Tom Chatfield: 7 ways video games engage the brain

203,695 views ใƒป 2010-11-01

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Guy Ernest ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
I love video games.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•
00:18
I'm also slightly in awe of them.
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ืื ื™ ื’ื ื ื“ื”ื ืžื”ื ืžืขื˜
00:21
I'm in awe of their power
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ืื ื™ ื ื“ื”ื ืžื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื
00:23
in terms of imagination, in terms of technology,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
00:25
in terms of concept.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื
00:27
But I think, above all,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ
00:29
I'm in awe at their power
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ืื ื™ ื ื“ื”ื ืžื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื
00:31
to motivate, to compel us,
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ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื ื•, ืœืืœืฅ ืื•ืชื ื•
00:34
to transfix us,
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ืœืฉืชืง ืื•ืชื ื•
00:36
like really nothing else we've ever invented
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆืื ื• ืžืขื•ืœื
00:39
has quite done before.
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ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
00:41
And I think that we can learn some pretty amazing things
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
00:44
by looking at how we do this.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช
00:46
And in particular, I think we can learn things
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
00:48
about learning.
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ืขืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื”
00:51
Now the video games industry
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ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื•
00:53
is far and away the fastest growing
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื” ื”ืฆื•ืžื—ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:55
of all modern media.
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ืžื›ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช
00:57
From about 10 billion in 1990,
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ืžื‘ืขืจืš 10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘-1990
00:59
it's worth 50 billion dollars globally today,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื” 50 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ื™ื•ื
01:02
and it shows no sign of slowing down.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืฉื•ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื”
01:05
In four years' time,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ 4 ืฉื ื™ื
01:07
it's estimated it'll be worth over 80 billion dollars.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืขืจื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-80 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
01:10
That's about three times the recorded music industry.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
01:13
This is pretty stunning,
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
01:15
but I don't think it's the most telling statistic of all.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช
01:18
The thing that really amazes me
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™
01:20
is that, today,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื
01:22
people spend about
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš
01:24
eight billion real dollars a year
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8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”
01:27
buying virtual items
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ืขืœ ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืื™ื™-ื˜ื•ื ืก ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื
01:29
that only exist
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ืฉืจืง ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื
01:31
inside video games.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•
01:34
This is a screenshot from the virtual game world, Entropia Universe.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืš ืžืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™, ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”
01:37
Earlier this year,
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ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉื ื”
01:39
a virtual asteroid in it
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื‘ื•
01:41
sold for 330,000 real dollars.
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ื ืžื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ 330,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื
01:45
And this
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ื•ื–ืืช
01:47
is a Titan class ship
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ื”ื™ื ืกืคื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ
01:50
in the space game, EVE Online.
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ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื—ืœืœ, EVE Online
01:52
And this virtual object
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ื•ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื”ื–ื”
01:54
takes 200 real people
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ืœืงื— 200 ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื
01:56
about 56 days of real time to build,
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ื•-56 ื™ืžื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
01:59
plus countless thousands of hours
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืืœืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืช
02:02
of effort before that.
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ืฉืœ ืžืืžืฅ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ
02:04
And yet, many of these get built.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื ื™ื‘ื ื™ื
02:07
At the other end of the scale,
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ืขื“
02:09
the game Farmville that you may well have heard of,
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ืœืžืฉื—ืง, ืคืืจืžื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื•
02:12
has 70 million players
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ื™ืฉ 70 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื
02:14
around the world
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
02:16
and most of these players
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:18
are playing it almost every day.
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ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
02:20
This may all sound
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืžืข
02:22
really quite alarming to some people,
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ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื“ืื’ื” ืœื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื
02:24
an index of something worrying
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ื›ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื“ืื™ื’
02:26
or wrong in society.
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ืื• ื’ืจื•ืข ืœื—ื‘ืจื”
02:28
But we're here for the good news,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
02:30
and the good news is
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ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ
02:32
that I think we can explore
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ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ
02:34
why this very real human effort,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžืื“ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื–ื”
02:37
this very intense generation of value, is occurring.
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ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืขื–ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืงื•ืจืช
02:41
And by answering that question,
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช
02:43
I think we can take something
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืžืฉื”ื•
02:45
extremely powerful away.
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ืžืื“ ื—ื–ืง ืžื–ื”
02:47
And I think the most interesting way
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช
02:49
to think about how all this is going on
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”
02:51
is in terms of rewards.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื
02:53
And specifically, it's in terms
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื
02:56
of the very intense emotional rewards
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื–ื™ื
02:58
that playing games offers to people
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ืฉืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื
03:00
both individually
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ื’ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช
03:02
and collectively.
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช
03:04
Now if we look at what's going on in someone's head
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
03:06
when they are being engaged,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืฉืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง
03:08
two quite different processes are occurring.
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ืฉื ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื
03:11
On the one hand, there's the wanting processes.
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ
03:14
This is a bit like ambition and drive -- I'm going to do that. I'm going to work hard.
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืืคืชื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืข -- ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”. ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื”
03:17
On the other hand, there's the liking processes,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื™ืฉ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื ืื”
03:19
fun and affection
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ื›ื™ืฃ ื•ื™ื—ืก ื—ื
03:21
and delight
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ื•ืขื•ื ื’
03:23
and an enormous flying beast with an orc on the back.
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ื•ืžืคืœืฆืช ืžืขื•ืคืคืช ืขื ืงื™ืช ืขื ืื•ืจืง ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื”
03:25
It's a really great image. It's pretty cool.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช. ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘
03:27
It's from the game World of Warcraft with more than 10 million players globally,
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ื–ื” ืžื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืขื•ืœื ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” (ื•ื•ืจืœื“ ืื•ืฃ ื•ื•ืจื›ืจืืคื˜) ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
03:30
one of whom is me, another of whom is my wife.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืื ื™, ืื—ืช ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืื™ืฉืชื™
03:33
And this kind of a world,
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ื•ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื
03:35
this vast flying beast you can ride around,
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื›ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืคืœืฆืช ืžืขื•ืคืคืช ืขื ืงื™ืช ื–ืืช
03:37
shows why games are so very good
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ืžืจืื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
03:39
at doing both the wanting and the liking.
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ื‘ืœืชืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ื ืื”
03:42
Because it's very powerful. It's pretty awesome.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืžืื“ ื—ื–ืง. ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
03:44
It gives you great powers.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื™ื
03:46
Your ambition is satisfied, but it's very beautiful.
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ื”ืฉืืคืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžืกื•ืคืงืช, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืื“ ื™ืคื”
03:49
It's a very great pleasure to fly around.
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ื–ื” ืชืขื ื•ื’ ืขืฆื•ื ืœืขื•ืฃ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘
03:52
And so these combine to form
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ืื– ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ื”ื–ืืช
03:54
a very intense emotional engagement.
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ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืขื–ื” ืžืื“
03:56
But this isn't the really interesting stuff.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
03:59
The really interesting stuff about virtuality
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื
04:01
is what you can measure with it.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื
04:03
Because what you can measure in virtuality
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื
04:06
is everything.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืœ
04:08
Every single thing that every single person
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืื“ื
04:10
who's ever played in a game has ever done can be measured.
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ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืขืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžื“ื“
04:13
The biggest games in the world today
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ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื
04:15
are measuring more than one billion points of data
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ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
04:19
about their players, about what everybody does --
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื•ืฉื”
04:21
far more detail than you'd ever get from any website.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืชืงื‘ืœ ืžืื™ื–ื” ืืชืจ
04:24
And this allows something very special
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
04:27
to happen in games.
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ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
04:29
It's something called the reward schedule.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื
04:32
And by this, I mean looking
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช
04:34
at what millions upon millions of people have done
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ืžื” ืฉืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื•
04:36
and carefully calibrating the rate,
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆื‘
04:38
the nature, the type, the intensity of rewards in games
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ื”ืื•ืคื™, ื”ืกื•ื’ ื•ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
04:41
to keep them engaged
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื
04:43
over staggering amounts of time and effort.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืืžืฅ
04:46
Now, to try and explain this
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”
04:48
in sort of real terms,
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื
04:51
I want to talk about a kind of task
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื”
04:53
that might fall to you in so many games.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
04:55
Go and get a certain amount of a certain little game-y item.
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ืœืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง
04:58
Let's say, for the sake of argument,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื’ืžื”
05:00
my mission is to get 15 pies
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ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ 15 ืขื•ื’ื•ืช
05:03
and I can get 15 pies
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ 15 ืขื•ื’ื•ืช
05:06
by killing these cute, little monsters.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
05:08
Simple game quest.
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ืžืฉื™ืžืช ืžืฉื—ืง ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
05:10
Now you can think about this, if you like,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื ืชืจืฆื•,
05:12
as a problem about boxes.
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ื›ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช
05:14
I've got to keep opening boxes.
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ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืชื•ื— ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช
05:16
I don't know what's inside them until I open them.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ, ืขื“ ืฉืื ื™ ืคื•ืชื— ืื•ืชืŸ
05:19
And I go around opening box after box until I've got 15 pies.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืคื•ืชื— ืงื•ืคืกื ืื—ืจ ืงื•ืคืกื, ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ 15 ืขื•ื’ื•ืช
05:22
Now, if you take a game like Warcraft,
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ืื ืื ื™ ืœื•ืงื— ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ืžื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”
05:24
you can think about it, if you like,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื ืชืจืฆื•,
05:26
as a great box-opening effort.
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ื›ืžืืžืฅ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช
05:29
The game's just trying to get people to open about a million boxes,
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ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื ืกื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช
05:32
getting better and better stuff in them.
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ
05:34
This sounds immensely boring
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื ื•ืจื ืžืฉืขืžื
05:37
but games are able
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
05:39
to make this process
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”
05:41
incredibly compelling.
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ืžื•ืฉืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:43
And the way they do this
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช
05:45
is through a combination of probability and data.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
05:48
Let's think about probability.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช
05:50
If we want to engage someone
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
05:52
in the process of opening boxes to try and find pies,
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ื•ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื•ื’ื•ืช
05:55
we want to make sure it's neither too easy,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืงืœ
05:57
nor too difficult, to find a pie.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื•ื’ื”
05:59
So what do you do? Well, you look at a million people --
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ืื– ืžื” ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
06:01
no, 100 million people, 100 million box openers --
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ืœื, 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื, 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืชื—ื™ ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช
06:04
and you work out, if you make the pie rate
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ื•ืืชื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืฉืื ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืขื•ื’ื•ืช
06:07
about 25 percent --
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ื‘ืขืจืš 25 ืื—ื•ื–
06:09
that's neither too frustrating, nor too easy.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžืชืกื›ืœ, ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืงืœ
06:12
It keeps people engaged.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
06:14
But of course, that's not all you do -- there's 15 pies.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื - ื™ืฉ 15 ืขื•ื’ื•ืช
06:17
Now, I could make a game called Piecraft,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื ืงืจื "ืืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ื’ื•ืช"
06:19
where all you had to do was get a million pies
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ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื’ื•ืช
06:21
or a thousand pies.
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ืื• ืืœืฃ ืขื•ื’ื•ืช
06:23
That would be very boring.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ืžืฉืขืžื
06:25
Fifteen is a pretty optimal number.
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15 ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™
06:27
You find that -- you know, between five and 20
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ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื -- ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 5 ืœ-20
06:29
is about the right number for keeping people going.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง
06:31
But we don't just have pies in the boxes.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืจืง ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช
06:33
There's 100 percent up here.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื 100 ืื—ื•ื–
06:35
And what we do is make sure that every time a box is opened,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืงื•ืคืกื
06:38
there's something in it, some little reward
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืคื ื™ื, ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืงื˜ืŸ
06:40
that keeps people progressing and engaged.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื
06:42
In most adventure games,
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช
06:44
it's a little bit in-game currency, a little bit experience.
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง, ืงืฆืช ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ
06:47
But we don't just do that either.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื–ื”
06:49
We also say there's going to be loads of other items
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
06:51
of varying qualities and levels of excitement.
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ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
06:53
There's going to be a 10 percent chance you get a pretty good item.
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ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 10% ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ื—ืคืฅ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘
06:56
There's going to be a 0.1 percent chance
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ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 0.1%
06:58
you get an absolutely awesome item.
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ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ื—ืคืฅ ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
07:01
And each of these rewards is carefully calibrated to the item.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื—ืคืฅ
07:04
And also, we say,
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ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื
07:06
"Well, how many monsters? Should I have the entire world full of a billion monsters?"
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"ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช? ื”ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ืžืœื ื‘ืžืœื™ืืจื“ ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช?"
07:09
No, we want one or two monsters on the screen at any one time.
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ืœื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืคืœืฆืช ืื—ืช ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ
07:12
So I'm drawn on. It's not too easy, not too difficult.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš, ื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ ืžื“ื™, ืœื ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื™
07:15
So all this is very powerful.
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืื“ ื—ื–ืง
07:17
But we're in virtuality. These aren't real boxes.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™, ืืœื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช
07:20
So we can do
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
07:22
some rather amazing things.
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ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
07:24
We notice, looking at all these people opening boxes,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช
07:28
that when people get to about 13 out of 15 pies,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 13 ืžืชื•ืš 15 ืขื•ื’ื•ืช
07:31
their perception shifts, they start to get a bit bored, a bit testy.
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ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื”, ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืงืฆืช ืœื”ืฉืชืขืžื, ืงืฆืช ืขืฆื‘ื ื™ื™ื
07:34
They're not rational about probability.
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช
07:36
They think this game is unfair.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ
07:38
It's not giving me my last two pies. I'm going to give up.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ
07:40
If they're real boxes, there's not much we can do,
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ืื ืืœื” ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
07:42
but in a game we can just say, "Right, well.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื•ืžืจ "ื‘ืกื“ืจ"
07:44
When you get to 13 pies, you've got 75 percent chance of getting a pie now."
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื 13 ืขื•ื’ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื 75% ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ื’ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
07:48
Keep you engaged. Look at what people do --
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืชื›ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื. ืชืจืื• ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื
07:50
adjust the world to match their expectation.
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ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
07:52
Our games don't always do this.
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ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
07:54
And one thing they certainly do at the moment
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืขืช
07:56
is if you got a 0.1 percent awesome item,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 0.1% ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ืคืฅ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
07:59
they make very sure another one doesn't appear for a certain length of time
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ื”ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื
08:02
to keep the value, to keep it special.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืจืš, ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“
08:04
And the point is really
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช
08:06
that we evolved to be satisfied by the world
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืคืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
08:08
in particular ways.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช
08:10
Over tens and hundreds of thousands of years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื
08:13
we evolved to find certain things stimulating,
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื
08:15
and as very intelligent, civilized beings,
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžืื“ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื
08:17
we're enormously stimulated by problem solving and learning.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื“ ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื”
08:20
But now, we can reverse engineer that
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื–ื”
08:22
and build worlds
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ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช
08:24
that expressly tick our evolutionary boxes.
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ืฉื™ื’ืจื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืคืกื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
08:27
So what does all this mean in practice?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืžืขืฉื”?
08:29
Well, I've come up
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™
08:31
with seven things
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ืฉื‘ืขื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
08:33
that, I think, show
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ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืžืจืื™ื
08:35
how you can take these lessons from games
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
08:37
and use them outside of games.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
08:40
The first one is very simple:
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜:
08:42
experience bars measuring progress --
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ืžื“ ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื“ื“ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช
08:44
something that's been talked about brilliantly
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ื–ื”ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื”
08:46
by people like Jesse Schell earlier this year.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’'ืก ืฉืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉื ื”
08:49
It's already been done at the University of Indiana in the States, among other places.
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื
08:52
It's the simple idea that instead of grading people incrementally
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ืจื’ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขื•ืœื”
08:55
in little bits and pieces,
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ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
08:57
you give them one profile character avatar
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ืืชื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืชืžื•ื ืช ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืื—ืช
08:59
which is constantly progressing
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชืงื“ืžืช
09:01
in tiny, tiny, tiny little increments which they feel are their own.
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ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉืœื”ื
09:04
And everything comes towards that,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื”
09:06
and they watch it creeping up, and they own that as it goes along.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืžืชืงื“ื, ื•ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช
09:09
Second, multiple long and short-term aims --
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
09:11
5,000 pies, boring,
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5,000 ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ื–ื” ืžืฉืขืžื
09:13
15 pies, interesting.
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15 ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
09:15
So, you give people
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ืื– ืืชื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื
09:17
lots and lots of different tasks.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
09:19
You say, it's about
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ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื
09:21
doing 10 of these questions,
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ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช 10 ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
09:23
but another task
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืื—ืจืช
09:25
is turning up to 20 classes on time,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ20 ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
09:27
but another task is collaborating with other people,
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ื•ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
09:30
another task is showing you're working five times,
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ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื—ืžืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื
09:33
another task is hitting this particular target.
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ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ื–ืืช
09:35
You break things down into these calibrated slices
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ืืชื ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื“ื•ืช
09:38
that people can choose and do in parallel
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ
09:40
to keep them engaged
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื
09:42
and that you can use to point them
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ื•ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื
09:44
towards individually beneficial activities.
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื
09:48
Third, you reward effort.
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ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืืชื ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืืžืฅ
09:50
It's your 100 percent factor. Games are brilliant at this.
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ื”-100% ืฉืœื›ื. ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื–ื”
09:53
Every time you do something, you get credit; you get a credit for trying.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•, ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืžื•ืจื”. ืืชื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืชืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ
09:56
You don't punish failure. You reward every little bit of effort --
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ืืชื ืœื ืžืขื ื™ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ, ืืชื ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ื›ืœ ืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืžืืžืฅ
09:59
a little bit of gold, a little bit of credit. You've done 20 questions -- tick.
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ืคื™ืกื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘, ืคื™ืกื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืจื” -- ืขืฉื™ืชื 20 ืฉืืœื•ืช - ืชื™ืง
10:02
It all feeds in as minute reinforcement.
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžื–ื™ืŸ ื›ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
10:05
Fourth, feedback.
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ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ื”ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ
10:07
This is absolutely crucial,
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:09
and virtuality is dazzling at delivering this.
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื–ื”
10:11
If you look at some of the most intractable problems in the world today
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ืื ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื
10:14
that we've been hearing amazing things about,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื
10:16
it's very, very hard for people to learn
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ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ืงืฉื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“
10:19
if they cannot link consequences to actions.
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ืื ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืฉืจ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื™ื
10:22
Pollution, global warming, these things --
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ื–ื™ื”ื•ื, ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”
10:24
the consequences are distant in time and space.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘
10:26
It's very hard to learn, to feel a lesson.
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ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืงืฉื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ
10:28
But if you can model things for people,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื
10:30
if you can give things to people that they can manipulate
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ืื ืืชื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช
10:32
and play with and where the feedback comes,
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ื•ืœืฉื—ืง ืื™ืชื ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื”ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ
10:34
then they can learn a lesson, they can see,
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ืื– ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืœืงื—, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
10:36
they can move on, they can understand.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ื, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
10:39
And fifth,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™
10:41
the element of uncertainty.
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ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืื•ืช
10:43
Now this is the neurological goldmine,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื›ืจื” ื–ื”ื‘ ื ื™ื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™
10:46
if you like,
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ืื ืชืจืฆื•
10:48
because a known reward
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื™ื“ื•ืข
10:50
excites people,
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ืžืจื’ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื
10:52
but what really gets them going
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืžืฉ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš
10:54
is the uncertain reward,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืœื ื•ื“ืื™
10:56
the reward pitched at the right level of uncertainty,
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ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืื•ืช
10:58
that they didn't quite know whether they were going to get it or not.
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ืฉื”ื ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืื ื”ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืื• ืœื
11:01
The 25 percent. This lights the brain up.
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ื”-25% ืื—ื•ื–. ื–ื” ืžื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—
11:04
And if you think about
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ื•ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”
11:06
using this in testing,
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื
11:08
in just introducing control elements of randomness
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ื•ืช
11:10
in all forms of testing and training,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื
11:12
you can transform the levels of people's engagement
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
11:14
by tapping into this very powerful
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™
11:16
evolutionary mechanism.
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื”ื–ื”
11:18
When we don't quite predict something perfectly,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืฉื”ื•
11:20
we get really excited about it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื“ ืžืชืจื’ืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื•
11:22
We just want to go back and find out more.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:24
As you probably know, the neurotransmitter
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืขื™ืฆื‘ื™
11:26
associated with learning is called dopamine.
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ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื ืงืจื ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ
11:28
It's associated with reward-seeking behavior.
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ื”ื•ื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื
11:31
And something very exciting is just beginning to happen
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืงืจื•ืช
11:34
in places like the University of Bristol in the U.K.,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”
11:37
where we are beginning to be able to model mathematically
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ื‘ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™
11:40
dopamine levels in the brain.
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ืฉืœ ืจืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื—
11:42
And what this means is we can predict learning,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื”
11:44
we can predict enhanced engagement,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช
11:47
these windows, these windows of time,
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ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
11:49
in which the learning is taking place at an enhanced level.
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืจืžื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช
11:52
And two things really flow from this.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื–ื”
11:54
The first has to do with memory,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ
11:56
that we can find these moments.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื”
11:58
When someone is more likely to remember,
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ื‘ื”ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ
12:00
we can give them a nugget in a window.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ื’ื•ืฉ ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืŸ
12:02
And the second thing is confidence,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
12:04
that we can see how game-playing and reward structures
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื
12:06
make people braver, make them more willing to take risks,
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ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื
12:09
more willing to take on difficulty,
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ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืงืฉื™ื™ื
12:11
harder to discourage.
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ืงืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืจืืœื™ืช
12:13
This can all seem very sinister.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžืจื•ืฉืข
12:15
But you know, sort of "our brains have been manipulated; we're all addicts."
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• "ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื•, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื"
12:17
The word "addiction" is thrown around.
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื ื–ืจืงืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘
12:19
There are real concerns there.
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ื™ืฉ ืคื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื
12:21
But the biggest neurological turn-on for people
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
12:23
is other people.
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ื”ื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
12:25
This is what really excites us.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืจื’ืฉ ืื•ืชื ื•
12:28
In reward terms, it's not money;
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื›ืกืฃ
12:30
it's not being given cash -- that's nice --
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ื–ื” ืœื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ -- ื–ื” ื ื—ืžื“ --
12:33
it's doing stuff with our peers,
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ื–ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
12:35
watching us, collaborating with us.
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ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื•, ืœืฉืชืฃ ืื™ืชื ื• ืคืขื•ืœื”
12:37
And I want to tell you a quick story about 1999 --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ ืขืœ 1999
12:39
a video game called EverQuest.
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ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืื‘ืจืงื•ื•ืกื˜
12:41
And in this video game,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ื–ื”
12:43
there were two really big dragons, and you had to team up to kill them --
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื
12:46
42 people, up to 42 to kill these big dragons.
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42 ืื ืฉื™ื -- ืขื“ 42 ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”
12:49
That's a problem
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื”
12:51
because they dropped two or three decent items.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื”ืคื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
12:54
So players addressed this problem
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ืื– ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืคืชืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช
12:57
by spontaneously coming up with a system
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื”
12:59
to motivate each other,
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ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™
13:01
fairly and transparently.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื’ื ืช ื•ืฉืงื•ืคื”
13:03
What happened was, they paid each other a virtual currency
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื™ื”, ื”ื ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™
13:06
they called "dragon kill points."
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ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื–ื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื
13:09
And every time you turned up to go on a mission,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืช ืœืžืฉื™ืžื”
13:11
you got paid in dragon kill points.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื
13:13
They tracked these on a separate website.
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ื”ื ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ ื ืคืจื“
13:15
So they tracked their own private currency,
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ื›ืš ื”ื ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”ื
13:17
and then players could bid afterwards
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ื•ืื– ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ
13:19
for cool items they wanted --
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ืขืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจืฆื•
13:21
all organized by the players themselves.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืขืฆืžื
13:23
Now the staggering system, not just that this worked in EverQuest,
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ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืื‘ืจืงื•ื•ืกื˜
13:26
but that today, a decade on,
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ืืœื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ืขืฉื•ืจ ืžืื–,
13:28
every single video game in the world with this kind of task
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ื›ืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื”
13:31
uses a version of this system --
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืจืกื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
13:33
tens of millions of people.
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
13:35
And the success rate
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ื•ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
13:37
is at close to 100 percent.
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-100%
13:39
This is a player-developed,
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ื–ื” ืคื•ืชื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื
13:41
self-enforcing, voluntary currency,
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ื ืื›ืฃ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื™
13:44
and it's incredibly sophisticated
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื
13:46
player behavior.
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ
13:50
And I just want to end by suggesting
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืขื”
13:52
a few ways in which these principles
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ืœืžืกืคืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
13:54
could fan out into the world.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงืจื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
13:56
Let's start with business.
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ืื ื™ ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื
13:58
I mean, we're beginning to see some of the big problems
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
14:00
around something like business are
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืกืงื™ื
14:02
recycling and energy conservation.
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ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
14:04
We're beginning to see the emergence of wonderful technologies
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช
14:06
like real-time energy meters.
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ื›ืžื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™
14:08
And I just look at this, and I think, yes,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
14:10
we could take that so much further
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื“ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš
14:13
by allowing people to set targets
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื™ืขื“ื™ื
14:15
by setting calibrated targets,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ื™ื
14:17
by using elements of uncertainty,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืื•ืช
14:20
by using these multiple targets,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื™ืขื“ื™ื
14:22
by using a grand, underlying reward and incentive system,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืคืจืกื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื,
14:25
by setting people up
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
14:27
to collaborate in terms of groups, in terms of streets
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ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช
14:29
to collaborate and compete,
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ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช
14:31
to use these very sophisticated
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื
14:33
group and motivational mechanics we see.
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ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
14:35
In terms of education,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš
14:37
perhaps most obviously of all,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ืœื
14:39
we can transform how we engage people.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื
14:42
We can offer people the grand continuity
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
14:44
of experience and personal investment.
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ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช
14:47
We can break things down
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
14:49
into highly calibrated small tasks.
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ืœืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
14:51
We can use calculated randomness.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช
14:53
We can reward effort consistently
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืคืจืกื™ื ืœืžืืžืฅ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขื™ืงื‘ื™ืช
14:55
as everything fields together.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“
14:58
And we can use the kind of group behaviors
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช
15:00
that we see evolving when people are at play together,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“
15:03
these really quite unprecedentedly complex
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ืืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”
15:06
cooperative mechanisms.
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื
15:08
Government, well, one thing that comes to mind
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ืžืžืฉืœ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉ
15:10
is the U.S. government, among others,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ
15:13
is literally starting to pay people
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ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉืœื ืœืื ืฉื™ื
15:15
to lose weight.
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ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ
15:17
So we're seeing financial reward being used
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื›ืœื›ืœื™
15:19
to tackle the great issue of obesity.
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื ื”
15:21
But again, those rewards
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ืืš ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”
15:23
could be calibrated so precisely
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ื–ื”
15:26
if we were able to use the vast expertise
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื‘
15:29
of gaming systems to just jack up that appeal,
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”
15:32
to take the data, to take the observations,
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ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช
15:34
of millions of human hours
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืื“ื
15:36
and plow that feedback
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”
15:38
into increasing engagement.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช.
15:40
And in the end, it's this word, "engagement,"
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ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช
15:43
that I want to leave you with.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืฉืืจื• ืื™ืชื”
15:45
It's about how individual engagement
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ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช
15:47
can be transformed
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš
15:49
by the psychological and the neurological lessons
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
15:52
we can learn from watching people that are playing games.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
15:55
But it's also about collective engagement
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช
15:58
and about the unprecedented laboratory
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ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื—ืกืจืช ื”ืชืงื“ื™ื
16:01
for observing what makes people tick
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ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ืžื ื™ืข ืื ืฉื™ื
16:03
and work and play and engage
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ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ืœืฉื—ืง ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื
16:05
on a grand scale in games.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
16:08
And if we can look at these things and learn from them
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ื
16:11
and see how to turn them outwards,
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
16:13
then I really think we have something quite revolutionary on our hands.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื™ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
16:16
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
16:18
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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