Maajid Nawaz: A global culture to fight extremism

106,653 views ใƒป 2011-07-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Oren Szekatch
00:15
Have you ever wondered
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ื”ืื ืชื”ื™ืชื ืื™-ืคืขื ืžื“ื•ืข
00:17
why extremism seems to have been on the rise in Muslim-majority countries
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื’ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™
00:20
over the course of the last decade?
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ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื?
00:23
Have you ever wondered
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ื”ืื ืชื”ื™ืชื ืื™-ืคืขื
00:25
how such a situation can be turned around?
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ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช?
00:27
Have you ever looked at the Arab uprisings
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ื”ืื ืื™-ืคืขื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ืชื ื‘ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช
00:29
and thought, "How could we have predicted that?"
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื, "ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื–ืืช?"
00:31
or "How could we have better prepared for that?"
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ืื• "ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ืœื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ?"
00:34
Well my personal story, my personal journey,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื™, ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช,
00:37
what brings me to the TED stage here today,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืžืช TED,
00:39
is a demonstration of exactly what's been happening
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืฉื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ
00:41
in Muslim-majority countries
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™
00:43
over the course of the last decades, at least, and beyond.
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ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
00:46
I want to share some of that story with you,
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื”
00:48
but also some of my ideas around change
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ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
00:51
and the role of social movements in creating change
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ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
00:54
in Muslim-majority societies.
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™.
00:56
So let me begin
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
00:58
by first of all giving a very, very brief history of time,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืงืฆืจื” ืžืื“,
01:01
if I may indulge.
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ืื ื™ื•ืจืฉื” ืœื™.
01:03
In medieval societies there were defined allegiances.
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช.
01:06
An identity was defined
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ื›ืฉื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื”
01:08
primarily by religion.
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ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืข"ื™ ื”ื“ืช,
01:10
And then we moved on into an era in the 19th century
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ื•ืื—ืจ ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19
01:13
with the rise of a European nation-state
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ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืœืื•ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช
01:16
where identities and allegiances were defined
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื•
01:18
by ethnicity.
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืืชื ื™.
01:20
So identity was primarily defined by ethnicity,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืืชื ื™,
01:22
and the nation-state reflected that.
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืœืื•ื ืฉื™ืงืคื” ื–ืืช.
01:24
In the age of globalization, we moved on.
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ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื›ื ื• ื”ืœืื”.
01:27
I call it the era of citizenship --
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ืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ื–ืืช "ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช"โ€”
01:30
where people could be from multi-racial, multi-ethnic backgrounds,
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ื›ืฉื”ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืจื‘-ื’ื–ืขื™, ืจื‘-ืืชื ื™,
01:33
but all be equal as citizens
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื
01:35
in a state.
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ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
01:37
You could be American-Italian; you could be American-Irish;
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™-ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™, ืืžืจื™ืงืื™-ืื™ืจื™,
01:40
you could be British-Pakistani.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™-ืคืงื™ืกื˜ื ื™.
01:42
But I believe now
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ืืš ื›ืขืช ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ
01:44
that we're moving into a new age,
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ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ,
01:46
and that age The New York Times dubbed recently
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ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื”"ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก" ื›ื™ื ื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
01:48
as "the age of behavior."
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"ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช".
01:51
How I define the age of behavior
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช
01:53
is a period of transnational allegiances,
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ื›ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ืขืœ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
01:56
where identity is defined more so
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:58
by ideas and narratives.
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ืœืคื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื,
02:00
And these ideas and narratives that bump people across borders
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ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืžืขืžืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ
02:03
are increasingly beginning to affect
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข
02:05
the way in which people behave.
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ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื.
02:08
Now this is not all necessarily good news,
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
02:11
because it's also my belief
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื’ื
02:13
that hatred has gone global
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ืฉื”ืฉื ืื” ื”ืคื›ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
02:15
just as much as love.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืื”ื‘ื”.
02:19
But actually it's my belief
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ืืš ืื ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ
02:21
that the people who've been truly capitalizing on this age of behavior,
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ืฉืžื™ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืขืฉื• ื”ื•ืŸ ืžืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”,
02:24
up until now, up until recent times,
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ืขื“ ืžืžืฉ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
02:26
up until the last six months,
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ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
02:28
the people who have been capitalizing most
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ืืœื” ืฉื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”
02:30
on the age of behavior
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ืžืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช
02:32
and the transnational allegiances,
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ื•ืžื”ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืขืœ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
02:34
using digital activism
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™
02:36
and other sorts of borderless technologies,
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ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœ-ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช,
02:38
those who've been benefiting from this
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ืžื™ ืฉื”ืคื™ืงื• ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื›ืš
02:40
have been extremists.
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
02:44
And that's something which I'd like to elaborate on.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•.
02:47
If we look at Islamists,
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ืื ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืกืœืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื,
02:49
if we look at the phenomenon
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ืื ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื”
02:51
of far-right fascists,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื ื”ื™ืžื ื™-ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
02:54
one thing they've been very good at,
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ื•,
02:56
one thing that they've actually been exceeding in,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•,
02:58
is communicating across borders,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื•ืฆืช-ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
03:00
using technologies to organize themselves,
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ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ,
03:02
to propagate their message
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ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจืชื
03:05
and to create truly global phenomena.
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช.
03:08
Now I should know,
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ื•ืžื™ ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื–ืืช,
03:10
because for 13 years of my life,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš 13 ืฉื ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™
03:12
I was involved in an extreme Islamist organization.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื™ืกืœืžื™ืกื˜ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
03:16
And I was actually a potent force
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžืฉืชื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืจื‘-ืขื•ืฆืžื”
03:18
in spreading ideas across borders,
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ืœื”ืคืฆืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
03:20
and I witnessed the rise of Islamist extremism
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื“ ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืกืœื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™
03:23
as distinct from Islam the faith,
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ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžื”ืื™ืกืœื ื›ืืžื•ื ื”,
03:26
and the way in which it influenced my co-religionists
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ื•ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื–ื” ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
03:28
across the world.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:30
And my story, my personal story,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™,
03:32
is truly evidence for the age of behavior
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ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช ืืช ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช
03:34
that I'm attempting to elaborate upon here.
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ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื›ืืŸ.
03:37
I was, by the way -- I'm an Essex lad,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™, ืื’ื‘โ€”ืื ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืืกืงืก,
03:39
born and raised in Essex in the U.K.
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ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื•ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืืกืงืก ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
03:41
Anyone who's from England
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ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™
03:43
knows the reputation we have from Essex.
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ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœื ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ืืกืงืก.
03:45
But having been born in Essex,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื‘ืืกืงืก,
03:47
at the age of 16,
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ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 16
03:49
I joined an organization.
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ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืชื™ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ.
03:51
At the age of 17, I was recruiting people from Cambridge University
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 17 ื›ื‘ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกืชื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'
03:54
to this organization.
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ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
03:56
At the age of 19,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 19
03:58
I was on the national leadership of this organization in the U.K.
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ื ืžื ื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื” ื–ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
04:01
At the age of 21, I was co-founding this organization in Pakistan.
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 21 ื”ืฉืชืชืคืชื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
04:04
At the age of 22,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 22
04:06
I was co-founding this organization in Denmark.
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ื”ืฉืชืชืคืชื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง.
04:08
By the age of 24,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 24
04:10
I found myself convicted in prison in Egypt,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื›ืœื ื”ืžืฆืจื™,
04:13
being blacklisted from three countries in the world
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ื•ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 3 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
04:16
for attempting to overthrow their governments,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื“ื™ื— ืืช ืžืžืฉืœื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ,
04:19
being subjected to torture
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
04:21
in Egyptian jails
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ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื›ืœื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื
04:23
and sentenced to five years as a prisoner of conscience.
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ื•ื ืฉืคื˜ืชื™ ืœื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืืกื™ืจ-ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ.
04:26
Now that journey,
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ื•ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื”,
04:28
and what took me from Essex all the way across the world --
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืœืงื— ืื•ืชื™ ืžืืกืงืก ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€”
04:31
by the way, we were laughing at democratic activists.
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ืื’ื‘, ื ื”ื’ื ื• ืœืœื’ืœื’ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
04:34
We felt they were from the age of yesteryear.
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ืœื“ืขืชื ื• ื”ื ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื• ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืืชืžื•ืœ.
04:36
We felt that they were out of date.
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ืœื“ืขืชื ื• ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื™ื.
04:38
I learned how to use email
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื•ื"ืœ
04:41
from the extremist organization that I used.
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคืชื™.
04:44
I learned how to effectively communicate across borders
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช
04:46
without being detected.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉืฃ.
04:48
Eventually I was detected, of course, in Egypt.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืฉืคืชื™ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื.
04:51
But the way in which I learned
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ืืš ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืœืžื“ืชื™
04:53
to use technology to my advantage
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ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™
04:55
was because I was within an extremist organization
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ื ื‘ืขื” ืžื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™
04:58
that was forced to think beyond
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ืฉื ืืœืฅ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจ
05:00
the confines of the nation-state.
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ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
05:02
The age of behavior: where ideas and narratives
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ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช: ืฉื‘ื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื
05:04
were increasingly defining behavior
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ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช,
05:07
and identity and allegiances.
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ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช.
05:09
So as I said, we looked to the status quo
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™, ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื™ื
05:12
and ridiculed it.
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ื•ืœืขื’ื ื• ืœื•.
05:14
And it's not just Islamist extremists that did this.
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช,
05:16
But even if you look across
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ืืœื ืื ืชื‘ื—ื ื•
05:18
the mood music in Europe of late,
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ืืช ื”ืœืš ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
05:20
far-right fascism is also on the rise.
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ืชืจืื• ืฉื’ื ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฆื•ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื—,
05:22
A form of anti-Islam rhetoric
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ื•ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืื ื˜ื™-ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช
05:24
is also on the rise
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ื ืžืฆืืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื”,
05:26
and it's transnational.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืœ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
05:28
And the consequences that this is having
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ื•ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืŸ
05:31
is that it's affecting the political climate
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™
05:34
across Europe.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
05:36
What's actually happening
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื
05:38
is that what were previously localized parochialisms,
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ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื“ืชื™ื•ืช,
05:41
individual or groupings of extremists
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ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช
05:44
who were isolated from one another,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืืœื”,
05:46
have become interconnected in a globalized way
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ื ืขืฉื• ืžืชื•ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
05:49
and have thus become, or are becoming, mainstream.
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ื•ื›ื›ืืœื”, ื”ืคื›ื• ืื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื–ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™.
05:52
Because the Internet and connection technologies
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ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
05:55
are connecting them across the world.
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ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
05:58
If you look at the rise of far-right fascism across Europe of late,
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ืื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช-ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
06:01
you will see some things that are happening
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืชืจืื• ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื
06:03
that are influencing domestic politics,
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ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช,
06:05
yet the phenomenon is transnational.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
06:08
In certain countries, mosque minarets are being banned.
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื—ื™ ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื,
06:10
In others, headscarves are being banned.
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ื‘ืื—ืจื•ืช ืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฆืขื™ืคื™ ืจืืฉ,
06:12
In others, kosher and halal meat are being banned,
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ื‘ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืฉืจ ื›ืฉืจ ื•ื—ืœืืœ ื”ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื,
06:14
as we speak.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืขืช.
06:16
And on the flip side,
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ื•ืžื ื’ื“,
06:18
we have transnational Islamist extremists
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
06:21
doing the same thing across their own societies.
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื-ืขืฆืžื.
06:24
And so they are pockets of parochialism that are being connected
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื™ืกื™ ืขื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื
06:27
in a way that makes them feel like they are mainstream.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™.
06:30
Now that never would have been possible before.
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
06:32
They would have felt isolated,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
06:34
until these sorts of technologies came around
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ืืš ืื– ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
06:36
and connected them in a way
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ื•ืงื™ืฉืจื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”
06:38
that made them feel part of a larger phenomenon.
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ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœื”ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื•ืคืขื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:40
Where does that leave democracy aspirants?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื•ื—ืจื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”?
06:43
Well I believe they're getting left far behind.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
06:46
And I'll give you an example here at this stage.
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ื•ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืขืœ ื‘ืžื” ื–ื•.
06:49
If any of you remembers the Christmas Day bomb plot:
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ืื ื–ื›ื•ืจื” ืœื›ื ืžื–ื™ืžืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“,
06:52
there's a man called Anwar al-Awlaki.
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ืื ื•ื•ืืจ ืื•ื•ืœืืงื™.
06:55
As an American citizen, ethnically a Yemeni,
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ืฉื›ืื–ืจื— ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืžื•ืฆื ืชื™ืžื ื™
06:57
in hiding currently in Yemen,
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ืžืกืชืชืจ ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ,
06:59
who inspired a Nigerian,
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ืฉื ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื ื™ื’ืจื™ ืื—ื“,
07:01
son of the head of Nigeria's national bank.
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ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืฉืœ ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”.
07:03
This Nigerian student studied in London, trained in Yemen,
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ื”ื ื™ื’ืจื™ ื”ื–ื” ืœืžื“ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชืืžืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ,
07:06
boarded a flight in Amsterdam to attack America.
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ื•ื˜ืก ืœืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
07:09
In the meanwhile,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื,
07:11
the Old mentality with a capital O,
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ืืช ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื”,
07:13
was represented by his father, the head of the Nigerian bank,
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ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื‘ื™ื•, ืจืืฉ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืฉืœ ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”,
07:16
warning the CIA that his own son was about to attack,
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ื‘ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืกื™-ืื™-ืื™ื™ ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืข
07:19
and this warning fell on deaf ears.
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ื•ืื–ื”ืจื” ื–ื• ื ืคืœื” ืขืœ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื•ืช.
07:21
The Old mentality with a capital O,
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ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื”,
07:24
as represented by the nation-state,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืื•ืชื” ืื•ืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
07:26
not yet fully into the age of behavior,
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ืฉื˜ืจื ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช,
07:28
not recognizing the power of transnational social movements,
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ื•ืœื ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื›ื•ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืœ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
07:31
got left behind.
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ื ื•ืชืจื” ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
07:33
And the Christmas Day bomber almost succeeded
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ื•ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื—
07:35
in attacking the United States of America.
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ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
07:39
Again with the example of the far right:
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ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™:
07:42
that we find, ironically,
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ืื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื”,
07:44
xenophobic nationalists
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ืฉืœืื•ืžื ื™ื ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ืคื—ื“-ื–ืจื™ื
07:49
are utilizing the benefits of globalization.
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ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
07:52
So why are they succeeding?
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ืžื” ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื?
07:54
And why are democracy aspirants falling behind?
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื•ื—ืจื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžืคื’ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ื?
07:57
Well we need to understand the power of the social movements who understand this.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
08:00
And a social movement is comprised, in my view,
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ื•ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืœื“ืขืชื™,
08:03
it's comprised of four main characteristics.
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ื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื:
08:05
It's comprised of ideas and narratives
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ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื,
08:07
and symbols and leaders.
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ืกืžืœื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื.
08:09
I'll talk you through one example,
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ืืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช,
08:11
and that's the example that everyone here will be aware of,
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื›ืืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื,
08:14
and that's the example of Al-Qaeda.
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ื”ืœื ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืืœ-ืงืขื™ื“ื”.
08:17
If I asked you to think of the ideas of Al-Qaeda,
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ืื ืื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœ-ืงืขื™ื“ื”
08:19
that's something that comes to your mind immediately.
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ืืชื ืžื™ื“ ืชื™ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ื”ื.
08:21
If I ask you to think of their narratives --
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ืื ืื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืโ€”
08:23
the West being at war with Islam, the need to defend Islam against the West --
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ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืื™ืกืœื, ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืกืœื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื‘โ€”
08:26
these narratives, they come to your mind immediately.
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ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืืชื ืžื™ื“ ืชื™ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ื”ื.
08:29
Incidentally, the difference between ideas and narratives:
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ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื
08:32
the idea is the cause that one believes in;
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ื” ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
08:35
and the narrative is the way to sell that cause --
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ื•ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸโ€”
08:38
the propaganda, if you like, of the cause.
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ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื”, ืื ืชืจืฆื•, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
08:41
So the ideas and the narratives of Al-Qaeda come to your mind immediately.
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ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœ-ืงืขื™ื“ื” ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช
08:44
If I ask you to think of their symbols and their leaders,
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ืื ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
08:46
they come to your mind immediately.
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ืืชื ืžื™ื“ ืชื™ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ื”ื.
08:48
One of their leaders was killed in Pakistan recently.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื ื”ืจื’ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
08:50
So these symbols and these leaders
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ืื– ื‘ืกืžืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืืœื”
08:52
come to your mind immediately.
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ืงืœ ืžืื“ ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ.
08:54
And that's the power of social movements.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื›ื•ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
08:56
They're transnational, and they bond around these ideas and narratives
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ื”ืŸ ืขืœ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื
08:59
and these symbols and these leaders.
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ืกืžืœื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืืœื”.
09:02
However,
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ืื‘ืœ
09:04
if I ask your minds to focus currently on Pakistan,
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ืื ืื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ,
09:07
and I ask you to think
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ื•ืื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
09:10
of the symbols and the leaders for democracy
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ืขืœ ืกืžืœื™ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
09:12
in Pakistan today,
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ืฉืœ ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื,
09:14
you'll be hard pressed
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™
09:16
to think beyond perhaps
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
09:18
the assassination of Benazir Bhutto.
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ืคืจื˜ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ืื–ื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื˜ื•
09:20
Which means, by definition,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื”,
09:22
that particular leader no longer exists.
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ืฉืžื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื–ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
09:25
One of the problems we're facing is, in my view,
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ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•, ื‘ืขื™ื ื™,
09:28
that there are no globalized,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
09:30
youth-led, grassroots social movements
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืขืžืžื™ืช,
09:33
advocating for democratic culture
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ืฉืžืงื“ืžืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช
09:35
across Muslim-majority societies.
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™.
09:37
There is no equivalent of the Al-Qaeda, without the terrorism,
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื”-ืขืจืš ืœืืœ-ืงืขื™ื“ื” ืžื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ
09:40
for democracy across Muslim-majority societies.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™.
09:43
There are no ideas and narratives and leaders and symbols
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืกืžืœื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื
09:46
advocating the democratic culture on the ground.
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ืฉืžืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช.
09:50
So that begs the next question.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”:
09:53
Why is it that extremist organizations,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืฉืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื,
09:56
whether of the far-right or of the Islamist extremism --
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ื™ืžื ื™ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืื™ืกืœืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ืโ€”
09:59
Islamism meaning those who wish to impose
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ืื™ืกืœืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ืžืฉืžืข ืืœื” ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื›ืคื•ืช
10:01
one version of Islam over the rest of society --
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ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืกืœื ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”โ€”
10:03
why is it that they are succeeding
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื”ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื
10:05
in organizing in a globalized way,
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ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
10:07
whereas those who aspire to democratic culture
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืฉื•ื—ืจื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช
10:09
are falling behind?
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ืžืคื’ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ื?
10:11
And I believe that's for four reasons.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืืจื‘ืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
10:14
I believe, number one, it's complacency.
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ื”ืื—ืช, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื ื•ืช.
10:17
Because those who aspire to democratic culture
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื•ื—ืจื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช
10:19
are in power,
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ,
10:21
or have societies
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ืื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”
10:23
that are leading globalized, powerful societies,
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ืฉืžื ื”ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื,
10:25
powerful countries.
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช-ืขื•ืฆืžื”.
10:27
And that level of complacency means
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ื•ืจืžื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืื ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื”
10:29
they don't feel the need to advocate for that culture.
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ืฉื”ื ืœื ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
10:32
The second, I believe,
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ืœื“ืขืชื™,
10:34
is political correctness.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืงื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
10:38
That we have a hesitation
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ืื ื• ืžื”ืกืกื™ื
10:41
in espousing the universality of democratic culture
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ืœืฆื“ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช,
10:44
because we are associating that --
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ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ื–ืืชโ€”
10:46
we associate believing in the universality of our values --
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ืื ื• ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•
10:49
with extremists.
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ืขื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
10:51
Yet actually, whenever we talk about human rights,
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ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื,
10:53
we do say that human rights are universal.
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ืื ื• ืื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช.
10:57
But actually going out to propagate that view
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ืคืฆื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื–ื•
10:59
is associated with either neoconservativism
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ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ืœื ื™ืื•-ืฉืžืจื ื•ืช,
11:02
or with Islamist extremism.
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ืื• ืœืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืกืœืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
11:04
To go around saying that I believe
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ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ
11:06
democratic culture is the best that we've arrived at
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ืฉื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื•
11:09
as a form of political organizing
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ื›ื”ืชืืจื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
11:12
is associated with extremism.
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ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ืœืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
11:14
And the third,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช,
11:16
democratic choice in Muslim-majority societies
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ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™
11:18
has been relegated to a political choice,
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช,
11:21
meaning political parties
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ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
11:24
in many of these societies
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ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
11:28
ask people to vote for them
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ืžื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืขื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ
11:30
as the democratic party,
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช,
11:32
but then the other parties ask them to vote for them
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ
11:34
as the military party --
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ื›ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืชโ€”
11:36
wanting to rule by military dictatorship.
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ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช.
11:38
And then you have a third party saying,
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ื•ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื‘ืงืฉืช,
11:40
"Vote for us; we'll establish a theocracy."
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"ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืœืžืขื ื ื•. ื ืงื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ืชื™."
11:42
So democracy has become merely one political choice
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืกืชื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
11:45
among many other forms
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
11:47
of political choices available in those societies.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
11:50
And what happens as a result of this
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš
11:52
is, when those parties are elected,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช,
11:54
and inevitably they fail,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืžื ืข ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช,
11:56
or inevitably they make political mistakes,
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ืื• ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
11:58
democracy takes the blame
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ื”ืŸ ืžืืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
12:00
for their political mistakes.
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ื‘ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
12:02
And then people say, "We've tried democracy. It doesn't really work.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืขื ืื•ืžืจ, "ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”. ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“
12:05
Let's bring the military back again."
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื."
12:07
And the fourth reason, I believe,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ื™ื
12:09
is what I've labeled here on the slide as the ideology of resistance.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ืชืจืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืคื™ืช ื–ื• ื›"ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช".
12:12
What I mean by that is,
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ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื,
12:14
if the world superpower today was a communist,
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ืฉืื ืžืขืฆืžืช ื”ืขืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช
12:16
it would be much easier for democracy activists
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ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
12:18
to use democracy activism
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ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™
12:20
as a form of resistance against colonialism,
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ื›ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื.
12:22
than it is today with the world superpower being America,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื›ื™ื•ื, ื›ืฉืžืขืฆืžืช ื”ืขืœ ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
12:25
occupying certain lands
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื‘ืฉืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
12:27
and also espousing democratic ideals.
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ื•ื’ื ืžืฆื“ื“ืช ื‘ืื™ื“ืืœื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื.
12:29
So roughly these four reasons
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ืื– ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืืจื‘ืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื”
12:31
make it a lot more difficult for democratic culture to spread
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ืžืงืฉื•ืช ืžืื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช
12:34
as a civilizational choice,
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ื›ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”,
12:36
not merely as a political choice.
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ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื’ืจื™ื“ื.
12:39
When talking about those reasons,
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ืื ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
12:41
let's break down certain preconceptions.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืขืจืขืจ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืช-ื™ืกื•ื“.
12:43
Is it just about grievances?
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ื”ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืื™-ืฆื“ืง?
12:45
Is it just about a lack of education?
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ื”ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื”ืฉื›ืœื”?
12:48
Well statistically,
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ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
12:50
the majority of those who join extremist organizations are highly educated.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืชื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ืžืื“.
12:53
Statistically, they are educated, on average,
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ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข
12:55
above the education levels
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืžืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”
12:57
of Western society.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
12:59
Anecdotally, we can demonstrate
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ื›ื”ืžื—ืฉื” ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืœื›ืš,
13:01
that if poverty was the only factor,
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ -
13:03
well Bin Laden is from one of the richest families in Saudi Arabia.
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ื‘ืŸ-ืœืื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืœืื—ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”
13:06
His deputy, Ayman al-Zawahiri, was a pediatrician --
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ืกื’ื ื•, ืื™ื™ืžืŸ ืืœ-ื–ื•ื•ืื”ื™ืจื™, ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืคื ื™ืœื“ื™ืโ€”
13:09
not an ill-educated man.
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ืœื ืื“ื ื—ืกืจ-ื”ืฉื›ืœื”.
13:11
International aid and development has been going on for years,
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ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื•ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื,
13:14
but extremism in those societies, in many of those societies,
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ืืš ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืœื”, ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ,
13:16
has been on the rise.
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ืฆื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื•ื—.
13:18
And what I believe is missing
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉื—ืกืจ
13:20
is genuine grassroots activism
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ื”ื•ื ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืžืžื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—,
13:22
on the ground,
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ื”ื•ื ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืžืžื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—,
13:24
in addition to international aid,
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ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™,
13:26
in addition to education, in addition to health.
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ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
13:29
Not exclusive to these things, but in addition to them,
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ืœื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื, ืืœื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื,
13:32
is propagating a genuine demand for democracy on the ground.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื—.
13:35
And this is where I believe
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ื•ื›ืืŸ, ืœื“ืขืชื™,
13:37
neoconservatism had it upside-down.
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ื”ื ื™ืื•-ืฉืžืจื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื•ืš.
13:39
Neoconservatism had the philosophy
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ื”ื ืื•-ืฉืžืจื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”
13:41
that you go in with a supply-led approach
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ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืขื ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื”ื™ืฆืข,
13:44
to impose democratic values from the top down.
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ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืœืžืขืœื”,
13:47
Whereas Islamists and far-right organizations, for decades,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืกืœืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืžื ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืžื–ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
13:50
have been building demand for their ideology on the grassroots.
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ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืขื.
13:53
They've been building civilizational demand for their values
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ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
13:55
on the grassroots,
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ื‘ืขื ืขืฆืžื•.
13:57
and we've been seeing those societies slowly transition
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ื•ืจืื™ื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืื˜-ืื˜
14:00
to societies that are increasingly asking for
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:03
a form of Islamism.
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ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ืกืœืžื™ื–ื.
14:05
Mass movements in Pakistan
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ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ
14:07
have been represented after the Arab uprisings
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ื–ื›ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช
14:09
mainly by organizations
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืข"ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื
14:11
claiming for some form of theocracy,
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ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ืช,
14:13
rather than for a democratic uprising.
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ื•ืœื ืœื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช.
14:15
Because since pre-partition,
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ื›ื™ ืžืื– ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืžืคืœื’ื•ืช
14:17
they've been building demand for their ideology on the ground.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—.
14:20
And what's needed is a genuine transnational
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื•ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ืขืœ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช
14:22
youth-led movement
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
14:24
that works to actively advocate
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ืฉืชืคืขืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืคืขื™ืœ
14:26
for the democratic culture --
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ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืชโ€”
14:28
which is necessarily more
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืื•ืžืจ
14:30
than just elections.
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ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ืจื™ื“ื.
14:32
But without freedom of speech, you can't have free and fair elections.
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ืืš ืœืœื ื—ื•ืคืฉ-ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช.
14:35
Without human rights, you don't have the protection granted to you to campaign.
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ืœืœื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช-ืคืจื˜ ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื”,
14:38
Without freedom of belief,
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ืœืœื ื—ื•ืคืฉ-ืืžื•ื ื”,
14:40
you don't have the right to join organizations.
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ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื.
14:42
So what's needed is those organizations on the ground
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—
14:44
advocating for the democratic culture itself
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ืฉื™ืงื“ืžื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืขืฆืžื”
14:49
to create the demand on the ground for this culture.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื•.
14:53
What that will do
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื™ื
14:55
is avoid the problem I was talking about earlier,
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ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขืœื™ื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื,
14:58
where currently we have political parties presenting democracy
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
15:01
as merely a political choice in those societies
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ืจืง ื›ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืœื”
15:04
alongside other choices
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ืœืฆื“ ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
15:06
such as military rule and theocracy.
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ืช.
15:08
Whereas if we start building this demand on the ground on a civilizational level,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—,
15:11
rather than merely on a political level,
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ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช,
15:13
a level above politics --
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ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืžืขืœ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”โ€”
15:16
movements that are not political parties,
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
15:18
but are rather creating this civilizational demand
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ืืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ
15:20
for this democratic culture.
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ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช.
15:22
What we'll have in the end
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ืžื” ืฉื ืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
15:24
is this ideal that you see on the slide here --
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ื“ืืœ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืคื™ืช ื›ืืŸโ€”
15:26
the ideal that people should vote in an existing democracy,
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ืœืคื™ื• ื”ืขื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช,
15:30
not for a democracy.
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ื•ืœื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
15:32
But to get to that stage,
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ืืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
15:34
where democracy builds the fabric of society
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืจืงื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
15:37
and the political choices within that fabric,
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ื•ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื•: ื™ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืžืืœื™ื•ืช,
15:39
but are certainly not theocratic and military dictatorship --
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ืืš ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื‘ืœื™ ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ืื• ืฆื‘ืื™ืชโ€”
15:44
i.e. you're voting in a democracy,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช,
15:46
in an existing democracy,
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ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช,
15:48
and that democracy is not merely one of the choices at the ballot box.
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ืกืชื ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืœืคื™.
15:51
To get to that stage,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
15:53
we genuinely need to start building demand
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ
15:56
in those societies on the ground.
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื—.
16:01
Now to conclude, how does that happen?
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ื•ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”?
16:04
Well, Egypt is a good starting point.
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ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
16:06
The Arab uprisings have demonstrated that this is already beginning.
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ื”ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื” ืฉื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ.
16:09
But what happened in the Arab uprisings and what happened in Egypt
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื
16:12
was particularly cathartic for me.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื–ื›ืš ืขื‘ื•ืจื™.
16:15
What happened there was a political coalition
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืฉืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
16:18
gathered together for a political goal,
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ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื” ืฉื ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช,
16:20
and that was to remove the leader.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืœืง ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’.
16:22
We need to move one step beyond that now.
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ื›ืขืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื.
16:24
We need to see how we can help those societies
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
16:26
move from political coalitions,
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
16:28
loosely based political coalitions,
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ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืคืคื•ืช,
16:30
to civilizational coalitions
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ืœืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”
16:32
that are working for the ideals and narratives
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ืฉืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืื™ื“ืืœ ื•ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื
16:34
of the democratic culture on the ground.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื˜ื—.
16:36
Because it's not enough to remove a leader
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ื›ื™ ืœื ื“ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืœื•ืง ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’,
16:38
or ruler or dictator.
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ืื• ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืื• ื”ืจื•ื“ืŸ.
16:40
That doesn't guarantee that what comes next
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื‘ื”ืžืฉืš
16:42
will be a society built on democratic values.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื.
16:46
But generally, the trends that start in Egypt
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ืืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื
16:48
have historically spread across the MENA region,
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ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช
16:50
the Middle East and North Africa region.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
16:52
So when Arab socialism started in Egypt, it spread across the region.
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ื›ืฉื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ
16:55
In the '80s and '90s when Islamism started in the region,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื•ื”-90, ื›ืฉื”ืื™ืกืœืžื™ื–ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ,
16:58
it spread across the MENA region as a whole.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
17:01
And the aspiration that we have at the moment --
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ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืจื’ืขโ€”
17:03
as young Arabs are proving today
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ื›ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื
17:05
and instantly rebranding themselves
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ื•ืžืžืชื’ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืžื—ื“ืฉ
17:07
as being prepared to die for more than just terrorism --
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ื›ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื˜ืจื•ืจโ€”
17:10
is that there is a chance
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
17:13
that democratic culture can start in the region
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ
17:15
and spread across to the rest of the countries that are surrounding that.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืฆื” ืœื™ืชืจ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•.
17:17
But that will require
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘
17:19
helping these societies transition
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ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ
17:21
from having merely political coalitions
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ืžืกืชื ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
17:23
to building genuinely grassroots-based social movements
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ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืขืžืžื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช
17:26
that advocate for the democratic culture.
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ืฉื™ืงื“ืžื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช.
17:28
And we've made a start for that in Pakistan
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ
17:31
with a movement called Khudi,
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ืขื ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื "ื—ื•ื“ื™"
17:33
where we are working on the ground to encourage the youth
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ื•ืื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
17:36
to create genuine buy-in for the democratic culture.
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ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช
17:39
And it's with that thought that I'll end.
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ื•ืขื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ืืกื™ื™ื.
17:41
And my time is up, and thank you for your time.
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ื–ืžื ื™ ืชื. ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืฉื”ืงื“ืฉืชื ืžื–ืžื ื›ื.
17:43
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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