Anne Curzan: What makes a word "real"?

243,022 views ใƒป 2014-06-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Oren Szekatch ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I need to start by telling you a little bit
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ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืงืฆืช
00:15
about my social life,
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ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™,
00:16
which I know may not seem relevant,
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ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™,
00:19
but it is.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ืŸ.
00:21
When people meet me at parties
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช
00:23
and they find out that I'm an English professor
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ื•ื”ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจืฆื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช
00:25
who specializes in language,
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ืฉืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืฉืคื”,
00:27
they generally have one of two reactions.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื—ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืชื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
00:31
One set of people look frightened. (Laughter)
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ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ืžืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:36
They often say something like,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•,
00:37
"Oh, I'd better be careful what I say.
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"ื”ื•, ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืื–ื”ืจ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ.
00:41
I'm sure you'll hear every mistake I make."
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืชืฉืžืขื™ ื›ืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืืขืฉื”."
00:44
And then they stop talking. (Laughter)
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:48
And they wait for me to go away
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ื•ื”ื ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืืœืš
00:50
and talk to someone else.
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ื•ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
00:53
The other set of people,
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
00:55
their eyes light up,
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ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื ื“ืœืงื•ืช,
00:57
and they say,
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ื•ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
00:58
"You are just the person I want to talk to."
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"ืืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืื“ื ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื•."
01:03
And then they tell me about whatever it is
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื™ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”
01:05
they think is going wrong with the English language.
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ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
01:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:10
A couple of weeks ago, I was at a dinner party
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘
01:12
and the man to my right
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ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ืœื™ืžื™ื ื™
01:15
started telling me about all the ways
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื
01:17
that the Internet is degrading the English language.
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžื ืžื™ืš ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
01:20
He brought up Facebook, and he said,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื•ืืžืจ,
01:23
"To defriend? I mean, is that even a real word?"
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"ื“ื”-ืคืจื™ื ื“ (ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช)? ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืื ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžื™ืœื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช?"
01:29
I want to pause on that question:
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืขื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช:
01:33
What makes a word real?
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ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืžื™ืœื” ืœืืžื™ืชื™ืช?
01:36
My dinner companion and I both know
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ืฉื•ืชืคื™ ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
01:38
what the verb "defriend" means,
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ืžื” ื”ืคื•ืขืœ "ื“ื”-ืคืจื™ื ื“" ืื•ืžืจ,
01:42
so when does a new word like "defriend"
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ืื– ืžืชื™ ืžื™ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื›ืžื• "ื“ื”- ืคืจื™ื ื“"
01:44
become real?
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ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืืžื™ืชื™ืช?
01:46
Who has the authority to make those kinds
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ืœืžื™ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื”
01:49
of official decisions about words, anyway?
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ?
01:52
Those are the questions I want to talk about today.
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:57
I think most people, when they say a word isn't real,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืืžื™ืชื™ืช,
02:00
what they mean is, it doesn't appear
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื”
02:02
in a standard dictionary.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™.
02:03
That, of course, raises a host of other questions,
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ื–ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช,
02:06
including, who writes dictionaries?
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ื›ื•ืœืœ- ืžื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื?
02:11
Before I go any further,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืืชืงื“ื ื”ืœืื”,
02:13
let me clarify my role in all of this.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
02:15
I do not write dictionaries.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื.
02:17
I do, however, collect new words
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ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื•ืกืคืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
02:20
much the way dictionary editors do,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
02:23
and the great thing about being a historian
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื”ื“ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ืช
02:25
of the English language
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
02:26
is that I get to call this "research."
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” "ืžื—ืงืจ".
02:30
When I teach the history of the English language,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืœืžื“ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช,
02:32
I require that students teach me
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ืื ื™ ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืฉื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื™
02:35
two new slang words before I will begin class.
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ืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืกืœื ื’ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ.
02:38
Over the years, I have learned
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ืœืžื“ืชื™
02:41
some great new slang this way,
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ืกืœื ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื•,
02:44
including "hangry," which --
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ื›ื•ืœืœ "ืจืขืฆื‘ื ื™", ืฉื–ื”--
02:48
(Applause) โ€”
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)--
02:52
which is when you are cranky or angry
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ืฉื–ื” ื›ืฉืืชื” ืขืฆื‘ื ื™ ืื• ื›ื•ืขืก
02:54
because you are hungry,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื” ืจืขื‘,
02:58
and "adorkable,"
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ื• "ื—ื ื•ื ืžื•ื“",
03:03
which is when you are adorable
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ืฉื–ื” ื›ืฉืืชื” ื—ืžื•ื“
03:05
in kind of a dorky way,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื ื•ื ื™ ืฉื›ื–ื”,
03:08
clearly, terrific words that fill
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ, ืžื™ืœื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืžืœืื•ืช
03:11
important gaps in the English language.
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ืคืขืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
03:14
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:18
But how real are they
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ืืš ื›ืžื” ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ
03:21
if we use them primarily as slang
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ืื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืกืœื ื’
03:23
and they don't yet appear in a dictionary?
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ?
03:27
With that, let's turn to dictionaries.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืคื ื” ืœืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื.
03:30
I'm going to do this as a show of hands:
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืจืžืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื:
03:32
How many of you still regularly
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชื“ื™ืจ
03:34
refer to a dictionary, either print or online?
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ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื™ืœื•ืŸ, ืžื•ื“ืคืก ืื• ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ?
03:39
Okay, so that looks like most of you.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ื›ื.
03:41
Now, a second question. Again, a show of hands:
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉืืœื” ืฉื ื™ื”. ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืจืžืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื:
03:44
How many of you have ever looked to see
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ื“ืงืชื
03:47
who edited the dictionary you are using?
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ืžื™ ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื?
03:54
Okay, many fewer.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช.
03:57
At some level, we know that there are human hands
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ื‘ืจืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
04:01
behind dictionaries,
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื,
04:02
but we're really not sure who those hands belong to.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืžื™ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช.
04:07
I'm actually fascinated by this.
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ื–ื” ืžืจืชืง ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžืขืฉื”.
04:09
Even the most critical people out there
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ
04:12
tend not to be very critical about dictionaries,
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ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื,
04:14
not distinguishing among them
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ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื
04:16
and not asking a whole lot of questions
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ื•ืœื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืืœื•ืช
04:18
about who edited them.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืขืจืš ืื•ืชื.
04:20
Just think about the phrase
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ืจืง ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™
04:22
"Look it up in the dictionary,"
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"ื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ",
04:24
which suggests that all dictionaries
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ืฉืžื ื™ื— ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื
04:26
are exactly the same.
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ื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
04:28
Consider the library here on campus,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืคื” ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืก,
04:30
where you go into the reading room,
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ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืงืจื™ืื”,
04:32
and there is a large, unabridged dictionary
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืœื ืžืงื•ืฆืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
04:35
up on a pedestal in this place of honor and respect
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ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ ืžื•ื’ื‘ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื•ืงืจื”
04:39
lying open so we can go stand before it
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ืžื•ื ื— ืคืชื•ื— ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ื•
04:41
to get answers.
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
04:43
Now, don't get me wrong,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืœ ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
04:46
dictionaries are fantastic resources,
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ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฉืื‘ ื ืคืœื,
04:49
but they are human
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
04:50
and they are not timeless.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ื.
04:53
I'm struck as a teacher
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ืื ื™ ื ื“ื”ืžืช ื›ืžื•ืจื”
04:55
that we tell students to critically question
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง
04:58
every text they read, every website they visit,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื, ื›ืœ ืืชืจ ื‘ื• ื”ื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื,
05:01
except dictionaries,
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื,
05:03
which we tend to treat as un-authored,
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ืืœื™ื”ื ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ื ื˜ื•ืœื™-ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
05:06
as if they came from nowhere to give us answers
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื ื‘ืื• ืžืฉื•ื-ืžืงื•ื ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช
05:09
about what words really mean.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื.
05:13
Here's the thing: If you ask dictionary editors,
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”: ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื,
05:17
what they'll tell you
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื›ื
05:18
is they're just trying to keep up with us
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืจืง ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœื ื•
05:20
as we change the language.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคื”.
05:22
They're watching what we say and what we write
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ื”ื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื
05:24
and trying to figure out what's going to stick
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ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืชืคื•ืก
05:27
and what's not going to stick.
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ื•ืžื” ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืชืคื•ืก.
05:29
They have to gamble,
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืจ,
05:30
because they want to appear cutting edge
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื ื™ืช
05:32
and catch the words that are going to make it,
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ื•ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—,
05:34
such as LOL,
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ื›ืžื• LOL,
05:37
but they don't want to appear faddish
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื’ื—ืžื ื™ื™ื
05:39
and include the words that aren't going to make it,
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ื•ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—,
05:42
and I think a word that they're watching right now
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืžื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
05:43
is YOLO, you only live once.
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ื”ื™ื YOLO, ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื—ื™ื™ื ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช".
05:49
Now I get to hang out with dictionary editors,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืขื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื,
05:51
and you might be surprised
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื
05:53
by one of the places where we hang out.
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ืžืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
05:55
Every January, we go
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื ื•ืืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื
05:57
to the American Dialect Society annual meeting,
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ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
06:00
where among other things,
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ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ,
06:02
we vote on the word of the year.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื”.
06:05
There are about 200 or 300 people who come,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 200 ืื• 300 ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืื™ื,
06:08
some of the best known linguists in the United States.
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ื›ืžื” ืžืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
06:11
To give you a sense of the flavor of the meeting,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื”,
06:13
it occurs right before happy hour.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืคื ื™ ื”"ื”ืืคื™ ื”ืื•ื•ืจ".
06:16
Anyone who comes can vote.
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข.
06:18
The most important rule is
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ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื
06:19
that you can vote with only one hand.
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ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื“ ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
06:23
In the past, some of the winners have been
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื•
06:26
"tweet" in 2009
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"ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜" ื‘-2009
06:28
and "hashtag" in 2012.
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ื• "ื”ืืฉื˜ืื’" ื‘-2012.
06:32
"Chad" was the word of the year in the year 2000,
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"ืฆ'ืื“" ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 2000,
06:35
because who knew what a chad was before 2000,
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ื›ื™ ืžื™ ื™ื“ืข ืžื” ื–ื” ืฆ'ืื“ ืœืคื ื™ 2000,
06:39
and "WMD" in 2002.
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ื• "WMD" (ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช) ื‘-2002.
06:43
Now, we have other categories in which we vote too,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ
06:46
and my favorite category
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ื•ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™
06:48
is most creative word of the year.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื”.
06:50
Past winners in this category have included
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ื™ืฆื—ื• ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
06:53
"recombobulation area,"
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"ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืืกื•ืฃ-ืขืฆืžืš-ืžื—ื“ืฉ",
06:56
which is at the Milwaukee Airport after security,
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ื•ืงื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืช,
07:00
where you can recombobulate.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
07:02
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:04
You can put your belt back on,
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”,
07:05
put your computer back in your bag.
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ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืš ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื™ืง.
07:10
And then my all-time favorite word at this vote,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื”ื–ืืช,
07:13
which is "multi-slacking."
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ืฉื”ื™ื "ืžื•ืœื˜ื™-ื‘ื˜ืœื ื•ืช".
07:15
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:18
And multi-slacking is the act
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ื•ืžื•ืœื˜ื™-ื‘ื˜ืœื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”
07:20
of having multiple windows up on your screen
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ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘
07:23
so it looks like you're working
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ื“
07:24
when you're actually goofing around on the web.
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉืชื˜ื” ืœืš ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืฉืช.
07:26
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
07:33
Will all of these words stick? Absolutely not.
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ื”ืื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ืชืคืกื•? ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื.
07:36
And we have made some questionable choices,
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืงืคืงื•ืช,
07:39
for example in 2006
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื‘-2006
07:41
when the word of the year was "Plutoed,"
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ื›ืฉืžื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” "ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ื–ืฆื™ื”",
07:43
to mean demoted.
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ื•ืจื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจื’ื”.
07:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:50
But some of the past winners
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ืืš ื›ืžื” ืžืžื ืฆื—ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจ
07:52
now seem completely unremarkable,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืจืื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื,
07:55
such as "app"
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ื›ืžื• "ืืค" (ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื”)
07:57
and "e" as a prefix,
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ื•-e ื›ืชื—ื™ืœื™ืช,
07:59
and "google" as a verb.
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ื•"ืœื’ื’ืœ" ื›ืคื•ืขืœ.
08:02
Now, a few weeks before our vote,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•,
08:06
Lake Superior State University
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ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืœื™ื™ืง ืกื•ืคืจื™ื•ืจ
08:08
issues its list of banished words for the year.
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ืžืคืจืกืžืช ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื•ืช.
08:12
What is striking about this
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ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”
08:14
is that there's actually often quite a lot of overlap
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื—ืคื™ืคื” ืœื ืงื˜ื ื”
08:17
between their list and the list that we are considering
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื
08:20
for words of the year,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื”,
08:22
and this is because we're noticing the same thing.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
08:26
We're noticing words that are coming into prominence.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืชื‘ืœื˜ื•ืช.
08:29
It's really a question of attitude.
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ื–ืืช ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”.
08:32
Are you bothered by language fads and language change,
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ ืžื’ื—ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืคื” ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื”,
08:35
or do you find it fun, interesting,
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ืื• ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื–ื” ืžืฉืขืฉืข, ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
08:39
something worthy of study
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื—ืงืจ
08:40
as part of a living language?
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืคื” ื—ื™ื”?
08:43
The list by Lake Superior State University
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ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืœื™ื™ืง ืกื•ืคืจื™ื•ืจ
08:45
continues a fairly long tradition in English
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ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžืกื•ืจืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
08:48
of complaints about new words.
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ืฉืœ ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
08:50
So here is Dean Henry Alford in 1875,
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืจื™ ืืœืคื•ืจื“ ื‘-1875,
08:54
who was very concerned that "desirability"
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉ"ื ื—ืฉืงื•ึผืช"
08:57
is really a terrible word.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ืžืžืฉ ืื™ื•ืžื”.
08:59
In 1760, Benjamin Franklin
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ื‘- 1760, ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ
09:02
wrote a letter to David Hume
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ื›ืชื‘ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื•ึผื
09:03
giving up the word "colonize" as bad.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”" ื›ื’ืจื•ืขื”.
09:07
Over the years, we've also seen worries
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ืจืื™ื ื• ื’ื ื“ืื’ื•ืช
09:09
about new pronunciations.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
09:11
Here is Samuel Rogers in 1855
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ื”ื ื” ืกืžื•ืืœ ืจื•ื’'ืจืก ื‘-1855
09:14
who is concerned about some fashionable pronunciations
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ืฉืžื•ื˜ืจื“ ืžื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื™ื” ืื•ืคื ืชื™ื•ืช
09:17
that he finds offensive,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ื•ืช,
09:19
and he says "as if contemplate were not bad enough,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ "ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืœื”ืจื”ืจ (ืงื•ึนื ึฐื˜ึตืžึฐืคึฐืœึตื™ื™ื˜) ื”ื™ื ืœื ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืžืกืคื™ืง,
09:22
balcony makes me sick."
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ืžืจืคืกืช (ื‘ึทืœืงื•ึนื ื™) ืžื—ืœื™ืื” ืื•ืชื™."
09:25
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:28
The word is borrowed in from Italian
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืื•ืœื” ืžื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช
09:30
and it was pronounced bal-COE-nee.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื˜ืื” "ื‘ืืœ-ืงื•-ื ื™".
09:34
These complaints now strike us as quaint,
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ื”ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื›ืขืช ื ืจืื•ืช ืœื ื• ื›ืขืช ื›ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื•ืช,
09:37
if not downright adorkable -- (Laughter) --
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ืื ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื—ืžื•ื—ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช--(ืฆื—ื•ืง)--
09:42
but here's the thing:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ:
09:45
we still get quite worked up about language change.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืชืจื’ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื”.
09:49
I have an entire file in my office
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืชื™ืงื™ื™ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื™
09:51
of newspaper articles
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ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื
09:54
which express concern about illegitimate words
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ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื“ืื’ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœื-ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
09:57
that should not have been included in the dictionary,
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ,
09:59
including "LOL"
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ื›ื•ืœืœ "LOL" (ืฆื•ื—ืง ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจืง)
10:00
when it got into the Oxford English Dictionary
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™
10:02
and "defriend"
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ื•"ื“ื”-ืคืจื™ื ื“"
10:04
when it got into the Oxford American Dictionary.
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
10:07
I also have articles expressing concern
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื’ื ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื“ืื’ื”
10:09
about "invite" as a noun,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ "ื”ื–ืžื ื”" ื›ืฉื ืขืฆื,
10:12
"impact" as a verb,
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"ืคื’ื™ืขื”" ื›ืคื•ืขืœ,
10:14
because only teeth can be impacted,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืคืขื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืŸ "ื›ืœื•ืื”",
10:17
and "incentivize" is described
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ื•"ืœืชืžืจืฅ" ืžืชื•ืืจ
10:20
as "boorish, bureaucratic misspeak."
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ื›ื˜ืขื•ืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ื—ืกืจืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช."
10:24
Now, it's not that dictionary editors
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื
10:26
ignore these kinds of attitudes about language.
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ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื›ืืœื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉืคื”.
10:29
They try to provide us some guidance about words
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ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืœื ื• ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื
10:31
that are considered slang or informal
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ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืกืœื ื’ ืื• ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช
10:34
or offensive, often through usage labels,
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ืื• ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ื•ืช, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื“ืจืš ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
10:37
but they're in something of a bind,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื”,
10:38
because they're trying to describe what we do,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
10:42
and they know that we often go to dictionaries
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช
10:44
to get information about how we should use a word
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื”
10:47
well or appropriately.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจืื•ื™ื”.
10:49
In response, the American Heritage Dictionaries
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ 'ืืžืจื™ืงืŸ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื’'
10:52
include usage notes.
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ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
10:54
Usage notes tend to occur with words
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ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื
10:56
that are troublesome in one way,
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
10:58
and one of the ways that they can be troublesome
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ื•ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช
11:01
is that they're changing meaning.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
11:03
Now usage notes involve very human decisions,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
11:06
and I think, as dictionary users,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื›ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื
11:08
we're often not as aware of those human decisions
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
11:10
as we should be.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืฉื ื”ื™ื”.
11:11
To show you what I mean,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช,
11:12
we'll look at an example, but before we do,
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ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ,
11:15
I want to explain what the dictionary editors
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืขื ืžื” ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื
11:17
are trying to deal with in this usage note.
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
11:20
Think about the word "peruse"
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืขื™ื•ืŸ"
11:23
and how you use that word.
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ื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื–ื•.
11:27
I would guess many of you are thinking
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื—ืฉืช ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
11:29
of skim, scan, reading quickly.
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ืขืœ ืกืจื™ืงื”, ืจืคืจื•ืฃ, ืงืจื™ืื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”.
11:34
Some of you may even have some walking involved,
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ืืฆืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช,
11:37
because you're perusing grocery store shelves,
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ื›ื™ ืืชื ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืคื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ืœืช,
11:39
or something like that.
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ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
11:41
You might be surprised to learn
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืคืชืขื• ืœืœืžื•ื“
11:43
that if you look in most standard dictionaries,
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ืฉืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื,
11:45
the first definition will be to read carefully,
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ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘,
11:48
or pore over.
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ืื• ืžื–ื™ื’ื”.
11:50
American Heritage has that as the first definition.
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ื‘'ืืžืจื™ืงืŸ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื’' ื–ื• ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
11:53
They then have, as the second definition, skim,
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ื•ืื–, ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืจืคืจื•ืฃ
11:56
and next to that, they say "usage problem."
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ื•ืœื™ื“ ื–ื” ืจืฉื•ื "ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ".
12:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:02
And then they include a usage note,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
12:04
which is worth looking at.
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ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื”.
12:06
So here's the usage note:
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ:
12:08
"Peruse has long meant 'to read thoroughly'...
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"ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” 'ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช'...
12:10
But the word is often used more loosely,
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ืืš ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™
12:12
to mean simply 'to read.'...
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ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” 'ืœืงืจื•ื.'...
12:14
Further extension of the word to mean 'to glance over, skim,'
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ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” 'ืœื”ืขื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื˜, ืœืจืคืจืฃ,'
12:17
has traditionally been considered an error,
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช,
12:19
but our ballot results suggest that it is becoming
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ืืš ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืกืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช
12:22
somewhat more acceptable.
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ืœืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื”.
12:23
When asked about the sentence,
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ื›ืฉืฉืืœื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜,
12:25
'I only had a moment to peruse the manual quickly,'
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'ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืจืง ืจื’ืข ืงืฆืจ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช',
12:28
66 percent of the [Usage] Panel
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66 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืคืื ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
12:30
found it unacceptable in 1988,
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ืžืฆืื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘-1988
12:32
58 percent in 1999,
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58 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘-1999
12:34
and 48 percent in 2011."
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ื•-48 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘-2011."
12:38
Ah, the Usage Panel,
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ืื”, ืคืื ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
12:40
that trusted body of language authorities
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ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ืฃ ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื”
12:42
who is getting more lenient about this.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ืœื ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื”.
12:45
Now, what I hope you're thinking right now is,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื•ื
12:47
"Wait, who's on the Usage Panel?
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"ืจื’ืข, ืžื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืคืื ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ?
12:51
And what should I do with their pronouncements?"
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ื•ืžื” ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื?"
12:54
If you look in the front matter
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ื“ืคื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
12:56
of American Heritage Dictionaries,
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ 'ืืžืจื™ืงืŸ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื’',
12:58
you can actually find the names
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืžืžืฉ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช
12:59
of the people on the Usage Panel.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืื ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
13:01
But who looks at the front matter of dictionaries?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืคื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื?
13:03
There are about 200 people on the Usage Panel.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 200 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืื ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
13:06
They include academicians,
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ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืงื“ืžืื™ื,
13:08
journalists, creative writers.
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ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื, ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
13:10
There's a Supreme Court justice on it
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืื ืœ
13:12
and a few linguists.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ื.
13:14
As of 2005, the list includes me.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 2005 ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืื•ืชื™.
13:19
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:23
Here's what we can do for you.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื.
13:26
We can give you a sense
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’
13:29
of the range of opinions about contested usage.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
13:32
That is and should be the extent of our authority.
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ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
13:35
We are not a language academy.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ.
13:38
About once a year, I get a ballot
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื ื”, ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”
13:41
that asks me about whether new uses,
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ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืืœืช ืื•ืชื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
13:44
new pronunciations, new meanings, are acceptable.
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ื”ื’ื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ.
13:48
Now here's what I do to fill out the ballot.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข.
13:51
I listen to what other people are saying and writing.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื.
13:54
I do not listen to my own likes
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช
13:56
and dislikes about the English language.
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ืื• ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
14:00
I will be honest with you:
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ืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ื›ื ื” ืื™ืชื›ื:
14:01
I do not like the word "impactful,"
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื”,"
14:04
but that is neither here nor there
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ืืš ื–ื” ืœื ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
14:06
in terms of whether "impactful" is becoming common usage
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืื "ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื”" ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:09
and becoming more acceptable in written prose.
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ื•ืœืงื‘ื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”.
14:12
So to be responsible,
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ืื– ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืื™ืช,
14:14
what I do is go look at usage,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
14:16
which often involves going to look
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ืืฉืจ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง
14:18
at online databases such as Google Books.
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ื‘ืžืื’ืจื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืจืฉืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื’ื•ื’ืœ.
14:21
Well, if you look for "impactful" in Google Books,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืื—ืจ "ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื”" ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื’ื•ื’ืœ,
14:23
here is what you find.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืชืžืฆืื•.
14:27
Well, it sure looks like "impactful"
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ "ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื”"
14:29
is proving useful
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ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื™ืขื™ืœ
14:31
for a certain number of writers,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื,
14:32
and has become more and more useful
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ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ
14:34
over the last 20 years.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
14:36
Now, there are going to be changes
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
14:38
that all of us don't like in the language.
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ื‘ืฉืคื”, ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.
14:41
There are going to be changes where you think,
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ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืืชื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•,
14:43
"Really?
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"ื‘ืืžืช?
14:44
Does the language have to change that way?"
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ื”ืื ื”ืฉืคื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื•?"
14:47
What I'm saying is,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ื•ื,
14:49
we should be less quick
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื–ื™ื–ื™ื
14:51
to decide that that change is terrible,
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืจืื™,
14:55
we should be less quick to impose
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื–ื™ื–ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคื™ื™ืช
14:56
our likes and dislikes about words on other people,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
15:00
and we should be entirely reluctant
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
15:03
to think that the English language is in trouble.
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ืžื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื”.
15:05
It's not. It is rich and vibrant and filled
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ื”ื™ื ืœื. ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืœืื”
15:09
with the creativity of the speakers who speak it.
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ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
15:12
In retrospect, we think it's fascinating
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ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื“ื“ ืœื‘
15:15
that the word "nice" used to mean silly,
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื ื—ืžื“" ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™,
15:18
and that the word "decimate"
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ื•ื›ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื”ืฉืžื“ื”"
15:20
used to mean to kill one in every 10.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืขืฉืจื”.
15:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:29
We think that Ben Franklin was being silly
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืŸ ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคืฉื•ืช
15:34
to worry about "notice" as a verb.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ืื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ" ื›ืคื•ืขืœ.
15:36
Well, you know what?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”?
15:38
We're going to look pretty silly in a hundred years
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืื” ืฉื ื”
15:41
for worrying about "impact" as a verb
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื“ืื’ื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืคื’ื™ืขื”" ืคื•ืขืœ
15:43
and "invite" as a noun.
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ื•"ื”ื–ืžื ื”" ื›ืฉื ืขืฆื.
15:46
The language is not going to change so fast
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ื”ืฉืคื” ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”
15:48
that we can't keep up.
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงืฆื‘.
15:50
Language just doesn't work that way.
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ืฉืคื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื›ืš.
15:52
I hope that what you can do
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
15:54
is find language change not worrisome
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืœื ืžื˜ืจื™ื“
15:57
but fun and fascinating,
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ืืœื ืžื”ื ื” ื•ืžืจืชืง,
15:59
just the way dictionary editors do.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืฉืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื.
16:02
I hope you can enjoy being part
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง
16:04
of the creativity that is continually remaking
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ืžื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
16:09
our language and keeping it robust.
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ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจื” ืฉื•ืคืขืช.
16:12
So how does a word get into a dictionary?
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ืื– ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื™ืœื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืžื™ืœื•ืŸ?
16:15
It gets in because we use it
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ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืฉื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”
16:17
and we keep using it,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”,
16:19
and dictionary editors are paying attention to us.
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ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื ื•.
16:23
If you're thinking, "But that lets all of us decide
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ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, "ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
16:26
what words mean,"
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ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื,"
16:28
I would say, "Yes it does,
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช, "ืื›ืŸ,
16:32
and it always has."
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืžื™ื“."
16:34
Dictionaries are a wonderful guide and resource,
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ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื,
16:38
but there is no objective dictionary authority out there
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ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืื™ ืฉื
16:42
that is the final arbiter about what words mean.
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื” ื”ืคื•ืกืงืช ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื.
16:46
If a community of speakers is using a word
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ืื ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื”
16:48
and knows what it means, it's real.
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ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื”, ืื– ื”ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
16:52
That word might be slangy,
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืœื ื’,
16:53
that word might be informal,
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ืช,
16:55
that word might be a word that you think
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืชื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•
16:57
is illogical or unnecessary,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืื• ืœื ืžื•ืฆืจืš ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
16:59
but that word that we're using,
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ืืš ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื,
17:02
that word is real.
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
17:04
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
17:06
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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