Rachel Sussman: The world's oldest living things

145,422 views ・ 2010-09-03

TED


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00:16
This strange-looking plant is called the Llareta.
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Ova biljka čudnog izgleda zove se Llareta.
00:19
What looks like moss covering rocks
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Ono što izgleda kao mahovina koja pokriva kamenje
00:21
is actually a shrub
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ustvari je grm
00:23
comprised of thousands of branches,
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koji se sastoji od tisuća grana,
00:25
each containing clusters of tiny green leaves at the end
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a svaka grana na krajevima sadržava skupine sićušnih zelenih listova
00:28
and so densely packed together
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tako gusto zbijenih skupa
00:30
that you could actually stand on top of it.
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da biste zapravo mogli stajati na njima.
00:33
This individual lives in the Atacama Desert in Chile,
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Ove individue žive u pustinji Atacama u Čileu
00:36
and it happens to be 3,000 years old.
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i zanimljivo je da su stare 3.000 godina.
00:39
It also happens to be a relative of parsley.
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Također je zanimljivo da su u rodu s peršinom.
00:42
For the past five years, I've been researching,
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Zadnjih pet godina ja istražujem,
00:44
working with biologists
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radim s biolozima
00:46
and traveling all over the world
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i putujem po cijelom svijetu
00:48
to find continuously living organisms
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tražeći organizme koji kontinuirano živeći
00:50
that are 2,000 years old and older.
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dosežu starost od 2.000 godina i više.
00:53
The project is part art and part science.
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Projekt je dijelom umjetnost, a dijelom znanost.
00:55
There's an environmental component.
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Ima ekološku komponentu.
00:57
And I'm also trying to create a means
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Ja također pokušavam stvoriti način
00:59
in which to step outside our quotidian experience of time
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da iskoračimo iz svakodnevnog doživljavanja vremena
01:02
and to start to consider a deeper timescale.
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i počnemo uzimati u obzir dublju vremensku skalu.
01:05
I selected 2,000 years as my minimum age
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Odabrala sam 2.000 godina kao minimalnu dob
01:08
because I wanted to start at what we consider to be year zero
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za sebe zato što sam htjela početi od onoga što uzimamo kao nultu godinu
01:11
and work backward from there.
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i vračati se unatrag od tamo.
01:13
What you're looking at now is a tree called Jomon Sugi,
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Ovo što sada gledate je drvo koje se zove Jomon Sugi,
01:16
living on the remote island of Yakushima.
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a živi na zabačenim otocima Yakushima.
01:19
The tree was in part a catalyst for the project.
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To drvo je, djelomice, bilo katalizator za projekt.
01:22
I'd been traveling in Japan
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Putovala sam u Japan
01:24
without an agenda other than to photograph,
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bez nekog određenog plana, osim da fotografiram,
01:26
and then I heard about this tree
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i tada sam čula za ovo drvo
01:28
that is 2,180 years old
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staro 2.180 godina
01:31
and knew that I had to go visit it.
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i odmah sam znala da ga moram posjetiti.
01:34
It wasn't until later, when I was actually back home in New York
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Mnogo kasnije, kad sam se ustvari vratila kući u New York
01:37
that I got the idea for the project.
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pala mi je na pamet ideja za projekt.
01:39
So it was the slow churn, if you will.
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Ustvari je to bilo sporo nadahnuće, da tako kažemo.
01:41
I think it was my longstanding desire
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Mislim da je ta moja vječna žudnja
01:43
to bring together my interest
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za spojiti svoje zanimanje
01:45
in art, science and philosophy
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za umjetnost, znanost i filozofiju
01:47
that allowed me to be ready
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bila spremna u trenutku
01:49
when the proverbial light bulb went on.
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kad se širom poznata žarulja upalila.
01:51
So I started researching, and to my surprise,
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I tako sam počela istraživati te na svoje iznenađenje
01:53
this project had never been done before
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shvatila da ovakav projekt nikad prije nije napravljen,
01:55
in the arts or the sciences.
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kako u umjetnosti tako ni u znanosti.
01:57
And -- perhaps naively --
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I onda, vjerojatno naivno,
01:59
I was surprised to find that there isn't even an area in the sciences
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bila sam iznenađena otkrićem da čak niti ne postoji područje znanosti
02:02
that deals with this idea
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koje bi se bavilo općenito idejom
02:04
of global species longevity.
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dugovječnosti vrsta.
02:06
So what you're looking at here
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Ovo što ovdje vidite
02:08
is the rhizocarpon geographicum, or map lichen,
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je rhizocarpon geographicum, ili lišaj mapa
02:11
and this is around 3,000 years old
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koji je star oko 3.000 godina
02:13
and lives in Greenland,
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i živi na Grenlandu,
02:15
which is a long way to go for some lichens.
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što je dug put za prijeći za neke lišajeve.
02:18
Visiting Greenland was more like
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Posjetiti Grenland nalikovalo je više
02:20
traveling back in time
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putovanju kroz vrijeme
02:22
than just traveling very far north.
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nego putovanju sasvim daleko na sjever.
02:24
It was very primal and more remote
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Bilo je to vraćanje prvobitnom te izdvojeno
02:26
than anything I'd ever experienced before.
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od svega što sam prije doživjela.
02:29
And this is heightened by a couple of particular experiences.
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A ovo je još podcrtano s nekoliko osobitih doživljaja.
02:32
One was when I had been dropped off by boat
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Jedan je bio kad su me odbacili brodom
02:35
on a remote fjord,
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i ostavili na zabačenom fjordu,
02:37
only to find that the archeologists I was supposed to meet
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da bih shvatila kako arheolog s kojim sam se trebala sresti
02:39
were nowhere to be found.
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nije nigdje u blizini.
02:41
And it's not like you could send them a text or shoot them an e-mail,
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A ne možete im poslati poruku ili ispaliti email,
02:44
so I was literally left to my own devices.
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ustvari sam doslovno bila prepuštena sebi i svojim instrumentima.
02:47
But luckily, it worked out obviously,
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No srećom, upalilo je, očito.
02:50
but it was a humbling experience
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No to je bio ponižavajući doživljaj,
02:52
to feel so disconnected.
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osjećati se tako isključeno.
02:55
And then a few days later,
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I onda, nekoliko dana poslije,
02:57
we had the opportunity to go fishing in a glacial stream
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imali smo priliku otići pecati na ledenjački potok
02:59
near our campsite,
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u blizini našeg kampa,
03:01
where the fish were so abundant
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gdje je ribe bilo u takvom izobilju
03:04
that you could literally reach into the stream
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da ste doslovce mogli posegnuti u potok
03:07
and grab out a foot-long trout with your bare hands.
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i zgrabiti pastrvu dugačku 31cm golim rukama.
03:10
It was like visiting
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Bilo je to kao da ste posjetili
03:12
a more innocent time on the planet.
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neko bezazlenije vrijeme na planetu.
03:15
And then, of course, there's the lichens.
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I onda, naravno, ti lišajevi.
03:17
These lichens grow only one centimeter
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Ti lišajevi rastu samo jedan centimetar
03:19
every hundred years.
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u stotinu godina.
03:21
I think that really puts human lifespans
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Ja mislim da ovo stavlja ljudski vijek
03:23
into a different perspective.
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u sasvim drugačiju perspektivu.
03:25
And what you're looking at here
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A ovo što sada gledate je
03:27
is an aerial photo take over eastern Oregon.
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jedna zračna fotografija istočnog Oregona.
03:29
And if the title "Searching for Armillaria Death Rings,"
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A ako naslov 'Potraga za Armilarijskim (gljive) prstenima smrti'
03:32
sounds ominous, it is.
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zvuči zlokobno, to i jeste.
03:35
The Armillaria is actually a predatory fungus,
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Armilarija je ustvari predatorska gljiva
03:38
killing certain species of trees in the forest.
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koja ubija određenu vrstu drveća u šumi.
03:41
It's also more benignly known
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Također je benignije poznata
03:43
as the honey mushroom or the "humongous fungus"
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kao medena gljiva ili "ogromna gljiva"
03:46
because it happens to be
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jer je također
03:48
one of the world's largest organisms as well.
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jedan od najvećih organizama na svijetu.
03:50
So with the help of some biologists studying the fungus,
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I tako uz pomoć nekoliko biologa koji proučavaju gljive,
03:53
I got some maps and some GPS coordinates
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dobila sam neke mape i neke GPS koordinate,
03:56
and chartered a plane
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unajmila avion
03:58
and started looking for the death rings,
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i počela tražiti prstenove smrti,
04:01
the circular patterns
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kružne obrasce
04:03
in which the fungus kills the trees.
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u kojima gljiva ubija drveće.
04:05
So I'm not sure if there are any in this photo,
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I tako ja nisam sigurna ima li ih na ovoj fotografiji,
04:07
but I do know the fungus is down there.
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ali znam da je gljiva tamo dolje.
04:09
And then this back down on the ground
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A zatim, vratimo se dolje na zemlju
04:11
and you can see that the fungus is actually invading this tree.
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pa možete vidjeti kako gljiva upravo napada ovo drvo.
04:14
So that white material that you see
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Ova bijela tvar koju možete vidjeti
04:16
in between the bark and the wood
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između kore i debla
04:18
is the mycelial felt of the fungus,
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je klobučasti micelij gljive,
04:21
and what it's doing -- it's actually
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a što li radi … ustvari
04:23
slowly strangling the tree to death
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vrlo polako davi drvo do smrti
04:25
by preventing the flow of water and nutrients.
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tako što sprječava protok vode i hranjivih tvari.
04:28
So this strategy has served it pretty well --
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To je prilično uspješna strategija izgladnjivanja.
04:30
it's 2,400 years old.
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Stara je 2.400 godina.
04:33
And then from underground to underwater.
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A sada od 'iznad zemlje' idemo 'ispod mora'.
04:36
This is a Brain Coral living in Tobago
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Ovo je mozgoliki koralj koji živi na Tobagu
04:38
that's around 2,000 years old.
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i koji je star oko 2.000 godina.
04:40
And I had to overcome my fear of deep water to find this one.
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A ja sam morala prevladati svoj strah od duboke vode da bih pronašla ovoga.
04:43
This is at about 60 feet
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Ovo je na oko 60 stopa
04:45
or 18 meters, depth.
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ili 18 metara dubine.
04:47
And you'll see, there's some damage to the surface of the coral.
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I vidjet ćete, ovo je oštećenje na površini koralja.
04:50
That was actually caused by a school of parrot fish
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Ustvari ga je izazvala skupina riba papagaja
04:53
that had started eating it,
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koja ga je počela jesti,
04:55
though luckily, they lost interest before killing it.
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međutim su, srećom, izgubili zanimanje prije no što su ga ubili.
04:58
Luckily still, it seems to be out of harm's way
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Još jednom srećom, čini se da je izvan opasne zone
05:01
of the recent oil spill.
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nedavnog izlijevanja nafte.
05:03
But that being said, we just as easily could have lost
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No sad kad to kažem, mi smo lagano mogli izgubiti
05:05
one of the oldest living things on the planet,
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jedno od najstarijih živućih stvorenja na planeti,
05:08
and the full impact of that disaster
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a puni utjecaj ove katastrofe
05:10
is still yet to be seen.
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tek će se vidjeti.
05:12
Now this is something that I think
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A sada, ovo je nešto za što ja mislim
05:14
is one of the most quietly resilient things on the planet.
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da je najžilavije biće na planeti.
05:17
This is clonal colony
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Ovo je klonalna kolonija
05:19
of Quaking Aspen trees, living in Utah,
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drveća trepereće jasike (sjevernoamerička vrsta), koja živi u državi Utah
05:22
that is literally 80,000 years old.
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i stara je doslovno 80.000 godina.
05:25
What looks like a forest
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Ono što izgleda kao šuma
05:27
is actually only one tree.
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ustvari je samo jedno drvo.
05:30
Imagine that it's one giant root system
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Zamislite to je jedan gorostasni korijenski sustav,
05:32
and each tree is a stem
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a svako drvo je izdanak
05:34
coming up from that system.
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koji izlazi iz njega.
05:36
So what you have is one giant,
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Tako imate golemu,
05:38
interconnected,
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međusobno povezanu,
05:40
genetically identical individual
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genetički jedinstvenu individuu
05:42
that's been living for 80,000 years.
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koja živi već 80.000 godina.
05:45
It also happens to be male
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To je mužjak,
05:47
and, in theory immortal.
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teoretski besmrtan.
05:49
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:52
This is a clonal tree as well.
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Ovo je također klonalno drvo.
05:54
This is the spruce Gran Picea,
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Ovo je smreka Gran Picea,
05:56
which at 9,550 years
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koja je sa svojih 9.550 godina
05:58
is a mere babe in the woods.
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prava beba u šumama.
06:00
The location of this tree
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Položaj ovog drveta
06:02
is actually kept secret for its own protection.
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ustvari se čuva kao tajna radi njegove vlastite zaštite.
06:05
I spoke to the biologist who discovered this tree,
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Razgovarala sam s biologom koji je otkrio ovo drvo
06:08
and he told me that that spindly growth you see there in the center
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i on mi je rekao da je tanašni izraštaj koji vidite ovdje u centru
06:11
is most likely a product of climate change.
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najvjerojatnije rezultat klimatskih promjena.
06:14
As it's gotten warmer on the top of the mountain,
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Kako je na vrhu planine postalo toplije,
06:17
the vegetation zone is actually changing.
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vegetacijska se zona ustvari mijenja.
06:20
So we don't even necessarily have to have
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I tako mi nužno ne moramo imati
06:22
direct contact with these organisms
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izravni kontakt s ovim organizmima,
06:24
to have a very real impact on them.
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a da imamo vrlo stvaran utjecaj na njih.
06:28
This is the Fortingall Yew --
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Ovo je tisa u Fortingall-u (Škotska).
06:31
no, I'm just kidding --
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Samo se šalim.
06:33
this is the Fortingall Yew.
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Ovo je tisa u Fortingall-u.
06:35
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:37
But I put that slide in there
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Ali ja sam stavila ovaj slajd tu
06:39
because I'm often asked if there are any animals in the project.
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zato što me često pitaju ima li u ovom projektu životinja.
06:42
And aside from coral,
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Osim koralja,
06:44
the answer is no.
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odgovor je ne.
06:46
Does anybody know how old the oldest tortoise is --
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Zna li netko koliko je stara najstarija kornjača?
06:49
any guesses?
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Ikakva pretpostavka?
06:51
(Audience: 300.)
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(Publika: tristo).
06:53
Rachel Sussman: 300? No, 175
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Rachel Sussman: tristo? Ne, najstarijoj živućoj
06:55
is the oldest living tortoise,
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kornjači je 175,
06:57
so nowhere near 2,000.
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dakle niti približno 2.000.
07:00
And then, you might have heard
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I onda, možda ste čuli
07:02
of this giant clam that was discovered
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o divovskoj školjci koja je bila otkrivena
07:04
off the coast of northern Iceland
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na obalama sjevernog Islanda
07:06
that reached 405 years old.
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koja je navršila starost od 405 godina.
07:09
However, it died in the lab
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Doduše, umrla je u laboratoriju
07:11
as they were determining its age.
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dok su joj određivali starost.
07:14
The most interesting discovery of late, I think
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U posljednje je vrijeme najinteresantnije otkriće, ja mislim,
07:16
is the so-called immortal jellyfish,
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takozvana besmrtna meduza
07:19
which has actually been observed in the lab
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koja je stvarno promatrana u laboratoriju
07:21
to be able to be able to revert back to the polyp state
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kako se vraća natrag u stanje polipa
07:24
after reaching full maturity.
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nakon što je dosegla punu zrelost.
07:26
So that being said,
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I nakon što je ovo rečeno,
07:29
it's highly unlikely that any jellyfish would survive that long in the wild.
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i dalje je jako malo vjerojatno da bi ikoja meduza poživjela tako dugo u divljini.
07:33
And back to the yew here.
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I da se vratimo na tisu.
07:35
So as you can see, it's in a churchyard;
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I tako, kao što možete vidjeti, ovo je crkveno dvorište.
07:37
it's in Scotland. It's behind a protective wall.
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To je u Škotskoj. Ona je iza zaštitnog zida.
07:40
And there are actually a number or ancient yews
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U stvari je veliki broj prastarih tisa
07:42
in churchyards around the U.K.,
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u crkvenim dvorištima širom Engleske,
07:44
but if you do the math, you'll remember
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no ako izračunamo, sjetit ćete se
07:46
it's actually the yew trees that were there first, then the churches.
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da su ustvari tise bile prve, a zatim su došle crkve.
07:51
And now down to another part of the world.
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A sada dolje na drugi dio svijeta.
07:53
I had the opportunity to travel around the Limpopo Province in South Africa
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Imala sam priliku putovati oko Limpopo provincije u Južnoj Africi
07:56
with an expert in Baobab trees.
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s ekspertom za Baobab drveće.
07:58
And we saw a number of them,
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I vidjeli smo ih popriličan broj,
08:00
and this is most likely the oldest.
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a ovo je najvjerojatnije najstariji.
08:02
It's around 2,000,
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Oko 2.000 godina mu je
08:04
and it's called the Sagole Baobab.
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i zove se Sagole Baobab.
08:06
And you know, I think of all of these organisms
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I znate, ja razmišljam o svim ovim organizmima
08:08
as palimpsests.
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kao o palimpsestima (svici korišteni za pisanje, brisanje i ponovno pisanje).
08:10
They contain thousands of years
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Oni imaju tisuće godina
08:12
of their own histories within themselves,
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vlastite povijesti unutar sebe samih,
08:14
and they also contain records of natural and human events.
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ali oni sadržavaju i zapise prirodnih i humanih događanja.
08:17
And the Baobabs in particular
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A Baobabi su osobito
08:19
are a great example of this.
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izvrstan primjer toga.
08:21
You can see that this one
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Vidite kako ovaj ima
08:23
has names carved into its trunk,
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imena urezana na stablu,
08:25
but it also records some natural events.
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ali i zapise prirodnih događanja.
08:27
So the Baobabs, as they get older,
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Tako Baobabi, kako stare,
08:29
tend to get pulpy in their centers and hollow out.
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postaju mekani iznutra i nastaju šupljine.
08:32
And this can create
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A ovo stvara
08:34
great natural shelters for animals,
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izvrsne zaklone za životinje,
08:36
but they've also been appropriated
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ali je zgodno i
08:38
for some rather dubious human uses,
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za neke sasvim neobične ljudske uporabe,
08:40
including a bar, a prison
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uključujući bar, zatvor,
08:43
and even a toilet inside of a tree.
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čak i toalet unutar drveta.
08:46
And this brings me to another favorite of mine --
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A ovo nas vodi ka mom sljedećem favoritu –
08:48
I think, because it is just so unusual.
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barem mislim, zato što je tako neobično.
08:51
This plant is called the Welwitschia,
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Ova se biljka zove Welwitschia
08:53
and it lives only in parts of coastal Namibia and Angola,
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i živi samo na dijelovima obalne Namibije i Angole,
08:56
where it's uniquely adapted
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gdje se jedinstveno prilagodila
08:58
to collect moisture from mist coming off the sea.
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na sakupljanje vlage iz izmaglice koja dolazi od mora.
09:01
And what's more, it's actually a tree.
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I još nešto, to je ustvari drvo.
09:04
It's a primitive conifer.
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To je primitivna četinjača.
09:06
You'll notice that it's bearing cones down the center.
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Primijetit ćete češere dolje prema središtu.
09:09
And what looks like two big heaps of leaves,
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A ono što izgleda kao dvije velike hrpe lišća,
09:12
is actually two single leaves
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ustvari su samo dva lista.
09:14
that get shredded up
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Rastrgani su
09:16
by the harsh desert conditions over time.
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zbog surovih uvjeta u pustinji tijekom vremena.
09:18
And it actually never sheds those leaves,
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A listovi joj ustvari nikad ne opadaju
09:21
so it also bears the distinction
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pa se izdvaja i po tome
09:23
of having the longest leaves
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što ima najduže listove
09:25
in the plant kingdom.
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u carstvu biljaka.
09:27
I spoke to a biologist
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Razgovarala sam s biologom
09:29
at the Kirstenbosch Botanical Garden in Capetown
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u Kirstenbosch botaničkom vrtu u Capetownu
09:31
to ask him
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kako bih ga pitala
09:33
where he thought this remarkable plant came from,
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što misli od kuda je došla ova neobična biljka,
09:36
and his thought was that
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a njegovo razmišljanje je bilo da,
09:38
if you travel around Namibia,
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ako putujete uokolo po Namibiji,
09:40
you see that there are a number of petrified forests,
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vidjet ćete mnoge okamenjene šume,
09:42
and the logs are all --
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a sva stabla su --
09:45
the logs are all giant coniferous trees,
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stabla su divovske četinjače,
09:48
and yet there's no sign of where they might have come from.
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a opet nema znaka od kuda su došle.
09:51
So his thought was that
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Njegovo razmišljanje je bilo
09:53
flooding in the north of Africa
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kako je poplava sjeverne Afrike
09:55
actually brought those coniferous trees down
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ustvari naplavila sve to drveće četinjača,
09:58
tens of thousands of years ago,
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prije kojih deset tisuća godina,
10:00
and what resulted was this remarkable adaptation
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a to je rezultiralo ovom fantastičnom adaptacijom
10:03
to this unique desert environment.
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na jedinstvene uvjete pustinje.
10:05
This is what I think is the most poetic of the oldest living things.
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Ovo je ono što ja smatram najpoetičnijim od svih najstarijih živih bića.
10:08
This is something called an underground forest.
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Ovo je nešto što se zove podzemna šuma.
10:11
So, I spoke to a botanist at the Pretoria Botanical Garden,
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Dakle, razgovarala sam s botaničarom u botaničkom vrtu Pretoria
10:14
who explained that certain species of trees
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koji je objasnio kako su se određene vrste drveća
10:17
have adapted to this region.
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adaptirale na ovu regiju.
10:20
It's bushfelt region,
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Ovo je regija grmolikog raslinja
10:22
which is dry and prone to a lot of fires,
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koje je suho i sklono samozapaljivanju,
10:24
as so what these trees have done
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i što je drveće napravilo,
10:27
is, if you can imagine that this is the crown of the tree,
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ako možete zamisliti da je ovo krošnja drveta,
10:29
and that this is ground level,
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a ovo je razina pri zemlji,
10:31
imagine that the whole thing,
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zamislite kako je cijela stvar,
10:33
that whole bulk of the tree,
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cijela masa drveta,
10:35
migrated underground,
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migrirala u podzemlje
10:37
and you just have those leaves peeping up above the surface.
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i sve što imate je to lišće koje proviruje iznad površine.
10:40
That way, when a fire roars through,
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Na ovaj način, kada vatra prohuja preko,
10:42
it's the equivalent of getting your eyebrows singed.
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ovo je ravno tome da odete na korekciju obrva,
10:45
The tree can easily recover.
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drvo se lagano može oporaviti.
10:48
These also tend to grow clonally,
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Ono također ima tendenciju da raste kao klon,
10:50
the oldest of which is 13,000 years old.
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od kojih je najstariji 13.000 godina.
10:53
Back in the U.S., there's a couple plants of similar age.
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Natrag u Ameriku, ondje je nekoliko biljaka podjednake dobi.
10:56
This is the clonal Creosote bush,
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Ovo je klonalni Creosote grm,
10:58
which is around 12,000 years old.
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koji je star oko 12.000 godina.
11:00
If you've been in the American West,
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Ako ste bili na američkom zapadu
11:02
you know the Creosote bush is pretty ubiquitous,
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onda znate da je Creosote grm poprilično sveprisutan,
11:04
but that being said, you see that this has
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no kad smo ovo rekli, vidite kako ovo
11:06
this unique, circular form.
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ima jedinstvenu kružnu formu.
11:08
And what's happening is it's expanding slowly outwards
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I što se događa, polako se širi prema van
11:11
from that original shape.
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iz ovog originalnog oblika.
11:14
And it's one -- again, that interconnected root system,
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A ovo je sve -- opet, taj isprepleteni sustav korijenja,
11:17
making it one genetically identical individual.
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koji stvara jednu genetički identičnu jedinku.
11:20
It also has a friend nearby --
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On također ima prijatelja u blizini --
11:23
well, I think they're friends.
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no dobro, barem mislim da su prijatelji.
11:25
This is the clonal Mojave yucca, it's about a mile away,
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Ovo je klonalna Mojave juka, ona je oko milju udaljena
11:28
and it's a little bit older than 12,000 years.
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i malo je starija od 12.000 godina.
11:30
And you see it has that similar circular form.
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I kao što vidite ima istu kružnu formu.
11:33
And there's some younger clones
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A tu su i neki mlađi klonovi
11:35
dotting the landscape behind it.
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koji su oslikali krajolik iza nje.
11:37
And both of these, the yucca and the Creosote bush,
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A ovo oboje, juka i Creosote grm,
11:40
live on Bureau of Land Management land,
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žive na zemlji Biroa za upravljanje zemljom,
11:43
and that's very different from being protected in a national park.
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a to je sasvim drugačije od biti zaštićen u nacionalnom parku.
11:46
In fact, this land is designated
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U stvari, ovo je zemljište namijenjeno
11:48
for recreational all-terrain vehicle use.
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korištenju rekreacijskih vozila za sve terene.
11:54
So, now I want to show what very well might be
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Dakle, sada vam želim pokazati ono što bi lako moglo biti
11:57
the oldest living thing on the planet.
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najstarije živo biće na planetu.
11:59
This is Siberian Actinobacteria,
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Ovo je Sibirska Actinobacteria,
12:01
which is between 400,000
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stara između 400.000
12:04
and 600,000 years old.
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i 600.000 godina.
12:07
This bacteria was discovered several years ago
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Ova je bakterija bila otkrivena prije nekoliko godina
12:09
by a team of planetary biologists
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od strane tima planetarnih biologa
12:11
hoping to find clues to life on other planets
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koji su se nadali pronaći tragove života na drugim planetima
12:14
by looking at one of the harshest conditions on ours.
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promatrajući najsurovije uvjete na našem.
12:17
And what they found, by doing research into the permafrost,
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I ono što su pronašli istražujući u permafrostu
12:20
was this bacteria.
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bila je ova bakterija.
12:22
But what's unique about it is that
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A ono što je jedinstveno kod nje
12:24
it's doing DNA repair below freezing.
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je da obnavlja svoju DNK na temperaturama ispod ledišta.
12:26
And what that means is that it's not dormant --
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A ovo znači kako ona tada nije uspavana.
12:29
it's actually been living and growing
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Ustvari to živi i raste
12:31
for half a million years.
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pola milijuna godina.
12:34
It's also probably one the most vulnerable
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Ovo je također vjerojatno najosjetljiviji
12:37
of the oldest living things,
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dugoživući stvor,
12:39
because if the permafrost melts,
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zato što ako se permafrost otopi
12:41
it won't survive.
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on neće preživjeti.
12:43
This is a map that I've put together of the oldest living things,
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Ovo je mapa koju sam sastavila od svih dugoživućih živih stvorenja,
12:45
so you can get a sense of where they are; you see they're all over the world.
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kako biste dobili osjećaj gdje su; kao što vidite ona su posvuda.
12:48
The blue flags represent things that I've already photographed,
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Plave zastavice predstavljaju bića koja sam već fotografirala,
12:51
and the reds are places that I'm still trying to get to.
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a crvene su postavljene na mjesta na koja pokušavam doći.
12:54
You'll see also, there's a flag on Antarctica.
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Također vidite zastavicu na Antarktiku.
12:57
I'm trying to travel there
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Pokušavam tamo otputovati
12:59
to find 5,000 year-old moss,
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da nađem 5.000 godina staru mahovinu
13:02
which lives on the Antarctic Peninsula.
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koja živi na Antarktičkom poluotoku.
13:05
So, I probably have about two more years left
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Dakle, vjerojatno su mi ostale dvije godine
13:07
on this project --
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projekta --
13:09
on this phase of the project,
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u ovoj fazi projekta,
13:11
but after five years,
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nakon pet godina,
13:13
I really feel like I know what's at the heart of this work.
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ja stvarno osjećam kako znam što je u središtu ovog rada.
13:16
The oldest living things in the world
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Najstarija živa bića na ovome svijetu
13:18
are a record and celebration of our past,
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su zapis i slava naše prošlosti,
13:21
a call to action in the present
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poziv na akciju u sadašnjosti
13:24
and a barometer of our future.
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i barometar naše budućnosti.
13:26
They've survived for millennia
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Preživjela su milenije
13:28
in desert, in the permafrost,
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u pustinjama, u permafrostu,
13:30
at the tops of mountains and at the bottom of the ocean.
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na vrhovima planina i na dnu oceana.
13:33
They've withstood
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Ona su izdržala
13:35
untold natural perils and human encroachments,
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neizrecive prirodne rizike i ljudsku najezdu,
13:38
but now some of them are in jeopardy,
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ali sada su neka od njih u opasnosti,
13:40
and they can't just get up and get out of the way.
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a ne mogu se samo ustati i maknuti s puta.
13:43
It's my hope that, by going to find these organisms,
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Ja se nadam, da svojom potragom za tim organizmima,
13:45
that I can help draw attention
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mogu pomoći usmjeravanju pozornosti
13:47
to their remarkable resilience
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na njihovu izvanrednu otpornost
13:49
and help play a part in insuring
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i pomoći odigrati ulogu u osiguravanju
13:51
their continued longevity into the foreseeable future.
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kontinuiteta njihova starenja u predvidljivoj budućnosti.
13:54
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
13:56
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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