Meklit Hadero: The unexpected beauty of everyday sounds | TED

216,919 views ใƒป 2015-11-10

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:13
As a singer-songwriter,
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ื›ื–ืžืจืช ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช-ืฉื™ืจื™ื,
00:15
people often ask me about my influences or, as I like to call them,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืžื”ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื™,
ืื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื” ืœื›ื ื•ืชื: "ืฉื•ืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ" ืฉืœื™.
00:19
my sonic lineages.
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00:21
And I could easily tell you
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงืœื” ื”ื™ื
00:23
that I was shaped by the jazz and hip hop that I grew up with,
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ืฉืขื•ืฆื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’'ืื– ื•ื”ื”ื™ืค-ื”ื•ืค ืฉืื™ืชื ื’ื“ืœืชื™,
00:26
by the Ethiopian heritage of my ancestors,
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™,
00:29
or by the 1980s pop on my childhood radio stations.
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ืื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ืค ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80, ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™.
00:33
But beyond genre, there is another question:
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืกื•ื’ื” ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช:
00:37
how do the sounds we hear every day influence the music that we make?
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ืื™ืš ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื?
00:42
I believe that everyday soundscape
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื ื•ืคื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื
00:44
can be the most unexpected inspiration for songwriting,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื,
ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงืจื•ื‘,
00:48
and to look at this idea a little bit more closely,
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00:50
I'm going to talk today about three things:
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ืื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื:
00:52
nature, language and silence --
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ื˜ื‘ืข, ืฉืคื” ื•ื“ืžืžื” --
00:55
or rather, the impossibility of true silence.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขืœ ืื™-ื”ื™ืชื›ื ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžืžื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
00:59
And through this I hope to give you a sense of a world
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืืฆืœื™ื— ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ืขื•ืœื
01:02
already alive with musical expression,
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ืฉืฉื•ืงืง ืžื˜ื‘ืขื• ื”ื‘ืขื” ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ืช,
01:05
with each of us serving as active participants,
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ื• ื—ืœืง ืคืขื™ืœ,
01:09
whether we know it or not.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช ืื• ืœื.
01:12
I'm going to start today with nature, but before we do that,
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ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืืš ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ,
01:14
let's quickly listen to this snippet of an opera singer warming up.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงื˜ืข ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืœ ื–ืžืจ ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืžื•ื.
01:18
Here it is.
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ื”ื ื” ื–ื”.
01:20
(Singing)
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(ืฉื™ืจืช ื-ืงืคืœื”)
01:35
(Singing ends)
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(ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ืจื”)
01:37
It's beautiful, isn't it?
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ื ื”ื“ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:40
Gotcha!
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ื ืคืœืชื ื‘ืคื—!
01:41
That is actually not the sound of an opera singer warming up.
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ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื–ืžืจ ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืžื•ื
01:45
That is the sound of a bird
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ืืœื ืงื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ
01:47
slowed down to a pace
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ืฉื”ื•ืื˜ ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš,
01:49
that the human ear mistakenly recognizes as its own.
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ืฉื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื–ื”ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื›ืื ื•ืฉื™.
ื–ื” ืจืื” ืื•ืจ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจ ื–ื•ืงื” ืž-1987,
01:54
It was released as part of Peter Szรถke's 1987 Hungarian recording
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01:58
"The Unknown Music of Birds,"
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"ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื”ืœื-ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื",
02:01
where he records many birds and slows down their pitches
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื˜ ืืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
02:05
to reveal what's underneath.
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02:07
Let's listen to the full-speed recording.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
02:11
(Bird singing)
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(ืฉื™ืจืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ)
(ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ืจื”)
02:15
Now, let's hear the two of them together
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“
02:17
so your brain can juxtapose them.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžื•ื—ื›ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.
02:20
(Bird singing at slow then full speed)
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(ืฉื™ืจืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืื—ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™ืช)
02:38
(Singing ends)
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(ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ืจื”)
ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
02:42
It's incredible.
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02:43
Perhaps the techniques of opera singing were inspired by birdsong.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
02:48
As humans, we intuitively understand birds to be our musical teachers.
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ื›ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื, ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืจื™ื ื• ืœืžื•ืกื™ืงื”.
02:54
In Ethiopia, birds are considered an integral part
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ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”, ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืคืจื“
02:57
of the origin of music itself.
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ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืขืฆืžื”.
03:00
The story goes like this:
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื”:
03:03
1,500 years ago, a young man was born in the Empire of Aksum,
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ืœืคื ื™ 1,500 ืฉื ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ืื™ืฉ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื•ืช ืืงืกื•ื,
03:08
a major trading center of the ancient world.
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ืžืจื›ื– ืกื—ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง.
03:11
His name was Yared.
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ืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ืืจื“.
03:14
When Yared was seven years old his father died,
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ื›ืฉื™ืืจื“ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 7, ืื‘ื™ื• ื ืคื˜ืจ,
03:17
and his mother sent him to go live with an uncle, who was a priest
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ื•ืื™ืžื• ืฉืœื—ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืืฆืœ ื“ื•ื“ื•,
ื›ื•ืžืจ ืžื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช,
03:21
of the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition,
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03:23
one of the oldest churches in the world.
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ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:26
Now, this tradition has an enormous amount of scholarship and learning,
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ืžืกื•ืจืช ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžื™ื“ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื ื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“,
03:30
and Yared had to study and study and study and study,
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ื•ื™ืืจื“ ื ืืœืฅ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“,
03:33
and one day he was studying under a tree,
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ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื›ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ื•ืœืžื“ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขืฅ,
ื‘ืื• ืืœื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
03:36
when three birds came to him.
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03:39
One by one, these birds became his teachers.
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ื‘ื–ื• ืื—ืจ ื–ื•, ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
03:42
They taught him music -- scales, in fact.
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ื”ืŸ ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” - ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ื™ื, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช.
03:47
And Yared, eventually recognized as Saint Yared,
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ื•ื™ืืจื“, ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ืืจื“ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ,
03:50
used these scales to compose five volumes of chants and hymns
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ืืœื” ืœื”ืœื—ื ืช ื—ืžืฉืช ื›ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืžื ื•ื ื™ื
03:54
for worship and celebration.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ื”ื˜ืงืก.
03:56
And he used these scales to compose and to create
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
04:00
an indigenous musical notation system.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ืช.
04:03
And these scales evolved into what is known as kiรฑit,
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ื•ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืžื” ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ื›"ืงื ื™ื™ื˜",
04:07
the unique, pentatonic, five-note, modal system that is very much alive
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื”ืคื ื˜ื˜ื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืช 5 ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื,
ืฉืขื•ื“ื ื” ื—ื™ื”, ืคื•ืจื—ืช ื•ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:13
and thriving and still evolving in Ethiopia today.
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04:18
Now, I love this story because it's true at multiple levels.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื.
04:21
Saint Yared was a real, historical figure,
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ื™ืืจื“ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช,
04:24
and the natural world can be our musical teacher.
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ื•ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื ื• ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™.
04:29
And we have so many examples of this:
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš:
04:31
the Pygmies of the Congo tune their instruments
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ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื
04:33
to the pitches of the birds in the forest around them.
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ืœืคื™ ื’ื‘ื”ื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื.
04:36
Musician and natural soundscape expert Bernie Krause describes
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ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงืื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœื ื•ืคื™ ืฆืœื™ืœ, ื‘ืจื ื™ ืงืจืื•ืก,
04:39
how a healthy environment has animals and insects
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ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื
04:42
taking up low, medium and high-frequency bands,
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืชื“ืจื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช, ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช,
04:46
in exactly the same way as a symphony does.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
04:50
And countless works of music were inspired by bird and forest song.
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ื•ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืขืจ.
04:54
Yes, the natural world can be our cultural teacher.
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ืื›ืŸ, ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื ื• ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™.
05:00
So let's go now to the uniquely human world of language.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื”.
ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืคื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื”ื™ ืฆืœื™ืœ,
05:05
Every language communicates with pitch to varying degrees,
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05:08
whether it's Mandarin Chinese,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื™ืช,
05:09
where a shift in melodic inflection gives the same phonetic syllable
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ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืžืœื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ืจื” ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ืช
05:13
an entirely different meaning,
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
05:15
to a language like English,
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ื•ืขื“ ืฉืคื” ื›ืžื• ืื ื’ืœื™ืช,
05:16
where a raised pitch at the end of a sentence ...
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ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜...
05:19
(Going up in pitch) implies a question?
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(ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ) ืžืฉืžืขื” ืฉืืœื”?
05:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื›ืื™ืฉื” ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ืช ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช, ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ืขื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืืžื”ืจื™ืช "ืืžื”ืจื™ื ื™ื”".
05:23
As an Ethiopian-American woman,
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05:24
I grew up around the language of Amharic, Amhariรฑa.
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05:27
It was my first language, the language of my parents,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™, ืฉืคืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™,
05:29
one of the main languages of Ethiopia.
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”.
05:32
And there are a million reasons to fall in love with this language:
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ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื”ื‘ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ื–ืืช:
05:35
its depth of poetics, its double entendres,
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ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืฉื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืคืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”,
05:38
its wax and gold, its humor,
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ื‘ืจืง ื–ื”ื‘ื”, ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื”,
05:41
its proverbs that illuminate the wisdom and follies of life.
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ืคืชื’ืžื™ื”, ืฉืžื‘ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
ืืš ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ื’ื ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช.
05:46
But there's also this melodicism, a musicality built right in.
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05:50
And I find this distilled most clearly
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”
05:52
in what I like to call emphatic language --
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” "ืฉืคืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื" --
ืฉืคื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืื• ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ,
05:55
language that's meant to highlight or underline
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05:57
or that springs from surprise.
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ืื• ืฉืคื” ืฉืงื•ืคืฆืช ืžื”ืคืชืขื”.
ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืื™ื ื“'ื™ื™".
06:00
Take, for example, the word: "indey."
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06:03
Now, if there are Ethiopians in the audience,
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืงื”ืœ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืฆื˜ื—ืงืงื™ื,
06:05
they're probably chuckling to themselves,
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ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื "ืœื!"
06:07
because the word means something like "No!"
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06:09
or "How could he?" or "No, he didn't."
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ืื• "ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ?" ืื• "ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘!" ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
06:11
It kind of depends on the situation.
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06:13
But when I was a kid, this was my very favorite word,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ื”, ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื›ื™ ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™,
06:17
and I think it's because it has a pitch.
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื’ื•ื‘ื”-ืฆืœื™ืœ.
06:20
It has a melody.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžื ื’ื™ื ื”.
06:21
You can almost see the shape as it springs from someone's mouth.
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ืืคืฉืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื•ืคืฆืช ืžืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
06:24
"Indey" -- it dips, and then raises again.
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"ืื™ื ื“'ื™ื™" - ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืœืœืช, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื•ืœื”.
06:28
And as a musician and composer, when I hear that word,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ืกื™ืงืื™ืช ื•ืžืœื—ื™ื ื”, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืžื™ืœื” ื–ืืช,
06:31
something like this is floating through my mind.
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ืฆืฃ ื•ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ื—ื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
06:35
(Music and singing "Indey")
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(ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจืช "ืื™ื ื“'ื™ื™")
06:45
(Music ends)
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(ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”)
06:48
Or take, for example, the phrase for "It is right" or "It is correct" --
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ืื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ "ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ" ืื• "ื–ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืง" --
06:52
"Lickih nehu ... Lickih nehu."
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(ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ืช): ืœื™ืงื™ ื ื•... ืœื™ืงื™ ื ื•.
06:54
It's an affirmation, an agreement.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื™ืฉื•ืจ, ื”ืกื›ืžื”.
06:56
"Lickih nehu."
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"ืœื™ืงื™ ื ื•." ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
06:58
When I hear that phrase,
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06:59
something like this starts rolling through my mind.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืœื™ ื‘ืจืืฉ.
(ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจืช "ืœื™ืงื™ ื ื•")
07:04
(Music and singing "Lickih nehu")
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07:11
(Music ends)
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(ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”)
07:14
And in both of those cases, what I did was I took the melody
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื”
ื•ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
07:17
and the phrasing of those words and phrases
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07:19
and I turned them into musical parts to use in these short compositions.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
07:24
And I like to write bass lines,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื’ื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืก, ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงื• ื‘ืก.
07:26
so they both ended up kind of as bass lines.
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07:29
Now, this is based on the work of Jason Moran and others
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจืืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื
ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื•ืฉืคื”,
07:32
who work intimately with music and language,
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07:35
but it's also something I've had in my head since I was a kid,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžืื– ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™,
07:38
how musical my parents sounded
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ืฉื”ื•ื, ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื™ ื ืฉืžืขื• ื›ืฉืฉื•ื—ื—ื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืื™ืชื ื•.
07:40
when they were speaking to each other and to us.
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07:44
It was from them and from Amhariรฑa that I learned
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ื•ืžื”ื ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืืžื”ืจื™ื ื™ื” ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ืขื” ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ืช
07:46
that we are awash in musical expression
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07:49
with every word, every sentence that we speak,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
07:52
every word, every sentence that we receive.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื ื•.
07:54
Perhaps you can hear it in the words I'm speaking even now.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืžืžืฉ ื›ืขืช.
ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20,
08:00
Finally, we go to the 1950s United States
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08:02
and the most seminal work of 20th century avant-garde composition:
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ื ื’ืจื“ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
08:06
John Cage's "4:33,"
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"4:33" ืžืืช ื’'ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื’',
08:08
written for any instrument or combination of instruments.
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ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ืื• ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื›ืœื™ื.
08:12
The musician or musicians are invited to walk onto the stage
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ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงืื™ ืื• ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงืื™ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื‘ืžื”
08:16
with a stopwatch and open the score,
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ืขื ืฉืขื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืจ, ื•ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืœ --
08:19
which was actually purchased by the Museum of Modern Art --
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ืฉื ืจื›ืฉ ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช -- ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืœ --
08:22
the score, that is.
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08:24
And this score has not a single note written
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ื•ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืœ ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื• ืื—ื“
08:28
and there is not a single note played
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ื•ืœื ืžื ื•ื’ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ื•ืœื• ืชื• ืื—ื“
08:30
for four minutes and 33 seconds.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืข ื“ืงื•ืช ื•-33 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
08:34
And, at once enraging and enrapturing,
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ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืจื’ืฉ ื•ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ ื’ื ื™ื—ื“,
ืงื™ื™ื’' ืžืจืื” ืœื ื• ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืฉื•ื ืžื™ืชืจ ืื™ื ื• ื ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช
08:39
Cage shows us that even when there are no strings
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08:42
being plucked by fingers or hands hammering piano keys,
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ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื“ ืื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืœืžืช ื‘ืงืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ,
08:47
still there is music, still there is music,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”,
08:49
still there is music.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”.
08:51
And what is this music?
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ื•ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื”ื–ืืช?
(ืจื—ืฉ ืžื”ืื•ืœื) ื”ื ื”. ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืžื™ืจื›ืชื™ ื”ืื•ืœื.
08:54
It was that sneeze in the back.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:57
(Laughter)
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08:58
It is the everyday soundscape that arises from the audience themselves:
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ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืงื”ืœ ืขืฆืžื•:
09:03
their coughs, their sighs, their rustles, their whispers, their sneezes,
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืœื™ื, ืื ื—ื•ืช, ืจืฉืจื•ืฉื™ื, ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืขื™ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื,
09:08
the room, the wood of the floors and the walls
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ื”ืื•ืœื, ื”ืขืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื” ื•ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช
09:10
expanding and contracting, creaking and groaning
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ, ื—ื•ืจืง ื•ื ืื ื— ื‘ื—ื•ื ื•ื‘ืงื•ืจ,
09:13
with the heat and the cold,
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09:14
the pipes clanking and contributing.
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ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจืงืฉื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื”.
09:19
And controversial though it was, and even controversial though it remains,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ื•ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช,
09:22
Cage's point is that there is no such thing as true silence.
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ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื’' ืจืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื“ืžืžื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
09:28
Even in the most silent environments, we still hear and feel the sound
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืฉืงื˜ื”, ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื•ื—ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ
09:32
of our own heartbeats.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืœืžื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ื ื•.
09:34
The world is alive with musical expression.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื—ื™ ื•ืฉื•ืงืง ื”ื‘ืขื” ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ืช.
09:38
We are already immersed.
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”.
09:42
Now, I had my own moment of, let's say, remixing John Cage
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืจื’ืข ืžืฉืœื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืจืžื™ืงืก ืœื’'ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื’'
ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
09:46
a couple of months ago
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09:47
when I was standing in front of the stove cooking lentils.
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ื›ืฉืขืžื“ืชื™ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฉืœืชื™ ืขื“ืฉื™ื.
09:50
And it was late one night and it was time to stir,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืขืช ืขืจื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ,
09:53
so I lifted the lid off the cooking pot,
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ืื– ื”ืจืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืจ ื•ื”ื ื—ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ื“ื™,
09:55
and I placed it onto the kitchen counter next to me,
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09:58
and it started to roll back and forth
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
10:00
making this sound.
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ื‘ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื• ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
10:04
(Sound of metal lid clanking against a counter)
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(ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืงืฉืช ืžื›ืกื” ืžืชื›ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืฉ)
10:10
(Clanking ends)
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(ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ)
10:13
And it stopped me cold.
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ.
10:15
I thought, "What a weird, cool swing that cooking pan lid has."
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™: "ืื™ื–ื” ืฆืœื™ืœ ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืœืžื›ืกื” ื”ืกื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”."
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:22
So when the lentils were ready and eaten,
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ืื– ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืขื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื ื• ื•ื ืื›ืœื•,
10:26
I hightailed it to my backyard studio,
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ืžื™ื”ืจืชื™ ืื™ืชื• ืœืื•ืœืคืŸ ืฉืœื™, ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช,
10:30
and I made this.
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ื•ื”ื›ื ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”.
10:33
(Music, including the sound of the lid, and singing)
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(ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืžื›ืกื”, ืขื ืฉื™ืจื”)
(ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”)
10:50
(Music ends)
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10:52
Now, John Cage wasn't instructing musicians
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ื’'ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื’' ืœื ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืžื•ืกื™ืงืื™ื
10:54
to mine the soundscape for sonic textures to turn into music.
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ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื ื•ืคื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื•ืกื™ืงื”.
10:59
He was saying that on its own,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื—ื•ืœืœืช ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืžืขืฆืžื”
11:01
the environment is musically generative,
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11:05
that it is generous, that it is fertile,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื“ื™ื‘ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื•ืจื™ื”,
11:09
that we are already immersed.
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ื•ืฉืื ื• ืžืžื™ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืš.
11:12
Musician, music researcher, surgeon and human hearing expert Charles Limb
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ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงืื™, ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”, ื”ืžื ืชื— ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืฆ'ืจืœืก ืœื™ืžื‘
11:18
is a professor at Johns Hopkins University
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ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื’'ื•ื ืก ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก
11:20
and he studies music and the brain.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื•ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—.
11:24
And he has a theory
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”
11:27
that it is possible -- it is possible --
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ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ -- ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ--
11:30
that the human auditory system actually evolved to hear music,
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ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืฉืžื™ืขืช ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”,
ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืžื™ืขืช ืฉืคื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
11:36
because it is so much more complex than it needs to be for language alone.
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11:41
And if that's true,
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ื•ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
11:43
it means that we're hard-wired for music,
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื•ื›ื ืชื™ื ืœืžื•ืกื™ืงื”,
11:46
that we can find it anywhere,
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื;
11:48
that there is no such thing as a musical desert,
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ืฉืžืžื” ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ืช;
11:51
that we are permanently hanging out at the oasis,
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื ื•ื•ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืฉื–ื” ื ืคืœื.
11:55
and that is marvelous.
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11:58
We can add to the soundtrack, but it's already playing.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืคืกืงื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื ื’ืŸ.
12:02
And it doesn't mean don't study music.
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ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”.
ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”,
12:04
Study music, trace your sonic lineages and enjoy that exploration.
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ื”ืชื—ืงื• ืขืœ ืฉื•ืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืฉืžื—ื• ื‘ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืชื™ื›ื.
12:09
But there is a kind of sonic lineage to which we all belong.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื™ื”.
12:14
So the next time you are seeking percussion inspiration,
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืชื—ืคืฉื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉื”,
12:16
look no further than your tires, as they roll over the unusual grooves
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ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœืฆืžื™ื’ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื›ื ื”ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื
12:20
of the freeway,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ,
12:22
or the top-right burner of your stove
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ืื• ืœืžื‘ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
12:24
and that strange way that it clicks
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ื•ืœืงืœื™ืงื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžื™ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฆืช.
12:25
as it is preparing to light.
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12:28
When seeking melodic inspiration,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืœื•ื“ื™ืช
12:30
look no further than dawn and dusk avian orchestras
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ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื ืฃ ืขื ืฉื—ืจ ื•ืœืขืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื
12:33
or to the natural lilt of emphatic language.
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ืื• ืœืžืงืฆื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื.
ืื ื• ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื
12:37
We are the audience and we are the composers
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12:40
and we take from these pieces
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ื•ืื ื• ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืจื›ื ื•.
12:41
we are given.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
12:43
We make, we make, we make, we make,
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ืžืชื•ืš ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ื‘ืข, ืœืฉืคื” ืื• ืœื ื•ืคื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ,
12:45
knowing that when it comes to nature or language or soundscape,
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12:49
there is no end to the inspiration --
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ืื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืจืื”
12:52
if we are listening.
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ืื ืจืง ื ืื–ื™ืŸ.
12:55
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
12:56
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืชืจื•ืขื•ืช)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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