Robert Gordon: The death of innovation, the end of growth

144,247 views ใƒป 2013-04-23

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: David Forrai
00:12
That's how we traveled in the year 1900.
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ื›ืš ื ืกืขื ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1900.
00:15
That's an open buggy. It doesn't have heating.
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ื–ื• ื›ืจื›ืจื” ืคืชื•ื—ื”. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืžื•ื.
00:17
It doesn't have air conditioning.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
00:19
That horse is pulling it along
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ื”ืกื•ืก ืžื•ืฉืš ืื•ืชื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”
00:21
at one percent of the speed of sound,
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ื‘-1% ืžืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ,
00:23
and the rutted dirt road
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ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ืขืคืจ ื”ืžื—ื•ืจืฆืช
00:25
turns into a quagmire of mud anytime it rains.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืื“ืžืช ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื˜ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ื’ืฉื.
00:29
That's a Boeing 707.
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื’ 707.
00:32
Only 60 years later, it travels
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ืจืง 60 ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื•ื ื˜ืก
00:34
at 80 percent of the speed of sound,
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ื‘- 80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ,
00:37
and we don't travel any faster today
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื˜ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื
00:39
because commercial supersonic air travel
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื•ืœื™ื•ืช
00:42
turned out to be a bust.
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ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื• ื›ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ.
00:44
So I started wondering and pondering,
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ื•ืฉื•ืงืœ,
00:47
could it be that the best years of American economic growth
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ื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
00:50
are behind us?
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ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•?
00:52
And that leads to the suggestion, maybe economic growth
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืœื™ืš ืœื”ื ื—ื”, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
00:56
is almost over.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื”.
00:58
Some of the reasons for this are not really very controversial.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
01:02
There are four headwinds that are just hitting
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืจื’ืข
01:04
the American economy in the face.
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ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
01:07
They're demographics, education, debt and inequality.
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื—ื•ื‘ ื•ืื™ -ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
01:12
They're powerful enough to cut growth in half.
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ื”ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ื—ืฆื™.
01:15
So we need a lot of innovation to offset this decline.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื–ื– ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื–ื•.
01:20
And here's my theme: Because of the headwinds,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœื™: ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ื•ืช,
01:23
if innovation continues to be as powerful as it has been
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ืื ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื”
01:25
in the last 150 years, growth is cut in half.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 150 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื ื—ืชื›ืช ื‘ื—ืฆื™.
01:29
If innovation is less powerful,
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ืื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช,
01:32
invents less great, wonderful things,
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ืžืžืฆื™ืื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ืคืœืื™ื,
01:34
then growth is going to be even lower than half of history.
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ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
01:38
Now here's eight centuries of economic growth.
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ืœื”ืœืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
01:41
The vertical axis is just percent per year of growth,
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ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืื ื›ื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืœืฉื ื”,
01:45
zero percent a year, one percent a year, two percent a year.
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ืืคืก ืื—ื•ื– ืœืฉื ื”, 1 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืฉื ื”, 2 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
01:48
The white line is for the U.K., and then the U.S.
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ื”ืงื• ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืจื”"ื‘.
01:51
takes over as the leading nation in the year 1900,
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ืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช ื›ืื•ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1900,
01:54
when the line switches to red.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืงื• ืžืชื—ืœืฃ ืœืื“ื•ื.
01:55
You'll notice that, for the first four centuries,
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ืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘-4 ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
01:57
there's hardly any growth at all, just 0.2 percent.
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืจืง 0.2 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
02:01
Then growth gets better and better.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืžืฉืชืคืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:03
It maxes out in the 1930s, '40s and '50s,
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ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ30, ื”-40, ื•ื”-50 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช,
02:06
and then it starts slowing down, and here's a cautionary note.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืื˜, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘,
02:09
That last downward notch in the red line
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ืฉื”ืงื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืœื™ืง ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื” ื‘ืงื• ื”ืื“ื•ื
02:12
is not actual data.
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ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.
02:14
That is a forecast that I made six years ago
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
02:17
that growth would slow down to 1.3 percent.
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ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืชื•ืื˜ ืœ-1.3 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
02:20
But you know what the actual facts are?
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ?
02:22
You know what the growth in per-person income has been
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืื“ื
02:24
in the United States in the last six years?
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช?
02:27
Negative.
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ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช.
02:29
This led to a fantasy.
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื”.
02:31
What if I try to fit a curved line to this historical record?
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ืžื” ืื ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืงื• ืžืขื•ืงืœ ืœืจืฉื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื–ื• ?
02:36
I can make the curved line end anywhere I wanted,
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ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืงื• ื”ืžืขื•ืงืœ ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™
02:40
but I decided I would end it at 0.2,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘- 0.2,
02:43
just like the U.K. growth for the first four centuries.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘-4 ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
02:48
Now the history that we've achieved is that we've grown
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ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืจืื”, ืฉืฆืžื—ื ื•
02:51
at 2.0 percent per year over the whole period,
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ื‘- 2.0 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืœืฉื ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื›ื•ืœื”,
02:55
1891 to 2007,
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1891-2007,
02:59
and remember it's been a little bit negative since 2007.
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ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฆืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืžืื– 2007.
03:02
But if growth slows down,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืžื•ืื˜ืช,
03:05
instead of doubling our standard of living every generation,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ,
03:09
Americans in the future can't expect to be twice as well off as their parents,
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ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ื“ื™ื ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื,
03:13
or even a quarter [more well off than] their parents.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื‘ืข (ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžื™ื“ื™ื) ืžื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื.
03:16
Now we're going to change and look at the level of per capita income.
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ื›ืขืช ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœื ืคืฉ.
03:21
The vertical axis now is thousands of dollars in today's prices.
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ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:24
You'll notice that in 1891, over on the left,
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ืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช 1891, ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืžืืœ,
03:27
we were at about 5,000 dollars.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื›- 5,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
03:28
Today we're at about 44,000 dollars of total output
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ-44,000 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืคื•ืงื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช
03:31
per member of the population.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”.
03:34
Now what if we could achieve that historic
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืื•ืชื•
03:36
two-percent growth for the next 70 years?
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ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ 2 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืœ-70 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช?
03:39
Well, it's a matter of arithmetic.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืจื™ืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช.
03:41
Two-percent growth quadruples your standard of living in 70 years.
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ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืžื›ืคื™ืœื•ืช ืคื™ 4 ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืชื•ืš 70 ืฉื ื”.
03:45
That means we'd go from 44,000 to 180,000.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืชืงื“ื ืž- 44,000 ืœ- 180,000.
03:49
Well, we're not going to do that,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
03:51
and the reason is the headwinds.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ื•ืช.
03:53
The first headwind is demographics.
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ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.
03:54
It's a truism that your standard of living
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ื–ื• ืืžื™ืชื” ืฉืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
03:57
rises faster than productivity, rises faster than output per hour,
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ืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ืœืฉืขื”,
04:00
if hours per person increased.
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ืื ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืื“ื ื’ื“ืœื•ืช.
04:03
And we got that gift back in the '70s and '80s
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžืชื ื” ื–ื• ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื•ื”-80
04:05
when women entered the labor force.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
04:08
But now it's turned around.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื”ืชื”ืคืš.
04:10
Now hours per person are shrinking,
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ื›ืขืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช,
04:12
first because of the retirement of the baby boomers,
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื•ื,
04:15
and second because there's been a very significant
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช
04:19
dropping out of the labor force of prime age adult males
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ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ืœื
04:23
who are in the bottom half of the educational distribution.
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ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช.
04:27
The next headwind is education.
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ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
04:30
We've got problems all over our educational system
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœื ื•
04:32
despite Race to the Top.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœืฆืžืจืช.
04:34
In college, we've got cost inflation in higher education
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ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืœื•ืช ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
04:38
that dwarfs cost inflation in medical care.
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ืฉืžื’ืžื“ืช ืขืœื•ืช ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™.
04:41
We have in higher education a trillion dollars of student debt,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
04:45
and our college completion rate
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ื•ืงืฆื‘ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ืืฆืœื ื•
04:48
is 15 points, 15 percentage points below Canada.
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ื”ื•ื 15 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, 15 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื—ื•ื– ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงื ื“ื”.
04:55
We have a lot of debt.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
04:57
Our economy grew from 2000 to 2007
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื“ืœื” ืž- 2000 ืขื“ 2007
05:02
on the back of consumers massively overborrowing.
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ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื.
05:05
Consumers paying off that debt is one of the main reasons
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ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช
05:08
why our economic recovery is so sluggish today.
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ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
05:11
And everybody of course knows
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
05:12
that the federal government debt is growing
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ืฉื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ืฆื•ืžื—
05:15
as a share of GDP at a very rapid rate,
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืž"ื’ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“,
05:18
and the only way that's going to stop is some combination
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื™ืคืกืง, ื”ื•ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
05:21
of faster growth in taxes or slower growth in entitlements,
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ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืกื™ื ืื• ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ื›ืื•ื™ื•ืช,
05:26
also called transfer payments.
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ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื’ื ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื”.
05:28
And that gets us down from the 1.5,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืž- 1.5,
05:30
where we've reached for education, down to 1.3.
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ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืขื“ ืœ- 1.3.
05:34
And then we have inequality.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืื™ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
05:36
Over the 15 years before the financial crisis,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 15 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™,
05:39
the growth rate of the bottom 99 percent
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ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ 99 ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืชื—ืชื™ื™ื
05:42
of the income distribution was half a point slower
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื”
05:45
than the averages we've been talking about before.
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ืžื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
05:48
All the rest went to the top one percent.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืื—ื•ื– ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
05:50
So that brings us down to 0.8.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœ- 0.8.
05:53
And that 0.8 is the big challenge.
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ื•- 0.8 ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
05:56
Are we going to grow at 0.8?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฆืžื•ื— ื‘- 0.8?
05:58
If so, that's going to require that our inventions
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื™ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
06:01
are as important as the ones that happened
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื•
06:03
over the last 150 years.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 150 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
06:06
So let's see what some of those inventions were.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ืจืื” ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืืœื”.
06:10
If you wanted to read in 1875 at night,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1875 ,
06:14
you needed to have an oil or a gas lamp.
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ื ืฆืจื›ืชื ืœืžื ื•ืจืช ืฉืžืŸ ืื• ื’ื–.
06:17
They created pollution, they created odors,
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ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆืจื• ื–ื™ื”ื•ื, ื”ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืฆื• ืจื™ื—ื•ืช,
06:19
they were hard to control, the light was dim,
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ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขืžื•ื,
06:22
and they were a fire hazard.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื• ืกื›ื ื” ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืืฉ.
06:24
By 1929, electric light was everywhere.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1929, ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
06:29
We had the vertical city, the invention of the elevator.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืืจืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืžืขืœื™ืช.
06:33
Central Manhattan became possible.
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ืžืจื›ื– ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™.
06:36
And then, in addition to that, at the same time,
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ื•ืื–, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
06:39
hand tools were replaced by massive electric tools
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ื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื“ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื• ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
06:43
and hand-powered electric tools,
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ื•ื›ืœื™ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื™ื“ื ื™ื™ื,
06:45
all achieved by electricity.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ืฉืžืœ.
06:48
Electricity was also very helpful in liberating women.
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ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ื.
06:52
Women, back in the late 19th century,
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19,
06:55
spent two days a week doing the laundry.
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ื‘ื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืก.
06:58
They did it on a scrub board.
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ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ืงื™ืจืฆื•ืฃ.
06:59
Then they had to hang the clothes out to dry.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืชืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ.
07:02
Then they had to bring them in.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื ืคื ื™ืžื”.
07:03
The whole thing took two days out of the seven-day week.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงื— ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
07:06
And then we had the electric washing machine.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช.
07:10
And by 1950, they were everywhere.
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ื•ื‘-1950, ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
07:13
But the women still had to shop every day,
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ืืš ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื,
07:16
but no they didn't, because electricity
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืขืช ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ
07:18
brought us the electric refrigerator.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืงืจืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
07:21
Back in the late 19th century, the only source of heat in most homes
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ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื
07:24
was a big fireplace in the kitchen that was used for cooking and heating.
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ื”ื™ื” ืื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื•ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื.
07:29
The bedrooms were cold. They were unheated.
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ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ืงืจื™ื. ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ืžืžื™ื.
07:31
But by 1929, certainly by 1950,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘- 1929, ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘-1950,
07:34
we had central heating everywhere.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื”ืกืงื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
07:38
What about the internal combustion engine,
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ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช,
07:40
which was invented in 1879?
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ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1879?
07:42
In America, before the motor vehicle,
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ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžืžื•ื ืข,
07:46
transportation depended entirely on the urban horse,
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ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืก ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™,
07:50
which dropped, without restraint,
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืืคืง,
07:53
25 to 50 pounds of manure on the streets every day
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25 ืขื“ 50 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
07:57
together with a gallon of urine.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื 3.5 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืฉืชืŸ.
07:59
That comes out at five to 10 tons daily
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ื–ื” ืžืกืชื›ื ื‘-5 ืขื“ 10 ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื
08:02
per square mile in cities.
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ืœืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืขืจื™ื.
08:04
Those horses also ate up fully one quarter of American agricultural land.
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ืกื•ืกื™ื ืืœื” ื’ื ื›ื™ืœื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
08:10
That's the percentage of American agricultural land
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
08:13
it took to feed the horses.
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ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœื”ืื›ืœืช ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื.
08:15
Of course, when the motor vehicle was invented,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ื•ืžืฆื,
08:19
and it became almost ubiquitous by 1929,
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ื•ื”ืคืš ืœื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘- 1929,
08:22
that agricultural land could be used for human consumption
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ืงืจืงืข ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœืžืื›ืœ ืื“ื
08:25
or for export.
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ืื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื.
08:27
And here's an interesting ratio: Starting from zero in 1900,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ื—ืก ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ: ื”ื—ืœ ืžืืคืก ื‘ืฉื ืช 1900,
08:30
only 30 years later, the ratio of motor vehicles to the number of households
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ืจืง 30 ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžืžื•ื ืขื™ื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช
08:35
in the United States reached 90 percent in just 30 years.
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-90 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘-30 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
08:42
Back before the turn of the century,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื”,
08:45
women had another problem.
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ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
08:46
All the water for cooking, cleaning and bathing
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื•ืจื—ืฆื”
08:51
had to be carried in buckets and pails in from the outside.
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ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
08:55
It's a historical fact that in 1885,
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช 1885,
08:58
the average North Carolina housewife
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ืขืงืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”
09:00
walked 148 miles a year carrying 35 tons of water.
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ื”ืœื›ื” 238 ืง"ืž ื‘ืฉื ื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืืช 35 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื.
09:06
But by 1929, cities around the country
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘-1929, ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
09:10
had put in underground water pipes.
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ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื.
09:13
They had put in underground sewer pipes,
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ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื,
09:16
and as a result, one of the great scourges of the late 19th century,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืื—ืช ืžื”ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19,
09:22
waterborne diseases like cholera, began to disappear.
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœืจื”, ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืขืœื.
09:26
And an amazing fact for techno-optimists
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ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•-ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื
09:29
is that in the first half of the 20th century,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
09:32
the rate of improvement of life expectancy
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ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
09:35
was three times faster than it was
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ืคื™ 3 ืžืฉื”ื™ื”
09:38
in the second half of the 19th century.
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ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19.
09:40
So it's a truism that things can't be more than 100 percent of themselves.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื• ืืžื™ืชื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 100 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื.
09:46
And I'll just give you a few examples.
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ื•ืจืง ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
09:48
We went from one percent to 90 percent of the speed of sound.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืœ- 90 ืื—ื•ื– .
09:51
Electrification, central heat, ownership of motor cars,
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ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื”ืกืงื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช, ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ื ืขื•ืช,
09:55
they all went from zero to 100 percent.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืขืœื• ืžืืคืก ืขื“ 100%.
09:57
Urban environments make people more productive than on the farm.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื”.
10:01
We went from 25 percent urban to 75 percent
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ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืž- 25% ืœ- 75%
10:03
by the early postwar years.
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
10:08
What about the electronic revolution?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช?
10:10
Here's an early computer.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื.
10:12
It's amazing. The mainframe computer was invented in 1942.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื. ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื•ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1942.
10:15
By 1960 we had telephone bills, bank statements
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ืขื“ 1960 ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ , ื•ื“ืคื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
10:20
were being produced by computers.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
10:22
The earliest cell phones, the earliest personal computers
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ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื
10:24
were invented in the 1970s.
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ื”ื•ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70.
10:27
The 1980s brought us Bill Gates, DOS,
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ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก, DOS,
10:31
ATM machines to replace bank tellers,
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ื›ืกืคื•ืžื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื›ืกืคืจื™ ื‘ื ืง,
10:33
bar code scanning to cut down on labor in the retail sector.
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ื‘ืจ-ืงื•ื“ ืœืกืจื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืงืžืขื•ื ืื•ืช.
10:37
Fast forward through the '90s,
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ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90,
10:39
we had the dotcom revolution
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ืžื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”-dot.com
10:41
and a temporary rise in productivity growth.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ.
10:44
But I'm now going to give you an experiment.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืื™ืชื›ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
10:46
You have to choose either option A or option B.
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื. ืื• ื‘..
10:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:52
Option A is you get to keep everything invented up till 10 years ago.
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ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื' ื”ื™ื ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆื ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื.
10:55
So you get Google, you get Amazon,
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ื›ืš ืฉืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ื’ืœ, ืืช ืืžื–ื•ืŸ,
10:58
you get Wikipedia, and you get running water and indoor toilets.
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ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื.
11:01
Or you get everything invented to yesterday,
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ืื• ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆื ืขื“ ืืชืžื•ืœ,
11:03
including Facebook and your iPhone,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื•ื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื.
11:05
but you have to give up, go out to the outhouse,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ, ืœืฆืืช ืœืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
11:07
and carry in the water.
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ื•ืœืกื—ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื.
11:10
Hurricane Sandy caused a lot of people to lose the 20th century,
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ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ืกื ื“ื™ ื’ืจื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
11:14
maybe for a couple of days,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื,
11:15
in some cases for more than a week,
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืœืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืข,
11:17
electricity, running water, heating, gasoline for their cars,
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ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืžื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื, ื—ื™ืžื•ื, ื“ืœืง ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
11:21
and a charge for their iPhones.
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ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ .ืฉืœื”ื
11:24
The problem we face is that all these great inventions,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ,
11:27
we have to match them in the future,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
11:30
and my prediction that we're not going to match them
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ
11:33
brings us down from the original two-percent growth
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
11:36
down to 0.2, the fanciful curve that I drew you at the beginning.
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ืขื“ 0.2, ื”ืขืงื•ืžื” ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืฆื™ื™ืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
11:41
So here we are back to the horse and buggy.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืกื•ืก ื•ื”ื›ืจื›ืจื”.
11:44
I'd like to award an Oscar
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืื•ืกืงืจ
11:47
to the inventors of the 20th century,
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ืœืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
11:50
the people from Alexander Graham Bell
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื’ืจื”ื ื‘ืœ
11:53
to Thomas Edison to the Wright Brothers,
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ืขื“ ืœืชื•ืžืก ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื•ืœืื—ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื˜,
11:55
I'd like to call them all up here,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื›ืืŸ,
11:56
and they're going to call back to you.
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ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœื™ื›ื.
11:58
Your challenge is, can you match what we achieved?
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื, ื”ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื•ื•ืช ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืฉื’ื ื•?
12:02
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
12:03
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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