得重新定義,
04:22
and test it against these cases
98
262718
1698
然後再檢驗這些例子,
04:24
and try and find something that captures
99
264416
2571
找到一個可以涵蓋
04:26
atheistic Judaism, atheistic Hinduism,
100
266987
2926
無神猶太教,無神印度教
04:29
and atheistic Buddhism as forms of religiosity,
101
269913
3263
和無神佛教的宗教定義,
04:33
but I actually think that that's a bad idea,
102
273176
1794
但是其實我認爲這不是個好主意,
04:34
and the reason I think it's a bad idea
103
274970
2329
我認爲這不是個好主意的理由是
04:37
is that I don't think that's how
104
277299
1635
我不認爲
04:38
our concept of religion works.
105
278934
1631
我們的宗教概念是這樣來的。
04:40
I think the way our concept of religion works
106
280565
1600
我認爲我們的宗教概念是這樣來的,
04:42
is that we actually have, we have a list
107
282165
3038
我們實際上有的是一個
04:45
of paradigm religions
108
285203
1926
宗教範例的列表
04:47
and their sub-parts, right,
109
287129
3239
和其支系的清單,對麼,
04:50
and if something new comes along
110
290368
2554
如果有新的
04:52
that purports to be a religion,
111
292922
1506
聲稱是宗教的事物出現,
04:54
what we ask is, "Well, is it like one of these?"
112
294428
2464
我們只需要問“這個是其中之一麼?”
04:56
Right?
113
296892
2252
對麼?
04:59
And I think that's not only how we think about religion,
114
299144
2575
我認爲我們不止這樣理解宗教,
05:01
and that's, as it were,
115
301719
1300
而且,從某種意義上來說,
05:03
so from our point of view,
116
303019
1791
我們認為
05:04
anything on that list had better be a religion,
117
304810
2083
那個列表上所列的應該都是宗教,
05:06
which is why I don't think an account of religion
118
306893
1768
這就是爲什麼我認爲
05:08
that excludes Buddhism and Judaism
119
308661
1855
無法包含佛教和猶太教的宗教定義
05:10
has a chance of being a good starter,
120
310516
2700
不是一個好的開始,
05:13
because they're on our list.
121
313216
2704
因爲這兩個宗教都在我們的列表上。
05:15
But why do we have such a list?
122
315920
1980
但是我們爲什麼有這樣一個列表呢?
05:17
What's going on? How did it come about
123
317900
1830
到底發生了什麼?
05:19
that we have this list?
124
319730
2187
我們是怎麼想到要這樣一個列表呢?
05:21
I think the answer is a pretty simple one
125
321917
2915
我認爲答案非常簡單,
05:24
and therefore crude and contentious.
126
324832
3128
也因此粗糙和爭議不斷。
05:27
I'm sure a lot of people will disagree with it,
127
327960
1389
我相信很多人都會持反對觀點,
05:29
but here's my story,
128
329349
1594
但是這是我的故事,
05:30
and true or not, it's a story that I think
129
330943
2371
不管是真是假,我認爲
05:33
gives you a good sense of how
130
333314
2428
這個故事告訴我們
05:35
the list might have come about,
131
335742
1689
這個列表是怎樣來的,
05:37
and therefore helps you to think about
132
337431
1309
也因此可以幫助你思考
05:38
what use the list might be.
133
338740
1444
這個列表的作用。
05:40
I think the answer is, European travelers,
134
340184
3288
我認爲答案就是,歐洲的旅行家們,
05:43
starting roughly about the time of Columbus,
135
343472
1833
粗略地從哥倫布開始算起,
05:45
started going around the world.
136
345305
1625
開始環遊世界。
05:46
They came from a Christian culture,
137
346930
2280
他們都是來自基督教文化,
05:49
and when they arrived in a new place,
138
349210
1810
當他們來到一個新地方,
05:51
they noticed that some people didn't have Christianity,
139
351020
2885
他們發現有些人並不信仰基督教,
05:53
and so they asked themselves the following question:
140
353905
2045
所以他們就問自己這個問題:
05:55
what have they got instead of Christianity?
141
355950
3190
沒有基督教,他們有什麼?
05:59
And that list was essentially constructed.
142
359140
3363
由此一個列表就誕生了。
06:02
It consists of the things that other people had
143
362503
2276
這個列表包括了很多
06:04
instead of Christianity.
144
364779
2591
非基督教的信仰。
06:07
Now there's a difficulty with proceeding in that way,
145
367370
3368
到這裡我們就遇到了一個問題,
06:10
which is that Christianity is extremely,
146
370738
2440
基督教,即使在這個列表上面,
06:13
even on that list, it's an extremely specific tradition.
147
373178
4412
有著非常具體的傳統。
06:17
It has all kinds of things in it
148
377590
1561
它包含了各種各樣的
06:19
that are very, very particular
149
379151
2126
非常獨特的東西,
06:21
that are the results of the specifics
150
381277
2296
這些都是由其獨特的基督歷史
06:23
of Christian history,
151
383573
2687
所形成的結果,
06:26
and one thing that's at the heart of it,
152
386260
1597
而居於此核心的是,
06:27
one thing that's at the heart of most understandings of Christianity,
153
387857
2803
大部分對由獨特基督教歷史所形成的
06:30
which is the result of the specific history of Christianity,
154
390660
2330
基督教的理解的核心是,
06:32
is that it's an extremely creedal religion.
155
392990
3143
它是非常教條的宗教。
06:36
It's a religion in which people are really concerned
156
396133
2680
這個宗教非常注重
06:38
about whether you believe the right things.
157
398813
2739
你是否信仰正確的事物。
06:41
The history of Christianity, the internal history of Christianity,
158
401552
2256
基督教的歷史,它內部的歷史,
06:43
is largely the history of people killing each other
159
403808
1876
大部分是人們互相殘殺的歷史,
06:45
because they believed the wrong thing,
160
405684
2116
因爲他們信仰了錯誤的事物,
06:47
and it's also involved in
161
407800
2079
這歷史還包括了
06:49
struggles with other religions,
162
409879
1752
與其他宗教的爭鬥,
06:51
obviously starting in the Middle Ages,
163
411631
3599
當然是由中世紀開始,
06:55
a struggle with Islam,
164
415230
1390
和伊斯蘭的衝突,
06:56
in which, again, it was the infidelity,
165
416620
3120
就是因爲無神論,
06:59
the fact that they didn't believe the right things,
166
419740
2030
因爲他們不信仰正確的事物,
07:01
that seemed so offensive to the Christian world.
167
421770
3380
讓基督教世界感到備受侮辱。
07:05
Now that's a very specific and particular history
168
425150
2638
這是基督教歷史
07:07
that Christianity has,
169
427788
2365
非常獨特的地方,
07:10
and not everywhere is everything
170
430153
3218
不是所有被放在這個清單上的東西
07:13
that has ever been put on this sort of list like it.
171
433371
3994
都是這樣的。
07:17
Here's another problem, I think.
172
437365
1407
我認爲,還有一個問題,
07:18
A very specific thing happened.
173
438772
1338
一件非常特殊的事情發生了。
07:20
It was actually adverted to earlier,
174
440110
1452
其實我們前面有提到過,
07:21
but a very specific thing happened
175
441562
1541
我們現在大部分美國人
07:23
in the history of the kind of Christianity
176
443103
2189
所熟知的基督教歷史上
07:25
that we see around us
177
445292
1521
發生了
07:26
mostly in the United States today,
178
446813
2184
一件非常重要的事情,
07:28
and it happened in the late 19th century,
179
448997
3103
這件事情發生在十九世紀後期。
07:32
and that specific thing that happened
180
452100
1409
這件發生在十九世紀後期的
07:33
in the late 19th century
181
453509
1009
特殊的事情
07:34
was a kind of deal that was cut
182
454518
2955
在科學與宗教之間
07:37
between science,
183
457473
2510
樹立了界限,
07:39
this new way of organizing intellectual authority,
184
459983
5693
科學成為了新的
07:45
and religion.
185
465676
1197
組織知識的權威。
07:46
If you think about the 18th century, say,
186
466873
1891
你設想一下十八世紀,
07:48
if you think about intellectual life
187
468764
1470
你設想一下
07:50
before the late 19th century,
188
470234
2356
十九世紀以前的知識界,
07:52
anything you did, anything you thought about,
189
472590
3170
你做的任何事,想的任何事,
07:55
whether it was the physical world,
190
475760
2730
不管是物質世界,
07:58
the human world,
191
478490
1531
人類世界,
08:00
the natural world apart from the human world,
192
480021
2230
還是與人類相對的自然世界,
08:02
or morality, anything you did
193
482251
1967
或是道德,你做的任何事
08:04
would have been framed against the background
194
484218
1676
都會被放在
08:05
of a set of assumptions that were religious,
195
485894
2463
宗教信仰、基督教信仰的
08:08
Christian assumptions.
196
488357
1203
背景下去考慮。
08:09
You couldn't give an account
197
489560
1666
你會發現
08:11
of the natural world
198
491226
1596
任何一個對自然世界的描述
08:12
that didn't say something about its relationship,
199
492822
2922
都涉及到自然世界與宗教世界的關聯,
08:15
for example, to the creation story
200
495744
1808
比如,亚伯拉罕故事中的
08:17
in the Abrahamic tradition,
201
497552
1540
創世論,
08:19
the creation story in the first book of the Torah.
202
499092
3204
第一本猶太宗教律法《托拉》中的創世論。
08:22
So everything was framed in that way.
203
502296
3317
所有的東西都是跟宗教有關的。
08:25
But this changes in the late 19th century,
204
505613
2432
但是十九世紀後期發生了改變,
08:28
and for the first time, it's possible for people
205
508045
2325
這是第一次,人們可以
08:30
to develop serious intellectual careers
206
510370
2379
認真從事科學事業,
08:32
as natural historians like Darwin.
207
512749
2194
就像自然歷史學家達爾文那樣。
08:34
Darwin worried about the relationship between
208
514943
1985
達爾文擔憂他所說的
08:36
what he said and the truths of religion,
209
516928
2553
和宗教真相之間的關係,
08:39
but he could proceed, he could write books
210
519481
1925
但是他能夠繼續,
08:41
about his subject
211
521406
1784
並寫下自己的題材,
08:43
without having to say what the relationship was
212
523190
2696
而不需要提及它們與
08:45
to the religious claims,
213
525886
1472
宗教信仰之間的關係,
08:47
and similarly, geologists increasingly could talk about it.
214
527358
2382
相同地,地質學家也可以 開始逐漸發表言論。
08:49
In the early 19th century, if you were a geologist
215
529740
1802
在十九世紀初期,如果你是一個地質學家
08:51
and made a claim about the age of the Earth,
216
531542
1923
對地球的年紀進行推測,
08:53
you had to explain whether that was consistent
217
533465
1642
你必須解釋這個年紀
08:55
or how it was or wasn't consistent
218
535107
1430
是否與創世紀中提到的
08:56
with the age of the Earth implied
219
536537
1372
地球年紀吻合,
08:57
by the account in Genesis.
220
537909
1553
怎樣吻合或是怎樣不吻合。
08:59
By the end of the 19th century,
221
539462
1185
到了十九世紀末期,
09:00
you can just write a geology textbook
222
540647
1513
你則可以寫一本地質學的教科書,
09:02
in which you make arguments about how old the Earth is.
223
542160
2359
裡面談到你對地球年紀的推測。
09:04
So there's a big change, and that division,
224
544519
2091
所以這是一個很大的改變,這種分離,
09:06
that intellectual division of labor occurs as I say, I think,
225
546610
2935
使得腦力勞動分工得以發生,
09:09
and it sort of solidifies so that by the end
226
549545
2825
在十九世紀末期的歐洲
09:12
of the 19th century in Europe,
227
552370
3158
更加得到了鞏固,
09:15
there's a real intellectual division of labor,
228
555528
1991
產生了真正意義上的腦力勞動分工,
09:17
and you can do all sorts of serious things,
229
557519
2000
你可以做很多嚴肅的事情,
09:19
including, increasingly, even philosophy,
230
559519
3902
包括很多,甚至哲學,
09:23
without being constrained by the thought,
231
563421
2858
思想不再被禁錮,
09:26
"Well, what I have to say has to be consistent
232
566279
2281
“我所說的需要與
09:28
with the deep truths that are given to me
233
568560
2679
宗教教會我的事實
09:31
by our religious tradition."
234
571239
2510
保持一致。”
09:33
So imagine someone who's coming out
235
573749
2164
想像一下一個人走出
09:35
of that world, that late-19th-century world,
236
575913
3817
那個十九世紀末期的世界,
09:39
coming into the country that I grew up in, Ghana,
237
579730
3752
來到我成長的國家,加納,
09:43
the society that I grew up in, Asante,
238
583482
2260
我成長的社會,阿桑特部落,
09:45
coming into that world
239
585742
1406
來到20世紀轉折點的
09:47
at the turn of the 20th century
240
587148
2016
那個世界,
09:49
with this question that made the list:
241
589164
2023
帶著形成那個清單的問題:
09:51
what have they got instead of Christianity?
242
591187
3763
沒有基督教,他們有什麼?
09:54
Well, here's one thing he would have noticed,
243
594950
2857
有個事情他將會注意到,
09:57
and by the way, there was a person who actually did this.
244
597807
2344
順便一提,的確有人注意到了。
10:00
His name was Captain Rattray,
245
600151
1299
他的名字叫船長拉特雷,
10:01
he was sent as the British government anthropologist,
246
601450
2052
他是英國政府派遣的人類學家,
10:03
and he wrote a book about Asante religion.
247
603502
1993
寫了一本關於阿桑特宗教的書。
10:05
This is a soul disc.
248
605495
2540
這是一個靈魂盤,
10:08
There are many of them in the British Museum.
249
608035
2273
大英博物館有很多。
10:10
I could give you an interesting, different history
250
610308
1270
我可以給你一個 有趣的、不一樣的歷史,
10:11
of how it comes about that many of the things
251
611578
2165
關於我們部落的東西
10:13
from my society ended up in the British Museum,
252
613743
3391
最後是怎麼跑到大英博物館的,
10:17
but we don't have time for that.
253
617134
1811
但是我們現在沒有時間講這個。
10:18
So this object is a soul disc.
254
618945
1492
言歸正傳,這是一個靈魂盤。
10:20
What is a soul disc?
255
620437
1138
什麼是靈魂盤?
10:21
It was worn around the necks
256
621575
1829
這是繞在阿桑特國王的
10:23
of the soul-washers of the Asante king.
257
623404
2570
靈魂洗滌人的脖子上的東西。
10:25
What was their job? To wash the king's soul.
258
625974
3555
他們的工作是什麼?洗滌國王的靈魂。
10:29
It would take a long while
259
629529
1905
估計得花不少時間
10:31
to explain how a soul could be the kind of thing
260
631434
2227
來解釋靈魂這種東西
10:33
that could be washed,
261
633661
1300
怎麼能被洗,
10:34
but Rattray knew that this was religion
262
634961
2779
但是拉特雷知道這是宗教,
10:37
because souls were in play.
263
637740
3503
因爲有靈魂參與其中。
10:41
And similarly,
264
641243
1746
同樣的,
10:42
there were many other things, many other practices.
265
642989
2207
還有很多其他的東西,儀式。
10:45
For example, every time anybody had a drink, more or less,
266
645196
2363
舉個例子,任何人每次喝東西,多多少少
10:47
they poured a little bit on the ground
267
647559
2022
總要潑一點在地上,
10:49
in what's called the libation,
268
649581
1729
這被稱爲祭酒,
10:51
and they gave some to the ancestors.
269
651310
1689
他們獻一點給祖先。
10:52
My father did this. Every time he opened a bottle of whiskey,
270
652999
2349
我的父親也會這樣做。 每次他打開一瓶威士忌,
10:55
which I'm glad to say was very often,
271
655348
1521
我很高興地說,他經常這樣做,
10:56
he would take the top off and pour off just a little on the ground,
272
656869
3879
他會去掉瓶蓋,倒一點在地上,
11:00
and he would talk to,
273
660748
1351
然後他會跟,
11:02
he would say to Akroma-Ampim, the founder of our line,
274
662099
3540
他會跟我們的祖先 Akroma-Ampim
11:05
or Yao Antony, my great uncle,
275
665639
1596
或者姚‧安東尼,我的祖叔叔,
11:07
he would talk to them,
276
667235
1895
他會跟他們交流,
11:09
offer them a little bit of this.
277
669130
2223
給他們嚐點這酒。
11:11
And finally, there were these huge public ceremonials.
278
671353
2885
最後,還有大的公衆慶典。
11:14
This is an early-19th-century drawing
279
674238
1416
這是十九世紀早期
11:15
by another British military officer
280
675654
1273
另一位英國軍官畫的
11:16
of such a ceremonial,
281
676927
2050
這樣一個慶典的畫作,
11:18
where the king was involved,
282
678977
2128
國王也在其中,
11:21
and the king's job,
283
681105
1406
國王的任務,
11:22
one of the large parts of his job,
284
682511
1189
他最主要的任務,
11:23
apart from organizing warfare and things like that,
285
683700
2951
除了組織打仗之類的事情外,
11:26
was to look after the tombs of his ancestors,
286
686651
3346
就是照看祖先的墳墓,
11:29
and when a king died,
287
689997
1997
當一個國王去世,
11:31
the stool that he sat on was blackened
288
691994
1514
他坐過的椅子會被塗黑
11:33
and put in the royal ancestral temple,
289
693508
2884
並被放在皇室祖墳廟裏,
11:36
and every 40 days,
290
696392
2129
每40天,
11:38
the King of Asante has to go and do cult
291
698521
1855
阿桑特國王就要去一次,祭拜一下
11:40
for his ancestors.
292
700376
1362
他的祖先。
11:41
That's a large part of his job,
293
701738
1502
這是他的主要工作 ,
11:43
and people think that if he doesn't do it,
294
703240
1873
人們覺得如果國王沒有做到這點,
11:45
things will fall apart.
295
705113
1731
這個國家就要分崩離析了。
11:46
So he's a religious figure,
296
706844
2366
所以國王既是一個宗教領袖,
11:49
as Rattray would have said,
297
709210
1325
就像拉特雷會說的,
11:50
as well as a political figure.
298
710535
2625
也是一個政治領袖。
11:53
So all this would count as religion for Rattray,
299
713160
4684
所有的這些對拉特雷來說都是宗教,
11:57
but my point is that when you look
300
717844
1939
而我想說的是,當你
11:59
into the lives of those people,
301
719783
1382
注意觀察這些人的生活時,
12:01
you also find that every time they do anything,
302
721165
2745
你也會發現每次他們做任何事情
12:03
they're conscious of the ancestors.
303
723910
2034
都會想着祖先們。
12:05
Every morning at breakfast,
304
725944
2033
每天早晨吃早飯的時候,
12:07
you can go outside the front of the house
305
727977
1826
你要走到房子前方
12:09
and make an offering to the god tree, the nyame dua
306
729803
3096
給你房子外面的
12:12
outside your house,
307
732899
1184
聖樹獻上一些祭品,
12:14
and again, you'll talk to the gods
308
734083
1317
然後你要跟聖樹說話,
12:15
and the high gods and the low gods
309
735400
1026
有高階位的神,低階位的神,
12:16
and the ancestors and so on.
310
736426
1658
祖先,其他等等。
12:18
This is not a world
311
738084
1536
這是一個
12:19
in which the separation between religion and science
312
739620
2907
宗教與科學還未分離的
12:22
has occurred.
313
742527
1574
世界。
12:24
Religion has not being separated
314
744101
1543
宗教還沒有
12:25
from any other areas of life,
315
745644
1276
從生活的任何方面剝離出去,
12:26
and in particular,
316
746920
1997
尤其是,
12:28
what's crucial to understand about this world
317
748917
1695
理解這個世界的重點是,
12:30
is that it's a world in which the job
318
750612
1538
在這個世界裡,
12:32
that science does for us
319
752150
1138
科學爲我們做的事情
12:33
is done by what Rattray is going to call religion,
320
753288
3144
是由拉特雷所說的宗教完成的,
12:36
because if they want an explanation of something,
321
756432
1940
因為如果他們想要任何解釋,
12:38
if they want to know why the crop just failed,
322
758372
1828
如果他們想知道爲什麼莊稼謝了,
12:40
if they want to know why it's raining
323
760200
1286
如果他們想知道爲什麼下雨了,
12:41
or not raining, if they need rain,
324
761486
2418
或者他們想下雨卻沒有雨,
12:43
if they want to know why
325
763904
2524
如果他們想知道爲什麼
12:46
their grandfather has died,
326
766428
1859
他們的祖父去世了,
12:48
they are going to appeal to the very same entities,
327
768287
2908
他們會向同一個地方求助,
12:51
the very same language,
328
771195
1442
用相同的語言,
12:52
talk to the very same gods about that.
329
772637
2616
跟相同的神靈訴說。
12:55
This great separation, in other words,
330
775253
2089
這個偉大的分離,換句話說,
12:57
between religion and science hasn't happened.
331
777342
1931
宗教與科學的分離還未發生。
12:59
Now, this would be a mere historical curiosity,
332
779273
4325
也許這只是單純的歷史趣事,
13:03
except that in large parts of the world,
333
783598
3452
不過事實是在世界很大一部分地方
13:07
this is still the truth.
334
787050
2744
還是這樣的情況。
13:09
I had the privilege of going to a wedding
335
789794
2008
有天我很榮幸參加
13:11
the other day in northern Namibia,
336
791802
1765
在納米比亞北部舉行的一個婚禮,
13:13
20 miles or so south of the Angolan border
337
793567
2845
位於安哥拉邊界向南20英里
13:16
in a village of 200 people.
338
796412
1733
一個200人的村莊。
13:18
These were modern people.
339
798145
1168
這些都是現代人。
13:19
We had with us Oona Chaplin,
340
799313
1891
和我們在一起的一個人是歐娜‧卓別林,
13:21
who some of you may have heard of,
341
801204
1409
你們有些人可能聽過她的名字,
13:22
and one of the people from this village came up to her,
342
802613
2079
一個村民走向她,
13:24
and said, "I've seen you in 'Game of Thrones.'"
343
804692
2731
說,“我在‘權力遊戲’電視劇裏面見過你。”
13:27
So these were not people who were isolated from our world,
344
807423
3828
所以這些人並不是 與我們的世界隔離的人,
13:31
but nevertheless, for them,
345
811251
1529
但是,對他們來說,
13:32
the gods and the spirits are still very much there,
346
812780
2553
上帝和神靈佔據了生活的大部分,
13:35
and when we were on the bus going back and forth
347
815333
1826
當我們坐上巴士
13:37
to the various parts of the [ceremony],
348
817159
1662
在(慶典的)各個場合來回時,
13:38
they prayed not just in a generic way
349
818821
2577
他們並不是籠統地祈禱,
13:41
but for the safety of the journey,
350
821398
1461
而是祈求旅途平安,
13:42
and they meant it,
351
822859
911
他們都是真心的,
13:43
and when they said to me that my mother,
352
823770
3162
當他們和我說,我媽媽,
13:46
the bridegroom's [grandmother],
353
826932
1691
新郎的“祖母”,
13:48
was with us, they didn't mean it figuratively.
354
828623
2562
也跟我們在一起的時候,他們並不是比喻。
13:51
They meant, even though she was a dead person,
355
831185
2755
他們意思是,儘管她已不在人世,
13:53
they meant that she was still around.
356
833940
2578
她仍舊在他們周圍。
13:56
So in large parts of the world today,
357
836518
2549
所以在這個世界的很多地方,
13:59
that separation between science and religion
358
839067
2162
宗教與科學的分離
14:01
hasn't occurred in large parts of the world today,
359
841229
1681
尚未發生,
14:02
and as I say, these are not --
360
842910
3728
就像我說的,這些人不是--
14:06
This guy used to work for Chase and at the World Bank.
361
846638
4802
這個人曾經在大通銀行和世界銀行工作,
14:11
These are fellow citizens of the world with you,
362
851440
2707
這些是跟你一樣的人,
14:14
but they come from a place in which religion
363
854147
1809
但是在他們的世界裡,
14:15
is occupying a very different role.
364
855956
1911
宗教扮演着非常獨特的角色。
14:17
So what I want you to think about next time somebody wants
365
857867
2126
所以我想告訴你們的是,下次有人
14:19
to make some vast generalization about religion
366
859993
2480
想對宗教做一個寬泛的概括的時候,
14:22
is that maybe there isn't such a thing
367
862473
2741
可能宗教根本不存在,
14:25
as a religion, such a thing as religion,
368
865214
2631
沒有宗教這個東西,
14:27
and that therefore what they say
369
867845
1656
所以他們所說的任何東西
14:29
cannot possibly be true.
370
869501
2813
都不可能是真的。
14:32
(Applause)
371
872314
3212
(掌聲)
關於本網站

本網站將向您介紹對學習英語有用的 YouTube 視頻。 您將看到來自世界各地的一流教師教授的英語課程。 雙擊每個視頻頁面上顯示的英文字幕,從那裡播放視頻。 字幕與視頻播放同步滾動。 如果您有任何意見或要求,請使用此聯繫表與我們聯繫。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7