Rachel Sussman: The world's oldest living things

145,749 views ใƒป 2010-09-03

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:16
This strange-looking plant is called the Llareta.
0
16260
3000
ื”ืฆืžื— ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ื™ืืจื˜ื”".
00:19
What looks like moss covering rocks
1
19260
2000
ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื˜ื—ื‘ ืฉืžื›ืกื” ืกืœืขื™ื
00:21
is actually a shrub
2
21260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ื—
00:23
comprised of thousands of branches,
3
23260
2000
ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืืœืคื™ ืขื ืคื™ื,
00:25
each containing clusters of tiny green leaves at the end
4
25260
3000
ืฉื‘ืงืฆื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื•ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื
00:28
and so densely packed together
5
28260
2000
ื•ื”ื ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื–ื•,
00:30
that you could actually stand on top of it.
6
30260
3000
ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืžืžืฉ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
00:33
This individual lives in the Atacama Desert in Chile,
7
33260
3000
ื”ืคืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื—ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื˜ืงืืžื” ืฉื‘ืฆ'ื™ืœื”,
00:36
and it happens to be 3,000 years old.
8
36260
3000
ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ืŸ 3,000 ืฉื ื”.
00:39
It also happens to be a relative of parsley.
9
39260
3000
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืคื˜ืจื•ื–ื™ืœื™ื”.
00:42
For the past five years, I've been researching,
10
42260
2000
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขืกืงืชื™ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ,
00:44
working with biologists
11
44260
2000
ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
00:46
and traveling all over the world
12
46260
2000
ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
00:48
to find continuously living organisms
13
48260
2000
ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช
00:50
that are 2,000 years old and older.
14
50260
3000
ื•ืฉื’ื™ืœื 2,000 ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืขืœื”.
00:53
The project is part art and part science.
15
53260
2000
ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืžื“ืขื™.
00:55
There's an environmental component.
16
55260
2000
ื™ืฉ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™.
00:57
And I'm also trying to create a means
17
57260
2000
ื•ืื ื™ ื’ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืจืš
00:59
in which to step outside our quotidian experience of time
18
59260
3000
ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
01:02
and to start to consider a deeper timescale.
19
62260
3000
ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื™ืžื“ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ.
01:05
I selected 2,000 years as my minimum age
20
65260
3000
ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื‘-2,000 ืฉื ื” ื›ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื–ืขืจื™
01:08
because I wanted to start at what we consider to be year zero
21
68260
3000
ื›ื™ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืช ืืคืก
01:11
and work backward from there.
22
71260
2000
ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืžืฉื ืœืื—ื•ืจ.
01:13
What you're looking at now is a tree called Jomon Sugi,
23
73260
3000
ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืขืช ื”ื•ื ืขืฅ ื‘ืฉื ื’'ื•ืžื•ืŸ ืกื•ื’'ื™,
01:16
living on the remote island of Yakushima.
24
76260
3000
ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืื™ ื”ื ื™ื“ื— ื™ืืงื•ืฉื™ืžื”.
01:19
The tree was in part a catalyst for the project.
25
79260
3000
ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื–ืจื– ืœืžื™ื–ื ื”ื–ื”.
01:22
I'd been traveling in Japan
26
82260
2000
ื˜ื™ื™ืœืชื™ ื‘ื™ืคืŸ
01:24
without an agenda other than to photograph,
27
84260
2000
ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืคืจื˜ ืœืฆื™ืœื•ื,
01:26
and then I heard about this tree
28
86260
2000
ื•ืื– ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื”,
01:28
that is 2,180 years old
29
88260
3000
ืฉื’ื™ืœื• 2,180 ืฉื ื”
01:31
and knew that I had to go visit it.
30
91260
3000
ื•ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืขืœื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืจืื•ืชื•.
01:34
It wasn't until later, when I was actually back home in New York
31
94260
3000
ืจืง ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืœื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง
01:37
that I got the idea for the project.
32
97260
2000
ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื–ื.
01:39
So it was the slow churn, if you will.
33
99260
2000
ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
01:41
I think it was my longstanding desire
34
101260
2000
ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื™ืฉื ื” ื ื•ืฉื ื”
01:43
to bring together my interest
35
103260
2000
ืœืฉืœื‘ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™
01:45
in art, science and philosophy
36
105260
2000
ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”
01:47
that allowed me to be ready
37
107260
2000
ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื”
01:49
when the proverbial light bulb went on.
38
109260
2000
ื›ืฉื ื“ืœืงื” ืžืขืœ ืœืจืืฉื™ ื”ื ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช .
01:51
So I started researching, and to my surprise,
39
111260
2000
ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ, ื•ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื™,
01:53
this project had never been done before
40
113260
2000
ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืžื™ื–ื ื–ื”
01:55
in the arts or the sciences.
41
115260
2000
ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื.
01:57
And -- perhaps naively --
42
117260
2000
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช
01:59
I was surprised to find that there isn't even an area in the sciences
43
119260
3000
ื”ื•ืคืชืขืชื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื
02:02
that deals with this idea
44
122260
2000
ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
02:04
of global species longevity.
45
124260
2000
ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:06
So what you're looking at here
46
126260
2000
ืื– ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ
02:08
is the rhizocarpon geographicum, or map lichen,
47
128260
3000
ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื™ื–ื•ืงืจืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืงื•ื, ืื• ื—ื–ื–ื™ืช,
02:11
and this is around 3,000 years old
48
131260
2000
ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช 3,000 ืฉื ื” ืœืขืจืš
02:13
and lives in Greenland,
49
133260
2000
ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืœื“,
02:15
which is a long way to go for some lichens.
50
135260
3000
ืฉื–ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืจื—ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืงืฆืช ื—ื–ื–ื™ืช.
02:18
Visiting Greenland was more like
51
138260
2000
ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื•
02:20
traveling back in time
52
140260
2000
ืžืกืข ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
02:22
than just traveling very far north.
53
142260
2000
ืžืืฉืจ ืกืชื ืœื ืกื•ืข ื”ืจื—ืง ืฆืคื•ื ื”.
02:24
It was very primal and more remote
54
144260
2000
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื•ื—ืง
02:26
than anything I'd ever experienced before.
55
146260
3000
ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืขื“ ืื–.
02:29
And this is heightened by a couple of particular experiences.
56
149260
3000
ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
02:32
One was when I had been dropped off by boat
57
152260
3000
ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืกื™ืจื” ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืื•ืชื™
02:35
on a remote fjord,
58
155260
2000
ื‘ืคื™ื•ืจื“ ื ื™ื“ื—,
02:37
only to find that the archeologists I was supposed to meet
59
157260
2000
ื•ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ
02:39
were nowhere to be found.
60
159260
2000
ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื.
02:41
And it's not like you could send them a text or shoot them an e-mail,
61
161260
3000
ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžืกืจื•ืŸ ืื• ื“ื•ื"ืœ,
02:44
so I was literally left to my own devices.
62
164260
3000
ื›ืš ืฉื ืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืœื ืคืฉื™, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•.
02:47
But luckily, it worked out obviously,
63
167260
3000
ืืš ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื–ื” ื”ืกืชื“ืจ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื.
02:50
but it was a humbling experience
64
170260
2000
ืืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืคืœื•ืช ืจื•ื—
02:52
to feel so disconnected.
65
172260
3000
ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื” ืžื ื•ืชืงืช.
02:55
And then a few days later,
66
175260
2000
ื•ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:57
we had the opportunity to go fishing in a glacial stream
67
177260
2000
ื”ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœื ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ ื‘ื ื—ืœ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™
02:59
near our campsite,
68
179260
2000
ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
03:01
where the fish were so abundant
69
181260
3000
ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืฉืคืข ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื
03:04
that you could literally reach into the stream
70
184260
3000
ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื“ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื ื—ืœ
03:07
and grab out a foot-long trout with your bare hands.
71
187260
3000
ื•ืœืชืคื•ืก ื“ื’ ืฉืžืš ื‘ืื•ืจืš 30 ืก"ืž ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
03:10
It was like visiting
72
190260
2000
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื‘ืงืจ
03:12
a more innocent time on the planet.
73
192260
3000
ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืชืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:15
And then, of course, there's the lichens.
74
195260
2000
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื–ื–ื™ืช.
03:17
These lichens grow only one centimeter
75
197260
2000
ื”ื—ื–ื–ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“
03:19
every hundred years.
76
199260
2000
ืžื™ื“ื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื”.
03:21
I think that really puts human lifespans
77
201260
2000
ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื
03:23
into a different perspective.
78
203260
2000
ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช.
03:25
And what you're looking at here
79
205260
2000
ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ
03:27
is an aerial photo take over eastern Oregon.
80
207260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืชืฆืœื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื–ืจื— ืื•ืจื’ื•ืŸ.
03:29
And if the title "Searching for Armillaria Death Rings,"
81
209260
3000
ื•ืื ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช "ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืžื™ืœืืจื™ื”"
03:32
sounds ominous, it is.
82
212260
3000
ื ืฉืžืข ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืจืขื•ืช, ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ื›ืš.
03:35
The Armillaria is actually a predatory fungus,
83
215260
3000
ื”ืืจืžื™ืœืืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ื˜ื•ืจืคืช,
03:38
killing certain species of trees in the forest.
84
218260
3000
ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ืช ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื–ื ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
03:41
It's also more benignly known
85
221260
2000
ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื’ื ืฉื ื ื—ืžื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:43
as the honey mushroom or the "humongous fungus"
86
223260
3000
ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ, ืื• ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืขื ืงื™ืช
03:46
because it happens to be
87
226260
2000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื”
03:48
one of the world's largest organisms as well.
88
228260
2000
ื’ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:50
So with the help of some biologists studying the fungus,
89
230260
3000
ืื– ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื”,
03:53
I got some maps and some GPS coordinates
90
233260
3000
ื”ืฉื’ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืคื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ืจืš ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื
03:56
and chartered a plane
91
236260
2000
ื•ืฉื›ืจืชื™ ืžื˜ื•ืก
03:58
and started looking for the death rings,
92
238260
3000
ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช,
04:01
the circular patterns
93
241260
2000
ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื•ืช
04:03
in which the fungus kills the trees.
94
243260
2000
ืฉืœ ืงื˜ืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื”.
04:05
So I'm not sure if there are any in this photo,
95
245260
2000
ืื™ื ื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืื ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
04:07
but I do know the fungus is down there.
96
247260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื™ ืฉื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ืื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆืืช ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”.
04:09
And then this back down on the ground
97
249260
2000
ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฆื•ืœืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข,
04:11
and you can see that the fungus is actually invading this tree.
98
251260
3000
ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืคื•ืœืฉืช ืœืขืฅ ื”ื–ื”.
04:14
So that white material that you see
99
254260
2000
ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
04:16
in between the bark and the wood
100
256260
2000
ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฅ ืขืฆืžื•
04:18
is the mycelial felt of the fungus,
101
258260
3000
ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืจืงื ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื”,
04:21
and what it's doing -- it's actually
102
261260
2000
ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื”... ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ
04:23
slowly strangling the tree to death
103
263260
2000
ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ื—ื•ื ืงืช ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฅ
04:25
by preventing the flow of water and nutrients.
104
265260
3000
ืข"ื™ ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื.
04:28
So this strategy has served it pretty well --
105
268260
2000
ื•ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™.
04:30
it's 2,400 years old.
106
270260
3000
ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช 2,400 ืฉื ื”.
04:33
And then from underground to underwater.
107
273260
3000
ื•ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื” ืืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื.
04:36
This is a Brain Coral living in Tobago
108
276260
2000
ื–ื”ื• ืืœืžื•ื’ ืžื•ื— ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื’ื•
04:38
that's around 2,000 years old.
109
278260
2000
ืฉื’ื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื›-2,000 ืฉื ื”.
04:40
And I had to overcome my fear of deep water to find this one.
110
280260
3000
ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคื—ื“ื™ ืžืคื ื™ ืžื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆืื•.
04:43
This is at about 60 feet
111
283260
2000
ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš 60 ืจื’ืœ
04:45
or 18 meters, depth.
112
285260
2000
ืื• 18 ืžื˜ืจ.
04:47
And you'll see, there's some damage to the surface of the coral.
113
287260
3000
ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ ื ื™ื–ื•ืง.
04:50
That was actually caused by a school of parrot fish
114
290260
3000
ื–ื” ื ื’ืจื ืข"ื™ ืœื”ืงืช ื“ื’ื™ ืชื•ื›ื™
04:53
that had started eating it,
115
293260
2000
ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื•,
04:55
though luckily, they lost interest before killing it.
116
295260
3000
ืืš ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืจื’ื• ืื•ืชื•.
04:58
Luckily still, it seems to be out of harm's way
117
298260
3000
ื•ื‘ืžื–ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืกื›ื ื”
05:01
of the recent oil spill.
118
301260
2000
ืฉืœ ื“ืœื™ืคืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
05:03
But that being said, we just as easily could have lost
119
303260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืื‘ื“
05:05
one of the oldest living things on the planet,
120
305260
3000
ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื–ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื•,
05:08
and the full impact of that disaster
121
308260
2000
ื•ืžืœื•ื ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืืกื•ืŸ
05:10
is still yet to be seen.
122
310260
2000
ื˜ืจื ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื”.
05:12
Now this is something that I think
123
312260
2000
ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™
05:14
is one of the most quietly resilient things on the planet.
124
314260
3000
ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
05:17
This is clonal colony
125
317260
2000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื
05:19
of Quaking Aspen trees, living in Utah,
126
319260
3000
ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ "ืืกืคืŸ ืจื•ืขื“" ืฉื—ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื”,
05:22
that is literally 80,000 years old.
127
322260
3000
ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ 80,000 ืฉื ื”.
05:25
What looks like a forest
128
325260
2000
ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื™ืขืจ
05:27
is actually only one tree.
129
327260
3000
ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืขืฅ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“.
05:30
Imagine that it's one giant root system
130
330260
2000
ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืขื ืงื™ืช ืื—ืช
05:32
and each tree is a stem
131
332260
2000
ื•ื›ืœ ืขืฅ ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœ
05:34
coming up from that system.
132
334260
2000
ืฉืฆื•ืžื— ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื•.
05:36
So what you have is one giant,
133
336260
2000
ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืคืจื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืขื ืง
05:38
interconnected,
134
338260
2000
ืฉื›ืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื,
05:40
genetically identical individual
135
340260
2000
ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื–ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
05:42
that's been living for 80,000 years.
136
342260
3000
ืฉื—ื™ื” ืžื–ื” 80,000 ืฉื ื”.
05:45
It also happens to be male
137
345260
2000
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื–ื›ืจ
05:47
and, in theory immortal.
138
347260
2000
ื•ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ื‘ืŸ ืืœืžื•ื•ืช.
05:49
(Laughter)
139
349260
3000
[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
05:52
This is a clonal tree as well.
140
352260
2000
ื’ื ื–ื”ื• ืขืฅ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™.
05:54
This is the spruce Gran Picea,
141
354260
2000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืืฉื•ื—ื™ืช ื’ืจืืŸ ืคื™ืกืื”,
05:56
which at 9,550 years
142
356260
2000
ืฉื‘ื’ื™ืœื”, 9,550 ืฉื ื™ื,
05:58
is a mere babe in the woods.
143
358260
2000
ื”ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื•ื ืช ื‘ื™ืขืจ ืฉืœื”.
06:00
The location of this tree
144
360260
2000
ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื”
06:02
is actually kept secret for its own protection.
145
362260
3000
ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืกื•ื“ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื ืชื•.
06:05
I spoke to the biologist who discovered this tree,
146
365260
3000
ืฉื•ื—ื—ืชื™ ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื”,
06:08
and he told me that that spindly growth you see there in the center
147
368260
3000
ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืžื•ื— ื”ื“ืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–
06:11
is most likely a product of climate change.
148
371260
3000
ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
06:14
As it's gotten warmer on the top of the mountain,
149
374260
3000
ื•ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ืžื,
06:17
the vegetation zone is actually changing.
150
377260
3000
ืงื• ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื”ืฉืชื ื”.
06:20
So we don't even necessarily have to have
151
380260
2000
ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
06:22
direct contact with these organisms
152
382260
2000
ื‘ืžื’ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”
06:24
to have a very real impact on them.
153
384260
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:28
This is the Fortingall Yew --
154
388260
3000
ื–ื”ื• ืขืฅ ื”ื˜ืงืกื•ืก.
06:31
no, I'm just kidding --
155
391260
2000
ืœื, ืื ื™ ืžืชืœื•ืฆืฆืช.
06:33
this is the Fortingall Yew.
156
393260
2000
ื–ื”ื• ืขืฅ ื”ื˜ืงืกื•ืก.
06:35
(Laughter)
157
395260
2000
[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
06:37
But I put that slide in there
158
397260
2000
ืืš ืืช ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื”ื›ื ืกืชื™ ื›ืืŸ,
06:39
because I'm often asked if there are any animals in the project.
159
399260
3000
ื›ื™ ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืื ื‘ืžื™ื–ื ืฉืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
06:42
And aside from coral,
160
402260
2000
ื•ืคืจื˜ ืœืืœืžื•ื’,
06:44
the answer is no.
161
404260
2000
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื.
06:46
Does anybody know how old the oldest tortoise is --
162
406260
3000
ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ?
06:49
any guesses?
163
409260
2000
ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื?
06:51
(Audience: 300.)
164
411260
2000
[ืงื”ืœ: 300]
06:53
Rachel Sussman: 300? No, 175
165
413260
2000
ืจ"ืก: 300? ืœื. 175.
06:55
is the oldest living tortoise,
166
415260
2000
ื–ื” ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:57
so nowhere near 2,000.
167
417260
3000
ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœ-2,000.
07:00
And then, you might have heard
168
420260
2000
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืชื
07:02
of this giant clam that was discovered
169
422260
2000
ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ืคื” ื”ืขื ืงื™ืช ืฉื ืชื’ืœืชื”
07:04
off the coast of northern Iceland
170
424260
2000
ืœื™ื“ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืกืœื ื“
07:06
that reached 405 years old.
171
426260
3000
ืฉื’ื™ืœื” 405 ืฉื ื”.
07:09
However, it died in the lab
172
429260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืชื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
07:11
as they were determining its age.
173
431260
3000
ื›ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื’ื™ืœื”.
07:14
The most interesting discovery of late, I think
174
434260
2000
ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื“ืขืชื™,
07:16
is the so-called immortal jellyfish,
175
436260
3000
ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื•ืช,
07:19
which has actually been observed in the lab
176
439260
2000
ืฉื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช
07:21
to be able to be able to revert back to the polyp state
177
441260
3000
ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืค
07:24
after reaching full maturity.
178
444260
2000
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.
07:26
So that being said,
179
446260
3000
ื’ื ื›ืš,
07:29
it's highly unlikely that any jellyfish would survive that long in the wild.
180
449260
3000
ืžืื“ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืžื“ื•ื–ื” ืชื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
07:33
And back to the yew here.
181
453260
2000
ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื•ืก,
07:35
So as you can see, it's in a churchyard;
182
455260
2000
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื–ื• ื—ืฆืจ ื›ื ืกื™ื”.
07:37
it's in Scotland. It's behind a protective wall.
183
457260
3000
ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“, ื•ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืงื™ืจ ืžื’ืŸ.
07:40
And there are actually a number or ancient yews
184
460260
2000
ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื™ ื˜ืงืกื•ืก ืขืชื™ืงื™ื
07:42
in churchyards around the U.K.,
185
462260
2000
ื‘ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
07:44
but if you do the math, you'll remember
186
464260
2000
ืืš ืื ืชืขืฉื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ืชื™ื–ื›ืจื•
07:46
it's actually the yew trees that were there first, then the churches.
187
466260
3000
ืฉืขืฆื™ ื”ื˜ืงืกื•ืก ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช.
07:51
And now down to another part of the world.
188
471260
2000
ื•ื›ืขืช ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
07:53
I had the opportunity to travel around the Limpopo Province in South Africa
189
473260
3000
ื”ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœื™ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืœื™ืžืคื•ืคื• ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”
07:56
with an expert in Baobab trees.
190
476260
2000
ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืขืฆื™ ื‘ืื•ื‘ื‘.
07:58
And we saw a number of them,
191
478260
2000
ื‘ื™ืงืจื ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื,
08:00
and this is most likely the oldest.
192
480260
2000
ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืžื›ื•ืœื,
08:02
It's around 2,000,
193
482260
2000
ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 2,000 ืฉื ื”,
08:04
and it's called the Sagole Baobab.
194
484260
2000
ื•ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื™ "ื‘ืื•ื‘ื‘ ืกืื’ื•ืœื”".
08:06
And you know, I think of all of these organisms
195
486260
2000
ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”
08:08
as palimpsests.
196
488260
2000
ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืงืœืฃ ืขืชื™ืงื™ื.
08:10
They contain thousands of years
197
490260
2000
ื”ื ืื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื
08:12
of their own histories within themselves,
198
492260
2000
ืืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื,
08:14
and they also contain records of natural and human events.
199
494260
3000
ื•ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื’ื ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืื“ื.
08:17
And the Baobabs in particular
200
497260
2000
ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืฆื™ ื”ื‘ืื•ื‘ื‘
08:19
are a great example of this.
201
499260
2000
ื”ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ืคืœืื” ืœื›ืš.
08:21
You can see that this one
202
501260
2000
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื”
08:23
has names carved into its trunk,
203
503260
2000
ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื—ืจื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืข,
08:25
but it also records some natural events.
204
505260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืชืขื“ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
08:27
So the Baobabs, as they get older,
205
507260
2000
ื•ื”ื‘ืื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื,
08:29
tend to get pulpy in their centers and hollow out.
206
509260
3000
ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ืฆื™ืคืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืชื.
08:32
And this can create
207
512260
2000
ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง
08:34
great natural shelters for animals,
208
514260
2000
ืžื—ืกื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
08:36
but they've also been appropriated
209
516260
2000
ืืš ื”ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื’ื
08:38
for some rather dubious human uses,
210
518260
2000
ืœื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืžืคื•ืงืคืงื™ื,
08:40
including a bar, a prison
211
520260
3000
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืœื,
08:43
and even a toilet inside of a tree.
212
523260
3000
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฅ.
08:46
And this brings me to another favorite of mine --
213
526260
2000
ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืฆืžื— ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ--
08:48
I think, because it is just so unusual.
214
528260
3000
ื ืจืื” ืœื™, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื›ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
08:51
This plant is called the Welwitschia,
215
531260
2000
ืฆืžื— ื–ื” ืงืจื•ื™ "ื•ื•ื™ืœื•ื•ื™ืฆ'ื™ื”",
08:53
and it lives only in parts of coastal Namibia and Angola,
216
533260
3000
ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ืจืง ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื—ื•ืคื™ ื ืžื™ื‘ื™ื” ื•ืื ื’ื•ืœื”,
08:56
where it's uniquely adapted
217
536260
2000
ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื’ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช
08:58
to collect moisture from mist coming off the sea.
218
538260
3000
ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืœื—ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจืคืœ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื.
09:01
And what's more, it's actually a tree.
219
541260
3000
ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš, ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืฅ.
09:04
It's a primitive conifer.
220
544260
2000
ื–ื”ื• ืขืฅ ืžื—ื˜ ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
09:06
You'll notice that it's bearing cones down the center.
221
546260
3000
ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข.
09:09
And what looks like two big heaps of leaves,
222
549260
3000
ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืชื™ ืขืจืžื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
09:12
is actually two single leaves
223
552260
2000
ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื ื™ ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
09:14
that get shredded up
224
554260
2000
ืฉื ืงืจืขื™ื ืœื’ื–ืจื™ื
09:16
by the harsh desert conditions over time.
225
556260
2000
ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
09:18
And it actually never sheds those leaves,
226
558260
3000
ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžืฉื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื ืืœื”,
09:21
so it also bears the distinction
227
561260
2000
ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ื“ ื’ื
09:23
of having the longest leaves
228
563260
2000
ื›ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:25
in the plant kingdom.
229
565260
2000
ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืฆื•ืžื—.
09:27
I spoke to a biologist
230
567260
2000
ืฉื•ื—ื—ืชื™ ืขื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืื—ื“
09:29
at the Kirstenbosch Botanical Garden in Capetown
231
569260
2000
ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ "ืงื™ืจืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืฉ" ืฉื‘ืงื™ื™ืคื˜ืื•ืŸ
09:31
to ask him
232
571260
2000
ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื•
09:33
where he thought this remarkable plant came from,
233
573260
3000
ืžืื™ืŸ ืœื“ืขืชื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ื”ื–ื”,
09:36
and his thought was that
234
576260
2000
ื•ืœื“ืขืชื•,
09:38
if you travel around Namibia,
235
578260
2000
ืื ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื ืžื™ื‘ื™ื”,
09:40
you see that there are a number of petrified forests,
236
580260
2000
ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
09:42
and the logs are all --
237
582260
3000
ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ื--
09:45
the logs are all giant coniferous trees,
238
585260
3000
ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ื ื”ื ืขืฆื™ ืžื—ื˜ ืขื ืงื™ื™ื,
09:48
and yet there's no sign of where they might have come from.
239
588260
3000
ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจื.
09:51
So his thought was that
240
591260
2000
ืื– ืœื“ืขืชื•,
09:53
flooding in the north of Africa
241
593260
2000
ื”ื”ืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”
09:55
actually brought those coniferous trees down
242
595260
3000
ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ืขืฆื™ ื”ืžื—ื˜ ื”ืืœื” ื“ืจื•ืžื”
09:58
tens of thousands of years ago,
243
598260
2000
ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
10:00
and what resulted was this remarkable adaptation
244
600260
3000
ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•
10:03
to this unique desert environment.
245
603260
2000
ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช.
10:05
This is what I think is the most poetic of the oldest living things.
246
605260
3000
ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืคื•ืื˜ื™ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื.
10:08
This is something called an underground forest.
247
608260
3000
ื–ื”ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงืจื•ื™ ื™ืขืจ ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™.
10:11
So, I spoke to a botanist at the Pretoria Botanical Garden,
248
611260
3000
ืฉื•ื—ื—ืชื™ ืขื ื‘ื•ื˜ื ืื™ ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
10:14
who explained that certain species of trees
249
614260
3000
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืฉื–ื ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
10:17
have adapted to this region.
250
617260
3000
ื”ืกืชื’ืœื• ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
10:20
It's bushfelt region,
251
620260
2000
ื–ื”ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืฉื•ื•ืœื“,
10:22
which is dry and prone to a lot of fires,
252
622260
2000
ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ืžื•ืขื“ ืœืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช,
10:24
as so what these trees have done
253
624260
3000
ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืฉื•,
10:27
is, if you can imagine that this is the crown of the tree,
254
627260
2000
ืื ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื–ื• ืฆืžืจืช ื”ืขืฅ,
10:29
and that this is ground level,
255
629260
2000
ื•ืืœื” ื”ื ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข,
10:31
imagine that the whole thing,
256
631260
2000
ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
10:33
that whole bulk of the tree,
257
633260
2000
ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฅ ื›ื•ืœื•,
10:35
migrated underground,
258
635260
2000
ื”ื™ื’ืจ ืืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”,
10:37
and you just have those leaves peeping up above the surface.
259
637260
3000
ื•ืจืง ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
10:40
That way, when a fire roars through,
260
640260
2000
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื”, ื›ืฉืžืฉืชื•ืœืœืช ืฉืจื™ืคื”,
10:42
it's the equivalent of getting your eyebrows singed.
261
642260
3000
ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœื—ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืช.
10:45
The tree can easily recover.
262
645260
3000
ื”ืขืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ.
10:48
These also tend to grow clonally,
263
648260
2000
ื’ื ืืœื” ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื— ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื,
10:50
the oldest of which is 13,000 years old.
264
650260
3000
ืฉื”ื–ืงืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 13,000 ืฉื ื”.
10:53
Back in the U.S., there's a couple plants of similar age.
265
653260
3000
ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื ื“ื•ืžื”.
10:56
This is the clonal Creosote bush,
266
656260
2000
ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื— ื”ืงืจืื•ืกื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™,
10:58
which is around 12,000 years old.
267
658260
2000
ืฉื’ื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื›-12,000 ืฉื ื”,
11:00
If you've been in the American West,
268
660260
2000
ืื ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™,
11:02
you know the Creosote bush is pretty ubiquitous,
269
662260
2000
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื— ื”ืงืจืื•ืกื•ื˜ ื ืžืฆื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
11:04
but that being said, you see that this has
270
664260
2000
ืืš ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืœื–ื” ื™ืฉ
11:06
this unique, circular form.
271
666260
2000
ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืขื’ื•ืœื”.
11:08
And what's happening is it's expanding slowly outwards
272
668260
3000
ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ
11:11
from that original shape.
273
671260
3000
ืžืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช.
11:14
And it's one -- again, that interconnected root system,
274
674260
3000
ื•ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“-- ืฉื•ื‘, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช,
11:17
making it one genetically identical individual.
275
677260
3000
ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืคืจื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
11:20
It also has a friend nearby --
276
680260
3000
ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš--
11:23
well, I think they're friends.
277
683260
2000
ื˜ื•ื‘, ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
11:25
This is the clonal Mojave yucca, it's about a mile away,
278
685260
3000
ื–ื• ื”ื™ื•ืงื” ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื”ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 1.5 ืง"ืž
11:28
and it's a little bit older than 12,000 years.
279
688260
2000
ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-12,000 ืฉื ื”.
11:30
And you see it has that similar circular form.
280
690260
3000
ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขื•ื’ืœืช ื“ื•ืžื”.
11:33
And there's some younger clones
281
693260
2000
ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:35
dotting the landscape behind it.
282
695260
2000
ืฉืžื ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”.
11:37
And both of these, the yucca and the Creosote bush,
283
697260
3000
ืฉื ื™ื”ื, ื”ื™ื•ืงื” ื•ืฉื™ื— ื”ืงืจื•ืื•ืกื•ื˜,
11:40
live on Bureau of Land Management land,
284
700260
3000
ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช,
11:43
and that's very different from being protected in a national park.
285
703260
3000
ื•ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“ ืžื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™.
11:46
In fact, this land is designated
286
706260
2000
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืงืจืงืข ื–ื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช
11:48
for recreational all-terrain vehicle use.
287
708260
3000
ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื™ ืฉื˜ื—.
11:54
So, now I want to show what very well might be
288
714260
3000
ื•ื›ืขืช ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืžืื“ ืฉื”ื•ื
11:57
the oldest living thing on the planet.
289
717260
2000
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
11:59
This is Siberian Actinobacteria,
290
719260
2000
ื–ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืืงื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจื™ืช,
12:01
which is between 400,000
291
721260
3000
ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 400,000
12:04
and 600,000 years old.
292
724260
3000
ืœ-600,000 ืฉื ื”.
12:07
This bacteria was discovered several years ago
293
727260
2000
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ื–ื” ื ืชื’ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื
12:09
by a team of planetary biologists
294
729260
2000
ืข"ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื
12:11
hoping to find clues to life on other planets
295
731260
3000
ืฉืงื™ื•ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื
12:14
by looking at one of the harshest conditions on ours.
296
734260
3000
ื“ืจืš ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื•.
12:17
And what they found, by doing research into the permafrost,
297
737260
3000
ื•ื”ื ืžืฆืื•, ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ืงืคื•ืื”,
12:20
was this bacteria.
298
740260
2000
ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ื–ื”.
12:22
But what's unique about it is that
299
742260
2000
ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื
12:24
it's doing DNA repair below freezing.
300
744260
2000
ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ.
12:26
And what that means is that it's not dormant --
301
746260
3000
ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืจื“ื•ื.
12:29
it's actually been living and growing
302
749260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื™ ื•ื’ื“ืœ
12:31
for half a million years.
303
751260
3000
ืžื–ื” ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื.
12:34
It's also probably one the most vulnerable
304
754260
3000
ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:37
of the oldest living things,
305
757260
2000
ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื–ืงื ื™ื,
12:39
because if the permafrost melts,
306
759260
2000
ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ืงืคื•ืื” ืชืคืฉื™ืจ,
12:41
it won't survive.
307
761260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืฉืจื•ื“.
12:43
This is a map that I've put together of the oldest living things,
308
763260
2000
ื–ืืช ืžืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื™ืœื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื–ืงื ื™ื,
12:45
so you can get a sense of where they are; you see they're all over the world.
309
765260
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื. ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
12:48
The blue flags represent things that I've already photographed,
310
768260
3000
ื”ื“ื’ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ืœื.
12:51
and the reds are places that I'm still trying to get to.
311
771260
3000
ื•ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื - ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ื.
12:54
You'll see also, there's a flag on Antarctica.
312
774260
3000
ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื’ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื’ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
12:57
I'm trying to travel there
313
777260
2000
ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื
12:59
to find 5,000 year-old moss,
314
779260
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืชืจ ื˜ื—ื‘ ื‘ืŸ 5,000 ืฉื ื”,
13:02
which lives on the Antarctic Peninsula.
315
782260
3000
ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ื”ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™.
13:05
So, I probably have about two more years left
316
785260
2000
ืื– ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื
13:07
on this project --
317
787260
2000
ื‘ืžื™ื–ื ื”ื–ื”--
13:09
on this phase of the project,
318
789260
2000
ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžื™ื–ื,
13:11
but after five years,
319
791260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
13:13
I really feel like I know what's at the heart of this work.
320
793260
3000
ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•.
13:16
The oldest living things in the world
321
796260
2000
ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื–ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
13:18
are a record and celebration of our past,
322
798260
3000
ืžืชืขื“ื™ื ื•ืžืคืืจื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ืจื ื•,
13:21
a call to action in the present
323
801260
3000
ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”
13:24
and a barometer of our future.
324
804260
2000
ื•ื‘ืจื•ืžื˜ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
13:26
They've survived for millennia
325
806260
2000
ื”ื ืฉืจื“ื• ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื
13:28
in desert, in the permafrost,
326
808260
2000
ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื”ืงืคื•ืื”,
13:30
at the tops of mountains and at the bottom of the ocean.
327
810260
3000
ื‘ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื.
13:33
They've withstood
328
813260
2000
ื”ื ืขืžื“ื•
13:35
untold natural perils and human encroachments,
329
815260
3000
ื‘ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืกื’ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืชืืจืŸ,
13:38
but now some of them are in jeopardy,
330
818260
2000
ื•ื›ืขืช ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ื”,
13:40
and they can't just get up and get out of the way.
331
820260
3000
ื•ื”ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืงื•ื ื•ืœืกื•ืจ ืžื”ื“ืจืš.
13:43
It's my hope that, by going to find these organisms,
332
823260
2000
ืชืงื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืืœื”,
13:45
that I can help draw attention
333
825260
2000
ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘
13:47
to their remarkable resilience
334
827260
2000
ืœืขืžื™ื“ื•ืชื ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื”
13:49
and help play a part in insuring
335
829260
2000
ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช
13:51
their continued longevity into the foreseeable future.
336
831260
3000
ื”ืžืฉืš ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ.
13:54
Thank you.
337
834260
2000
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
13:56
(Applause)
338
836260
5000
[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7