Why some people find exercise harder than others | Emily Balcetis

536,496 views ใƒป 2014-11-25

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Guy Marom ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Vision is the most important
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ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
00:15
and prioritized sense that we have.
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00:17
We are constantly looking
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื
00:19
at the world around us,
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ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
00:21
and quickly we identify and make sense
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
00:23
of what it is that we see.
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
00:25
Let's just start with an example
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื“ื•ื’ืžื”
00:27
of that very fact.
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ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
00:28
I'm going to show you a photograph of a person,
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ,
00:30
just for a second or two,
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ืจืง ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื,
00:32
and I'd like for you to identify
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืืชื ืชื–ื”ื•
00:34
what emotion is on his face.
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ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
00:36
Ready?
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ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื?
00:37
Here you go. Go with your gut reaction.
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ื”ื ื”. ืชืœื›ื• ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื.
00:40
Okay. What did you see?
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืžื” ืจืื™ืชื?
00:42
Well, we actually surveyed
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื™ืงืจื ื•
00:45
over 120 individuals,
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ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-120 ืื ืฉื™ื,
00:47
and the results were mixed.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ืช.
00:49
People did not agree
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื•
00:51
on what emotion they saw on his face.
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ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื•.
00:54
Maybe you saw discomfort.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืจืื™ืชื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช.
00:56
That was the most frequent response
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื•.
00:58
that we received.
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00:59
But if you asked the person on your left,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืืœื›ื,
01:01
they might have said regret or skepticism,
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ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืืžืจื• ื—ืจื˜ื” ืื• ืกืคืงื ื•ืช,
01:04
and if you asked somebody on your right,
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ื•ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ืžื™ื ื›ื,
01:06
they might have said something entirely different,
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ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืืžืจื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
01:09
like hope or empathy.
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ื›ืžื• ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืื• ืืžืคืชื™ื”.
01:12
So we are all looking
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ืื– ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื
01:13
at the very same face again.
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ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ืคื ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘.
01:16
We might see something
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ืžืฉื”ื•
01:18
entirely different,
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ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
01:20
because perception is subjective.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
01:23
What we think we see
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
01:25
is actually filtered
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืกื•ื ืŸ
01:27
through our own mind's eye.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•.
01:29
Of course, there are many other examples
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
01:31
of how we see the world through own mind's eye.
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ืœืื™ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•.
01:34
I'm going to give you just a few.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง.
01:36
So dieters, for instance,
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ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืื˜ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ,
01:38
see apples as larger
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื›ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:40
than people who are not counting calories.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
01:43
Softball players see the ball as smaller
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ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื›ืงื˜ืŸ,
01:47
if they've just come out of a slump,
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ืื ื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื™ืฆืื• ืžื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืžื•ืฆืœื—,
01:49
compared to people who had a hot night at the plate.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
01:53
And actually, our political beliefs also
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ื•ื”ืืžืช, ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื
01:56
can affect the way we see other people,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:58
including politicians.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื.
02:00
So my research team and I decided to test this question.
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ืื– ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช.
02:04
In 2008, Barack Obama was running for president
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ื‘-2008, ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื” ืจืฅ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช
02:07
for the very first time,
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
02:09
and we surveyed hundreds of Americans
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื™ืงืจื ื• ืžืื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
02:12
one month before the election.
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ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:14
What we found in this survey
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืกืงืจ ื”ื–ื”
02:16
was that some people, some Americans,
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
02:18
think photographs like these
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื•
02:20
best reflect how Obama really looks.
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ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืช ืื™ืš ืฉืื•ื‘ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ืจืื”.
02:23
Of these people, 75 percent
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ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื•, 75%
02:25
voted for Obama in the actual election.
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ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืœืื•ื‘ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ.
02:28
Other people, though, thought photographs like these
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ืืช
02:31
best reflect how Obama really looks.
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ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ืื™ืš ืฉืื•ื‘ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ืจืื”.
02:34
89 percent of these people
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89% ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื•
02:36
voted for McCain.
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ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืœืžืงื™ื™ืŸ.
02:37
We presented many photographs of Obama
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืฆื’ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื”
02:41
one at a time,
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ืื—ืช ืื—ืช,
02:42
so people did not realize that what we were changing
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื•
02:45
from one photograph to the next
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืจืช
02:47
was whether we had artificially lightened
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ืืช ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ืœื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:49
or darkened his skin tone.
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ืื• ื›ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
02:52
So how is that possible?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™?
02:53
How could it be that when I look at a person,
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืขืœ ืื“ื,
02:56
an object, or an event,
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ืขืœ ื—ืคืฅ, ืื• ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข,
02:58
I see something very different
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื”
03:00
than somebody else does?
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ืžืžื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืจื•ืื”?
03:02
Well, the reasons are many,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช,
03:04
but one reason requires that we understand
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ
03:06
a little bit more about how our eyes work.
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ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
03:09
So vision scientists know
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ืื– ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
03:11
that the amount of information
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ืฉื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
03:12
that we can see
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
03:14
at any given point in time,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
03:16
what we can focus on, is actually relatively small.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืงื˜ืŸ.
03:19
What we can see with great sharpness
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
03:21
and clarity and accuracy
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ื•ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื•ืง
03:24
is the equivalent
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ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš
03:26
of the surface area of our thumb
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื ื•
03:28
on our outstretched arm.
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ื‘ื™ื“ ืžืชื•ื—ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
03:30
Everything else around that is blurry,
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ,
03:32
rendering much of what is presented
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ืฉื ืžืชื•ืจื’ื
03:35
to our eyes as ambiguous.
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ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ.
03:37
But we have to clarify
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื
03:40
and make sense of what it is that we see,
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื,
03:42
and it's our mind that helps us fill in that gap.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
03:45
As a result, perception is a subjective experience,
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืชืคื™ืกื” ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
03:49
and that's how we end up seeing
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ื•ื›ืš ืงื•ืจื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื•
03:50
through our own mind's eye.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•.
03:53
So, I'm a social psychologist,
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
03:54
and it's questions like these
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ื•ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ืืช
03:56
that really intrigue me.
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ื‘ืืžืช ืžืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื™.
03:58
I am fascinated by those times
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ืงืกืžืช ืžื”ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•
03:59
when people do not see eye to eye.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ.
04:02
Why is it that somebody might
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ืœืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื•
04:03
literally see the glass as half full,
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ืจื•ืื” ื›ื•ืก ื—ืฆื™ ืžืœืื”,
04:06
and somebody literally sees it
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื”
04:07
as half empty?
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ื—ืฆื™ ืจื™ืงื”?
04:09
What is it about what one person is thinking and feeling
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ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ
04:12
that leads them to see the world
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ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
04:14
in an entirely different way?
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ?
04:16
And does that even matter?
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ื•ืฉืื ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉื ื”?
04:18
So to begin to tackle these questions,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
04:21
my research team and I decided to delve deeply
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื”ืชืขืžืง
04:24
into an issue that has received
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ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช:
04:26
international attention:
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04:28
our health and fitness.
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:30
Across the world,
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
04:31
people are struggling to manage their weight,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืืžืฆื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœื”ื,
04:33
and there is a variety of strategies
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
04:36
that we have to help us keep the pounds off.
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ.
04:39
For instance, we set the best of intentions
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
04:42
to exercise after the holidays,
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ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื,
04:45
but actually, the majority of Americans
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžืช, ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
04:47
find that their New Year's resolutions
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ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
04:49
are broken by Valentine's Day.
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ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื“ ื—ื’ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”.
04:52
We talk to ourselves
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื•
04:54
in very encouraging ways,
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื•ืช,
04:56
telling ourselves this is our year
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืฉื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื”
04:57
to get back into shape,
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ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ื•ืฉืจ,
04:59
but that is not enough to bring us back
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื•
05:01
to our ideal weight.
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ืœืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
05:03
So why?
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ืื– ืœืžื”?
05:05
Of course, there is no simple answer,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”,
05:07
but one reason, I argue,
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช, ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช,
05:09
is that our mind's eye
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•
05:11
might work against us.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื ื’ื“ื ื•.
05:13
Some people may literally see exercise
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”,
05:16
as more difficult,
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05:18
and some people might literally
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ.
05:19
see exercise as easier.
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05:22
So, as a first step to testing these questions,
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ืื–, ื›ืฆืขื“ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
05:26
we gathered objective measurements
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ืืกืคื ื• ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
05:28
of individuals' physical fitness.
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ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
05:31
We measured the circumference of their waist,
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ืžื“ื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืžื•ืชื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
05:33
compared to the circumference of their hips.
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื™ืจื›ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
05:36
A higher waist-to-hip ratio
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ื™ื—ืก ืžื•ืชืŸ-ืœื™ืจืš ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:38
is an indicator of being less physically fit
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื™
05:40
than a lower waist-to-hip ratio.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื™ื—ืก ืžื•ืชืŸ-ืœื™ืจืš ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:42
After gathering these measurements,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืืกืคื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
05:44
we told our participants that
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ืืžืจื ื• ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
05:46
they would walk to a finish line
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ืฉื”ื ื™ืœื›ื• ืœืงื• ื”ืกื™ื•ื
05:48
while carrying extra weight
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ืกื•ื—ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉืงืœ
05:49
in a sort of race.
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ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช.
05:51
But before they did that,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”,
05:52
we asked them to estimate the distance
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง
05:55
to the finish line.
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ืœืงื• ื”ืกื™ื•ื.
05:57
We thought that the physical states of their body
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื
05:59
might change how they perceived the distance.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง.
06:02
So what did we find?
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ืื– ืžื” ืžืฆืื ื•?
06:04
Well, waist-to-hip ratio
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ื—ืก ื”ืžื•ืชืŸ-ืœื™ืจืš
06:07
predicted perceptions of distance.
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ื—ื–ื” ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ืง.
06:10
People who were out of shape and unfit
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื™
06:12
actually saw the distance to the finish line
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ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืœืงื• ื”ืกื™ื•ื
06:15
as significantly greater
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
06:16
than people who were in better shape.
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ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื•ืฉืจ.
06:18
People's states of their own body
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
06:20
changed how they perceived the environment.
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ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื ืชืคืกื• ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื.
06:23
But so too can our mind.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•.
06:25
In fact, our bodies and our minds
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•
06:27
work in tandem
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ,
06:29
to change how we see the world around us.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
06:31
That led us to think that maybe people
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื—ื–ืงื”, ื•ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ
06:34
with strong motivations
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06:35
and strong goals to exercise
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06:37
might actually see the finish line as closer
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ืื•ืœื™ ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืืช ืงื• ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘
06:40
than people who have weaker motivations.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืœืฉื”.
06:44
So to test whether motivations
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”
06:46
affect our perceptual experiences in this way,
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ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
06:49
we conducted a second study.
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
06:51
Again, we gathered objective measurements
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืืกืคื ื• ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
06:54
of people's physical fitness,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
06:56
measuring the circumference of their waist
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ืžื“ื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืžื•ืชื ื™ื™ื
06:58
and the circumference of their hips,
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ื•ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื™ืจื›ื™ื™ื,
07:00
and we had them do a few other tests of fitness.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ื›ื•ืฉืจ.
07:03
Based on feedback that we gave them,
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื,
07:06
some of our participants told us
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืืžืจื• ืœื ื•
07:07
they're not motivated to exercise any more.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:09
They felt like they already met their fitness goals
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ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
07:12
and they weren't going to do anything else.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ.
07:14
These people were not motivated.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”.
07:16
Other people, though, based on our feedback,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•,
07:18
told us they were highly motivated to exercise.
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ืืžืจื• ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ.
07:20
They had a strong goal to make it to the finish line.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืžื˜ืจื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื• ื”ืกื™ื•ื.
07:23
But again, before we had them walk to the finish line,
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืงื• ื”ืกื™ื•ื,
07:26
we had them estimate the distance.
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืืœื™ื•.
07:28
How far away was the finish line?
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ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืงื• ื”ืกื™ื•ื?
07:29
And again, like the previous study,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช,
07:32
we found that waist-to-hip ratio
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ืžืฆืื ื• ื›ื™ ื™ื—ืก ืžื•ืชืŸ-ืœื™ืจืš
07:34
predicted perceptions of distance.
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ื—ื–ื” ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง.
07:36
Unfit individuals saw the distance as farther,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื›ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:40
saw the finish line as farther away,
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ืจืื• ืืช ืงื• ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:42
than people who were in better shape.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
07:44
Importantly, though, this only happened
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื” ืจืง
07:46
for people who were not motivated
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”
07:48
to exercise.
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ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ.
07:50
On the other hand,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
07:51
people who were highly motivated to exercise
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืžื•ื˜ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ
07:54
saw the distance as short.
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ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื›ืงืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:57
Even the most out of shape individuals
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื•ืฉืจ
07:59
saw the finish line
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ืจืื• ืืช ืงื• ื”ืกื™ื•ื
08:00
as just as close,
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื”,
08:02
if not slightly closer,
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ืื ืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘,
08:04
than people who were in better shape.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
08:06
So our bodies can change
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ืื– ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช
08:08
how far away that finish line looks,
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ืืช ื›ืžื” ืงื• ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืœื ื• ืจื—ื•ืง,
08:11
but people who had committed to a manageable goal
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช,
08:15
that they could accomplish in the near future
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘
08:17
and who believed that they were capable
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ื•ืฉื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
08:19
of meeting that goal
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ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื”
08:20
actually saw the exercise as easier.
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ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:24
That led us to wonder,
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ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื ื• ืœืชื”ื•ืช,
08:26
is there a strategy that we could use
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”
08:28
and teach people that would help
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ืœืœืžื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื
08:31
change their perceptions of the distance,
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ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœื”ื,
08:33
help them make exercise look easier?
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ืฉืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ?
08:35
So we turned to the vision science literature
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ืื– ืคื ื™ื ื• ืœืกืคืจื™ ืžื“ืข ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”
08:38
to figure out what should we do,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
08:40
and based on what we read, we came up with a strategy
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ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื” ืฉืงืจืื ื•, ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”
08:42
that we called, "Keep your eyes on the prize."
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ืฉืงืจืื ื• ืœื”, "ืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”".
08:46
So this is not the slogan
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืกืœื•ื’ืŸ
08:47
from an inspirational poster.
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ืžืคื•ืกื˜ืจ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื”.
08:49
It's an actual directive
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ื–ื• ื”ื•ืจืื”
08:52
for how to look around your environment.
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ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
08:54
People that we trained in this strategy,
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืžื ื• ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช
08:57
we told them to focus their attention on the finish line,
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ืืžืจื ื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืงื• ื”ืกื™ื•ื,
09:01
to avoid looking around,
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ืœื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘,
09:02
to imagine a spotlight
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ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื•ืจ ื–ืจืงื•ืจื™ื
09:04
was shining on that goal,
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ืžืื™ืจ ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืกื™ื•ื,
09:05
and that everything around it was blurry
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ื•ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื• ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ
09:08
and perhaps difficult to see.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
09:10
We thought that this strategy
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช
09:12
would help make the exercise look easier.
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ืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:14
We compared this group
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ื”ืฉื•ื•ื ื• ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ืืช
09:16
to a baseline group.
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช.
09:18
To this group we said,
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ืืช ืืžืจื ื•,
09:19
just look around the environment
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ืจืง ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
09:20
as you naturally would.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
09:22
You will notice the finish line,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืงื• ื”ืกื™ื•ื,
09:23
but you might also notice
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘
09:25
the garbage can off to the right,
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ืœืคื— ื–ื‘ืœ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ,
09:27
or the people and the lamp post off to the left.
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ืื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ืžืฉืžืืœ.
09:29
We thought that people who used this strategy
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช
09:32
would see the distance as farther.
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ื™ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื›ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:34
So what did we find?
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ืื– ืžื” ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•?
09:36
When we had them estimate the distance,
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ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง,
09:38
was this strategy successful
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ื”ืื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื ื—ืœื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
09:40
for changing their perceptual experience?
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ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื”ื?
09:43
Yes.
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ื›ืŸ.
09:44
People who kept their eyes on the prize
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”
09:46
saw the finish line as 30 percent closer
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ืจืื• ืืช ืงื• ื”ืกื™ื•ื 30% ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘
09:49
than people who looked around
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘
09:51
as they naturally would.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
09:52
We thought this was great.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื”.
09:53
We were really excited because it meant
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืืžืจ
09:55
that this strategy helped make
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ืฉื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขื–ืจื” ืœื’ืจื•ื
09:57
the exercise look easier,
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ืœืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:58
but the big question was,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”,
10:00
could this help make exercise
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืจื’ื™ืœ
10:02
actually better?
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘?
10:04
Could it improve the quality
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช
10:05
of exercise as well?
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ?
10:07
So next, we told our participants,
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ืื– ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืืžืจื ื• ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
10:09
you are going to walk to the finish line
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ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืงื• ื”ืกื™ื•ื
10:11
while wearing extra weight.
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืชื ืกื•ื—ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉืงืœ.
10:14
We added weights to their ankles
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ื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ืžืฉืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœืงืจืกื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
10:16
that amounted to 15 percent of their body weight.
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ืฉืฉืงืœื• ื‘ืขืจืš 15% ืžืžืฉืงืœ ื’ื•ืคื.
10:18
We told them to lift their knees up high
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ืืžืจื ื• ืœื”ื ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”
10:20
and walk to the finish line quickly.
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ื•ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงื• ื”ืกื™ื•ื.
10:22
We designed this exercise in particular
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ืชื™ื›ื ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”
10:25
to be moderately challenging
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ืžืืชื’ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช
10:26
but not impossible,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™,
10:28
like most exercises
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ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
10:29
that actually improve our fitness.
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ืฉืžืฉืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
10:32
So the big question, then:
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”:
10:35
Did keeping your eyes on the prize
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ื”ืื ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”
10:37
and narrowly focusing on the finish line
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ื•ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืกื™ื•ื
10:39
change their experience of the exercise?
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ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ?
10:42
It did.
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ื›ืŸ.
10:44
People who kept their eyes on the prize
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉืžืจื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”
10:46
told us afterward that it required
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ืืžืจื• ืœื ื• ืื—ืจื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ืจืฉื”
10:48
17 percent less exertion
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17% ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืžืฅ
10:50
for them to do this exercise
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ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ
10:51
than people who looked around naturally.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
10:55
It changed their subjective experience
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
10:57
of the exercise.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ
10:59
It also changed the objective nature
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžื˜ืจื”
11:02
of their exercise.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ.
11:03
People who kept their eyes on the prize
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉืžืจื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”
11:05
actually moved 23 percent faster
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ื–ื–ื• 23% ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:08
than people who looked around naturally.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
11:11
To put that in perspective,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”,
11:13
a 23 percent increase
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ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ 23%
11:15
is like trading in your 1980 Chevy Citation
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืจื•ืœื˜ ืกื™ื™ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืŸ 1980
11:18
for a 1980 Chevrolet Corvette.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ืจื•ืœื˜ ืงื•ืจื‘ื˜ 1980.
11:23
We were so excited by this,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื ืžื–ื”,
11:26
because this meant that a strategy
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”
11:28
that costs nothing,
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ืฉืœื ืขื•ืœื” ื›ืœื•ื,
11:29
that is easy for people to use,
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ืฉืงืœ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”,
11:31
regardless of whether they're in shape
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™
11:33
or struggling to get there,
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ืื• ื”ืžืืžืฅ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ืฉืจ,
11:35
had a big effect.
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ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืžืื•ื“.
11:37
Keeping your eyes on the prize
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”
11:38
made the exercise look and feel easier
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ื’ืจื ืœืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:41
even when people were working harder
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:44
because they were moving faster.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื–ื–ื• ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:46
Now, I know there's more to good health
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
11:49
than walking a little bit faster,
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืœื›ืช ื˜ื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ,
11:51
but keeping your eyes on the prize
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”
11:53
might be one additional strategy
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”
11:55
that you can use to help promote
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช
11:56
a healthy lifestyle.
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ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื.
11:59
If you're not convinced yet
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ืื ืืชื ืœื ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ
12:01
that we all see the world through our own mind's eye,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื“ืจืš ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•,
12:03
let me leave you with one final example.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
12:05
Here's a photograph of a beautiful street in Stockholm, with two cars.
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ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื™ืคื” ื‘ืกื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื, ืขื ืฉืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
12:09
The car in the back looks much larger
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื ืจืื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
12:11
than the car in the front.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื–ืืช ืฉืžืงื“ื™ืžื”.
12:12
However, in reality,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
12:14
these cars are the same size,
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ,
12:16
but that's not how we see it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
12:19
So does this mean that
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ืื– ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
12:21
our eyes have gone haywire
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ืฉื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืฉืชื’ืขื•
12:23
and that our brains are a mess?
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ื•ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ืŸ?
12:25
No, it doesn't mean that at all.
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ืœื, ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
12:28
It's just how our eyes work.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืš ืฉื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
12:30
We might see the world in a different way,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”,
12:33
and sometimes that might not
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ืœื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
12:35
line up with reality,
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12:37
but it doesn't mean that one of us is right
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฆื•ื“ืง
12:39
and one of us is wrong.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื”.
12:41
We all see the world through our mind's eye,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื“ืจืš ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•,
12:43
but we can teach ourselves to see it differently.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืื—ืจืช.
12:46
So I can think of days
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ื
12:48
that have gone horribly wrong for me.
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ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™.
12:50
I'm fed up, I'm grumpy, I'm tired,
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ื ืžืืก ืœื™, ื”ืชืžืจืžืจืชื™, ื”ืชืขื™ื™ืคืชื™,
12:52
and I'm so behind,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›"ื› ืžืื—ื•ืจ,
12:54
and there's a big black cloud
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืขื ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
12:56
hanging over my head,
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ืžืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ ืœื™,
12:57
and on days like these,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืืœื•,
12:59
it looks like everyone around me
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™
13:01
is down in the dumps too.
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ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื ื’ื.
13:03
My colleague at work looks annoyed
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ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ืจืื• ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื ื™ื
13:05
when I ask for an extension on a deadline,
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ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ื”ืืจื›ื” ืœื“ื“ ืœื™ื™ืŸ,
13:07
and my friend looks frustrated
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื ืจืื• ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœื™ื
13:09
when I show up late for lunch because a meeting ran long,
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ืฉืื™ื—ืจืชื™ ืœืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืชืืจื›ื”,
13:12
and at the end of the day,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื,
13:14
my husband looks disappointed
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ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ ื ืจืื” ืžืื•ื›ื–ื‘
13:16
because I'd rather go to bed than go to the movies.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืขื“ืคืชื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžื™ื˜ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืกืจื˜.
13:18
And on days like these, when everybody looks
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ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืืœื•, ื›ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื ืจืื™ื ืœื™
13:21
upset and angry to me,
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ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืขืกื™ื,
13:23
I try to remind myself that there are other ways of seeing them.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
13:26
Perhaps my colleague was confused,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ,
13:30
perhaps my friend was concerned,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื“ืื’ื” ืœื™,
13:32
and perhaps my husband was feeling empathy instead.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื›ื–ื‘ื”.
13:35
So we all see the world
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ืื– ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
13:37
through our own mind's eye,
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ื“ืจืš ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•,
13:39
and on some days, it might look
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ื•ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื–ื” ื ืจืื”
13:41
like the world is a dangerous
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ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ
13:43
and challenging and insurmountable place,
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ื•ืžืืชื’ืจ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจ,
13:45
but it doesn't have to look that way all the time.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืš ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
13:48
We can teach ourselves to see it differently,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืื—ืจืช,
13:50
and when we find a way to make the world
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ื•ื›ืฉื ืžืฆื ื“ืจืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื
13:53
look nicer and easier,
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ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื ื—ืžื“ ื•ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
13:55
it might actually become so.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ื”.
13:57
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:59
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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