Maajid Nawaz: A global culture to fight extremism

106,486 views ・ 2011-07-14

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Kyo young Chu κ²€ν† : Jeong-Lan Kinser
00:15
Have you ever wondered
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μ§€λ‚œ μ‹­ μ—¬λ…„κ°„
00:17
why extremism seems to have been on the rise in Muslim-majority countries
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무슬림 μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ κ΅­κ°€μ—μ„œ κ·Ήλ‹¨μ£Όμ˜κ°€ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 이유λ₯Ό
00:20
over the course of the last decade?
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생각해 보신 적 μžˆμœΌμ‹­λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
00:23
Have you ever wondered
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그런 상황이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν˜Έμ „λ  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€
00:25
how such a situation can be turned around?
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κΆκΈˆν•΄ ν•΄ 보신 적 μžˆμœΌμ‹­λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
00:27
Have you ever looked at the Arab uprisings
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μ•„λž 폭동을 μ§€μΌœλ³΄λ©°
00:29
and thought, "How could we have predicted that?"
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"이런 일을 μ˜ˆμƒν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 방법은 λ¬΄μ—‡μ΄μ—ˆμ„κΉŒ" ν˜Ήμ€
00:31
or "How could we have better prepared for that?"
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"이런 일에 λ”μš± 잘 λŒ€λΉ„ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 방법은 λ¬΄μ—‡μ΄μ—ˆμ„κΉŒ?" 라고 생각해 보신 적 μžˆμœΌμ‹ κ°€μš”?
00:34
Well my personal story, my personal journey,
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였늘 TED강연에 λ‚˜μ˜€κ²Œ ν•œ
00:37
what brings me to the TED stage here today,
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μ €μ˜ 개인적 이야기와 제 μ‚Άμ˜ 여정은
00:39
is a demonstration of exactly what's been happening
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μ§€λ‚œ 수 μ‹­λ…„ λ™μ•ˆμ— κ±Έμ³μ„œ 무슬림 쀑심 κ΅­κ°€λ“€μ—μ„œ
00:41
in Muslim-majority countries
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무슨 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚¬μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€
00:43
over the course of the last decades, at least, and beyond.
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μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ μ„€λͺ…ν•΄ μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:46
I want to share some of that story with you,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ κ·Έ 쀑 λͺ‡ 가지 일화λ₯Ό λ“€λ €λ“œλ¦΄κΉŒ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:48
but also some of my ideas around change
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그리고 νšŒκ΅λ„ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ 변화와
00:51
and the role of social movements in creating change
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κ·Έ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒμš΄λ™μ˜ 역할에 λŒ€ν•œ
00:54
in Muslim-majority societies.
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μ €μ˜ μ˜κ²¬μ„ λ‚˜λˆ„κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:56
So let me begin
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μ €μ˜ 탐닉을 ν—ˆλ½ν•˜μ‹ λ‹€λ©΄
00:58
by first of all giving a very, very brief history of time,
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μ•„μ£Ό μ•„μ£Ό κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ
01:01
if I may indulge.
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역사 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ‘œ μ‹œμž‘ν• κΉŒ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:03
In medieval societies there were defined allegiances.
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쀑세 봉건 μ‹œλŒ€μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‹ μ’…(θ‡£εΎž)의 μ˜λ¬΄κ°€ μ •ν•΄μ Έ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:06
An identity was defined
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주둜 쒅ꡐ에 μ˜ν•΄μ„œ
01:08
primarily by religion.
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신뢄이 κ²°μ •λ˜μ—ˆμ£ 
01:10
And then we moved on into an era in the 19th century
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그리고 19세기에 μ ‘μ–΄λ“€μ–΄μ„œ
01:13
with the rise of a European nation-state
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유럽의 λ―Όμ‘±κ΅­κ°€κ°€ λ“μ„Έν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
01:16
where identities and allegiances were defined
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개인의 μ‹ λΆ„κ³Ό μΆ©μ„±μ˜ λŒ€μƒμ€ 민쑱성에 μ˜ν•΄
01:18
by ethnicity.
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κ²°μ •λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:20
So identity was primarily defined by ethnicity,
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신뢄은 민쑱성에 주둜 κ²°μ •λ˜μ—ˆκ³ ,
01:22
and the nation-state reflected that.
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λ―Όμ‘± κ΅­κ°€λŠ” 이λ₯Ό λ°˜μ˜ν–ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:24
In the age of globalization, we moved on.
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μ„Έκ³„ν™”μ˜ μ‹œλŒ€μ— λ“€μ–΄μ„œμž, μ„Έκ³„λŠ” λ‹€μŒ λ‹¨κ³„λ‘œ μ΄λ™ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:27
I call it the era of citizenship --
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μ €λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 인쒅적,
01:30
where people could be from multi-racial, multi-ethnic backgrounds,
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 민쑱적 배경을 가진 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
01:33
but all be equal as citizens
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ν•œ κ΅­κ°€μ—μ„œ λ™μΌν•œ μ‹œλ―Όμ΄ λ˜λŠ” 이 μ‹œλŒ€λ₯Ό
01:35
in a state.
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'μ‹œλ―Όμ˜ μ‹œλŒ€'라고 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:37
You could be American-Italian; you could be American-Irish;
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미ꡭ계 μ΄νƒˆλ¦¬μ•„μΈμΌ μˆ˜λ„ 있고, 미ꡭ계 μ•„μΌλžœλ“œμΈμΌ μˆ˜λ„ 있고,
01:40
you could be British-Pakistani.
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μ˜κ΅­κ³„ νŒŒν‚€μŠ€νƒ„μΈμΌ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:42
But I believe now
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ €λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹œλŒ€λ‘œ
01:44
that we're moving into a new age,
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μ ‘μ–΄λ“€κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:46
and that age The New York Times dubbed recently
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그리고 λ‰΄μš• νƒ€μž„μ¦ˆλŠ” κ·Έ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹œλŒ€λ₯Ό μ΅œκ·Όμ—
01:48
as "the age of behavior."
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"ν–‰λ™μ˜ μ‹œλŒ€"라고 이름 λΆ™μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:51
How I define the age of behavior
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μ €λŠ” ν–‰λ™μ˜ μ‹œλŒ€λ₯Ό
01:53
is a period of transnational allegiances,
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μžμ•„κ°€ 이념과 λ‹΄ν™”λ‘œ μ •μ˜λ˜λŠ”
01:56
where identity is defined more so
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μ΄ˆκ΅­κ°€μ μΈ μΆ©μ„±μ˜ μ‹œλŒ€λΌκ³ 
01:58
by ideas and narratives.
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μ •μ˜ λ‚΄λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:00
And these ideas and narratives that bump people across borders
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그리고 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ ꡭ경에 κ±Έμ³μ„œ μΆ©λŒν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ”
02:03
are increasingly beginning to affect
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 이념과 λ‹΄ν™”λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 행동 방식에
02:05
the way in which people behave.
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점점 더 λ§Žμ€ 영ν–₯을 끼치기 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:08
Now this is not all necessarily good news,
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자, 이것은 κΌ­ 쒋은 μ†Œμ‹λ§Œμ€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:11
because it's also my belief
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 제 μƒκ°μ—λŠ”
02:13
that hatred has gone global
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μ‚¬λž‘μ΄ μ „μ„Έκ³„λ‘œ νΌμ§€λŠ” 만큼
02:15
just as much as love.
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증였 λ˜ν•œ 같이 퍼지고 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:19
But actually it's my belief
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ œκ°€ λ―ΏκΈ°λ‘œλŠ”
02:21
that the people who've been truly capitalizing on this age of behavior,
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€λŠ”,
02:24
up until now, up until recent times,
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μ΅œκ·ΌκΉŒμ§€λŠ”,
02:26
up until the last six months,
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또 μ§€λ‚œ 6κ°œμ›”κΉŒμ§€λŠ”,
02:28
the people who have been capitalizing most
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디지털 ν–‰λ™μ£Όμ˜μ™€
02:30
on the age of behavior
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜
02:32
and the transnational allegiances,
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μ΄ˆκ΅­κ°€μ μΈ κΈ°μˆ λ“€μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
02:34
using digital activism
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ν–‰λ™μ˜ μ‹œλŒ€μ—μ„œ
02:36
and other sorts of borderless technologies,
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μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ μžλ³Έν™”μ‹œμΌœμ˜¨ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
02:38
those who've been benefiting from this
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μ΄κ²ƒμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 잘 이읡을 많이 λ³Έ
02:40
have been extremists.
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κ·Ήλ‹¨μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:44
And that's something which I'd like to elaborate on.
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그리고 그게 λ°”λ‘œ μ œκ°€ 더 μžμ„Ένžˆ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³  싢은 κ²ƒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:47
If we look at Islamists,
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λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€κ»˜μ„œ μ΄μŠ¬λžŒκ΅λ„λ“€μ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ‹ λ‹€λ©΄,
02:49
if we look at the phenomenon
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즉, 극우주의 νŒŒμ‹œμŠ€νŠΈλ“€μ˜
02:51
of far-right fascists,
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ν–‰νƒœ ν˜„μƒμ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄,
02:54
one thing they've been very good at,
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그듀이 μ•„μ£Ό νƒμ›”ν•œ ν•œ κ°€μ§€λŠ”,
02:56
one thing that they've actually been exceeding in,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 점점 더 ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” ν•œ κ°€μ§€λŠ”
02:58
is communicating across borders,
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κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
03:00
using technologies to organize themselves,
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κ·Έλ“€ μžμ‹ λ“€μ„ μ‘°μ§ν•˜κ³ ,
03:02
to propagate their message
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 메세지λ₯Ό λ³΄κΈ‰μ‹œν‚€κ³ ,
03:05
and to create truly global phenomena.
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μ§„μ •ν•œ 세계적 ν˜„μƒμ„ μƒμ„±μ‹œμΌœ ꡭ경을 μ΄ˆμ›”ν•΄μ„œ μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅μ„ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:08
Now I should know,
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μ „ 13λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
03:10
because for 13 years of my life,
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극단적인 이슬람 λ‹¨μ²΄μ—μ„œ ν™œλ™μ„ ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
03:12
I was involved in an extreme Islamist organization.
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이λ₯Ό μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:16
And I was actually a potent force
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그리고 μ €λŠ” 사싀 사상을
03:18
in spreading ideas across borders,
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μ „μ„Έκ³„λ‘œ νΌνŠΈλ¦¬λŠ”λ° μžˆμ–΄μ„œ 유λ ₯ μΈλ¬Όμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:20
and I witnessed the rise of Islamist extremism
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μ „ 이슬람ꡐ의 ꡐ리와,
03:23
as distinct from Islam the faith,
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또 세계에 νΌμ ΈμžˆλŠ”
03:26
and the way in which it influenced my co-religionists
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제 λ™λ£Œ μ’…κ΅μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ 영ν–₯을 μ€€ λ°©λ²•κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ
03:28
across the world.
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이슬람ꡐ κ·Ήλ‹¨μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ˜ 뢀상을 μ§€μΌœλ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:30
And my story, my personal story,
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그리고 제 개인적인 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ”
03:32
is truly evidence for the age of behavior
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μ œκ°€ μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μƒμ„Ένžˆ μ„€λͺ…λ“œλ¦¬κ³ μž ν• 
03:34
that I'm attempting to elaborate upon here.
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ν–‰λ™μ˜ μ‹œλŒ€μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ§„μ •ν•œ μ¦κ±°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:37
I was, by the way -- I'm an Essex lad,
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그건 κ·Έλ ‡κ³ , μ „ 영ꡭ의 μ—μ„ΉμŠ€μ—μ„œ
03:39
born and raised in Essex in the U.K.
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νƒœμ–΄λ‚˜κ³ , μžλž€ μ—μ„ΉμŠ€ μ²­λ…„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:41
Anyone who's from England
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μ˜κ΅­μ—μ„œ μ˜€μ‹  뢄듀이라면
03:43
knows the reputation we have from Essex.
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μ—μ„ΉμŠ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 가진 λͺ…성을 읡히 μ•Œκ³  κ³„μ‹€κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:45
But having been born in Essex,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ „ μ—μ„ΉμŠ€ μΆœμ‹ μ΄μ–΄μ„œ,
03:47
at the age of 16,
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16μ„Έκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
03:49
I joined an organization.
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ν•œ 단체에 κ°€μž…μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:51
At the age of 17, I was recruiting people from Cambridge University
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17μ„Έμ—λŠ” μΊμž„λΈŒλ¦¬μ§€ λŒ€ν•™μ—μ„œ
03:54
to this organization.
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이 단체에 κ°€μž…ν•  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λͺ¨μ§‘ν–ˆμ—ˆκ³ ,
03:56
At the age of 19,
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19μ„Έκ°€ λ˜μ–΄μ„œλŠ”
03:58
I was on the national leadership of this organization in the U.K.
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μ „ μ˜κ΅­μ§€λΆ€μ˜ λŒ€ν‘œκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:01
At the age of 21, I was co-founding this organization in Pakistan.
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21μ‚΄μ—λŠ” νŒŒν‚€μŠ€νƒ„μ—μ„œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό 지뢀λ₯Ό μ„Έμ› κ³ ,
04:04
At the age of 22,
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22μ‚΄μ—λŠ”
04:06
I was co-founding this organization in Denmark.
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λ΄λ§ˆν¬μ— 이 쑰직의 지뢀λ₯Ό ν˜‘μ‘°μ‘°μ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:08
By the age of 24,
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24살이 λ˜μ–΄μ„œλŠ”,
04:10
I found myself convicted in prison in Egypt,
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ •λΆ€λ₯Ό μ „λ³΅μ‹œν‚¬ μ‹œλ„λ₯Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” λͺ…λͺ©μœΌλ‘œ
04:13
being blacklisted from three countries in the world
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μ„Έ λ‚˜λΌμ˜ λΈ”λž™λ¦¬μŠ€νŠΈμ— 등둝이 λ˜μ—ˆκ³ ,
04:16
for attempting to overthrow their governments,
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μ΄μ§‘νŠΈμ˜ 감μ˜₯μ—μ„œ 고문을 λ°›κ³ ,
04:19
being subjected to torture
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μ–‘μ‹¬μˆ˜λ‘œμ„œ
04:21
in Egyptian jails
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5λ…„ ν˜•μ„ μ„ κ³ λ°›κ³ 
04:23
and sentenced to five years as a prisoner of conscience.
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감μ˜₯에 κ°‡νžˆκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:26
Now that journey,
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κ·Έ μ—¬μ •,
04:28
and what took me from Essex all the way across the world --
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그리고 절 μ—μ„ΉμŠ€μ—μ„œ μ „μ„Έκ³„λ‘œ λ‹€λ‹ˆκ²Œ λ§Œλ“  κ·Έ 여정은,
04:31
by the way, we were laughing at democratic activists.
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그런데, μ €ν¬λŠ” 민주주의 ν™œλ™κ°€λ“€μ„ μ‘°λ‘±ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:34
We felt they were from the age of yesteryear.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 그듀이 μ§€λ‚œ λ‚ μ˜ μ‹œλŒ€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ™”λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμ—ˆκ³ ,
04:36
We felt that they were out of date.
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μ‹œλŒ€μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚œ ꡬλ‹₯닀리라고 λŠκΌˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:38
I learned how to use email
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μ „ μ œκ°€ 있던 κ·Έ κ·Ήλ‹¨μ£Όμ˜ λ‹¨μ²΄μ—μ„œ
04:41
from the extremist organization that I used.
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이메일을 μ“°λŠ” 방법을 λ°°μ› κ³ ,
04:44
I learned how to effectively communicate across borders
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λΆ™μž‘νžˆμ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
04:46
without being detected.
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μ „μ„Έκ³„μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό 효과적으둜 μ†Œν†΅ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ λ°°μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:48
Eventually I was detected, of course, in Egypt.
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비둝 κ²°κ΅­μ—” μ œκ°€ μ΄μ§‘νŠΈμ—μ„œ λΆ™μž‘νžˆκΈ΄ ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œμš”
04:51
But the way in which I learned
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ œκ°€ κΈ°μˆ μ„
04:53
to use technology to my advantage
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제게 μœ λ¦¬ν•˜κ²Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것을
04:55
was because I was within an extremist organization
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배우게 된 방법은
04:58
that was forced to think beyond
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μ œκ°€ λ―Όμ‘±κ΅­κ°€μ˜ ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό λ„˜μ–΄μ„œ μƒκ°ν•˜λ„λ‘ κ°•μš”λ°›μ•˜λ˜
05:00
the confines of the nation-state.
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κ·Ήλ‹¨μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ˜ 단체에 μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:02
The age of behavior: where ideas and narratives
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'ν–‰λ™μ˜ μ‹œλŒ€'λž€ 사상과 이야기가
05:04
were increasingly defining behavior
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점차적으둜 행동, 정체성 그리고 좩성심을
05:07
and identity and allegiances.
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μ •μ˜ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒλ₯Ό λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:09
So as I said, we looked to the status quo
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ Έλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό,
05:12
and ridiculed it.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” ν˜„μž¬ 상황을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³€, μ‘°λ‘±ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:14
And it's not just Islamist extremists that did this.
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그리고 이슬람ꡐ κ·Ήλ‹¨μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€λ§Œ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•œ 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:16
But even if you look across
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ ν›„κΈ° 유럽의 λ¬΄λ“œ μŒμ•…μ„
05:18
the mood music in Europe of late,
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훑어본닀손 μΉ˜λ”λΌλ„,
05:20
far-right fascism is also on the rise.
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극우 ꡭ수주의 λ˜ν•œ μƒμŠΉμ„Έμ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:22
A form of anti-Islam rhetoric
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반이슬람 μˆ˜μ‚¬ν•™μ˜ ν•œ ν˜•νƒœ λ˜ν•œ
05:24
is also on the rise
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λΆ€μƒν•˜κ³  있으며,
05:26
and it's transnational.
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μ΄λŠ” μ΄ˆκ΅­κ°€μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:28
And the consequences that this is having
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그리고 이 ν˜„μƒμ΄ 가지고 μžˆλŠ” κ²°κ³ΌλŠ”
05:31
is that it's affecting the political climate
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이것이 유럽 전역에 걸쳐
05:34
across Europe.
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μ •μΉ˜ 풍토에 영ν–₯을 λΌμΉœλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:36
What's actually happening
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μ§€κΈˆ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것은
05:38
is that what were previously localized parochialisms,
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κ°œμΈμ μ΄κ±°λ‚˜ μ„œλ‘œ λ–¨μ–΄μ ΈμžˆλŠ”
05:41
individual or groupings of extremists
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κ·Ήλ‹¨μ£Όμ˜μžμ˜ 그룹으둜 λŒ€λ³€λ˜λŠ”
05:44
who were isolated from one another,
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μ˜ˆμ „μ˜ 지역적 νŒŒλ²Œμ£Όμ˜κ°€
05:46
have become interconnected in a globalized way
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μ „μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μ„œλ‘œ 연결이 되고 있으며,
05:49
and have thus become, or are becoming, mainstream.
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μ΄λ‘œμΈν•΄ 이미 ν˜Ήμ€ 점점 μ£Όλ₯˜λ‘œ λ˜μ–΄κ°€κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:52
Because the Internet and connection technologies
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μ΄λŠ” 인터넷과 접속 기술이
05:55
are connecting them across the world.
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전세계에 κ±Έμ³μ„œ 그듀을 μ—°κ²°ν•΄μ£Όκ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:58
If you look at the rise of far-right fascism across Europe of late,
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λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€κ»˜μ„œ 졜근 유럽 전역에 걸친 극우의 증가λ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ‹ λ‹€λ©΄,
06:01
you will see some things that are happening
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ κ΅­λ‚΄μ˜ μ •μΉ˜μ— 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ”
06:03
that are influencing domestic politics,
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λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ 일듀이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ 보싀 수 μžˆμœΌμ‹€κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:05
yet the phenomenon is transnational.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ ν˜„μƒμ€ λͺ¨λ“  ꡭ가에 걸친 ν˜„μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:08
In certain countries, mosque minarets are being banned.
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μ–΄λ–€ λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œλŠ”, λͺ¨μŠ€ν¬μ˜ 첨탑이 κΈˆμ§€λ‹Ήν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:10
In others, headscarves are being banned.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œλŠ” 머리두건을 μ“°λŠ” 것이 κΈˆμ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:12
In others, kosher and halal meat are being banned,
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œλŠ”, μœ λŒ€μΈ 곡인 그리고 이슬람 곡인 윑λ₯˜κ°€ κΈˆμ§€λ‹Ήν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:14
as we speak.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ§ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” λ™μ•ˆμ— 말이죠
06:16
And on the flip side,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•œ μͺ½μ—λŠ”,
06:18
we have transnational Islamist extremists
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μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ κ΅­κ°€μ—μ„œ
06:21
doing the same thing across their own societies.
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λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 것을 ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 이슬람 κ·Ήλ‹¨μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:24
And so they are pockets of parochialism that are being connected
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그리고 그듀은 μžμ‹ λ“€μ΄ μ£Όλ₯˜λΌκ³ 
06:27
in a way that makes them feel like they are mainstream.
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느끼게 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ²°λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ†Œμˆ˜μ˜ νŒŒλ²Œμ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:30
Now that never would have been possible before.
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이런 것이 μ΄μ „μ—λŠ” μ ˆλŒ€λ‘œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:32
They would have felt isolated,
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그듀이 μžμ‹ λ“€μ΄ κ±°λŒ€ν•œ ν˜„μƒμ˜ μΌλΆ€λΌλŠ” 생각이 듀도둝
06:34
until these sorts of technologies came around
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μ„œλ‘œλ₯Ό μ—°κ²°ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ”
06:36
and connected them in a way
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이런 기술이 λ‚˜μ˜€κΈ° μ „κΉŒμ§€λŠ”
06:38
that made them feel part of a larger phenomenon.
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μ•„λ§ˆ μ†Œμ™Έλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  λŠκΌˆμ—ˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:40
Where does that leave democracy aspirants?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ 그것은 민주주의 μ§€λ§μžλ₯Ό 어디에 λ‚¨κ²¨λ‘λ‚˜μš”?
06:43
Well I believe they're getting left far behind.
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κΈ€μŽ„μš”, 제 생각에 그듀은 ν•œμ°Έ 뒀에 남겨지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:46
And I'll give you an example here at this stage.
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μ œκ°€ 그에 λŒ€ν•œ μ˜ˆμ‹œλ₯Ό μ—¬κΈ° 이 μžλ¦¬μ—μ„œ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:49
If any of you remembers the Christmas Day bomb plot:
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ν˜Ήμ‹œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€ 쀑에 '크리슀마슀 ν­νƒ„ν…ŒλŸ¬'의 과정을 κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜κ³  κ³„μ‹œλŠ” λΆ„ κ³„μ‹ κ°€μš”?
06:52
there's a man called Anwar al-Awlaki.
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μ•ˆμ™€ μ•Œ μ˜¬λΌν‚€(Anwar al-Awlaki)라고 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 그것과 관련이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:55
As an American citizen, ethnically a Yemeni,
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κ·ΈλŠ” λ―Έκ΅­ μ‹œλ―ΌκΆŒμžμ΄κ³ , μΈμ’…μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 예멘인이며,
06:57
in hiding currently in Yemen,
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μ΅œκ·ΌκΉŒμ§€ μ˜ˆλ©˜μ— μˆ¨μ–΄μžˆμ—ˆκ³ ,
06:59
who inspired a Nigerian,
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λ‚˜μ΄μ§€λ¦¬μ•„μ˜ ꡭ립 은행 총재의 μ•„λ“€μ—κ²Œ
07:01
son of the head of Nigeria's national bank.
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μ˜κ°μ„ λΆˆμ–΄λ„£μ€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄μ£ 
07:03
This Nigerian student studied in London, trained in Yemen,
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이 λ‚˜μ΄μ§€λ¦¬μ•„μΈ 학생은 μ˜κ΅­μ—μ„œ κ³΅λΆ€ν–ˆκ³ , μ˜ˆλ©˜μ—μ„œ ν›ˆλ ¨μ„ λ°›μ•„μ„œ,
07:06
boarded a flight in Amsterdam to attack America.
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미ꡭ을 κ³΅κ²©ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ•”μŠ€ν…Œλ₯΄λ‹΄μ—μ„œ 비행기에 μ˜¬λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:09
In the meanwhile,
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그러던 쀑에,
07:11
the Old mentality with a capital O,
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κ·Έ μ§€λ…ν•˜κ²Œ ꡬ식 사고방식을 가진 학생은,
07:13
was represented by his father, the head of the Nigerian bank,
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μžμ‹ μ˜ 아듀이 곧 ν…ŒλŸ¬λ₯Ό 감행할 것이라고 CIAμ—κ²Œ κ²½κ³ ν•˜λŠ”
07:16
warning the CIA that his own son was about to attack,
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λ‚˜μ΄μ§€λ¦¬μ•„ μ€ν–‰μ˜ 총재인 그의 아버지에 μ˜ν•΄ λŒ€λ³€λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ°,
07:19
and this warning fell on deaf ears.
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이 κ²½κ³ λŠ” μ†Œ 귀에 κ²½ 읽기가 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:21
The Old mentality with a capital O,
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λ―Όμ‘±κ΅­κ°€λ‘œ λŒ€ν‘œλ˜λŠ”
07:24
as represented by the nation-state,
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이 μ§€λ…νžˆ ꡬ식 사고방식은
07:26
not yet fully into the age of behavior,
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ν–‰λ™μ˜ μ‹œλŒ€λ‘œ μ™„μ „νžˆ μ§„μž…ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ³ ,
07:28
not recognizing the power of transnational social movements,
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μ΄ˆκ΅­κ°€μ μΈ μ‚¬νšŒ μš΄λ™μ˜ νž˜μ„ μΈμ‹ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ 채
07:31
got left behind.
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λ²„λ¦Όλ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:33
And the Christmas Day bomber almost succeeded
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그리고 '크리슀마슀의 ν­νƒ„ν…ŒλŸ¬λ²”'은
07:35
in attacking the United States of America.
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미ꡭ을 κ³΅κ²©ν•˜λŠ”λ° 거의 μ„±κ³΅ν–ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:39
Again with the example of the far right:
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극우주의의 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 예λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:42
that we find, ironically,
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λͺ¨μˆœμ μ΄κ²Œλ„, μ €ν¬λŠ”
07:44
xenophobic nationalists
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외ꡭ인을 ν˜μ˜€ν•˜λŠ” λ―Όμ‘±μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ΄
07:49
are utilizing the benefits of globalization.
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μ„Έκ³„ν™”μ˜ 이점을 μ΄μš©ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:52
So why are they succeeding?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ 그듀은 μ™œ μ„±κ³΅ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
07:54
And why are democracy aspirants falling behind?
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그리고 μ™œ 민주주의λ₯Ό μ§€μ§€ν•˜λŠ” μžλ“€μ€ λ’€μ³μ§€λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
07:57
Well we need to understand the power of the social movements who understand this.
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κΈ€μŽ„μš”, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒ μš΄λ™μ˜ 동λ ₯을 λ¨Όμ € 이해해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:00
And a social movement is comprised, in my view,
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μ‚¬νšŒμš΄λ™μ€ ν¬κ΄„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€, 제 κ΄€μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ”,
08:03
it's comprised of four main characteristics.
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λ„€ κ°€μ§€μ˜ 주된 νŠΉμ§•μ„ ν¬κ΄„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:05
It's comprised of ideas and narratives
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사상, λ‹΄ν™”,
08:07
and symbols and leaders.
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상징 그리고 μ§€λ„μžκ°€ ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ§€μš”
08:09
I'll talk you through one example,
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μ „ ν•œ 가지 예λ₯Ό 이야기λ₯Ό μžμ„Ένžˆ ν’€μ–΄λ‚˜κ°€λ ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:11
and that's the example that everyone here will be aware of,
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κ·Έ μ˜ˆλŠ” μ—¬κΈ° 계신 λͺ¨λ“  뢄듀이 읡히 μ•Œκ³  계신 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:14
and that's the example of Al-Qaeda.
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κ·Έ μ˜ˆλŠ” λ°”λ‘œ μ•Œ-카에닀 (Al-Qaeda) μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:17
If I asked you to think of the ideas of Al-Qaeda,
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μ œκ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€κ»˜ μ•Œ-μΉ΄μ—λ‹€μ˜ 사상에 λŒ€ν•΄ 생각해 보라고 λΆ€νƒλ“œλ¦°λ‹€λ©΄,
08:19
that's something that comes to your mind immediately.
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그건 λ°”λ‘œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 머리 속에 μ¦‰μ‹œ λ– μ˜€λ₯΄λŠ” μ–΄λ–€κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:21
If I ask you to think of their narratives --
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μ œκ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€κ»˜ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 담화에 λŒ€ν•΄ 생각해보라고 μš”μ²­ν•˜λ©΄
08:23
the West being at war with Islam, the need to defend Islam against the West --
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이슬람 ꡭ가와 μ „μŸμ„ ν•˜κ³ μžˆλŠ” μ„œμ–‘μ„Έκ³„, μ„œμ–‘μ„Έκ³„μ— λŒ€ν•­ν•΄μ„œ μ΄μŠ¬λžŒμ„ λ°©μ–΄ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” ν•„μš”μ„±,
08:26
these narratives, they come to your mind immediately.
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이런 담화듀이 μ¦‰μ‹œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 심상에 λ– μ˜€λ₯Ό κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:29
Incidentally, the difference between ideas and narratives:
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μ—¬λ‹΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ, 사상과 λ‹΄ν™”μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έμ μ€
08:32
the idea is the cause that one believes in;
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μ‚¬μƒμ΄λž€ ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ―ΏλŠ” λŒ€μ˜λͺ…λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:35
and the narrative is the way to sell that cause --
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그리고 λ‹΄ν™”λŠ” κ·Έ λŒ€μ˜λͺ…뢄을,
08:38
the propaganda, if you like, of the cause.
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κ·Έ λŒ€μ˜λͺ…λΆ„μ˜ μ„ μ „μœΌλ‘œ ν•΄μ„ν•˜μ‹€ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ”, μ„€λ“μ‹œν‚€λŠ” λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:41
So the ideas and the narratives of Al-Qaeda come to your mind immediately.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ•Œ-카에닀 (Al-Qaeda)의 λŒ€μ˜λͺ…λΆ„κ³Ό λ‹΄ν™”κ°€ μ¦‰μ‹œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 심상에 λ– μ˜€λ₯΄μ§€μš”
08:44
If I ask you to think of their symbols and their leaders,
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μ œκ°€ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 상징과 μ§€λ„μžλ₯Ό 생각해보라고 μš”μ²­ν•˜λ©΄,
08:46
they come to your mind immediately.
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κ·Έμ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ¦‰μ‹œ 심상에 λ– μ˜€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:48
One of their leaders was killed in Pakistan recently.
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κ·Έ μ§€λ„μžλ“€ 쀑 ν•œ λͺ…은 졜근 νŒŒν‚€μŠ€νƒ„μ—μ„œ μ‚΄ν•΄λ˜μ—ˆμ£ 
08:50
So these symbols and these leaders
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, 이런 상징과 μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ΄
08:52
come to your mind immediately.
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μ¦‰μ‹œ 심상에 λ– μ˜€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:54
And that's the power of social movements.
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그리고 그게 μ‚¬νšŒ μš΄λ™μ΄ 가진 동λ ₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:56
They're transnational, and they bond around these ideas and narratives
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μ‚¬νšŒμš΄λ™μ€ ꡭ경을 μ΄ˆμ›”ν•˜κ³ , 이런 사상, λ‹΄ν™”, 상징물과 μ§€λ„μžλ₯Ό
08:59
and these symbols and these leaders.
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λ”λΆˆμ–΄ μ—°ν•©μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:02
However,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
09:04
if I ask your minds to focus currently on Pakistan,
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λ§Œμ•½μ— μ œκ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€κ»˜
09:07
and I ask you to think
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졜근의 νŒŒν‚€μŠ€νƒ„μ— 집쀑을 ν•˜μ…”μ„œ
09:10
of the symbols and the leaders for democracy
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  νŒŒν‚€μŠ€νƒ„μ˜ 민주주의의 상징물과 μ§€λ„μžλ₯Ό
09:12
in Pakistan today,
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생각해보라고 μš”μ²­ν•˜λ©΄
09:14
you'll be hard pressed
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜μ„œλŠ” μ•„λ§ˆ
09:16
to think beyond perhaps
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λ² λ‚˜μ§€λ₯΄ λΆ€ν†  (Benazir Bhutto) μ•”μ‚΄μ˜ μ˜μ—­μ„ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜
09:18
the assassination of Benazir Bhutto.
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μƒκ°ν•˜λŠλΌ 압박을 λ°›μœΌμ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:20
Which means, by definition,
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κ·Έ 말이 λœ»ν•˜λŠ” λ°”λŠ”, λΆ„λͺ…ν•˜κ²Œ,
09:22
that particular leader no longer exists.
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νŠΉμ •ν•œ κ·Έ μ§€λ„μžλŠ” 더 이상 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:25
One of the problems we're facing is, in my view,
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제 κ΄€μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ”, μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ λ‹Ήλ©΄ν•œ 문제 μ€‘μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”
09:28
that there are no globalized,
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무슬림이 μ£Όλ₯˜μΈ μ‚¬νšŒμ— 걸쳐
09:30
youth-led, grassroots social movements
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민주주의 λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό μ£Όμ°½ν•˜λŠ”
09:33
advocating for democratic culture
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μ„Έκ³„ν™”λ˜κ³ , 청년듀에 μ˜ν•΄ μ£Όλ„λ˜λŠ” ν’€λΏŒλ¦¬λ―Όμ€‘μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒ μš΄λ™μ΄
09:35
across Muslim-majority societies.
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μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:37
There is no equivalent of the Al-Qaeda, without the terrorism,
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무슬림 μ£Όμš”ν•œ μ‚¬νšŒμ— 걸쳐 민주주의λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ ν…ŒλŸ¬μ‚¬μƒμ΄ μ—†λŠ”
09:40
for democracy across Muslim-majority societies.
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μ•ŒμΉ΄μ—λ‹€(Al-Qaeda)에 λŒ€μ ν• λ§Œν•œ λŒ€μ‘λ¬Όμ΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:43
There are no ideas and narratives and leaders and symbols
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μ§€μƒμ—μ„œ 민주주의 λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό μ˜Ήν˜Έν•˜λŠ”
09:46
advocating the democratic culture on the ground.
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사상, λ‹΄ν™”, μ§€λ„μž, 그리고 상징물도 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:50
So that begs the next question.
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μ΄λŠ” λ‹€μŒ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ μ΄λŒμ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:53
Why is it that extremist organizations,
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ κ·Ήμš°μ£Όμ˜λ“  이슬람ꡐ κ·Ήλ‹¨μ£Όμ˜λ“ μ§€ 간에
09:56
whether of the far-right or of the Islamist extremism --
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μ™œ κ·Ήλ‹¨μ£Όμ˜μž λ‹¨μ²΄λŠ”
09:59
Islamism meaning those who wish to impose
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--μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μ΄μŠ¬λžŒμ£Όμ˜λŠ” ν•œ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 이슬람 ꡐ리λ₯Ό
10:01
one version of Islam over the rest of society --
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λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ μ‚¬νšŒμ— μœ„μ••ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ„ λ°”λΌλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€--
10:03
why is it that they are succeeding
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μ„Έκ³„ν™”λœ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ λ­‰μ³μ§€λŠ”λ°
10:05
in organizing in a globalized way,
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μ„±κ³΅ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 반면
10:07
whereas those who aspire to democratic culture
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민주주의 λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό μ§€μ§€ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
10:09
are falling behind?
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뒀쳐지고 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
10:11
And I believe that's for four reasons.
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μ œκ°€ λ―ΏλŠ” λ°”λ‘œλŠ” 그건 λ„€ 가지 μ΄μœ μ—μ„œ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:14
I believe, number one, it's complacency.
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첫 번째 μ΄μœ λŠ” ν˜„ μƒνƒœμ— λ¨Έλ¬Όκ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:17
Because those who aspire to democratic culture
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έ 민주화적 λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό κ°ˆλ§ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
10:19
are in power,
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ꢌλ ₯을 가지고 μžˆκ±°λ‚˜,
10:21
or have societies
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μ„Έκ³„ν™”λ˜κ³ , κ°•λ ₯ν•œ μ‚¬νšŒλ‚˜,
10:23
that are leading globalized, powerful societies,
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κ°•λ ₯ν•œ κ΅­κ°€λ₯Ό μ΄λ„λŠ”
10:25
powerful countries.
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μ‚¬νšŒλ₯Ό 가지고 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:27
And that level of complacency means
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그리고 κ·Έ μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ μ•ˆμ£Όκ°€ μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ€
10:29
they don't feel the need to advocate for that culture.
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그듀이 κ·Έ λ¬Έν™”ν˜ μ˜Ήν˜Έν•  ν•„μš”μ„±μ„ λŠλΌμ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:32
The second, I believe,
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μ œκ°€ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 두 번째 μ΄μœ λŠ”
10:34
is political correctness.
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μ •μΉ˜μ  μ •ν™•μ„±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:38
That we have a hesitation
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 민주주의 λ¬Έν™”μ˜ λ³΄νŽΈμ„±μ„ μ±„νƒν•˜λŠ”λ° μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
10:41
in espousing the universality of democratic culture
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μ£Όμ €ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:44
because we are associating that --
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Ήλ‹¨μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜
10:46
we associate believing in the universality of our values --
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우리 κ°€μΉ˜μ˜ λ³΄νŽΈμ„±μ˜ λ―ΏμŒμ„
10:49
with extremists.
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κ΄€λ ¨μ‹œν‚€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:51
Yet actually, whenever we talk about human rights,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 사싀, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μΈκ°„μ˜ κΆŒλ¦¬μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 이야기λ₯Ό ν•  λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€,
10:53
we do say that human rights are universal.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” '인ꢌ'은 보편적이라고 λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:57
But actually going out to propagate that view
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ κ·Έ 관점을 μ„ μ „ν•˜λŸ¬ λ‚˜κ°€λŠ” 것은
10:59
is associated with either neoconservativism
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μ‹ λ³΄μˆ˜μ£Όμ˜λ‚˜
11:02
or with Islamist extremism.
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이슬람 κ·Ήλ‹¨μ£Όμ˜μ™€ κ΄€λ ¨λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:04
To go around saying that I believe
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'λ‚˜λŠ” λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜κ°€ μ •μΉ˜μ  μ‘°μ§ν™”μ˜ ν•œ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ
11:06
democratic culture is the best that we've arrived at
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μžλ¦¬μž‘μ•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것이 졜고라고 λ―ΏμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€'라고 λ§ν•˜λ©°
11:09
as a form of political organizing
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λŒμ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆλŠ” 것은
11:12
is associated with extremism.
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κ·Ήλ‹¨μ£Όμ˜μ™€ 관련이 λ˜μ–΄μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:14
And the third,
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μ…‹μ§Έλ‘œ,
11:16
democratic choice in Muslim-majority societies
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무슬림 μ£Όλ₯˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œμ˜ 민주적인 선택은
11:18
has been relegated to a political choice,
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μ •μΉ˜μ μΈ 선택이라고 ν„ν•˜λ˜μ–΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:21
meaning political parties
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이 말은 λ§Žμ€ 이런 κ΅­κ°€λ“€μ˜ 정당듀이
11:24
in many of these societies
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 민주적인 정당인
11:28
ask people to vote for them
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μžμ‹ λ“€μ—κ²Œ νˆ¬ν‘œλ₯Ό 해달라고,
11:30
as the democratic party,
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 정당은 κ΅°λΆ€ λ…μž¬μ£Όμ˜μ— μ˜ν•΄
11:32
but then the other parties ask them to vote for them
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ν†΅μΉ˜λ₯Ό λ°›μ•„μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν•˜λŠ”
11:34
as the military party --
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κ΅°λΆ€ 정당인 μžμ‹ λ“€μ—κ²Œ
11:36
wanting to rule by military dictatorship.
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νˆ¬ν‘œλ₯Ό 해달라고 ν•˜λŠ” 것과 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:38
And then you have a third party saying,
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κ·Έ λ•Œ 제3정당이 λ‚˜μ™€μ„œ
11:40
"Vote for us; we'll establish a theocracy."
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"저희가 μ‹ κΆŒμ •μΉ˜λ₯Ό μˆ˜λ¦½ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ €ν¬μ—κ²Œ νˆ¬ν¬ν•΄μ£Όμ‹­μ‹œμ˜€"라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:42
So democracy has become merely one political choice
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즉, λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜λŠ” 단지
11:45
among many other forms
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그런 κ΅­κ°€λ“€μ—μ„œ 선택가λŠ₯ν•œ μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ ν˜•νƒœμ˜
11:47
of political choices available in those societies.
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μ •μΉ˜μ μΈ 선택 μ€‘μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜μ— λΆˆκ³Όν•΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:50
And what happens as a result of this
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그리고 이 결과둜 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 일은
11:52
is, when those parties are elected,
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이런 정당듀이 μ„ μΆœμ΄ 되고
11:54
and inevitably they fail,
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λΆˆκ°€ν”Όν•˜κ²Œ μ‹€νŒ¨λ₯Ό ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
11:56
or inevitably they make political mistakes,
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μ •μΉ˜μ μΈ μ‹€μˆ˜λ₯Ό ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
11:58
democracy takes the blame
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λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜κ°€ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ •μΉ˜μ  μ‹€μˆ˜μ— λŒ€ν•΄
12:00
for their political mistakes.
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λΉ„λ‚œμ„ λ°›λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:02
And then people say, "We've tried democracy. It doesn't really work.
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 되면 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ "민주주의λ₯Ό μ‹œλ„ν•΄λ΄€λŠ”λ° μž‘μš©μ΄ 잘 μ•ˆλ˜λ„€.
12:05
Let's bring the military back again."
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λ‹€μ‹œ κ΅°λΆ€μ •μΉ˜λ₯Ό λ„μž…ν•˜μž."라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:07
And the fourth reason, I believe,
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그리고 μ œκ°€ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” λ„€ 번째 μ΄μœ λŠ”
12:09
is what I've labeled here on the slide as the ideology of resistance.
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μ œκ°€ 이 μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œμ—μ„œ 'μ €ν•­μ˜ 이념'이라고 λͺ…λͺ…ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:12
What I mean by that is,
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그것에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ œκ°€ μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ€,
12:14
if the world superpower today was a communist,
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λ§Œμ•½ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ μ΄ˆκ°•λŒ€κ΅­μ΄ κ³΅μ‚°μ£Όμ˜μžλΌλ©΄,
12:16
it would be much easier for democracy activists
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민주주의 ν–‰λ™μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ΄
12:18
to use democracy activism
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μ‹λ―Όμ£Όμ˜μ— λ°˜λŒ€ν•˜λŠ” μ €ν•­μ˜ ν•œ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ
12:20
as a form of resistance against colonialism,
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민주주의 ν–‰λ™μ£Όμ˜λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ΄ 훨씬 νŽΈν–ˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:22
than it is today with the world superpower being America,
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세계 μ΄ˆκ°•λŒ€κ΅­μ΄ 미ꡭ이
12:25
occupying certain lands
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νŠΉμ •ν•œ κ΅­κ°€λ₯Ό μ λ Ήν•˜κ³ 
12:27
and also espousing democratic ideals.
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λ˜ν•œ 민주적 이상을 μ²΄νƒν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” ν˜„ μ‹œλŒ€μ™€ λΉ„κ΅ν•΄μ„œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:29
So roughly these four reasons
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κ·Έλ ‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λŒ€λž΅ 이런 λ„€ 가지 μ΄μœ κ°€
12:31
make it a lot more difficult for democratic culture to spread
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민주주의 λ¬Έν™”λ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ 단지 μ •μΉ˜μ μΈ μ„ νƒλ§Œμ΄ μ•„λ‹Œ,
12:34
as a civilizational choice,
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λ¬Έλͺ…ν™”λœ μ„ νƒκΆŒμœΌλ‘œμ¨
12:36
not merely as a political choice.
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세상에 νΌμ§€λŠ” 것을 훨씬 더 μ–΄λ ΅κ²Œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:39
When talking about those reasons,
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그런 μ΄μœ λ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 이야기λ₯Ό ν•  λ•Œ,
12:41
let's break down certain preconceptions.
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νŠΉμ • μ„ μž…κ²¬μ„ κΉ¨ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€
12:43
Is it just about grievances?
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단지 λΆˆλ§Œμ‚¬ν•­μ— λŒ€ν•œκ±΄κ°€μš”?
12:45
Is it just about a lack of education?
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ ꡐ윑 뢀쑱에 λŒ€ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
12:48
Well statistically,
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ν†΅κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ 그런 κ·Ήλ‹¨μ£Όμ˜ 단체에 κ°€μž…ν•˜λŠ”
12:50
the majority of those who join extremist organizations are highly educated.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ κ³ λ“±κ΅μœ‘μ„ 잘 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:53
Statistically, they are educated, on average,
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ν†΅κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ 그듀은
12:55
above the education levels
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μ„œμ–‘μ˜ 평균 ꡐ윑 정도 μ΄μƒμœΌλ‘œ
12:57
of Western society.
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κ΅μœ‘μ„ λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:59
Anecdotally, we can demonstrate
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μΌν™”μ μœΌλ‘œ, μ €ν¬λŠ” κ°€λ‚œμ΄
13:01
that if poverty was the only factor,
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μœ μΌν•œ μš”μΈμΈμ§€ μ•„λ‹Œμ§€λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:03
well Bin Laden is from one of the richest families in Saudi Arabia.
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빈 라덴(Bin Laden)은 μ‚¬μš°λ”” μ•„λΌλΉ„μ•„μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ λΆ€μœ ν•œ κ°€λ¬Έ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:06
His deputy, Ayman al-Zawahiri, was a pediatrician --
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그의 λŒ€λ¦¬μΈμΈ μ•„μ΄λ§Œ μ•Œ-μžμ™€νžˆλ¦¬ (Ayman al-Zawahiri) λŠ” μ†Œμ•„κ³Ό μ˜μ‚¬μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:09
not an ill-educated man.
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μ „ν˜€ κ΅μœ‘μ„ 받지 λͺ»ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:11
International aid and development has been going on for years,
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세계적인 원쑰와 λ°œμ „μ΄ μ—¬λŸ¬ ν•΄ λ™μ•ˆ μ§€μ†λ˜μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
13:14
but extremism in those societies, in many of those societies,
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λ§Žμ€ 이슬람 κ΅­κ°€μ—μ„œ
13:16
has been on the rise.
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κ·Ήλ‹¨μ£Όμ˜λŠ” μƒμŠΉμ„Έλ₯Ό μ΄λ£¨μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:18
And what I believe is missing
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ œκ°€ μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ°μ— λΆ€μž¬ν–ˆλ˜κ²ƒμ€
13:20
is genuine grassroots activism
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이 λ•…μœ„μ˜
13:22
on the ground,
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참된 ν’€λΏŒλ¦¬ ν–‰λ™μ£Όμ˜ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:24
in addition to international aid,
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세계적인 원쑰와 λ”λΆˆμ–΄,
13:26
in addition to education, in addition to health.
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ꡐ윑과 λ”λΆˆμ–΄, 보건과 λ”λΆˆμ–΄μ„œ 말이죠
13:29
Not exclusive to these things, but in addition to them,
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μ΄κ²ƒλ“€μ—μ„œ μ œμ™Έλ˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ€ μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€λ§Œ, 그것듀 이외에도,
13:32
is propagating a genuine demand for democracy on the ground.
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λΆ€μž¬ν•œκ²ƒμ€ 이 땅에 λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ§„μ •ν•œ μš”κ΅¬λ₯Ό μ„ μ „ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:35
And this is where I believe
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λ°”λ‘œ 이게 μ œκ°€ μ‹ λ³΄μˆ˜μ£Όμ˜κ°€
13:37
neoconservatism had it upside-down.
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거꾸둜 됐닀고 μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:39
Neoconservatism had the philosophy
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μ‹ λ³΄μˆ˜μ£Όμ˜λŠ” μœ„μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° μ•„λž˜λ‘œ
13:41
that you go in with a supply-led approach
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민주주의적인 κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό κ°•μš”ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
13:44
to impose democratic values from the top down.
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곡급에 μ˜ν•΄ μ΄λŒμ–΄μ§€λŠ” 접근방식을 μ±„νƒν•˜λŠ” 철학을 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:47
Whereas Islamists and far-right organizations, for decades,
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λ°˜λ©΄μ— μ΄μŠ¬λžŒκ΅λ„μ™€ 극우주의 λ‹¨μ²΄λŠ” 수 μ‹­λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
13:50
have been building demand for their ideology on the grassroots.
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민쀑을 ν† λŒ€λ‘œ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 이념에 λŒ€ν•œ μš”κ΅¬λ₯Ό κ΅¬μΆ•ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:53
They've been building civilizational demand for their values
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그듀은 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ κ°€μΉ˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ¬Έλͺ…ν™”λœ μš”κ΅¬λ₯Ό
13:55
on the grassroots,
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민쀑을 ν† λŒ€λ‘œ 건좕해 μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:57
and we've been seeing those societies slowly transition
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그런 μ‚¬νšŒλ“€μ΄ 천천히 점점 더
14:00
to societies that are increasingly asking for
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이슬람ꡐ의 ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό μš”κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒλ‘œ
14:03
a form of Islamism.
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λ°”λ€ŒλŠ” 것을 μ§€μΌœλ΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:05
Mass movements in Pakistan
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νŒŒν‚€μŠ€νƒ„μ˜ λŒ€μ€‘λ“€μ˜ μš΄λ™μ€
14:07
have been represented after the Arab uprisings
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μ•„λžμ˜ 폭동 이후에
14:09
mainly by organizations
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주둜 λ°˜λž€μ΄λΌκΈ° λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
14:11
claiming for some form of theocracy,
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μ‹ κΆŒμ£Όμ˜λ₯Ό ν‘œλ°©ν•˜λŠ”
14:13
rather than for a democratic uprising.
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기관단체듀에 μ˜ν•΄ λŒ€λ³€λ˜μ–΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:15
Because since pre-partition,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λΆ„ν•  μ „λΆ€ν„°,
14:17
they've been building demand for their ideology on the ground.
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그듀은 지상에 μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ 이념을 μœ„ν•œ μš”κ΅¬λ₯Ό ꡬ좕해왔기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:20
And what's needed is a genuine transnational
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그리고 κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ ν•„μš”ν–ˆλ˜ 것은
14:22
youth-led movement
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민주주의적 λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄
14:24
that works to actively advocate
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ν™œλ ₯적인 옹호λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μΌν•˜λŠ”
14:26
for the democratic culture --
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μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ μ΄ˆκ΅­κ°€μ μ΄κ³  μ Šμ€μΈ΅μ΄ μ΄λ„λŠ” μš΄λ™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:28
which is necessarily more
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κ·Έ μš΄λ™μ€ ν•„μ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ
14:30
than just elections.
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λ‹¨μˆœν•œ μ„ κ±° μ΄μƒμ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:32
But without freedom of speech, you can't have free and fair elections.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ°œμ–Έμ˜ 자유 μ—†μ΄λŠ” 자유적이고 κ³΅μ •ν•œ μ„ κ±°λ₯Ό ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:35
Without human rights, you don't have the protection granted to you to campaign.
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인ꢌ이 μ—†μ΄λŠ” μ„ κ±°ν™œλ™μ„ μœ„ν•΄ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ λΆ€μ—¬λœ λ³΄ν˜Έκ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:38
Without freedom of belief,
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λ―ΏμŒμ— λŒ€ν•œ 자유 μ—†μ΄λŠ”
14:40
you don't have the right to join organizations.
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단체에 κ°€μž…ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κΆŒλ¦¬λ„ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:42
So what's needed is those organizations on the ground
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즉, 민주주의 λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό μ˜Ήν˜Έν•˜λŠ” ν˜„μ§€μ˜ 그런 단체듀은
14:44
advocating for the democratic culture itself
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ν˜„μ§€μ—μ„œ λ―Έ 민주주의 문화에 λŒ€ν•œ μš”κ΅¬λ₯Ό
14:49
to create the demand on the ground for this culture.
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λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ•Όν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:53
What that will do
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ€
14:55
is avoid the problem I was talking about earlier,
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ν˜„μž¬ μ •μΉ˜μ μΈ 정당듀이
14:58
where currently we have political parties presenting democracy
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민주주의λ₯Ό μ œμ‹œν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œ
15:01
as merely a political choice in those societies
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κ΅°λΆ€ μ •μΉ˜λ‚˜ μ‹ κΆŒμ£Όμ˜ λ“±κ³Ό 같이
15:04
alongside other choices
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 선택듀과 ν•¨κ»˜ μ œκ°€ 이전에 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦° 문제λ₯Ό
15:06
such as military rule and theocracy.
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ν”Όν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:08
Whereas if we start building this demand on the ground on a civilizational level,
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λ°˜λ©΄μ—, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ§Œμ•½ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ§€μƒμ˜ μš”κ΅¬λ₯Ό
15:11
rather than merely on a political level,
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λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ μ •μΉ˜μ μΈ μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œλΌκΈ° λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
15:13
a level above politics --
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μ •μΉ˜λ³΄λ‹€ 높은 μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œ, λ¬Έλͺ…화적 μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œ κ΅¬μΆ•ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
15:16
movements that are not political parties,
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μš΄λ™λ“€μ€ μ •μΉ˜μ  정당듀이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
15:18
but are rather creating this civilizational demand
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이 λ¬Έλͺ…화적 μš”κ΅¬λ₯Ό
15:20
for this democratic culture.
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μƒμ„±ν•˜λŠ” 것이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:22
What we'll have in the end
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μ— κ°€μ§€κ²Œ 될것은
15:24
is this ideal that you see on the slide here --
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이 μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œμ— λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 이 이상을 κ°€μ§€κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€-
15:26
the ideal that people should vote in an existing democracy,
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κ·Έ 이상은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 민주주의 자체λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄μ„œκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ,
15:30
not for a democracy.
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ν˜„μ‘΄ν•˜λŠ” 민주주의 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ νˆ¬ν‘œλ₯Ό ν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:32
But to get to that stage,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜
15:34
where democracy builds the fabric of society
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λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜κ°€ μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ ꡬ쑰와
15:37
and the political choices within that fabric,
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κ·Έ μ‘°μ§λ‚΄μ˜ μ •μΉ˜μ  선택을 κ±΄μ„€ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
15:39
but are certainly not theocratic and military dictatorship --
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μ‹ κΆŒμ£Όμ˜λ‚˜ κ΅°λΆ€ λ…μžμ£Όμ˜λŠ” μ•„λ‹Œ κ·Έ 단계에 λ„λ‹¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
15:44
i.e. you're voting in a democracy,
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즉 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 기쑴의 λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜λ‚΄μ—μ„œ,
15:46
in an existing democracy,
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λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜μ—μ„œ νˆ¬ν‘œλ₯Ό ν•˜κ³  있고,
15:48
and that democracy is not merely one of the choices at the ballot box.
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κ·Έ λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜λΌλŠ” κ°œλ…μ΄ λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ νˆ¬ν‘œμ†Œμ—μ„œμ˜ 선택사항쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ 단계λ₯Ό λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:51
To get to that stage,
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κ·Έ 단계에 λ„λ‹¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
15:53
we genuinely need to start building demand
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ ν˜„μž₯μ—μ„œ
15:56
in those societies on the ground.
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μš”κ΅¬λ₯Ό κ΅¬μΆ•ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
16:01
Now to conclude, how does that happen?
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자, 결둠적으둜, κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ²Œν•˜λŠ” 방법은 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
16:04
Well, Egypt is a good starting point.
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μ΄μ§‘νŠΈκ°€ ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ μ‹œλ°œμ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
16:06
The Arab uprisings have demonstrated that this is already beginning.
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μ•„λžκ΅­κ°€μ—μ„œμ˜ λ°˜λž€μ€ 이미 이것이 μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ”κ±Έ μ œμ‹œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
16:09
But what happened in the Arab uprisings and what happened in Egypt
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•„λžμ˜ λ°˜λž€κ³Ό μ΄μ§‘νŠΈμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚œ 것듀은
16:12
was particularly cathartic for me.
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제게 νŠΉλ³„νžˆ 카타λ₯΄μ‹œμŠ€λ₯Ό 느끼게 ν•΄μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
16:15
What happened there was a political coalition
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κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚œ 일은 μ •μΉ˜μ μΈ 연합체가
16:18
gathered together for a political goal,
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μ§€λ„μžλ₯Ό μ œκ±°ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” μ •μΉ˜μ μΈ λͺ©μ μ„ μœ„ν•΄
16:20
and that was to remove the leader.
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ν•¨κ»˜ λ­‰μ³€λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
16:22
We need to move one step beyond that now.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이제 κ·Έ λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ ν•œ 걸음 더 λ‚˜μ•„κ°€μ•Ό ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
16:24
We need to see how we can help those societies
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이 ꡭ가듀이
16:26
move from political coalitions,
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λŠμŠ¨ν•˜κ²Œ 기반이 이루어진 μ •μΉ˜μ  μ—°ν•©μ²΄λ‘œλΆ€ν„°
16:28
loosely based political coalitions,
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민주주의 μ •μ‹ μ˜ 이념과 이야기λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄
16:30
to civilizational coalitions
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일을 ν•˜λŠ” μ„Έλ ¨λœ μ—°ν•©μ²΄λ‘œ
16:32
that are working for the ideals and narratives
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λ°œμ „ν•  수 있게 λ„μšΈ 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€
16:34
of the democratic culture on the ground.
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μ•Œμ•„λ³΄μ•„μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
16:36
Because it's not enough to remove a leader
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ§€λ„μžλ‚˜, μ§€λ°°μž, λ…μž¬μžλ₯Ό
16:38
or ruler or dictator.
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μ—†μ• λŠ” κ²ƒλ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” λΆ€μ‘±ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
16:40
That doesn't guarantee that what comes next
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μ΄λŠ” κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμ— 올 μ‚¬νšŒκ°€
16:42
will be a society built on democratic values.
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민주주의적 κ°€μΉ˜ μœ„μ— μ„Έμ›Œμ§„λ‹€λŠ” 것을 보μž₯ν•˜μ§„ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
16:46
But generally, the trends that start in Egypt
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 일반적으둜, μ΄μ§‘νŠΈμ—μ„œ μ‹œμž‘ν•œ κ·Έ μΆ”μ„ΈλŠ”
16:48
have historically spread across the MENA region,
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쀑동과 뢁아프리카(MENA;Middle East and North Africa) 지역 μ „μ²΄λ‘œ
16:50
the Middle East and North Africa region.
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μ—­μ‚¬μ μœΌλ‘œ νΌμ Έλ‚˜κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
16:52
So when Arab socialism started in Egypt, it spread across the region.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ•„λž μ‚¬νšŒμ£Όμ˜κ°€ μ΄μ§‘νŠΈμ—μ„œ μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ, 그것은 μ „ 지역에 걸쳐 ν™•μ‚°λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
16:55
In the '80s and '90s when Islamism started in the region,
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80λ…„ λŒ€μ™€ 90λ…„ λŒ€μ— λ²”μ΄μŠ¬λžŒμ£Όμ˜κ°€
16:58
it spread across the MENA region as a whole.
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이 μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ, μ΄λŠ” MENA μ „ μ§€μ—­μœΌλ‘œ νΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
17:01
And the aspiration that we have at the moment --
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그리고 μ Šμ€ μ•„λž 청년듀이 μ˜€λŠ˜μ„ 증λͺ…ν•˜κ³ ,
17:03
as young Arabs are proving today
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μ¦‰μ‹œ ν…ŒλŸ¬λ¦¬μ¦˜λ§Œμ΄ μ•„λ‹Œ κ·Έ 이상을 μœ„ν•΄ 죽을 μ€€λΉ„κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κ³ 
17:05
and instantly rebranding themselves
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κ·Έλ“€ μžμ‹ μ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 이미지λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“  κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ
17:07
as being prepared to die for more than just terrorism --
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ν˜„μž¬ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 가지고 μžˆλŠ” κ°ˆλ§μ€
17:10
is that there is a chance
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민주주의 λ¬Έν™”κ°€ κ·Έ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ μ‹œμž‘ν•  수 있고,
17:13
that democratic culture can start in the region
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지역을 λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Έκ³  μžˆλŠ” λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ κ΅­κ°€λ“€λ‘œ
17:15
and spread across to the rest of the countries that are surrounding that.
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확산될 κΈ°νšŒκ°€ μžˆλ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
17:17
But that will require
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 그것은 이 μ‚¬νšŒλ“€μ΄
17:19
helping these societies transition
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단지 μ •μΉ˜μ μΈ 연합듀을 κ°€μ§€λŠ” κ²ƒμ—μ„œλΆ€ν„°
17:21
from having merely political coalitions
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μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ 민주주의 λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό μ˜Ήν˜Έν•˜λŠ”
17:23
to building genuinely grassroots-based social movements
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민쀑을 κΈ°λ°˜μœΌλ‘œν•œ
17:26
that advocate for the democratic culture.
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μ‚¬νšŒμ μΈ μš΄λ™μœΌλ‘œ λ³€μ²œν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ„ 지원할것을 ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
17:28
And we've made a start for that in Pakistan
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그리고 μ €ν¬λŠ” νŒŒν‚€μŠ€νƒ„μ—μ„œ
17:31
with a movement called Khudi,
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μ§„μ •ν•œ 민주주의 λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 바이인 (buy-in: μ°Έμ—¬ ν™œμ„±ν™”λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ ν™œλ™) 을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄
17:33
where we are working on the ground to encourage the youth
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μ Šμ€μ΄λ“€μ„ μž₯λ €ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν˜„μž₯μ—μ„œ λ…Έλ ₯ν•˜λŠ” μΏ λ””(Khudi)라고 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” μš΄λ™μœΌλ‘œ
17:36
to create genuine buy-in for the democratic culture.
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이미 μ‹œμž‘μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
17:39
And it's with that thought that I'll end.
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이 생각과 ν•¨κ»˜ 제 이야기λ₯Ό λ§ˆμΉ˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
17:41
And my time is up, and thank you for your time.
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제 μ‹œκ°„μ€ λλ‚¬λ„€μš”, μ‹œκ°„ λ‚΄ μ£Όμ…”μ„œ κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
17:43
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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