Rachel Sussman: The world's oldest living things

145,593 views ・ 2010-09-03

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG
00:16
This strange-looking plant is called the Llareta.
0
16260
3000
Ova biljka čudnog izgleda zove se Llareta.
00:19
What looks like moss covering rocks
1
19260
2000
Ono što izgleda kao mahovina koja pokriva kamenje
00:21
is actually a shrub
2
21260
2000
ustvari je grm
00:23
comprised of thousands of branches,
3
23260
2000
koji se sastoji od tisuća grana,
00:25
each containing clusters of tiny green leaves at the end
4
25260
3000
a svaka grana na krajevima sadržava skupine sićušnih zelenih listova
00:28
and so densely packed together
5
28260
2000
tako gusto zbijenih skupa
00:30
that you could actually stand on top of it.
6
30260
3000
da biste zapravo mogli stajati na njima.
00:33
This individual lives in the Atacama Desert in Chile,
7
33260
3000
Ove individue žive u pustinji Atacama u Čileu
00:36
and it happens to be 3,000 years old.
8
36260
3000
i zanimljivo je da su stare 3.000 godina.
00:39
It also happens to be a relative of parsley.
9
39260
3000
Također je zanimljivo da su u rodu s peršinom.
00:42
For the past five years, I've been researching,
10
42260
2000
Zadnjih pet godina ja istražujem,
00:44
working with biologists
11
44260
2000
radim s biolozima
00:46
and traveling all over the world
12
46260
2000
i putujem po cijelom svijetu
00:48
to find continuously living organisms
13
48260
2000
tražeći organizme koji kontinuirano živeći
00:50
that are 2,000 years old and older.
14
50260
3000
dosežu starost od 2.000 godina i više.
00:53
The project is part art and part science.
15
53260
2000
Projekt je dijelom umjetnost, a dijelom znanost.
00:55
There's an environmental component.
16
55260
2000
Ima ekološku komponentu.
00:57
And I'm also trying to create a means
17
57260
2000
Ja također pokušavam stvoriti način
00:59
in which to step outside our quotidian experience of time
18
59260
3000
da iskoračimo iz svakodnevnog doživljavanja vremena
01:02
and to start to consider a deeper timescale.
19
62260
3000
i počnemo uzimati u obzir dublju vremensku skalu.
01:05
I selected 2,000 years as my minimum age
20
65260
3000
Odabrala sam 2.000 godina kao minimalnu dob
01:08
because I wanted to start at what we consider to be year zero
21
68260
3000
za sebe zato što sam htjela početi od onoga što uzimamo kao nultu godinu
01:11
and work backward from there.
22
71260
2000
i vračati se unatrag od tamo.
01:13
What you're looking at now is a tree called Jomon Sugi,
23
73260
3000
Ovo što sada gledate je drvo koje se zove Jomon Sugi,
01:16
living on the remote island of Yakushima.
24
76260
3000
a živi na zabačenim otocima Yakushima.
01:19
The tree was in part a catalyst for the project.
25
79260
3000
To drvo je, djelomice, bilo katalizator za projekt.
01:22
I'd been traveling in Japan
26
82260
2000
Putovala sam u Japan
01:24
without an agenda other than to photograph,
27
84260
2000
bez nekog određenog plana, osim da fotografiram,
01:26
and then I heard about this tree
28
86260
2000
i tada sam čula za ovo drvo
01:28
that is 2,180 years old
29
88260
3000
staro 2.180 godina
01:31
and knew that I had to go visit it.
30
91260
3000
i odmah sam znala da ga moram posjetiti.
01:34
It wasn't until later, when I was actually back home in New York
31
94260
3000
Mnogo kasnije, kad sam se ustvari vratila kući u New York
01:37
that I got the idea for the project.
32
97260
2000
pala mi je na pamet ideja za projekt.
01:39
So it was the slow churn, if you will.
33
99260
2000
Ustvari je to bilo sporo nadahnuće, da tako kažemo.
01:41
I think it was my longstanding desire
34
101260
2000
Mislim da je ta moja vječna žudnja
01:43
to bring together my interest
35
103260
2000
za spojiti svoje zanimanje
01:45
in art, science and philosophy
36
105260
2000
za umjetnost, znanost i filozofiju
01:47
that allowed me to be ready
37
107260
2000
bila spremna u trenutku
01:49
when the proverbial light bulb went on.
38
109260
2000
kad se širom poznata žarulja upalila.
01:51
So I started researching, and to my surprise,
39
111260
2000
I tako sam počela istraživati te na svoje iznenađenje
01:53
this project had never been done before
40
113260
2000
shvatila da ovakav projekt nikad prije nije napravljen,
01:55
in the arts or the sciences.
41
115260
2000
kako u umjetnosti tako ni u znanosti.
01:57
And -- perhaps naively --
42
117260
2000
I onda, vjerojatno naivno,
01:59
I was surprised to find that there isn't even an area in the sciences
43
119260
3000
bila sam iznenađena otkrićem da čak niti ne postoji područje znanosti
02:02
that deals with this idea
44
122260
2000
koje bi se bavilo općenito idejom
02:04
of global species longevity.
45
124260
2000
dugovječnosti vrsta.
02:06
So what you're looking at here
46
126260
2000
Ovo što ovdje vidite
02:08
is the rhizocarpon geographicum, or map lichen,
47
128260
3000
je rhizocarpon geographicum, ili lišaj mapa
02:11
and this is around 3,000 years old
48
131260
2000
koji je star oko 3.000 godina
02:13
and lives in Greenland,
49
133260
2000
i živi na Grenlandu,
02:15
which is a long way to go for some lichens.
50
135260
3000
što je dug put za prijeći za neke lišajeve.
02:18
Visiting Greenland was more like
51
138260
2000
Posjetiti Grenland nalikovalo je više
02:20
traveling back in time
52
140260
2000
putovanju kroz vrijeme
02:22
than just traveling very far north.
53
142260
2000
nego putovanju sasvim daleko na sjever.
02:24
It was very primal and more remote
54
144260
2000
Bilo je to vraćanje prvobitnom te izdvojeno
02:26
than anything I'd ever experienced before.
55
146260
3000
od svega što sam prije doživjela.
02:29
And this is heightened by a couple of particular experiences.
56
149260
3000
A ovo je još podcrtano s nekoliko osobitih doživljaja.
02:32
One was when I had been dropped off by boat
57
152260
3000
Jedan je bio kad su me odbacili brodom
02:35
on a remote fjord,
58
155260
2000
i ostavili na zabačenom fjordu,
02:37
only to find that the archeologists I was supposed to meet
59
157260
2000
da bih shvatila kako arheolog s kojim sam se trebala sresti
02:39
were nowhere to be found.
60
159260
2000
nije nigdje u blizini.
02:41
And it's not like you could send them a text or shoot them an e-mail,
61
161260
3000
A ne možete im poslati poruku ili ispaliti email,
02:44
so I was literally left to my own devices.
62
164260
3000
ustvari sam doslovno bila prepuštena sebi i svojim instrumentima.
02:47
But luckily, it worked out obviously,
63
167260
3000
No srećom, upalilo je, očito.
02:50
but it was a humbling experience
64
170260
2000
No to je bio ponižavajući doživljaj,
02:52
to feel so disconnected.
65
172260
3000
osjećati se tako isključeno.
02:55
And then a few days later,
66
175260
2000
I onda, nekoliko dana poslije,
02:57
we had the opportunity to go fishing in a glacial stream
67
177260
2000
imali smo priliku otići pecati na ledenjački potok
02:59
near our campsite,
68
179260
2000
u blizini našeg kampa,
03:01
where the fish were so abundant
69
181260
3000
gdje je ribe bilo u takvom izobilju
03:04
that you could literally reach into the stream
70
184260
3000
da ste doslovce mogli posegnuti u potok
03:07
and grab out a foot-long trout with your bare hands.
71
187260
3000
i zgrabiti pastrvu dugačku 31cm golim rukama.
03:10
It was like visiting
72
190260
2000
Bilo je to kao da ste posjetili
03:12
a more innocent time on the planet.
73
192260
3000
neko bezazlenije vrijeme na planetu.
03:15
And then, of course, there's the lichens.
74
195260
2000
I onda, naravno, ti lišajevi.
03:17
These lichens grow only one centimeter
75
197260
2000
Ti lišajevi rastu samo jedan centimetar
03:19
every hundred years.
76
199260
2000
u stotinu godina.
03:21
I think that really puts human lifespans
77
201260
2000
Ja mislim da ovo stavlja ljudski vijek
03:23
into a different perspective.
78
203260
2000
u sasvim drugačiju perspektivu.
03:25
And what you're looking at here
79
205260
2000
A ovo što sada gledate je
03:27
is an aerial photo take over eastern Oregon.
80
207260
2000
jedna zračna fotografija istočnog Oregona.
03:29
And if the title "Searching for Armillaria Death Rings,"
81
209260
3000
A ako naslov 'Potraga za Armilarijskim (gljive) prstenima smrti'
03:32
sounds ominous, it is.
82
212260
3000
zvuči zlokobno, to i jeste.
03:35
The Armillaria is actually a predatory fungus,
83
215260
3000
Armilarija je ustvari predatorska gljiva
03:38
killing certain species of trees in the forest.
84
218260
3000
koja ubija određenu vrstu drveća u šumi.
03:41
It's also more benignly known
85
221260
2000
Također je benignije poznata
03:43
as the honey mushroom or the "humongous fungus"
86
223260
3000
kao medena gljiva ili "ogromna gljiva"
03:46
because it happens to be
87
226260
2000
jer je također
03:48
one of the world's largest organisms as well.
88
228260
2000
jedan od najvećih organizama na svijetu.
03:50
So with the help of some biologists studying the fungus,
89
230260
3000
I tako uz pomoć nekoliko biologa koji proučavaju gljive,
03:53
I got some maps and some GPS coordinates
90
233260
3000
dobila sam neke mape i neke GPS koordinate,
03:56
and chartered a plane
91
236260
2000
unajmila avion
03:58
and started looking for the death rings,
92
238260
3000
i počela tražiti prstenove smrti,
04:01
the circular patterns
93
241260
2000
kružne obrasce
04:03
in which the fungus kills the trees.
94
243260
2000
u kojima gljiva ubija drveće.
04:05
So I'm not sure if there are any in this photo,
95
245260
2000
I tako ja nisam sigurna ima li ih na ovoj fotografiji,
04:07
but I do know the fungus is down there.
96
247260
2000
ali znam da je gljiva tamo dolje.
04:09
And then this back down on the ground
97
249260
2000
A zatim, vratimo se dolje na zemlju
04:11
and you can see that the fungus is actually invading this tree.
98
251260
3000
pa možete vidjeti kako gljiva upravo napada ovo drvo.
04:14
So that white material that you see
99
254260
2000
Ova bijela tvar koju možete vidjeti
04:16
in between the bark and the wood
100
256260
2000
između kore i debla
04:18
is the mycelial felt of the fungus,
101
258260
3000
je klobučasti micelij gljive,
04:21
and what it's doing -- it's actually
102
261260
2000
a što li radi … ustvari
04:23
slowly strangling the tree to death
103
263260
2000
vrlo polako davi drvo do smrti
04:25
by preventing the flow of water and nutrients.
104
265260
3000
tako što sprječava protok vode i hranjivih tvari.
04:28
So this strategy has served it pretty well --
105
268260
2000
To je prilično uspješna strategija izgladnjivanja.
04:30
it's 2,400 years old.
106
270260
3000
Stara je 2.400 godina.
04:33
And then from underground to underwater.
107
273260
3000
A sada od 'iznad zemlje' idemo 'ispod mora'.
04:36
This is a Brain Coral living in Tobago
108
276260
2000
Ovo je mozgoliki koralj koji živi na Tobagu
04:38
that's around 2,000 years old.
109
278260
2000
i koji je star oko 2.000 godina.
04:40
And I had to overcome my fear of deep water to find this one.
110
280260
3000
A ja sam morala prevladati svoj strah od duboke vode da bih pronašla ovoga.
04:43
This is at about 60 feet
111
283260
2000
Ovo je na oko 60 stopa
04:45
or 18 meters, depth.
112
285260
2000
ili 18 metara dubine.
04:47
And you'll see, there's some damage to the surface of the coral.
113
287260
3000
I vidjet ćete, ovo je oštećenje na površini koralja.
04:50
That was actually caused by a school of parrot fish
114
290260
3000
Ustvari ga je izazvala skupina riba papagaja
04:53
that had started eating it,
115
293260
2000
koja ga je počela jesti,
04:55
though luckily, they lost interest before killing it.
116
295260
3000
međutim su, srećom, izgubili zanimanje prije no što su ga ubili.
04:58
Luckily still, it seems to be out of harm's way
117
298260
3000
Još jednom srećom, čini se da je izvan opasne zone
05:01
of the recent oil spill.
118
301260
2000
nedavnog izlijevanja nafte.
05:03
But that being said, we just as easily could have lost
119
303260
2000
No sad kad to kažem, mi smo lagano mogli izgubiti
05:05
one of the oldest living things on the planet,
120
305260
3000
jedno od najstarijih živućih stvorenja na planeti,
05:08
and the full impact of that disaster
121
308260
2000
a puni utjecaj ove katastrofe
05:10
is still yet to be seen.
122
310260
2000
tek će se vidjeti.
05:12
Now this is something that I think
123
312260
2000
A sada, ovo je nešto za što ja mislim
05:14
is one of the most quietly resilient things on the planet.
124
314260
3000
da je najžilavije biće na planeti.
05:17
This is clonal colony
125
317260
2000
Ovo je klonalna kolonija
05:19
of Quaking Aspen trees, living in Utah,
126
319260
3000
drveća trepereće jasike (sjevernoamerička vrsta), koja živi u državi Utah
05:22
that is literally 80,000 years old.
127
322260
3000
i stara je doslovno 80.000 godina.
05:25
What looks like a forest
128
325260
2000
Ono što izgleda kao šuma
05:27
is actually only one tree.
129
327260
3000
ustvari je samo jedno drvo.
05:30
Imagine that it's one giant root system
130
330260
2000
Zamislite to je jedan gorostasni korijenski sustav,
05:32
and each tree is a stem
131
332260
2000
a svako drvo je izdanak
05:34
coming up from that system.
132
334260
2000
koji izlazi iz njega.
05:36
So what you have is one giant,
133
336260
2000
Tako imate golemu,
05:38
interconnected,
134
338260
2000
međusobno povezanu,
05:40
genetically identical individual
135
340260
2000
genetički jedinstvenu individuu
05:42
that's been living for 80,000 years.
136
342260
3000
koja živi već 80.000 godina.
05:45
It also happens to be male
137
345260
2000
To je mužjak,
05:47
and, in theory immortal.
138
347260
2000
teoretski besmrtan.
05:49
(Laughter)
139
349260
3000
(Smijeh)
05:52
This is a clonal tree as well.
140
352260
2000
Ovo je također klonalno drvo.
05:54
This is the spruce Gran Picea,
141
354260
2000
Ovo je smreka Gran Picea,
05:56
which at 9,550 years
142
356260
2000
koja je sa svojih 9.550 godina
05:58
is a mere babe in the woods.
143
358260
2000
prava beba u šumama.
06:00
The location of this tree
144
360260
2000
Položaj ovog drveta
06:02
is actually kept secret for its own protection.
145
362260
3000
ustvari se čuva kao tajna radi njegove vlastite zaštite.
06:05
I spoke to the biologist who discovered this tree,
146
365260
3000
Razgovarala sam s biologom koji je otkrio ovo drvo
06:08
and he told me that that spindly growth you see there in the center
147
368260
3000
i on mi je rekao da je tanašni izraštaj koji vidite ovdje u centru
06:11
is most likely a product of climate change.
148
371260
3000
najvjerojatnije rezultat klimatskih promjena.
06:14
As it's gotten warmer on the top of the mountain,
149
374260
3000
Kako je na vrhu planine postalo toplije,
06:17
the vegetation zone is actually changing.
150
377260
3000
vegetacijska se zona ustvari mijenja.
06:20
So we don't even necessarily have to have
151
380260
2000
I tako mi nužno ne moramo imati
06:22
direct contact with these organisms
152
382260
2000
izravni kontakt s ovim organizmima,
06:24
to have a very real impact on them.
153
384260
3000
a da imamo vrlo stvaran utjecaj na njih.
06:28
This is the Fortingall Yew --
154
388260
3000
Ovo je tisa u Fortingall-u (Škotska).
06:31
no, I'm just kidding --
155
391260
2000
Samo se šalim.
06:33
this is the Fortingall Yew.
156
393260
2000
Ovo je tisa u Fortingall-u.
06:35
(Laughter)
157
395260
2000
(Smijeh)
06:37
But I put that slide in there
158
397260
2000
Ali ja sam stavila ovaj slajd tu
06:39
because I'm often asked if there are any animals in the project.
159
399260
3000
zato što me često pitaju ima li u ovom projektu životinja.
06:42
And aside from coral,
160
402260
2000
Osim koralja,
06:44
the answer is no.
161
404260
2000
odgovor je ne.
06:46
Does anybody know how old the oldest tortoise is --
162
406260
3000
Zna li netko koliko je stara najstarija kornjača?
06:49
any guesses?
163
409260
2000
Ikakva pretpostavka?
06:51
(Audience: 300.)
164
411260
2000
(Publika: tristo).
06:53
Rachel Sussman: 300? No, 175
165
413260
2000
Rachel Sussman: tristo? Ne, najstarijoj živućoj
06:55
is the oldest living tortoise,
166
415260
2000
kornjači je 175,
06:57
so nowhere near 2,000.
167
417260
3000
dakle niti približno 2.000.
07:00
And then, you might have heard
168
420260
2000
I onda, možda ste čuli
07:02
of this giant clam that was discovered
169
422260
2000
o divovskoj školjci koja je bila otkrivena
07:04
off the coast of northern Iceland
170
424260
2000
na obalama sjevernog Islanda
07:06
that reached 405 years old.
171
426260
3000
koja je navršila starost od 405 godina.
07:09
However, it died in the lab
172
429260
2000
Doduše, umrla je u laboratoriju
07:11
as they were determining its age.
173
431260
3000
dok su joj određivali starost.
07:14
The most interesting discovery of late, I think
174
434260
2000
U posljednje je vrijeme najinteresantnije otkriće, ja mislim,
07:16
is the so-called immortal jellyfish,
175
436260
3000
takozvana besmrtna meduza
07:19
which has actually been observed in the lab
176
439260
2000
koja je stvarno promatrana u laboratoriju
07:21
to be able to be able to revert back to the polyp state
177
441260
3000
kako se vraća natrag u stanje polipa
07:24
after reaching full maturity.
178
444260
2000
nakon što je dosegla punu zrelost.
07:26
So that being said,
179
446260
3000
I nakon što je ovo rečeno,
07:29
it's highly unlikely that any jellyfish would survive that long in the wild.
180
449260
3000
i dalje je jako malo vjerojatno da bi ikoja meduza poživjela tako dugo u divljini.
07:33
And back to the yew here.
181
453260
2000
I da se vratimo na tisu.
07:35
So as you can see, it's in a churchyard;
182
455260
2000
I tako, kao što možete vidjeti, ovo je crkveno dvorište.
07:37
it's in Scotland. It's behind a protective wall.
183
457260
3000
To je u Škotskoj. Ona je iza zaštitnog zida.
07:40
And there are actually a number or ancient yews
184
460260
2000
U stvari je veliki broj prastarih tisa
07:42
in churchyards around the U.K.,
185
462260
2000
u crkvenim dvorištima širom Engleske,
07:44
but if you do the math, you'll remember
186
464260
2000
no ako izračunamo, sjetit ćete se
07:46
it's actually the yew trees that were there first, then the churches.
187
466260
3000
da su ustvari tise bile prve, a zatim su došle crkve.
07:51
And now down to another part of the world.
188
471260
2000
A sada dolje na drugi dio svijeta.
07:53
I had the opportunity to travel around the Limpopo Province in South Africa
189
473260
3000
Imala sam priliku putovati oko Limpopo provincije u Južnoj Africi
07:56
with an expert in Baobab trees.
190
476260
2000
s ekspertom za Baobab drveće.
07:58
And we saw a number of them,
191
478260
2000
I vidjeli smo ih popriličan broj,
08:00
and this is most likely the oldest.
192
480260
2000
a ovo je najvjerojatnije najstariji.
08:02
It's around 2,000,
193
482260
2000
Oko 2.000 godina mu je
08:04
and it's called the Sagole Baobab.
194
484260
2000
i zove se Sagole Baobab.
08:06
And you know, I think of all of these organisms
195
486260
2000
I znate, ja razmišljam o svim ovim organizmima
08:08
as palimpsests.
196
488260
2000
kao o palimpsestima (svici korišteni za pisanje, brisanje i ponovno pisanje).
08:10
They contain thousands of years
197
490260
2000
Oni imaju tisuće godina
08:12
of their own histories within themselves,
198
492260
2000
vlastite povijesti unutar sebe samih,
08:14
and they also contain records of natural and human events.
199
494260
3000
ali oni sadržavaju i zapise prirodnih i humanih događanja.
08:17
And the Baobabs in particular
200
497260
2000
A Baobabi su osobito
08:19
are a great example of this.
201
499260
2000
izvrstan primjer toga.
08:21
You can see that this one
202
501260
2000
Vidite kako ovaj ima
08:23
has names carved into its trunk,
203
503260
2000
imena urezana na stablu,
08:25
but it also records some natural events.
204
505260
2000
ali i zapise prirodnih događanja.
08:27
So the Baobabs, as they get older,
205
507260
2000
Tako Baobabi, kako stare,
08:29
tend to get pulpy in their centers and hollow out.
206
509260
3000
postaju mekani iznutra i nastaju šupljine.
08:32
And this can create
207
512260
2000
A ovo stvara
08:34
great natural shelters for animals,
208
514260
2000
izvrsne zaklone za životinje,
08:36
but they've also been appropriated
209
516260
2000
ali je zgodno i
08:38
for some rather dubious human uses,
210
518260
2000
za neke sasvim neobične ljudske uporabe,
08:40
including a bar, a prison
211
520260
3000
uključujući bar, zatvor,
08:43
and even a toilet inside of a tree.
212
523260
3000
čak i toalet unutar drveta.
08:46
And this brings me to another favorite of mine --
213
526260
2000
A ovo nas vodi ka mom sljedećem favoritu –
08:48
I think, because it is just so unusual.
214
528260
3000
barem mislim, zato što je tako neobično.
08:51
This plant is called the Welwitschia,
215
531260
2000
Ova se biljka zove Welwitschia
08:53
and it lives only in parts of coastal Namibia and Angola,
216
533260
3000
i živi samo na dijelovima obalne Namibije i Angole,
08:56
where it's uniquely adapted
217
536260
2000
gdje se jedinstveno prilagodila
08:58
to collect moisture from mist coming off the sea.
218
538260
3000
na sakupljanje vlage iz izmaglice koja dolazi od mora.
09:01
And what's more, it's actually a tree.
219
541260
3000
I još nešto, to je ustvari drvo.
09:04
It's a primitive conifer.
220
544260
2000
To je primitivna četinjača.
09:06
You'll notice that it's bearing cones down the center.
221
546260
3000
Primijetit ćete češere dolje prema središtu.
09:09
And what looks like two big heaps of leaves,
222
549260
3000
A ono što izgleda kao dvije velike hrpe lišća,
09:12
is actually two single leaves
223
552260
2000
ustvari su samo dva lista.
09:14
that get shredded up
224
554260
2000
Rastrgani su
09:16
by the harsh desert conditions over time.
225
556260
2000
zbog surovih uvjeta u pustinji tijekom vremena.
09:18
And it actually never sheds those leaves,
226
558260
3000
A listovi joj ustvari nikad ne opadaju
09:21
so it also bears the distinction
227
561260
2000
pa se izdvaja i po tome
09:23
of having the longest leaves
228
563260
2000
što ima najduže listove
09:25
in the plant kingdom.
229
565260
2000
u carstvu biljaka.
09:27
I spoke to a biologist
230
567260
2000
Razgovarala sam s biologom
09:29
at the Kirstenbosch Botanical Garden in Capetown
231
569260
2000
u Kirstenbosch botaničkom vrtu u Capetownu
09:31
to ask him
232
571260
2000
kako bih ga pitala
09:33
where he thought this remarkable plant came from,
233
573260
3000
što misli od kuda je došla ova neobična biljka,
09:36
and his thought was that
234
576260
2000
a njegovo razmišljanje je bilo da,
09:38
if you travel around Namibia,
235
578260
2000
ako putujete uokolo po Namibiji,
09:40
you see that there are a number of petrified forests,
236
580260
2000
vidjet ćete mnoge okamenjene šume,
09:42
and the logs are all --
237
582260
3000
a sva stabla su --
09:45
the logs are all giant coniferous trees,
238
585260
3000
stabla su divovske četinjače,
09:48
and yet there's no sign of where they might have come from.
239
588260
3000
a opet nema znaka od kuda su došle.
09:51
So his thought was that
240
591260
2000
Njegovo razmišljanje je bilo
09:53
flooding in the north of Africa
241
593260
2000
kako je poplava sjeverne Afrike
09:55
actually brought those coniferous trees down
242
595260
3000
ustvari naplavila sve to drveće četinjača,
09:58
tens of thousands of years ago,
243
598260
2000
prije kojih deset tisuća godina,
10:00
and what resulted was this remarkable adaptation
244
600260
3000
a to je rezultiralo ovom fantastičnom adaptacijom
10:03
to this unique desert environment.
245
603260
2000
na jedinstvene uvjete pustinje.
10:05
This is what I think is the most poetic of the oldest living things.
246
605260
3000
Ovo je ono što ja smatram najpoetičnijim od svih najstarijih živih bića.
10:08
This is something called an underground forest.
247
608260
3000
Ovo je nešto što se zove podzemna šuma.
10:11
So, I spoke to a botanist at the Pretoria Botanical Garden,
248
611260
3000
Dakle, razgovarala sam s botaničarom u botaničkom vrtu Pretoria
10:14
who explained that certain species of trees
249
614260
3000
koji je objasnio kako su se određene vrste drveća
10:17
have adapted to this region.
250
617260
3000
adaptirale na ovu regiju.
10:20
It's bushfelt region,
251
620260
2000
Ovo je regija grmolikog raslinja
10:22
which is dry and prone to a lot of fires,
252
622260
2000
koje je suho i sklono samozapaljivanju,
10:24
as so what these trees have done
253
624260
3000
i što je drveće napravilo,
10:27
is, if you can imagine that this is the crown of the tree,
254
627260
2000
ako možete zamisliti da je ovo krošnja drveta,
10:29
and that this is ground level,
255
629260
2000
a ovo je razina pri zemlji,
10:31
imagine that the whole thing,
256
631260
2000
zamislite kako je cijela stvar,
10:33
that whole bulk of the tree,
257
633260
2000
cijela masa drveta,
10:35
migrated underground,
258
635260
2000
migrirala u podzemlje
10:37
and you just have those leaves peeping up above the surface.
259
637260
3000
i sve što imate je to lišće koje proviruje iznad površine.
10:40
That way, when a fire roars through,
260
640260
2000
Na ovaj način, kada vatra prohuja preko,
10:42
it's the equivalent of getting your eyebrows singed.
261
642260
3000
ovo je ravno tome da odete na korekciju obrva,
10:45
The tree can easily recover.
262
645260
3000
drvo se lagano može oporaviti.
10:48
These also tend to grow clonally,
263
648260
2000
Ono također ima tendenciju da raste kao klon,
10:50
the oldest of which is 13,000 years old.
264
650260
3000
od kojih je najstariji 13.000 godina.
10:53
Back in the U.S., there's a couple plants of similar age.
265
653260
3000
Natrag u Ameriku, ondje je nekoliko biljaka podjednake dobi.
10:56
This is the clonal Creosote bush,
266
656260
2000
Ovo je klonalni Creosote grm,
10:58
which is around 12,000 years old.
267
658260
2000
koji je star oko 12.000 godina.
11:00
If you've been in the American West,
268
660260
2000
Ako ste bili na američkom zapadu
11:02
you know the Creosote bush is pretty ubiquitous,
269
662260
2000
onda znate da je Creosote grm poprilično sveprisutan,
11:04
but that being said, you see that this has
270
664260
2000
no kad smo ovo rekli, vidite kako ovo
11:06
this unique, circular form.
271
666260
2000
ima jedinstvenu kružnu formu.
11:08
And what's happening is it's expanding slowly outwards
272
668260
3000
I što se događa, polako se širi prema van
11:11
from that original shape.
273
671260
3000
iz ovog originalnog oblika.
11:14
And it's one -- again, that interconnected root system,
274
674260
3000
A ovo je sve -- opet, taj isprepleteni sustav korijenja,
11:17
making it one genetically identical individual.
275
677260
3000
koji stvara jednu genetički identičnu jedinku.
11:20
It also has a friend nearby --
276
680260
3000
On također ima prijatelja u blizini --
11:23
well, I think they're friends.
277
683260
2000
no dobro, barem mislim da su prijatelji.
11:25
This is the clonal Mojave yucca, it's about a mile away,
278
685260
3000
Ovo je klonalna Mojave juka, ona je oko milju udaljena
11:28
and it's a little bit older than 12,000 years.
279
688260
2000
i malo je starija od 12.000 godina.
11:30
And you see it has that similar circular form.
280
690260
3000
I kao što vidite ima istu kružnu formu.
11:33
And there's some younger clones
281
693260
2000
A tu su i neki mlađi klonovi
11:35
dotting the landscape behind it.
282
695260
2000
koji su oslikali krajolik iza nje.
11:37
And both of these, the yucca and the Creosote bush,
283
697260
3000
A ovo oboje, juka i Creosote grm,
11:40
live on Bureau of Land Management land,
284
700260
3000
žive na zemlji Biroa za upravljanje zemljom,
11:43
and that's very different from being protected in a national park.
285
703260
3000
a to je sasvim drugačije od biti zaštićen u nacionalnom parku.
11:46
In fact, this land is designated
286
706260
2000
U stvari, ovo je zemljište namijenjeno
11:48
for recreational all-terrain vehicle use.
287
708260
3000
korištenju rekreacijskih vozila za sve terene.
11:54
So, now I want to show what very well might be
288
714260
3000
Dakle, sada vam želim pokazati ono što bi lako moglo biti
11:57
the oldest living thing on the planet.
289
717260
2000
najstarije živo biće na planetu.
11:59
This is Siberian Actinobacteria,
290
719260
2000
Ovo je Sibirska Actinobacteria,
12:01
which is between 400,000
291
721260
3000
stara između 400.000
12:04
and 600,000 years old.
292
724260
3000
i 600.000 godina.
12:07
This bacteria was discovered several years ago
293
727260
2000
Ova je bakterija bila otkrivena prije nekoliko godina
12:09
by a team of planetary biologists
294
729260
2000
od strane tima planetarnih biologa
12:11
hoping to find clues to life on other planets
295
731260
3000
koji su se nadali pronaći tragove života na drugim planetima
12:14
by looking at one of the harshest conditions on ours.
296
734260
3000
promatrajući najsurovije uvjete na našem.
12:17
And what they found, by doing research into the permafrost,
297
737260
3000
I ono što su pronašli istražujući u permafrostu
12:20
was this bacteria.
298
740260
2000
bila je ova bakterija.
12:22
But what's unique about it is that
299
742260
2000
A ono što je jedinstveno kod nje
12:24
it's doing DNA repair below freezing.
300
744260
2000
je da obnavlja svoju DNK na temperaturama ispod ledišta.
12:26
And what that means is that it's not dormant --
301
746260
3000
A ovo znači kako ona tada nije uspavana.
12:29
it's actually been living and growing
302
749260
2000
Ustvari to živi i raste
12:31
for half a million years.
303
751260
3000
pola milijuna godina.
12:34
It's also probably one the most vulnerable
304
754260
3000
Ovo je također vjerojatno najosjetljiviji
12:37
of the oldest living things,
305
757260
2000
dugoživući stvor,
12:39
because if the permafrost melts,
306
759260
2000
zato što ako se permafrost otopi
12:41
it won't survive.
307
761260
2000
on neće preživjeti.
12:43
This is a map that I've put together of the oldest living things,
308
763260
2000
Ovo je mapa koju sam sastavila od svih dugoživućih živih stvorenja,
12:45
so you can get a sense of where they are; you see they're all over the world.
309
765260
3000
kako biste dobili osjećaj gdje su; kao što vidite ona su posvuda.
12:48
The blue flags represent things that I've already photographed,
310
768260
3000
Plave zastavice predstavljaju bića koja sam već fotografirala,
12:51
and the reds are places that I'm still trying to get to.
311
771260
3000
a crvene su postavljene na mjesta na koja pokušavam doći.
12:54
You'll see also, there's a flag on Antarctica.
312
774260
3000
Također vidite zastavicu na Antarktiku.
12:57
I'm trying to travel there
313
777260
2000
Pokušavam tamo otputovati
12:59
to find 5,000 year-old moss,
314
779260
3000
da nađem 5.000 godina staru mahovinu
13:02
which lives on the Antarctic Peninsula.
315
782260
3000
koja živi na Antarktičkom poluotoku.
13:05
So, I probably have about two more years left
316
785260
2000
Dakle, vjerojatno su mi ostale dvije godine
13:07
on this project --
317
787260
2000
projekta --
13:09
on this phase of the project,
318
789260
2000
u ovoj fazi projekta,
13:11
but after five years,
319
791260
2000
nakon pet godina,
13:13
I really feel like I know what's at the heart of this work.
320
793260
3000
ja stvarno osjećam kako znam što je u središtu ovog rada.
13:16
The oldest living things in the world
321
796260
2000
Najstarija živa bića na ovome svijetu
13:18
are a record and celebration of our past,
322
798260
3000
su zapis i slava naše prošlosti,
13:21
a call to action in the present
323
801260
3000
poziv na akciju u sadašnjosti
13:24
and a barometer of our future.
324
804260
2000
i barometar naše budućnosti.
13:26
They've survived for millennia
325
806260
2000
Preživjela su milenije
13:28
in desert, in the permafrost,
326
808260
2000
u pustinjama, u permafrostu,
13:30
at the tops of mountains and at the bottom of the ocean.
327
810260
3000
na vrhovima planina i na dnu oceana.
13:33
They've withstood
328
813260
2000
Ona su izdržala
13:35
untold natural perils and human encroachments,
329
815260
3000
neizrecive prirodne rizike i ljudsku najezdu,
13:38
but now some of them are in jeopardy,
330
818260
2000
ali sada su neka od njih u opasnosti,
13:40
and they can't just get up and get out of the way.
331
820260
3000
a ne mogu se samo ustati i maknuti s puta.
13:43
It's my hope that, by going to find these organisms,
332
823260
2000
Ja se nadam, da svojom potragom za tim organizmima,
13:45
that I can help draw attention
333
825260
2000
mogu pomoći usmjeravanju pozornosti
13:47
to their remarkable resilience
334
827260
2000
na njihovu izvanrednu otpornost
13:49
and help play a part in insuring
335
829260
2000
i pomoći odigrati ulogu u osiguravanju
13:51
their continued longevity into the foreseeable future.
336
831260
3000
kontinuiteta njihova starenja u predvidljivoj budućnosti.
13:54
Thank you.
337
834260
2000
Hvala vam.
13:56
(Applause)
338
836260
5000
(Pljesak)
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7