Karen Armstrong: 2008 TED Prize wish: Charter for Compassion

229,903 views ใƒป 2008-03-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:12
Well, this is such an honor. And it's wonderful to be
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
ื ื”ื“ืจ ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
00:18
in the presence of an organization that is really making a difference in the world.
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00:24
And I'm intensely grateful for the opportunity to speak to you today.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืžืขื•ืžืง ืœื™ื‘ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:30
And I'm also rather surprised, because when I look back on my life
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ื•ืื ื™ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืžื•ืคืชืขืช, ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืกื•ืงืจืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™,
00:37
the last thing I ever wanted to do was write, or be in any way involved in religion.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ืช ืื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ื”.
00:46
After I left my convent, I'd finished with religion, frankly.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื ื–ืจ ืฉืœื™, ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืขื ื”ื“ืช, ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช.
00:50
I thought that was it.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื–ื”.
00:51
And for 13 years I kept clear of it. I wanted to be an English literature professor.
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš 13 ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืงืชื™ ืžืžื ื”. ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืฆื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
00:59
And I certainly didn't even want to be a writer, particularly.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจืช.
01:03
But then I suffered a series of career catastrophes,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืกื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกื“ืจืช ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”,
01:08
one after the other, and finally found myself in television. (Laughter)
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ื‘ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื”, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืฆืืชื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืืžืจืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ืœ ืžื•ื™ื™ืจืก, ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“".
01:18
I said that to Bill Moyers, and he said, "Oh, we take anybody." (Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:22
And I was doing some rather controversial religious programs.
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ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืช ืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
01:27
This went down very well in the U.K., where religion is extremely unpopular.
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ื–ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื™ืคื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื“ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช.
01:34
And so, for once, for the only time in my life, I was finally in the mainstream.
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ื•ืœืฉื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื™ื.
01:39
But I got sent to Jerusalem to make a film about early Christianity.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืจื˜ ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช.
01:46
And there, for the first time, I encountered the other religious traditions:
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ื•ืฉื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช:
01:51
Judaism and Islam, the sister religions of Christianity.
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ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ืกืœื, ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช.
01:56
And while I found I knew nothing about these faiths at all --
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• --
02:00
despite my own intensely religious background,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืจืงืข ื”ื“ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื™,
02:05
I'd seen Judaism only as a kind of prelude to Christianity,
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช,
02:08
and I knew nothing about Islam at all.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืกืœื ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื“ื‘ืจ .
02:11
But in that city, that tortured city,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื”ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขื™ืจ ืžื™ื•ืกืจืช,
02:14
where you see the three faiths jostling so uneasily together,
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ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื›ื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื™-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ื–ื•,
02:20
you also become aware of the profound connection between them.
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ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืงืฉืจ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.
02:23
And it has been the study of other religious traditions that brought me back
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ื•ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื•ืฉื’
02:28
to a sense of what religion can be, and actually enabled me
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ืžื” ื”ื“ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืืžื•ื ืชื™ ืฉืœื™.
02:32
to look at my own faith in a different light.
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02:35
And I found some astonishing things in the course of my study
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขืœื• ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื™.
02:39
that had never occurred to me. Frankly, in the days when I thought I'd had it with religion,
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ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื’ืžืจืชื™ ืขื ื”ื“ืช,
02:46
I just found the whole thing absolutely incredible.
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ื™ื™ืืžืŸ.
02:49
These doctrines seemed unproven, abstract.
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ื”ืชื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ืจืื• ืœื-ืžื•ื›ื—ื•ืช, ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช.
02:55
And to my astonishment, when I began seriously studying other traditions,
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ื•ืœืชื“ื”ืžืชื™, ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
03:02
I began to realize that belief -- which we make such a fuss about today --
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืืžื•ื ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื›ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
03:08
is only a very recent religious enthusiasm
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืœื”ื˜ ื“ืชื™ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžืื“
03:13
that surfaced only in the West, in about the 17th century.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17 ื‘ืขืจืš.
03:19
The word "belief" itself originally meant to love, to prize, to hold dear.
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ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืืžื•ื ื”" ื”ื•ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘, ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš, ืœื”ื•ืงื™ืจ.
03:26
In the 17th century, it narrowed its focus,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื‘ืข-ืขืฉืจื”, ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื” ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื,
03:30
for reasons that I'm exploring in a book I'm writing at the moment,
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ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ื›ื™ื•ื,
03:33
to include -- to mean an intellectual assent to a set of propositions, a credo.
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ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ืกื›ืžื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืขื ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช.
ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœ "ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ" ืœื ื”ื™ื”: "ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช-ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื”".
03:42
"I believe:" it did not mean, "I accept certain creedal articles of faith."
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03:48
It meant: "I commit myself. I engage myself."
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ืืœื: "ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘. ืื ื™ ืžืชืžืกืจ".
03:52
Indeed, some of the world traditions think very little of religious orthodoxy.
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ืื›ืŸ, ื—ืœืง ืžืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขื™ื˜ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช.
03:59
In the Quran, religious opinion -- religious orthodoxy -- is dismissed as "zanna:"
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ื‘ืงื•ืจืืŸ, ื“ืขื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื” ื“ืชื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ "ื–ื ื”":
04:05
self-indulgent guesswork about matters that nobody can be certain of one way or the other,
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ืžืœืื›ืช ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืชืื•ื•ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช
ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื”ื ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš,
04:11
but which makes people quarrelsome and stupidly sectarian. (Laughter)
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ืืš ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืจื™ื‘ ื•ืœืคื™ืœื•ื’ ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉ.
04:14
So if religion is not about believing things, what is it about?
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืื– ืื ื”ื“ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื”?
04:21
What I've found, across the board, is that religion is about behaving differently.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืชืจ ื•ืืชืจ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ืื—ืจืช.
04:26
Instead of deciding whether or not you believe in God, first you do something.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืื• ืœื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื,
ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•.
04:32
You behave in a committed way,
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ื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช,
04:33
and then you begin to understand the truths of religion.
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ื•ืื– ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื“ืช.
04:37
And religious doctrines are meant to be summons to action;
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืคืขื•ืœื”;
04:44
you only understand them when you put them into practice.
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ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืจืง ื›ืฉืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ.
04:48
Now, pride of place in this practice is given to compassion.
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ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช ืฉืžื•ืจ ืœื—ืžืœื”.
04:56
And it is an arresting fact that right across the board,
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ื•ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžืจืชืงืช ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืืชืจ ื•ืืชืจ,
05:01
in every single one of the major world faiths, compassion --
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืื—ืช ืžื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
05:05
the ability to feel with the other in the way we've been thinking about this evening --
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ื”ื—ืžืœื”, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื—ืจ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืขืจื‘--
05:10
is not only the test of any true religiosity, it is also what will bring us
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ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืœื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช,
ืืœื ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืชืงืจื‘ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช
05:18
into the presence of what Jews, Christians and Muslims call "God" or the "Divine."
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืืœื•ื”ื™ื" ืื• "ื”ื ืฉื’ื‘".
05:23
It is compassion, says the Buddha, which brings you to Nirvana.
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ื”ื—ืžืœื”, ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื”, ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชืš ืืœ ื”ื ื™ืจื•ื•ืื ื”.
05:29
Why? Because in compassion, when we feel with the other,
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ืžื“ื•ืข? ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื—ืžืœื”, ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื–ื“ื”ื™ื ืขื ื”ืื—ืจ,
05:33
we dethrone ourselves from the center of our world and we put
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ืื ื• ืžื“ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืžืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื ืื“ื ืื—ืจ.
05:38
another person there. And once we get rid of ego, then we're ready to see the Divine.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื ื• ืžื”ืื’ื•, ืื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™.
05:46
And in particular, every single one of the major world traditions has highlighted -- has said --
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืื—ืช ืžืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื”,
05:54
and put at the core of their tradition what's become known as the Golden Rule.
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ืงื‘ืขื” ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื›"ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘",
05:59
First propounded by Confucius five centuries before Christ:
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ืก, 500 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื™ืฉื•:
06:03
"Do not do to others what you would not like them to do to you."
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"ืืœ ืชืขืฉื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืžื” ืฉืœื ืชืจืฆื” ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืœืš".
06:07
That, he said, was the central thread which ran through all his teaching
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ื–ื”ื•, ืืžืจ ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ืก, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื›ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•
06:11
and that his disciples should put into practice all day and every day.
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ื•ืฉื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
06:16
And it was -- the Golden Rule would bring them to the transcendent value that he called "ren,"
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ื•"ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘" ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืืœ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ืขืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื” "ืจึถืŸ",
06:21
human-heartedness, which was a transcendent experience in itself.
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ื” ื ืขืœื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”.
06:27
And this is absolutely crucial to the monotheisms, too.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืชื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช.
ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ืœืœ, ื‘ืŸ-ื–ืžื ื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•.
06:34
There's a famous story about the great rabbi, Hillel, the older contemporary of Jesus.
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06:37
A pagan came to him and offered to convert to Judaism if the rabbi could
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืœื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื ืืœื™ื• ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ,
06:42
recite the whole of Jewish teaching while he stood on one leg.
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ืื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืงืœื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช
ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืจื’ืœ ืื—ืช.
06:45
Hillel stood on one leg and said, "That which is hateful to you,
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ื”ืœืœ ื ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ืจื’ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืืžืจ, "ืžื” ืฉืฉื ื•ื ืขืœื™ืš ืืœ ืชืขืฉื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืš,
06:49
do not do to your neighbor. That is the Torah. The rest is commentary.
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"ื–ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ื ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช".
06:54
Go and study it." (Laughter)
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"ืฆื ื•ืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื”".
06:56
And "go and study it" was what he meant.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœ"ืฆื ื•ืœืžื“".
07:00
He said, "In your exegesis, you must make it clear
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื›ืฉืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื "ืš, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ
07:04
that every single verse of the Torah is a commentary, a gloss upon the Golden Rule."
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"ืฉื›ืœ ืคืกื•ืง ื•ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื”
"ื”ื•ื ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืœ'ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘'."
07:12
The great Rabbi Meir said that any interpretation of Scripture which
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ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืžืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ
07:19
led to hatred and disdain, or contempt of other people --
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ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื ืื”, ืœื‘ื•ื– ืื• ืœื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื›ืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
07:24
any people whatsoever -- was illegitimate.
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- ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื - ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื™ืจื”.
07:27
Saint Augustine made exactly the same point.
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ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
07:30
Scripture, he says, "teaches nothing but charity, and we must not leave
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"ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ," ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืœื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ืฆื“ืงื”,
"ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื
07:36
an interpretation of Scripture until we have found a compassionate interpretation of it."
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"ืขื“ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืœื”ื ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืœื”".
07:43
And this struggle to find compassion in some of these rather rebarbative texts
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ื•ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื–ื”, ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ืžืœื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ ื”ืœืœื•
07:49
is a good dress rehearsal for doing the same in ordinary life. (Applause)
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ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
07:55
But now look at our world. And we are living in a world that is --
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื•.
ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื“ืช ื ื—ื˜ืคื”;
08:02
where religion has been hijacked. Where terrorists cite Quranic verses to justify their atrocities.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื˜ื™ื ืคืกื•ืงื™ ืงื•ืจืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื”ื;
08:13
Where instead of taking Jesus' words, "Love your enemies.
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ืฉื‘ื•, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฉื•, "ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื›ื.
08:20
Don't judge others," we have the spectacle of Christians endlessly judging other people,
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"ืืœ ืชืฉืคื˜ื• ืื—ืจื™ื",
ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืง,
08:27
endlessly using Scripture as a way of arguing with other people,
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:33
putting other people down. Throughout the ages, religion has been used to oppress others,
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ืžื–ื” ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืขื™ื“ื ื™ื, ื”ื“ืช ื ื•ืฆืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื›ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
08:41
and this is because of human ego, human greed.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื’ื• ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื”ื—ืžื“ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
08:45
We have a talent as a species for messing up wonderful things.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื’ื–ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื.
08:50
So the traditions also insisted -- and this is an important point, I think --
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ืื– ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืขืžื“ื• ื’ื ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื•ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื“ืขืชื™,
08:57
that you could not and must not confine your compassion
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ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืš ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืœื” ืฉืœืš
09:00
to your own group: your own nation, your own co-religionists,
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœืš: ืขืžืš, ื—ื‘ืจื™ืš ืœื“ืช, ื‘ื ื™ ืืจืฆืš.
09:07
your own fellow countrymen. You must have what one of the Chinese sages called "jian ai":
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืš ืžื” ืฉื—ื›ื ืกื™ื ื™ ืื—ื“ ื›ื™ื ื” "ื’'ื™ืืŸ ืื™ื™".
09:12
concern for everybody. Love your enemies. Honor the stranger.
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ื“ืื’ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื. ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื›ื, ื›ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื–ืจ.
09:18
We formed you, says the Quran, into tribes and nations so that you may know one another.
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืชื›ื, ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืจืืŸ, ื›ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ืขืžื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื›ื™ืจื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
09:24
And this, again -- this universal outreach -- is getting subdued in the strident use of religion --
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื•ืฉื˜ืช ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืžื“ื•ื›ืืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืฆื•ืจื ื‘ื“ืช,
09:34
abuse of religion -- for nefarious gains.
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ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืช, ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื–ื“ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
09:40
Now, I've lost count of the number of taxi drivers who,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืกืงืชื™ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืืช ื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช,
09:44
when I say to them what I do for a living, inform me that religion
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ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื”ื ื‘ืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืกืงืช,
ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืœื™ ืฉื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
09:49
has been the cause of all the major world wars in history. Wrong.
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09:53
The causes of our present woes are political.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ืงื•ืชื™ื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
09:58
But, make no mistake about it, religion is a kind of fault line,
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ืืš ืืœ ืชื˜ืขื•, ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงื• ืฉื‘ืจ,
ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื’ืœืข ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ, ื”ื“ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืื‘ ืคื ื™ืžื”
10:09
and when a conflict gets ingrained in a region, religion can get sucked in
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10:13
and become part of the problem. Our modernity has been exceedingly violent.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื”. ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:18
Between 1914 and 1945, 70 million people died in Europe alone as a result of armed conflict.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 1914 ืœ-1945,
ื ื”ืจื’ื• 70 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืขื™ืžื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืฉ.
10:28
And so many of our institutions, even football, which used to be a pleasant pastime,
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื—ืžื“,
10:37
now causes riots where people even die.
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ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชื™ื.
10:42
And it's not surprising that religion, too, has been affected by this violent ethos.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื ืฉื’ื ื”ื“ืช ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื” ืžื”ืืชื•ืก ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
10:49
There's also a great deal, I think, of religious illiteracy around.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ืช.
ื ืจืื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื” ื“ืชื™ืช ืœืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
10:57
People seem to think, now equate religious faith with believing things.
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11:02
As though that -- we call religious people often believers,
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ื›ืื™ืœื• -- ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื "ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื",
11:07
as though that were the main thing that they do. And very often, secondary goals
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื–ื”ื• ืขื™ืกื•ืงื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™. ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช
11:14
get pushed into the first place, in place of compassion and the Golden Rule.
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ื ื“ื—ืคื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ืžืœื” ื•"ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘".
11:20
Because the Golden Rule is difficult. I sometimes -- when I'm speaking to
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ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘"ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘".
ืœืคืขืžื™ื -- ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขื ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืžืœื”,
11:26
congregations about compassion, I sometimes see
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11:30
a mutinous expression crossing some of their faces because
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ืื ื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืžืจื“ื ื™ื•ืช,
ื›ื™ ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื—ืžืœื”.
11:37
a lot of religious people prefer to be right, rather than compassionate. (Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:43
Now -- but that's not the whole story.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
11:47
Since September the 11th, when my work on Islam suddenly propelled me
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ืžืื– ื”-11.9, ื›ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืกืœื ื“ื—ืคื” ืื•ืชื™ ืคืชืื•ื
11:53
into public life, in a way that I'd never imagined, I've been able to sort of go all over the world,
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ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ื“ืžื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™,
ื ืกืขืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืฆืืชื™, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™, ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
12:00
and finding, everywhere I go, a yearning for change.
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12:06
I've just come back from Pakistan, where literally thousands of people came to my lectures,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืžืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื” ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืื• ืœื”ืจืฆืื•ืชื™,
12:14
because they were yearning, first of all, to hear a friendly Western voice.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืžื”ื•, ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืงื•ืœ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™,
12:18
And especially the young people were coming. And were asking me --
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•. ื•ื”ื ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื™,
12:25
the young people were saying, "What can we do? What can we do to change things?"
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ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืืžืจื•, "ืžื” ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
"ืžื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื?"
12:30
And my hosts in Pakistan said, "Look, don't be too polite to us.
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ื•ื”ืžืืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืืžืจื•, "ืืœ ืชื”ื™ื™ ืžื ื•ืžืกืช ืืชื ื•.
12:37
Tell us where we're going wrong. Let's talk together about where religion is failing."
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"ืชื’ื™ื“ื™ ืœื ื• ืื™ืคื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื. ื‘ื•ืื™ ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื™ืคื” ื”ื“ืช ื ื›ืฉืœืช".
12:43
Because it seems to me that with -- our current situation is so serious
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ื›ื™ ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืžืฆื‘ื ื• ื›ืขืช ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืžื•ืจ,
12:50
at the moment that any ideology that doesn't promote a sense of global understanding
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ืžืงื“ืžืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
12:59
and global appreciation of each other is failing the test of the time.
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ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
13:05
And religion, with its wide following ... Here in the United States,
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ื•ื”ื“ืช, ื•ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช --
13:11
people may be being religious in a different way, as a report has just shown --
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืจืื” ื“ื•"ื— ืขื“ื›ื ื™,
13:17
but they still want to be religious. It's only Western Europe that has retained its secularism,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื™ื. ืจืง ืžืขืจื‘-ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”
13:25
which is now beginning to look rather endearingly old-fashioned.
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ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ ื•ื—ื‘ื™ื‘.
13:28
But people want to be religious, and religion should be made
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื“ืช
13:35
to be a force for harmony in the world, which it can and should be --
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ืœื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื›ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
13:40
because of the Golden Rule.
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœ"ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘".
13:43
"Do not do to others what you would not have them do to you":
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"ืžื” ืฉืฉื ื•ื ืขืœื™ืš ืืœ ืชืขืฉื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืš":
13:47
an ethos that should now be applied globally.
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ืืชื•ืก ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
13:50
We should not treat other nations as we would not wish to be treated ourselves.
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ืืœ ืœื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื ื•.
13:57
And these -- whatever our wretched beliefs -- is a religious matter, it's a spiritual matter.
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ื•ื–ื”, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืชื™, ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™.
14:05
It's a profound moral matter that engages and should engage us all.
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ื–ื”ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืžืขืจื‘ ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืจื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
14:10
And as I say, there is a hunger for change out there.
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช, ื™ืฉ ืจืขื‘ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
14:14
Here in the United States, I think you see it in this election campaign: a longing for change.
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช: ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™
14:20
And people in churches all over and mosques all over this continent after September the 11th,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ื–ืืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”-11.9
14:30
coming together locally to create networks of understanding.
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ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื”.
14:36
With the mosque, with the synagogue, saying, "We must start to speak to one another."
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ืขื ื”ืžืกื’ื“, ืขื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”".
14:41
I think it's time that we moved beyond the idea of toleration and move toward appreciation of the other.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืชืงื“ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช
ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืื—ืจ.
14:52
I'd -- there's one story I'd just like to mention.
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ.
14:57
This comes from "The Iliad." But it tells you what this spirituality should be.
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ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘"ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื”",
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ืžื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
15:03
You know the story of "The Iliad," the 10-year war between Greece and Troy.
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ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื”: ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืช ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ืจื•ื™ื”.
15:08
In one incident, Achilles, the famous warrior of Greece, takes his troops out of the war,
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ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช, ืื›ื™ืœืก, ื”ืœื•ื—ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ื“ืข, ืžืกื™ื’ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื• ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื”,
15:13
and the whole war effort suffers. And in the course of the ensuing muddle,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ ื ืคื’ืข. ื•ื‘ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ,
15:19
his beloved friend, Patroclus, is killed -- and killed in single combat
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ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ืื”ื•ื‘, ืคื˜ืจื•ืงืœื•ืก, ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ื“ื•-ืงืจื‘
15:25
by one of the Trojan princes, Hector. And Achilles goes mad with grief and rage and revenge,
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ื™ืื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจ. ื•ืื›ื™ืœืก ืžืฉืชื’ืข ืžืฆืขืจ, ื–ืขื ื•ื ืงืžื”
15:30
and he mutilates the body. He kills Hector, he mutilates his body
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื”...
ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ื™ืช ืืช ื’ื•ืคืชื•,
15:40
and then he refuses to give the body back for burial to the family,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืจื‘ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื”,
15:44
which means that, in Greek ethos, Hector's soul will wander eternally, lost.
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ื•ื‘ืืชื•ืก ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืฉืžืช ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืชืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ืœื ืฆื—, ืื‘ื•ื“ื”.
15:51
And then one night, Priam, king of Troy, an old man,
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“, ืคืจื™ืืžื•ืก, ืžืœืš ื˜ืจื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ืงืŸ,
15:55
comes into the Greek camp incognito, makes his way to Achilles' tent
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ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ื ืœืžื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืœื•ื ืฉื, ื•ื‘ื ืืœ ืื•ื”ืœื• ืฉืœ ืื›ื™ืœืก
16:00
to ask for the body of his son.
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ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื’ื•ืคืช ื‘ื ื•.
16:03
And everybody is shocked when the old man takes off his head covering and shows himself.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื ื“ื”ืžื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืžืกื™ืจ ืืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ืคื ื™ื•.
16:10
And Achilles looks at him and thinks of his father. And he starts to weep.
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ื•ืื›ื™ืœืก ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื• ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช.
ื•ืคืจื™ืืžื•ืก ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื™ืฉ ืฉืจืฆื— ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื‘ื ื™ื•,
16:18
And Priam looks at the man who has murdered so many of his sons,
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16:22
and he, too, starts to weep. And the sound of their weeping filled the house.
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ื’ื ื”ื•ื. ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ ืžื™ืœื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
16:27
The Greeks believed that weeping together created a bond between people.
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ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ื™ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
16:32
And then Achilles takes the body of Hector, he hands it very tenderly to the father,
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ื•ืื– ืื›ื™ืœืก ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื’ื•ืคืช ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจ, ืžื•ืฉื™ื˜ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื‘,
16:40
and the two men look at each other, and see each other as divine.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”.
16:45
That is the ethos found, too, in all the religions.
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ื’ื ื”ืืชื•ืก ื”ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช.
ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืžื” ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืื™ื•ื ืžืฆื“ ืื•ื™ื‘
16:53
It's what is meant by overcoming the horror that we feel when we are under threat of our enemies,
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16:59
and beginning to appreciate the other.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืื—ืจ.
17:02
It's of great importance that the word for "holy" in Hebrew, applied to God, is "Kadosh": separate, other.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืงื“ื•ืฉ" ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืžื•ืคืจื“, ืื—ืจ.
17:11
And it is often, perhaps, the very otherness of our enemies which can
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ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืื—ืจื™ื
17:17
give us intimations of that utterly mysterious transcendence which is God.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉื’ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.
17:23
And now, here's my wish:
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื• ืžืฉืืœืชื™:
17:26
I wish that you would help with the creation,
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ืžืฉืืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืชืขื–ืจื• ืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ,
17:32
launch and propagation of a Charter for Compassion,
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ืœื”ืฉื™ืง ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช "ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ืžืœื”",
17:38
crafted by a group of inspirational thinkers from
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ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื’ื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืจืื”
17:44
the three Abrahamic traditions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam,
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ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืจื”ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ืกืœื,
17:48
and based on the fundamental principle of the Golden Rule.
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ื•ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืฉืชืชืช ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ "ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘".
17:53
We need to create a movement among all these people that I meet in my travels --
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืช,
18:01
you probably meet, too -- who want to join up, in some way,
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ื•ืฉื’ื ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื, ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ, ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•,
18:05
and reclaim their faith, which they feel, as I say, has been hijacked.
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ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ืืช ืืžื•ื ืชื,
ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื ื—ื˜ืคื”.
18:10
We need to empower people to remember the compassionate ethos,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ื–ืง ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืืชื•ืก ื”ื—ืžืœื”
18:16
and to give guidelines. This Charter would not be a massive document.
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ื•ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžื ื—ื™ื. ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืกืžืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
18:20
I'd like to see it -- to give guidelines as to how to interpret the Scriptures,
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ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœืชืช ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžื ื—ื™ื ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื,
18:28
these texts that are being abused. Remember what the rabbis and what Augustine
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ืœื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื”. ื–ื›ืจื• ืžื” ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืก
18:34
said about how Scripture should be governed by the principle of charity.
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ืืžืจื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืงื”.
18:37
Let's get back to that. And the idea, too, of Jews, Christians and Muslims --
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ื”. ื•ื’ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื,
18:43
these traditions now so often at loggerheads -- working together to
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ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ืฉืชืฉืชืคื ื” ืคืขื•ืœื”
18:48
create a document which we hope will be signed by a thousand, at least,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืกืžืš ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื—ืชื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืœืฃ
18:55
of major religious leaders from all the traditions of the world.
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
18:59
And you are the people. I'm just a solitary scholar.
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ื•ืืชื ื”ืจื•ื‘. ืื ื™ ืจืง ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื”.
19:03
Despite the idea that I love a good time, which I was rather amazed to see coming up on me
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื‘ืœื•ืช, ื•ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœื™,
19:09
-- I actually spend a great deal of time alone, studying, and I'm not very --
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ, ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืื•ื“ -
19:15
you're the people with media knowledge to explain to me how we can get this to everybody,
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ืืชื ืืœื” ืฉืžืชืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืื™ืš ื ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ื•ืœื,
19:22
everybody on the planet. I've had some preliminary talks,
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
19:26
and Archbishop Desmond Tutu, for example,
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ื•ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื“ื–ืžื•ื ื“ ื˜ื•ื˜ื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
19:29
is very happy to give his name to this, as is Imam Feisal Rauf, the Imam in New York City.
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ืฉืžื— ืžืื“ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื›ืš ืืช ืฉืžื•,
ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืื™ืžืื ืคื™ื™ืกืœ ืจืื•ืฃ, ื”ืื™ืžืื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง.
19:39
Also, I would be working with the Alliance of Civilizations at the United Nations.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืืขื‘ื•ื“ ื’ื ืขื "ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช" ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื.
19:47
I was part of that United Nations initiative called the Alliance of Civilizations,
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื”ืื•"ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช",
19:55
which was asked by Kofi Annan to diagnose the causes of extremism,
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ืฉื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืคื™ ืื ืืŸ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช
20:01
and to give practical guidelines to member states about how to avoid the escalation of further extremism.
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ื•ืœืชืช ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžื ื—ื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืœืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช.
20:10
And the Alliance has told me that they are very happy to work with it.
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ื•ื”"ื‘ืจื™ืช" ืืžืจื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื”.
20:14
The importance of this is that this is -- I can see some of you starting to look worried,
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ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื --
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉื—ืœืงื›ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืื’,
20:20
because you think it's a slow and cumbersome body --
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ื›ื™ ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืื•"ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœ,
20:23
but what the United Nations can do is give us some neutrality,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
20:26
so that this isn't seen as a Western or a Christian initiative, but that it's coming,
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื™ืจืื” ื›ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืื• ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช,
ืืœื ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื”ืื•"ื, ืžื”ืขื•ืœื --
20:32
as it were, from the United Nations, from the world --
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20:35
who would help with the sort of bureaucracy of this.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
20:41
And so I do urge you to join me in making -- in this charter --
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื›ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช --
20:47
to building this charter, launching it and propagating it so that it becomes --
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ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื‘ื”ืฉืงืชื” ื•ื‘ื”ืคืฆืชื”, ื›ืš ืฉืชื”ืคื•ืš --
20:55
I'd like to see it in every college, every church, every mosque, every synagogue in the world,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ื›ื ืกื™ื”, ืžืกื’ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
21:04
so that people can look at their tradition, reclaim it, and make religion a source of peace in the world,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœื”ื,
ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœืขืฆืžื ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื“ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
21:13
which it can and should be. Thank you very much. (Applause)
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื•ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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