Meklit Hadero: The unexpected beauty of everyday sounds | TED

216,229 views ・ 2015-11-10

TED


請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。

譯者: Adrienne Lin 審譯者: Regina Chu
00:13
As a singer-songwriter,
0
13309
2079
我身為歌手兼作曲家,
00:15
people often ask me about my influences or, as I like to call them,
1
15412
3715
大家常問我的靈感來源, 但我喜歡這麼說,
00:19
my sonic lineages.
2
19151
2388
我的「聲音族譜」是什麼。
00:21
And I could easily tell you
3
21563
1628
我可以很爽快地回答,
00:23
that I was shaped by the jazz and hip hop that I grew up with,
4
23215
3420
成長的時候我受 爵士及嘻哈音樂風格影響,
00:26
by the Ethiopian heritage of my ancestors,
5
26659
3311
以及來自我祖先 衣索比亞的傳統音樂,
00:29
or by the 1980s pop on my childhood radio stations.
6
29994
2903
或是我童年時期廣播 常播放的 80 年代流行音樂。
00:33
But beyond genre, there is another question:
7
33783
3591
但是除了音樂流派之外, 還有另一個問題:
00:37
how do the sounds we hear every day influence the music that we make?
8
37398
4842
我們日常聽到的聲音 如何影響我們所創作的音樂?
00:42
I believe that everyday soundscape
9
42547
2053
我相信此些日常音景
00:44
can be the most unexpected inspiration for songwriting,
10
44624
3441
可成為不可思議之創作靈感,
00:48
and to look at this idea a little bit more closely,
11
48089
2515
進一步探討這一想法,
00:50
I'm going to talk today about three things:
12
50628
2121
今天我的演講將圍繞三大主體:
00:52
nature, language and silence --
13
52773
3024
自然、語言、無聲──
00:55
or rather, the impossibility of true silence.
14
55821
3333
更清楚一點, 真正無聲的不可能性。
00:59
And through this I hope to give you a sense of a world
15
59827
2530
從而我希望你更了解
01:02
already alive with musical expression,
16
62381
3051
這因多種音樂的情感表現 而豐富的世界,
01:05
with each of us serving as active participants,
17
65456
3981
我們每個人都是積極的參與者,
01:09
whether we know it or not.
18
69461
2255
雖然我們不一定意識到這問題。
01:12
I'm going to start today with nature, but before we do that,
19
72136
2818
我會從自然開始,但開始之前,
01:14
let's quickly listen to this snippet of an opera singer warming up.
20
74978
3272
請你聽一段歌劇歌手 為演唱暖嗓的音樂。
01:18
Here it is.
21
78602
1156
音樂開始。
01:20
(Singing)
22
80700
5000
(唱歌)
01:35
(Singing ends)
23
95910
1150
(歌唱結束)
01:37
It's beautiful, isn't it?
24
97571
1837
很好聽是嗎?
01:40
Gotcha!
25
100201
1151
你被騙了!
01:41
That is actually not the sound of an opera singer warming up.
26
101376
3436
這不是歌劇歌手開唱前的暖嗓。
01:45
That is the sound of a bird
27
105161
2499
而是一種鳥的叫聲,
01:47
slowed down to a pace
28
107684
1922
被放慢到一定程度,
01:49
that the human ear mistakenly recognizes as its own.
29
109630
3722
人耳誤聽為人的歌聲。
01:54
It was released as part of Peter Szöke's 1987 Hungarian recording
30
114012
4804
剛才的音樂就是一名匈牙利音樂家 於 1987 年出版專輯中一部分,
01:58
"The Unknown Music of Birds,"
31
118840
2382
名為《未發現之鳥類音樂》,
02:01
where he records many birds and slows down their pitches
32
121246
3871
為了突出鳥類叫聲本質,
他錄了多種鳥叫聲並放慢速度。
02:05
to reveal what's underneath.
33
125141
1607
02:07
Let's listen to the full-speed recording.
34
127615
2029
現在我們來聽一段正常速度的錄音。
02:11
(Bird singing)
35
131650
3460
(鳥類叫聲)
02:15
Now, let's hear the two of them together
36
135638
1912
現在連續聽這兩首,
02:17
so your brain can juxtapose them.
37
137574
1572
你們可以自己比較。
02:20
(Bird singing at slow then full speed)
38
140167
5000
(放慢的鳥類叫聲,然後正常速度)
02:38
(Singing ends)
39
158338
2000
(音樂結束)
02:42
It's incredible.
40
162063
1191
好奇妙!
02:43
Perhaps the techniques of opera singing were inspired by birdsong.
41
163864
4262
歌劇技巧大概從鳥類叫聲取得靈感。
02:48
As humans, we intuitively understand birds to be our musical teachers.
42
168880
4888
人類本能地將鳥類視為音樂老師。
02:54
In Ethiopia, birds are considered an integral part
43
174439
2904
在衣索比亞,鳥類被視為
音樂起源的一部分。zz
02:57
of the origin of music itself.
44
177367
2606
03:00
The story goes like this:
45
180542
1475
根據傳說,
03:03
1,500 years ago, a young man was born in the Empire of Aksum,
46
183538
5033
1500 年前,一個小男孩 出生於阿克蘇姆王國,
03:08
a major trading center of the ancient world.
47
188595
2547
當時的世界貿易中心。
03:11
His name was Yared.
48
191525
1541
他的名字為雅瑞德。
03:14
When Yared was seven years old his father died,
49
194402
3208
雅瑞德七歲的時候,他的父親去世,
03:17
and his mother sent him to go live with an uncle, who was a priest
50
197634
3623
母親將他交給舅舅撫養,
這位舅舅是衣索比亞正教的神父,
03:21
of the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition,
51
201281
2295
03:23
one of the oldest churches in the world.
52
203600
2134
為世界古老的教會系統之一。
03:26
Now, this tradition has an enormous amount of scholarship and learning,
53
206892
3461
因為此教派傳講大量知識,
03:30
and Yared had to study and study and study and study,
54
210377
3012
所以雅瑞德必須埋頭苦讀,
03:33
and one day he was studying under a tree,
55
213413
2616
某天他在樹下學習時,
03:36
when three birds came to him.
56
216053
2527
有三隻鳥飛來他旁邊。
03:39
One by one, these birds became his teachers.
57
219321
3068
每一隻鳥陸續成為他的教師。
03:42
They taught him music -- scales, in fact.
58
222912
3292
牠們教他音樂,其實就是音階。
03:47
And Yared, eventually recognized as Saint Yared,
59
227579
2503
後來,雅瑞德被尊稱為聖雅瑞德,
03:50
used these scales to compose five volumes of chants and hymns
60
230106
4438
用此音階寫成五卷聖歌和讚美聖詩,
03:54
for worship and celebration.
61
234568
2172
給各種禮拜及節慶使用。
03:56
And he used these scales to compose and to create
62
236764
3389
他也從這些音階譜出及發明出
04:00
an indigenous musical notation system.
63
240177
2750
一套當地使用的記譜法。
04:03
And these scales evolved into what is known as kiñit,
64
243645
3623
這些音階演變成 衣索比亞音階 (kiñit),
04:07
the unique, pentatonic, five-note, modal system that is very much alive
65
247292
5893
其獨特的五聲音階, 由五個音組成的調式,
現在在衣索比亞還普遍使用及發展。
04:13
and thriving and still evolving in Ethiopia today.
66
253209
4224
04:18
Now, I love this story because it's true at multiple levels.
67
258531
3163
我很喜歡這個故事, 因為它在很多方面都可考證。
04:21
Saint Yared was a real, historical figure,
68
261718
3023
聖雅瑞德是一位真實人物,
04:24
and the natural world can be our musical teacher.
69
264765
3949
而自然世界 也可以成為我們的教師呀!
04:29
And we have so many examples of this:
70
269057
2154
有很多相似的例子:
04:31
the Pygmies of the Congo tune their instruments
71
271235
2223
剛果俾格米人(矮人族)
根據山鳥叫聲調整琴弦。
04:33
to the pitches of the birds in the forest around them.
72
273482
2600
04:36
Musician and natural soundscape expert Bernie Krause describes
73
276396
3178
音樂家兼自然音景專家 伯尼克勞斯描述,
04:39
how a healthy environment has animals and insects
74
279598
3374
一個健康的環境會有各種動物及昆蟲
04:42
taking up low, medium and high-frequency bands,
75
282996
3428
占據低、中及高頻率的音頻,
04:46
in exactly the same way as a symphony does.
76
286448
3194
和人類的交響樂一樣。
04:50
And countless works of music were inspired by bird and forest song.
77
290066
4363
數不清的曲子 以鳥類和森林作為靈感。
04:54
Yes, the natural world can be our cultural teacher.
78
294972
4873
沒錯,自然世界 可以成為我們的文化教師。
05:00
So let's go now to the uniquely human world of language.
79
300751
3373
現在我們來談獨特的人類世界語言。
05:05
Every language communicates with pitch to varying degrees,
80
305083
3244
每個語言通過各種音高交流,
05:08
whether it's Mandarin Chinese,
81
308351
1438
無論是華語,
05:09
where a shift in melodic inflection gives the same phonetic syllable
82
309813
3992
如果你將音調發錯, 會讓相同的拼音音節
05:13
an entirely different meaning,
83
313829
1757
產生不同的意思;
05:15
to a language like English,
84
315610
1342
或者其它語言像英語,
05:16
where a raised pitch at the end of a sentence ...
85
316976
2370
在句尾語氣上揚……
05:19
(Going up in pitch) implies a question?
86
319370
2018
(提升音高)代表問句,對嗎?
05:21
(Laughter)
87
321412
1609
(觀眾大笑)
05:23
As an Ethiopian-American woman,
88
323045
1659
身為衣索比亞美裔婦女,
05:24
I grew up around the language of Amharic, Amhariña.
89
324728
2408
我在阿姆哈拉語環境中長大。
05:27
It was my first language, the language of my parents,
90
327160
2479
這是我的母語,是我父母說的語言,
05:29
one of the main languages of Ethiopia.
91
329663
2557
是衣索比亞主要語言之一。
05:32
And there are a million reasons to fall in love with this language:
92
332716
3194
我有一千萬個理由喜愛這個語言:
05:35
its depth of poetics, its double entendres,
93
335934
2841
詩歌的深度,雙關的詞語,
05:38
its wax and gold, its humor,
94
338799
2617
隱藏的涵義,幽默的特性,
05:41
its proverbs that illuminate the wisdom and follies of life.
95
341440
3890
生活中有智慧的俗語以及反語。
05:46
But there's also this melodicism, a musicality built right in.
96
346038
4079
但更主要的是包括在 詞語裡面的旋律感。
05:50
And I find this distilled most clearly
97
350734
1875
我發現這種旋律感在
05:52
in what I like to call emphatic language --
98
352633
2473
我所稱的「強調語言」中 明顯突出——
05:55
language that's meant to highlight or underline
99
355130
2236
即明顯指出、強調意思之語言,
05:57
or that springs from surprise.
100
357390
2055
或者表示驚訝的狀態。
06:00
Take, for example, the word: "indey."
101
360036
2407
例如 indey 這個字,
06:03
Now, if there are Ethiopians in the audience,
102
363204
2102
如果在座有衣索比亞人,
06:05
they're probably chuckling to themselves,
103
365330
2007
他們一定會咯咯笑起來,
06:07
because the word means something like "No!"
104
367361
2084
因為這個字的意思是「不行!」
06:09
or "How could he?" or "No, he didn't."
105
369469
1811
或「他怎麼能這樣呢?」 或「不,他沒有。」
06:11
It kind of depends on the situation.
106
371304
2101
根據具體的情況而不同。
06:13
But when I was a kid, this was my very favorite word,
107
373429
3851
可是在我小時候, 這是我最喜歡的字,
06:17
and I think it's because it has a pitch.
108
377304
3100
我想是因為我喜歡它的音高。
06:20
It has a melody.
109
380721
1211
它有旋律。
06:21
You can almost see the shape as it springs from someone's mouth.
110
381956
3001
這個字發出來, 我們幾乎可以看到它的口型。
06:24
"Indey" -- it dips, and then raises again.
111
384981
2729
“Indey” — 音調先往下降後再往上升高。
06:28
And as a musician and composer, when I hear that word,
112
388391
3089
身為音樂家和作曲家, 每次聽到此字,
06:31
something like this is floating through my mind.
113
391504
3069
這樣的畫面就在我的腦海裡展現。
06:35
(Music and singing "Indey")
114
395982
5000
(音樂和唱 indey)
06:45
(Music ends)
115
405832
2000
(音樂停止)
06:48
Or take, for example, the phrase for "It is right" or "It is correct" --
116
408711
3991
另外一個例子, 代表「沒錯、正確」——
06:52
"Lickih nehu ... Lickih nehu."
117
412726
1572
"Lickih nehu ... Lickih nehu."
06:54
It's an affirmation, an agreement.
118
414322
2633
就是確定、同意。
06:56
"Lickih nehu."
119
416979
1158
"Lickih nehu."
06:58
When I hear that phrase,
120
418161
1152
我聽到此詞的時候,
06:59
something like this starts rolling through my mind.
121
419337
3497
音樂泉在我的腦海裡流出。
07:04
(Music and singing "Lickih nehu")
122
424031
5000
(音樂及唱 “Lickih nehu” 聲)
07:11
(Music ends)
123
431572
2000
(音樂結束)
07:14
And in both of those cases, what I did was I took the melody
124
434199
2817
以上兩個例子,
我都以這些字的旋律和分句,
07:17
and the phrasing of those words and phrases
125
437040
2459
07:19
and I turned them into musical parts to use in these short compositions.
126
439523
4566
轉成音樂的因素,從而寫成短曲。
07:24
And I like to write bass lines,
127
444539
1481
我喜歡寫低音音樂,
07:26
so they both ended up kind of as bass lines.
128
446044
2051
所以以上的兩個短曲都是低音的。
07:29
Now, this is based on the work of Jason Moran and others
129
449387
2626
根據賈森莫蘭及同事的研究,
07:32
who work intimately with music and language,
130
452037
3038
他們是音樂及語言研究專家,
07:35
but it's also something I've had in my head since I was a kid,
131
455099
2944
也是我從小時候一直關注的,
07:38
how musical my parents sounded
132
458067
2031
就是我父母
07:40
when they were speaking to each other and to us.
133
460122
3152
彼此對談與跟我們對話時 具音樂性的腔調。
07:44
It was from them and from Amhariña that I learned
134
464070
2374
正是他們講的阿姆哈拉語 讓我推出一個觀念,
07:46
that we are awash in musical expression
135
466468
2880
就是語言充滿了音樂風格,
07:49
with every word, every sentence that we speak,
136
469372
2615
在每一句我們說出的話,
07:52
every word, every sentence that we receive.
137
472011
2752
在每一句我們聽到的話。
07:54
Perhaps you can hear it in the words I'm speaking even now.
138
474787
4259
你們或許可以在我現在說出的 每一句話中領會到。
08:00
Finally, we go to the 1950s United States
139
480237
2415
最後,我要談一首 1950 年 美國的音樂作品,
08:02
and the most seminal work of 20th century avant-garde composition:
140
482676
3911
為 20 世紀前衛派 最具影響力的曲子:
08:06
John Cage's "4:33,"
141
486611
2124
約翰·凱吉之《4′33″》,
08:08
written for any instrument or combination of instruments.
142
488759
3234
寫給任何樂器或任何組合樂器。
08:12
The musician or musicians are invited to walk onto the stage
143
492912
3559
演奏家受邀上舞台,
08:16
with a stopwatch and open the score,
144
496495
3190
帶著碼錶並把樂譜打開,
08:19
which was actually purchased by the Museum of Modern Art --
145
499709
2931
此樂譜已被當代藝術博物館 收購作展覽專用——
08:22
the score, that is.
146
502664
1382
只有樂譜,就這樣。
08:24
And this score has not a single note written
147
504641
3508
這張樂譜上沒有任何音符,
08:28
and there is not a single note played
148
508173
2474
演奏家在整整 4 分 33 秒的時間 也不彈任何一個音。
08:30
for four minutes and 33 seconds.
149
510671
2732
08:34
And, at once enraging and enrapturing,
150
514540
4690
(觀眾)在又生氣又著迷的狀態下,
08:39
Cage shows us that even when there are no strings
151
519254
2888
凱吉告訴我們就算琴弦不被彈,
08:42
being plucked by fingers or hands hammering piano keys,
152
522166
5048
鋼琴弦不被敲,
08:47
still there is music, still there is music,
153
527238
2477
音樂還是顯現, 對, 音樂還是顯現。
08:49
still there is music.
154
529739
2062
音樂依舊顯現。
08:51
And what is this music?
155
531825
2128
所以這首裡面的音樂是什麼呢?
08:54
It was that sneeze in the back.
156
534903
2205
在遠處有某人打噴嚏。
08:57
(Laughter)
157
537132
1546
(笑聲)
08:58
It is the everyday soundscape that arises from the audience themselves:
158
538702
5060
這首音樂就是觀眾的日常音景:
09:03
their coughs, their sighs, their rustles, their whispers, their sneezes,
159
543787
4269
咳嗽、歎氣、耳語、 打噴嚏、衣服摩擦之聲音,
09:08
the room, the wood of the floors and the walls
160
548080
2541
屋子、木板牆、木頭地板
09:10
expanding and contracting, creaking and groaning
161
550645
2458
因熱脹冷縮發出吱嘎作響的聲音,
09:13
with the heat and the cold,
162
553127
1404
09:14
the pipes clanking and contributing.
163
554555
3091
水管劈劈啪啪也來湊一腳。
09:19
And controversial though it was, and even controversial though it remains,
164
559306
3640
雖然此曲充滿爭議性, 而且一直備受爭議,
09:22
Cage's point is that there is no such thing as true silence.
165
562970
4244
凱奇的觀點就是沒有真正的無聲。
09:28
Even in the most silent environments, we still hear and feel the sound
166
568107
4505
甚至在最無聲的環境中, 我們還是能聽到及感受到
09:32
of our own heartbeats.
167
572636
1527
我們心跳的聲音。
09:34
The world is alive with musical expression.
168
574646
3168
這個世界充滿音樂表達。
09:38
We are already immersed.
169
578383
2207
基本上我們一直沉浸在音樂裡。
09:42
Now, I had my own moment of, let's say, remixing John Cage
170
582330
3693
我自己也有可以說是重混 約翰·凱吉的經驗瞬間。
09:46
a couple of months ago
171
586047
1667
就在幾個月前,
09:47
when I was standing in front of the stove cooking lentils.
172
587738
3003
我站在爐子前煮著扁豆的時候,
09:50
And it was late one night and it was time to stir,
173
590765
3142
那時已經很晚, 可是到了該攪拌的時刻,
09:53
so I lifted the lid off the cooking pot,
174
593931
1972
所以我打開鍋蓋,
09:55
and I placed it onto the kitchen counter next to me,
175
595927
2433
把蓋子放在旁邊的流理台上,
09:58
and it started to roll back and forth
176
598384
2263
蓋子就滾來滾去
10:00
making this sound.
177
600671
2761
發出這種聲音。
10:04
(Sound of metal lid clanking against a counter)
178
604765
5000
(金屬蓋子碰撞流理台的噹啷聲)
10:10
(Clanking ends)
179
610929
1150
(噹啷聲停止)
10:13
And it stopped me cold.
180
613525
1534
我瞬間凍住。
10:15
I thought, "What a weird, cool swing that cooking pan lid has."
181
615727
5223
我想:「蓋子搖擺聲 真是好酷好怪!」
10:22
So when the lentils were ready and eaten,
182
622200
4584
所以在扁豆熟了,也吃完了之後,
10:26
I hightailed it to my backyard studio,
183
626808
3494
我馬上帶著鍋子到後院的錄音房,
10:30
and I made this.
184
630326
1843
錄出來此曲子。
10:33
(Music, including the sound of the lid, and singing)
185
633187
5000
(音樂,包括蓋子聲音及歌聲)
10:50
(Music ends)
186
650271
1150
(音樂停止)
10:52
Now, John Cage wasn't instructing musicians
187
652479
2412
約翰·凱吉沒有意思要告訴音樂家
10:54
to mine the soundscape for sonic textures to turn into music.
188
654915
3695
將任何背景聲音寫成曲子。
10:59
He was saying that on its own,
189
659060
2853
他的意思是,我們周圍環境本身
11:01
the environment is musically generative,
190
661937
3461
已經常常產生聲音,
11:05
that it is generous, that it is fertile,
191
665422
4241
非常多量、豐沛,
11:09
that we are already immersed.
192
669687
2163
我們已經被音樂圍繞著。
11:12
Musician, music researcher, surgeon and human hearing expert Charles Limb
193
672765
6013
音樂家、音樂研究家、 手術醫生及聽力專家查爾斯·理姆
11:18
is a professor at Johns Hopkins University
194
678802
2055
是約翰霍普金斯大學教授,
11:20
and he studies music and the brain.
195
680881
2269
他專長研究音樂及腦部。
11:24
And he has a theory
196
684739
1766
他也定出一個理論,
11:27
that it is possible -- it is possible --
197
687735
3096
指出很可能,非常有可能,
11:30
that the human auditory system actually evolved to hear music,
198
690855
5148
人類聽力系統是為了聽音樂而進化,
11:36
because it is so much more complex than it needs to be for language alone.
199
696027
5071
因為這比聽懂語言 這個簡單目的複雜的多。
11:41
And if that's true,
200
701733
1775
如果這論點是正確的,
11:43
it means that we're hard-wired for music,
201
703532
2945
意思是我們天生就是要聽音樂的,
11:46
that we can find it anywhere,
202
706501
2113
而且我們到處都可以找到音樂,
11:48
that there is no such thing as a musical desert,
203
708638
3078
音樂沙漠是不可能存在的,
11:51
that we are permanently hanging out at the oasis,
204
711740
3699
因為我們一直身在音樂綠洲中。
11:55
and that is marvelous.
205
715463
2057
這真是絕妙。
11:58
We can add to the soundtrack, but it's already playing.
206
718135
3193
我們可以把這些聲音加進創作中, 不過這些已經在演奏了。
12:02
And it doesn't mean don't study music.
207
722260
1854
他不是告訴我們不要學音樂。
12:04
Study music, trace your sonic lineages and enjoy that exploration.
208
724138
4496
還是要學音樂,還是要追溯 你的聲音族譜,並享受這場探險。
12:09
But there is a kind of sonic lineage to which we all belong.
209
729355
3735
可是有一種聲音族譜 是我們都屬於的。
12:14
So the next time you are seeking percussion inspiration,
210
734267
2623
下次你在尋找打擊樂的靈感時,
12:16
look no further than your tires, as they roll over the unusual grooves
211
736914
3349
就近去聽你的車輪在高速公路上
12:20
of the freeway,
212
740287
1724
碾過稀少的凹凸處的聲音;
12:22
or the top-right burner of your stove
213
742035
2178
或者去聽你家右邊的爐頭,
12:24
and that strange way that it clicks
214
744237
1709
在打火點燃時
12:25
as it is preparing to light.
215
745970
2062
發出的卡嗒聲。
12:28
When seeking melodic inspiration,
216
748733
1612
要尋找旋律的靈感時,
12:30
look no further than dawn and dusk avian orchestras
217
750369
3492
就近去聽早晨或傍晚之鳥叫聲,
12:33
or to the natural lilt of emphatic language.
218
753885
3228
或者是強調語音之自然悠揚聲音。
12:37
We are the audience and we are the composers
219
757137
2999
我們是聽眾,也是作曲家,
12:40
and we take from these pieces
220
760160
1795
我們可用現有的聲音資源。
12:41
we are given.
221
761979
1151
12:43
We make, we make, we make, we make,
222
763154
1868
我們創作,創作,一直創作,
12:45
knowing that when it comes to nature or language or soundscape,
223
765046
4420
因為知道大自然或語言或音景
12:49
there is no end to the inspiration --
224
769490
2997
可以帶來永恆靈感,
12:52
if we are listening.
225
772511
2434
只要我們認真聆聽。
12:55
Thank you.
226
775421
1152
感謝大家!
12:56
(Applause)
227
776597
5774
(鼓掌聲)
關於本網站

本網站將向您介紹對學習英語有用的 YouTube 視頻。 您將看到來自世界各地的一流教師教授的英語課程。 雙擊每個視頻頁面上顯示的英文字幕,從那裡播放視頻。 字幕與視頻播放同步滾動。 如果您有任何意見或要求,請使用此聯繫表與我們聯繫。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7