Steven Pinker: Human nature and the blank slate

534,082 views ใƒป 2008-10-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Eyal Ronel
00:18
A year ago, I spoke to you about a book
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœ ืกืคืจ
00:22
that I was just in the process of completing,
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ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื
00:25
that has come out in the interim, and I would like to talk to you today
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ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื™ืฆื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื
00:28
about some of the controversies that that book inspired.
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ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ืขื•ืจืจ.
00:32
The book is called "The Blank Slate,"
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ื”ืกืคืจ ื ืงืจื "ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื—ืœืง",
00:34
based on the popular idea
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ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™
00:36
that the human mind is a blank slate,
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ืฉื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืœื•ื— ื—ืœืง,
00:38
and that all of its structure comes from
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ื•ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื” ื ื•ื‘ืข
00:41
socialization, culture, parenting, experience.
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ืžืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื•ืจื•ืช, ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ.
00:45
The "blank slate" was an influential idea in the 20th century.
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ "ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื—ืœืง" ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื.
00:49
Here are a few quotes indicating that:
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ื”ื ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืจืื™ื ื–ืืช:
00:52
"Man has no nature," from the historian
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"ืœืื“ื ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืข," ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ
00:54
Jose Ortega y Gasset;
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ื—ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืจื˜ื’ื” ืื™ ื’ืืกื˜.
00:56
"Man has no instincts," from the
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"ืœืื“ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื,"
00:58
anthropologist Ashley Montagu;
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ืžื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ ืืฉืœื™ ืžื•ื ื˜ื’ื™ื•.
01:00
"The human brain is capable of a full range of behaviors
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"ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช
01:03
and predisposed to none," from the late scientist Stephen Jay Gould.
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ืืš ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ," ืžื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื— ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’'ื™ื™ ื’ื•ืœื“.
01:08
There are a number of reasons to doubt that the human mind
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
01:10
is a blank slate,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื•ื— ื—ืœืง,
01:12
and some of them just come from common sense.
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ื•ื—ืœืงืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:14
As many people have told me over the years,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ืœื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื,
01:17
anyone who's had more than one child
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืœื“ ืื—ื“
01:19
knows that kids come into the world
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ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื
01:22
with certain temperaments and talents;
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ืขื ืžื–ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
01:24
it doesn't all come from the outside.
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ืœื ื”ื›ืœ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
01:27
Oh, and anyone who
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ืื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™
01:29
has both a child and a house pet
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื ื™ืœื“ ื•ื’ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžื—ืžื“
01:32
has surely noticed that the child, exposed to speech,
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ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื ืœื‘ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ืœื“,
01:34
will acquire a human language,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืจื•ื›ืฉ ืฉืคื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
01:36
whereas the house pet won't,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืžื“ ืœื,
01:38
presumably because of some innate different between them.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
01:41
And anyone who's ever been
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื”
01:43
in a heterosexual relationship knows that
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ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข
01:45
the minds of men and the minds of women are not indistinguishable.
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ืฉืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื” ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื.
01:49
There are also, I think,
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
01:51
increasing results from
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ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืš
01:53
the scientific study of humans
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
01:55
that, indeed, we're not born blank slates.
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ืฉืื›ืŸ, ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ื ื• ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื.
01:58
One of them, from anthropology,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ืžื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
02:01
is the study of human universals.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
02:03
If you've ever taken anthropology, you know that it's a --
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ืื ืœืžื“ืชื ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
02:05
kind of an occupational
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ืฉืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
02:07
pleasure of anthropologists to show
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ื ื”ื ื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช
02:09
how exotic other cultures can be,
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
02:12
and that there are places out there where, supposedly,
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ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื, ืœื›ืื•ืจื”,
02:14
everything is the opposite to the way it is here.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืš ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ืืฆืœื ื•.
02:17
But if you instead
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ืื‘ืœ ืื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”,
02:19
look at what is common to the world's cultures,
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ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
02:23
you find that there is an enormously rich set
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ืชื’ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืžืื•ื“
02:25
of behaviors and emotions
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช
02:28
and ways of construing the world
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ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืขื•ืœื
02:30
that can be found in all of the world's 6,000-odd cultures.
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ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœื›ืœ 6000 ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:34
The anthropologist Donald Brown has tried to list them all,
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ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ ื“ื•ื ืืœื“ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืกื” ืœืจืฉื•ื ืืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ,
02:37
and they range from aesthetics,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื”,
02:39
affection and age statuses
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ื—ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžืขืžื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื™ืœ
02:42
all the way down to weaning, weapons, weather,
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ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ื’ืžื™ืœื” ืžื”ื ืงื”, ื ืฉืง,
02:45
attempts to control, the color white
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ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืœื‘ืŸ
02:47
and a worldview.
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ื•ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœื.
02:49
Also, genetics and neuroscience
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ื’ื ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”
02:51
are increasingly showing that the brain
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ืžืจืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืžื•ื—
02:53
is intricately structured.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
02:56
This is a recent study by the neurobiologist Paul Thompson
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’
02:58
and his colleagues in which they --
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ืคื•ืœ ืชื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื•
03:00
using MRI --
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ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช MRI
03:02
measured the distribution of gray matter --
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ื ืžื“ื“ื” ืชืคื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคื•ืจ,
03:05
that is, the outer layer of the cortex --
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื—
03:08
in a large sample of pairs of people.
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ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช.
03:11
They coded correlations in the thickness
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืžืชืืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™
03:15
of gray matter in different parts of the brain
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—
03:17
using a false color scheme, in which
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ืœืคื™ื”
03:20
no difference is coded as purple,
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ืกื’ื•ืœ ืžืกืžืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ,
03:23
and any color other than purple indicates
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ื•ื›ืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืื—ืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ
03:25
a statistically significant correlation.
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ืžืชืื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
03:27
Well, this is what happens when you pair people up at random.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื–ื•ื•ื’ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืจื™.
03:30
By definition, two people picked at random
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื”, ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืจื™
03:33
can't have correlations in the distribution
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆืช
03:35
of gray matter in the cortex.
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคื•ืจ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื—.
03:38
This is what happens in people who share
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื
03:41
half of their DNA -- fraternal twins.
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ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื“ื "ื ืฉืœื”ื - ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื–ื”ื™ื.
03:44
And as you can see, large amounts of the brain
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื—ืœืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
03:46
are not purple, showing that if one person
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ืื™ื ื ืกื’ื•ืœื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืžืจืื” ืฉืื ืœืื“ื ืื—ื“
03:49
has a thicker bit of cortex
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ื™ืฉ ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืขื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคืช ืžื•ื—
03:52
in that region, so does his fraternal twin.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื“, ื›ืš ื’ื ืœืชืื•ื ื”ืœื ื–ื”ื” ืฉืœื•.
03:55
And here's what happens if you
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื
03:59
get a pair of people who share all their DNA --
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ื–ื•ื’ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื "ื ืฉืœื”ื -
04:01
namely, clones or identical twins.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื• ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื.
04:04
And you can see huge areas of cortex where there are
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื—
04:08
massive correlations in the distribution of gray matter.
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ืขื ืžืชืืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคื•ืจ.
04:11
Now, these aren't just
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืœื” ืœื ืจืง
04:13
differences in anatomy,
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ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”,
04:15
like the shape of your ear lobes,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืš ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื,
04:17
but they have consequences in thought and behavior
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ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช
04:21
that are well illustrated in this famous cartoon by Charles Addams:
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ืฉืžื•ืžื—ืฉื™ื ื™ืคื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืจืœืก ืื“ืืžืก:
04:25
"Separated at birth, the Mallifert twins meet accidentally."
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"ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคืจื“ื• ื‘ืœื™ื“ื”, ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืžืืœื™ืคืจื˜ ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื”."
04:30
As you can see, there are two inventors
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื
04:32
with identical contraptions in their lap, meeting
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ืขื ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืงื, ื•ื”ื ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื
04:34
in the waiting room of a patent attorney.
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ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื”ืžืชื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•"ื“ ืœืจื™ืฉื•ื ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื.
04:36
Now, the cartoon is not such an exaggeration, because
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช,
04:39
studies of identical twins who were separated at birth
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคืจื“ื• ื‘ืœื™ื“ืชื
04:42
and then tested in adulthood
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ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื
04:44
show that they have astonishing similarities.
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ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื”ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
04:47
And this happens in every pair of identical twins
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ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื”ื–ื”ื™ื
04:50
separated at birth ever studied --
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ืฉื”ื•ืคืจื“ื• ื‘ืœื™ื“ืชื ื•ืื™ ืคืขื ื ื‘ื“ืงื• -
04:52
but much less so with fraternal twins separated at birth.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื–ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคืจื“ื• ื‘ืœื™ื“ืชื.
04:55
My favorite example is a pair of twins,
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื’ ืชืื•ืžื™ื,
04:58
one of whom was brought up
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจ
05:00
as a Catholic in a Nazi family in Germany,
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ืงืชื•ืœื™ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ืืฆื™ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
05:04
the other brought up in a Jewish family in Trinidad.
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ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื“.
05:08
When they walked into the lab in Minnesota,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืžื™ื ืกื•ื˜ื”,
05:10
they were wearing identical navy blue shirts with epaulettes;
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ื”ื ืœื‘ืฉื• ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื›ื”ื” ืขื ื›ื•ืชืคื•ืช,
05:13
both of them liked to dip buttered toast in coffee,
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืื”ื‘ื• ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื˜ื•ืกื˜ ืขื ื—ืžืื” ื‘ืงืคื”,
05:16
both of them kept rubber bands around their wrists,
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืฉืžืจื• ื’ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืคืจืง ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“,
05:20
both of them flushed the toilet before using it as well as after,
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
05:23
and both of them liked to surprise people
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ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืื”ื‘ื• ืœื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื ืฉื™ื
05:26
by sneezing in crowded elevators to watch them jump.
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื‘ื”ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืขื˜ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช.
05:30
Now --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• -
05:32
the story might seem to good to be true,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™,
05:34
but when you administer
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ
05:36
batteries of psychological tests,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
05:39
you get the same results -- namely,
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ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ,
05:41
identical twins separated at birth show
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ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคืจื“ื• ื‘ืœื™ื“ืชื ืžืจืื™ื
05:43
quite astonishing similarities.
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ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืœืžื“ื™.
05:45
Now, given both the common sense
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื
05:47
and scientific data
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื
05:49
calling the doctrine of the blank slate into question,
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ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืง ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื—ืœืง,
05:51
why should it have been such an appealing notion?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื” ืžื•ืฉืš?
05:54
Well, there are a number of political reasons why people have found it congenial.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืจืฆื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
05:57
The foremost is that if we're blank slates,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื,
06:00
then, by definition, we are equal,
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ืื–, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื,
06:02
because zero equals zero equals zero.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืคืก ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืคืก ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืคืก.
06:05
But if something is written on the slate,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืจืฉื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื—,
06:07
then some people could have more of it than others,
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ืื– ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื,
06:09
and according to this line of thinking, that would justify
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ื•ืœืคื™ ืงื• ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง
06:11
discrimination and inequality.
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ืืคืœื™ื” ื•ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
06:14
Another political fear of human nature
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ืขื•ื“ ื—ืฉืฉ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
06:17
is that if we are blank slates,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื
06:19
we can perfect mankind --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœืžื•ืฉืœืžืช -
06:21
the age-old dream of the perfectibility of our species
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ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืœืžื•ืฉืœื
06:24
through social engineering.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
06:26
Whereas, if we're born with certain instincts,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ื ื•ืœื“ื ื• ืขื ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
06:28
then perhaps some of them might condemn us
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ืื– ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืงื ื™ื“ื•ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื•
06:30
to selfishness, prejudice and violence.
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ืœืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช, ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
06:34
Well, in the book, I argue that these are, in fact, non sequiturs.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืกืคืจ, ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืคืจื›ื™ื.
06:38
And just to make a long story short:
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ:
06:40
first of all, the concept of fairness
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช
06:42
is not the same as the concept of sameness.
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ืื™ื ื• ื–ื”ื” ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื–ื”ื•ืช.
06:45
And so when Thomas Jefferson wrote
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื•ืžืืก ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘
06:47
in the Declaration of Independence,
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ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช,
06:49
"We hold these truths to be self-evident,
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"ืœื“ื™ื“ื ื• ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื™
06:51
that all men are created equal,"
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ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ืจืื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื,"
06:54
he did not mean "We hold these truths to be self-evident,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ืœื“ื™ื“ื ื• ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื™
06:56
that all men are clones."
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ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื."
06:59
Rather, that all men are equal in terms of their rights,
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ืืœื, ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื,
07:02
and that every person ought to be treated
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ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื
07:05
as an individual, and not prejudged
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ื›ืืœ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœ, ื•ืœื ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื•
07:07
by the statistics of particular groups
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช
07:09
that they may belong to.
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ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš.
07:12
Also, even if we were born
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื
07:14
with certain ignoble motives,
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ืขื ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืื•ื™ื™ื,
07:16
they don't automatically lead to ignoble behavior.
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ื”ื ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืื•ื™ื”.
07:19
That is because the human mind
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
07:21
is a complex system with many parts,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœืงื™ื,
07:23
and some of them can inhibit others.
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื›ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:26
For example, there's excellent reason to believe
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
07:29
that virtually all humans are born with a moral sense,
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ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ืฉ ืžื•ืกืจื™,
07:33
and that we have cognitive abilities that allow us
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ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื•
07:36
to profit from the lessons of history.
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืœืงื—ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
07:38
So even if people did have impulses
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ื›ืš ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื—ืคื™ื
07:40
towards selfishness or greed,
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ืฉืœ ืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืžื“ื ื•ืช,
07:42
that's not the only thing in the skull,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช,
07:44
and there are other parts of the mind that can counteract them.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ื.
07:47
In the book, I
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ื‘ืกืคืจ, ืื ื™
07:49
go over controversies such as this one,
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื•,
07:51
and a number of other hot buttons,
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื,
07:54
hot zones, Chernobyls, third rails, and so on --
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ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ืœื•ื”ื˜ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ
07:57
including the arts, cloning, crime,
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ืืžื ื•ืช, ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜, ืคืฉืข,
07:59
free will, education, evolution,
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ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
08:01
gender differences, God, homosexuality,
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ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช,
08:04
infanticide, inequality, Marxism, morality,
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ืจืฆื— ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ, ืžืจืงืกื™ื–ื, ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช,
08:06
Nazism, parenting, politics,
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ื ืืฆื™ื–ื, ื”ื•ืจื•ืช, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
08:08
race, rape, religion, resource depletion,
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ื’ื–ืข, ื“ืช, ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
08:10
social engineering, technological risk and war.
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ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืื™ื•ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ืžืœื—ืžื”.
08:13
And needless to say, there were certain risks
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ื•ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืงืฆืช ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ
08:15
in taking on these subjects.
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
08:19
When I wrote a first draft of the book,
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ื›ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ,
08:22
I circulated it to a number of colleagues for comments,
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ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืช,
08:24
and here are some of
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื”
08:27
the reactions that I got:
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ืžื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™:
08:29
"Better get a security camera for your house."
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"ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชืชืงื™ืŸ ืžืฆืœืžืช ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืš."
08:33
"Don't expect to get any more awards, job offers
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"ืืœ ืชืฆืคื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืคืจืกื™ื, ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
08:36
or positions in scholarly societies."
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ืื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื."
08:39
"Tell your publisher not to list your hometown
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"ืชื’ื™ื“ ืœืžื•"ืœ ืฉื™ืฉืžื™ื˜ ืืช
08:41
in your author bio."
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ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ."
08:44
"Do you have tenure?"
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"ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช?"
08:46
(Laughter)
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...
08:48
Well, the book came out in October,
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ืื–, ื”ืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ,
08:50
and nothing terrible has happened.
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ื•ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจื ืœื ืงืจื”.
08:55
I -- I like --
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ืื ื™ -
08:58
There was indeed reason to be nervous,
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืฅ,
09:00
and there were moments in which I did feel nervous,
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืœื—ื•ืฅ,
09:02
knowing the history
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ื‘ื”ื›ื™ืจื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
09:04
of what has happened to people
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื
09:06
who've taken controversial stands
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ืฉืื™ืžืฆื• ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช
09:08
or discovered disquieting findings
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ืื• ื’ื™ืœื• ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžื“ืื™ื’ื™ื
09:11
in the behavioral sciences.
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ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
09:13
There are many cases, some of which I talk about in the book,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื™ื, ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื ืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ,
09:16
of people who have been slandered, called Nazis,
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉืžืฆื•, ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื›ื ืืฆื™ื,
09:20
physically assaulted, threatened with criminal prosecution
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ื ืคื’ืขื• ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ืื•ื™ืžื• ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช
09:23
for stumbling across or arguing
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ื•
09:27
about controversial findings.
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ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช
09:30
And you never know when you're going to
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ื•ืืชื” ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืชื™
09:32
come across one of these booby traps.
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ืชื’ื™ืข ืœืื—ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
09:34
My favorite example is a pair of psychologists
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื’ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
09:36
who did research on left-handers,
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ืฉืขืจื›ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื˜ืจื™ ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืืœื™ื™ื
09:39
and published some data showing that left-handers are, on average,
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ื•ืคืจืกืžื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื”ืจืื• ืฉืฉืžืืœื™ื™ื ื”ื, ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
09:42
more susceptible to disease, more prone to accidents
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืชืื•ื ื•ืช,
09:45
and have a shorter lifespan.
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ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืฆืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:47
It's not clear, by the way, since then,
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ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื
09:49
whether that is an accurate generalization,
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ืื ืื›ืŸ ื–ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช,
09:52
but the data at the time seemed to support that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื˜ืขื ื•ืช.
09:55
Well, pretty soon they were barraged
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื•ืชืงืคื•
09:57
with enraged letters,
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ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื ื–ืขืžื™ื,
10:00
death threats,
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ืื™ื•ืžื™ ืžื•ื•ืช,
10:02
ban on the topic in a number of scientific journals,
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ื—ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื,
10:05
coming from irate left-handers
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื–ื•ืขืžื™ื
10:08
and their advocates,
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ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื”ื,
10:10
and they were literally afraid to open their mail
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ื•ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืคื—ื“ื• ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืืจ ืฉืœื”ื
10:13
because of the venom and vituperation
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืืจืก ื•ื”ื”ื›ืคืฉื•ืช
10:16
that they had inadvertently inspired.
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ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืจืจื• ืฉืœื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”.
10:19
Well,
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ื˜ื•ื‘,
10:21
the night is young, but the book has been out
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ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื
10:23
for half a year,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”,
10:25
and nothing terrible has happened.
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ื•ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจื ืœื ืงืจื”.
10:27
None of the dire professional consequences
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ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืืกื•ืŸ
10:29
has taken place --
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ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”
10:31
I haven't been
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ืœื ื’ื•ืจืฉืชื™
10:33
exiled from the city of Cambridge.
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ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'.
10:36
But what I wanted to talk about
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ
10:38
are two of these hot buttons
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ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื
10:41
that have aroused the strongest response
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ืฉืขื•ืจืจื• ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืงื”
10:45
in the 80-odd reviews
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ื‘ื›ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช
10:47
that The Blank Slate has received.
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ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื—ืœืง.
10:50
I'll just put that list up for a few seconds,
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ืื ื™ ืืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืœื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช,
10:53
and see if you can guess which two
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื ื—ืฉ ืžื”ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื...
10:55
-- I would estimate that probably two of these topics
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ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืืœื”
10:57
inspired probably 90 percent
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ืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืขืจืš 90 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
11:00
of the reaction in the various reviews
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ืžื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช
11:03
and radio interviews.
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ื•ื‘ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื•.
11:05
It's not violence and war,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืœื—ืžื”,
11:07
it's not race, it's not gender,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื’ื–ืข, ื–ื” ืœื ืžื’ื“ืจ,
11:09
it's not Marxism, it's not Nazism.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืจืงืกื™ื–ื, ื–ื” ืœื ื ืืฆื™ื–ื.
11:12
They are: the arts and parenting.
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ื”ื: ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช
11:15
(Laughter)
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ื•ื”ื•ืจื•ืช.
11:17
So let me tell you what
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ืื– ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžื”
11:19
aroused such irate responses,
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ืขื•ืจืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื” ื ื–ืขืžื•ืช,
11:21
and I'll let you decide if whether they --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื
11:24
the claims are really that outrageous.
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ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื–ืขื–ืขื•ืช.
11:26
Let me start with the arts.
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ื‘ื•ื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
11:29
I note that among the long list of human universals
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ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
11:31
that I presented a few slides ago
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ืฉื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช
11:34
are art.
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ื ืžืฆืืช ืืžื ื•ืช.
11:36
There is no society ever discovered
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ืื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื ืชื’ืœืชื”
11:39
in the remotest corner of the world that has not had something
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ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืžืฉื”ื•
11:42
that we would consider the arts.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืืžื ื•ืช.
11:46
Visual arts -- decoration of surfaces and bodies --
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช - ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืฃ -
11:48
appears to be a human universal.
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
11:50
The telling of stories, music,
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”,
11:52
dance, poetry -- found in all cultures,
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ืจื™ืงื•ื“, ืฉื™ืจื” - ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช,
11:55
and many of the motifs and themes
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื
11:58
that
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ื•ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื
12:01
give us pleasure in the arts
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ืฉืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ื ืื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช
12:03
can be found in all human societies:
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช:
12:07
a preference for symmetrical forms,
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ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
12:10
the use of repetition and variation,
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช,
12:12
even things as specific as the fact
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
12:14
that in poetry all over the world,
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ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
12:16
you have lines that are very close
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืจื›ืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“
12:19
to three seconds long, separated by pauses.
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ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช.
12:22
Now, on the other hand,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
12:24
in the second half of the 20th century,
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ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื,
12:26
the arts are frequently said to be in decline.
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ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ืžืช ื™ืจื™ื“ื”.
12:29
And I have a collection,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื•ืกืฃ
12:31
probably 10 or 15 headlines, from highbrow magazines
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 10 ืื• 15 ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืžืžื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื
12:34
deploring the fact that
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ื”ืžืฆืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš
12:36
the arts are in decline in our time.
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ืฉื‘ื–ืžื ื ื• ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช.
12:39
I'll give you a couple of representative quotes:
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ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช:
12:42
"We can assert with some confidence that our own period is
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"ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื›ื™ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•
12:44
one of decline, that the standards of culture are lower
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ื”ื™ื ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื
12:47
than they were 50 years ago, and that the evidences of this decline
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื”, ื•ืฉื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
12:50
are visible in every department of human activity."
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ื ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช."
12:53
That's a quote from T. S. Eliot, a little more than 50 years ago.
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ื–ื” ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืช"ืก ืืœื™ื•ื˜, ืžืœืคื ื™ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”.
12:56
And a more recent one:
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ:
12:58
"The possibility of sustaining high culture in our time
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"ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•
13:00
is becoming increasing problematical.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
13:03
Serious book stores are losing their franchise,
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ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
13:05
nonprofit theaters are surviving primarily
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ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื ืœืžื˜ืจืช ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ
13:07
by commercializing their repertory,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกื—ื•ืจ ื”ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ืฉืœื”ื,
13:09
symphony orchestras are diluting their programs,
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ืชื–ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆืžืฆืžื•ืช ืืช ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ,
13:11
public television is increasing its dependence
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ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ืชืœื•ืชื”
13:13
on reruns of British sitcoms,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
13:16
classical radio stations are dwindling,
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ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืžืขื˜ื•ืช,
13:18
museums are resorting to blockbuster shows, dance is dying."
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืœืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืคื•ืช,
13:20
That's from Robert Brustein,
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ื”ืžื—ื•ืœ ื’ื•ืกืก."
13:22
the famous drama critic and director,
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ื–ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ืจื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ื•ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื
13:25
in The New Republic about five years ago.
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ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื ื™ื• ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืง", ืžืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš.
13:28
Well, in fact, the arts are not in decline.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช.
13:31
I don't think this will as a surprise to anyone in this room,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืคืชื™ืข ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
13:34
but by any standard
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ื›ืœ ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื”
13:36
they have never been flourishing
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ื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคืจื—ื•
13:38
to a greater extent.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:40
There are, of course, entirely new art forms
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ื™ืฉ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช
13:43
and new media, many of which you've heard
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื”, ืฉืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืฉืžืขืชื
13:45
over these few days.
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
13:48
By any economic standard,
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ืœืคื™ ื›ืœ ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
13:50
the demand for art of all forms
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ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืืžื ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื”
13:53
is skyrocketing,
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ืžืจืงื™ืขื” ืฉื—ืงื™ื,
13:55
as you can tell from the price of opera tickets,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืžื—ื™ืจื ืฉืœ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื”ืื•ืคืจื”,
13:57
by the number of books sold,
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ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื ืžื›ืจื™ื,
13:59
by the number of books published,
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ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืื•ืจ,
14:01
the number of musical titles released,
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ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
14:04
the number of new albums and so on.
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
14:07
The only grain of truth to this
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ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
14:09
complaint that the arts are in decline
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ื‘ืชืœื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื”
14:11
come from three spheres.
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื.
14:15
One of them is in elite art since the 1930s --
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(1) ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืœื™ืช ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื
14:18
say, the kinds of works performed
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืกื•ื’ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื•
14:20
by major symphony orchestras,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื–ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช,
14:22
where most of the repertory is before 1930,
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืœืคื ื™ 1930,
14:26
or the works shown in
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ืื• ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช
14:28
major galleries and prestigious museums.
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ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื™ื.
14:32
In literary criticism and analysis,
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(2) ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช,
14:34
probably 40 or 50 years ago,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืคื ื™ 40 ืื• 50 ืฉื ื”,
14:36
literary critics were a kind of cultural hero;
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ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
14:39
now they're kind of a national joke.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
14:41
And the humanities and arts programs
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(3) ื•ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช
14:44
in the universities, which by many measures,
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช, ืฉืœืคื™ ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
14:46
indeed are in decline.
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื”,
14:48
Students are staying away in droves,
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ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžื”ื,
14:50
universities are disinvesting
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ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืžืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข
14:52
in the arts and humanities.
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ื‘ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื—.
14:54
Well, here's a diagnosis.
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ืื–, ื”ื ื” ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉืœื™.
14:57
They didn't ask me, but by their own admission,
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ื”ื ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ื
14:59
they need all the help that they can get.
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ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขื–ืจื”.
15:02
And I would like to suggest that it's not a coincidence
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ื•ืœื˜ืขื ืชื™, ื–ื” ืœื ืžืงืจื”
15:04
that this supposed decline
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ืฉื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืœื›ืื•ืจื”,
15:06
in the elite arts and criticism
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ื‘ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช
15:09
occurred in the same point in history in which
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ื—ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ื”
15:11
there was a widespread denial of human nature.
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื.
15:14
A famous quotation can be found --
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช,
15:16
if you look on the web, you can find it in
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ืื ืชื—ืคืฉื• ื‘ืจืฉืช ืชืžืฆืื• ืื•ืชื”
15:18
literally scores
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ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช
15:20
of English core syllabuses --
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ืกื™ืœื‘ื•ืกื™ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช:
15:23
"In or about December 1910,
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"ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1910, ืื• ื‘ืขืจืš,
15:26
human nature changed."
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ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉืชื ื”."
15:28
A paraphrase of a quote by Virginia Woolf,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคืจืืคืจืื–ื” ืขืœ ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ื•ืœืฃ,
15:31
and there's some debate
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช
15:33
as to what she actually meant by that.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื”.
15:35
But it's very clear, looking at these syllabuses,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืœื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
15:37
that -- it's used now
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ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื”
15:39
as a way of saying that all forms
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ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ
15:43
of appreciation of art
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ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืืžื ื•ืช
15:45
that were in place for centuries, or millennia,
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ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ืžืื•ืช ืื• ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
15:49
in the 20th century were discarded.
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ื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื• ื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื.
15:52
The beauty and pleasure in art --
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ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ื”ื ืื” ืฉื‘ืืžื ื•ืช,
15:54
probably a human universal --
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™,
15:56
were -- began to be considered saccharine,
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืกื›ืจื™ื ื™ื™ื,
15:58
or kitsch, or commercial.
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ืื• ืงื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื• ืžืžื•ืกื—ืจื™ื.
16:01
Barnett Newman had a famous quote that "the impulse of modern art
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ืœื‘ืจื ื˜ ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช
16:04
is the desire to destroy beauty" --
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ื™ื•ืคื™,
16:07
which was considered bourgeois or tacky.
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ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืื• ื”ืžื•ื ื™.
16:10
And here's just one example.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช
16:12
I mean, this is perhaps a representative example
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื–ืืช ื›ื ืจืื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช
16:15
of the visual depiction of the female form
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ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ื ืงื‘ื™ืช
16:18
in the 15th century;
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ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-15.
16:20
here is a representative example
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช
16:22
of the depiction of the female form in the 20th century.
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ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ืช ื ืงื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20.
16:26
And, as you can see, there -- something has changed
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืฉืชื ื”
16:28
in the way the elite arts
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืœื™ืช
16:30
appeal to the senses.
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ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืฉื™ื.
16:32
Indeed, in movements of modernism
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ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื
16:34
and post-modernism,
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ื•ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื,
16:36
there was visual art without beauty,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ืœืœื ื™ื•ืคื™,
16:38
literature without narrative and plot,
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ืกืคืจื•ืช ืœืœื ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื•ืขืœื™ืœื”,
16:40
poetry without meter and rhyme,
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ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืœื ืžืงืฆื‘ ื•ื—ืจื™ื–ื”,
16:42
architecture and planning without ornament,
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ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœืœื ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื,
16:44
human scale, green space and natural light,
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ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื—ืœืœื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื•ืชืื•ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช,
16:47
music without melody and rhythm,
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืœื ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ืžืงืฆื‘,
16:49
and criticism without clarity,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืœืœื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
16:51
attention to aesthetics and insight into the human condition.
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ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ
16:54
(Laughter)
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
16:56
Let me give just you an example to back up that last statement.
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉืชื’ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
16:59
But here, there -- one of the most famous literary
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ืื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื
17:01
English scholars of our time
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
17:03
is the Berkeley professor,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ
17:05
Judith Butler.
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ื’'ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ืœืจ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจืงืœื™.
17:07
And here is an example of
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉืœ
17:09
one of her analyses:
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื”:
17:12
"The move from a structuralist account in which capital
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"ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืชื™ืื•ืจ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ื• ืžืžื•ืŸ
17:14
is understood to structure social relations
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ื ืชืคืก ื›ืžื‘ื ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื
17:16
in relatively homologous ways
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™
17:18
to a view of hegemony in which power relations are subject to repetition,
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ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื–ืจื”,
17:21
convergence and rearticulation
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ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืขื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช
17:23
brought the question of temporality into the thinking of structure,
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ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื”,
17:26
and marked a shift from the form of Althusserian theory
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ื•ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืœื˜ื•ืกืจื™ืื ื™ืช
17:28
that takes structural totalities as theoretical objects ..."
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ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ืช ื›ืืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื..."
17:31
Well, you get the idea.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
17:34
By the way, this is one sentence --
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ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื—ื“,
17:36
you can actually parse it.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจืง ืื•ืชื• ืœืคืกื•ืงื™ื•ืช.
17:40
Well, the argument in "The Blank Slate"
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ืื–, ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ื—ืœืง
17:42
was that elite art and criticism
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืœื™ืช
17:44
in the 20th century,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20,
17:46
although not the arts in general,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™,
17:48
have disdained beauty, pleasure,
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ื‘ื–ื• ืœื™ื•ืคื™, ื”ื ืื”,
17:50
clarity, insight and style.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื•ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ.
17:53
People are staying away from elite art and criticism.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืจืชืขื™ื ืžืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืœื™ืช ื•ืžื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช.
17:57
What a puzzle -- I wonder why.
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ืื™ื–ื• ื—ื™ื“ื” - ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื”?
18:00
Well, this turned out to be probably
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ืื–, ื–ืืช ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
18:02
the most controversial claim in the book.
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ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืกืคืจ.
18:04
Someone asked me whether I stuck it in
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืื ื”ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืคื ื™ืžื”
18:06
in order to deflect ire
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืืฉ
18:09
from discussions of gender and Nazism
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ืžื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื’ื“ืจ ื•ื ืืฆื™ื–ื
18:12
and race and so on. I won't comment on that.
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ื•ื’ื–ืข ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”. ืื ื™ ืœื ืื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš.
18:16
But it certainly inspired
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืขื•ืจืจ
18:19
an energetic reaction
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ื•ืช
18:22
from many university professors.
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ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช.
18:25
Well, the other hot button is parenting.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื—ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจื•ืช.
18:28
And the starting point is the -- for that discussion
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ื•ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
18:31
was the fact that we have all
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื•
18:33
been subject to the advice
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืขืฆื•ืช
18:35
of the parenting industrial complex.
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ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื•ืช.
18:38
Now, here is -- here is a
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ืื– ื”ื ื”
18:40
representative quote from a besieged mother:
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ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืžืื ื‘ืฆืจื”:
18:43
"I'm overwhelmed with parenting advice.
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"ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืคืช ื‘ืขืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช.
18:45
I'm supposed to do lots of physical activity with my kids
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ืื ื™ ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™
18:47
so I can instill in them a physical fitness habit
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืœื›ื•ืฉืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื™
18:50
so they'll grow up to be healthy adults.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
18:52
And I'm supposed to do all kinds of intellectual play
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉื—ืง ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”
18:54
so they'll grow up smart.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
18:56
And there are all kinds of play -- clay for finger dexterity,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื - ื—ื™ืžืจ ืœื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื,
18:59
word games for reading success, large motor play,
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ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื™ืื”, ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื’ืกื” ื•ืขื“ื™ื ื”,
19:02
small motor play. I feel like I could devote my life
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขืœื™ื™ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™
19:04
to figuring out what to play with my kids."
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื” ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™."
19:07
I think anyone who's recently been a parent can sympathize
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืจื”
19:09
with this mother.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื ื”ื–ืืช.
19:12
Well, here's some sobering facts about parenting.
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ืื–, ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืคื›ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ืช.
19:15
Most studies of parenting on which this advice is based
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ืจื•ื‘ ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
19:19
are useless. They're useless because they don't control
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ื”ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืขืจืš. ื”ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืขืจืš ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžื ื˜ืจืœื™ื
19:22
for heritability. They measure some correlation
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ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจืฉื”. ื”ื ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชืื
19:25
between what the parents do, how the children turn out
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
19:28
and assume a causal relation:
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ื•ืžืกื™ืงื™ื ืงืฉืจ ืกื™ื‘ืชื™:
19:30
that the parenting shaped the child.
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ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“.
19:32
Parents who talk a lot to their kids
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ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื
19:34
have kids who grow up to be articulate,
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ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื”ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
19:36
parents who spank their kids have kids who grow up
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ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ื ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื
19:38
to be violent and so on.
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ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
19:40
And very few of them control for the possibility
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ื•ืจืง ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
19:43
that parents pass on genes for --
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ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืœืื” ื’ื ื™ื
19:46
that increase the chances a child will be articulate
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ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
19:48
or violent and so on.
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ืจื”ื•ื˜ ืื• ืืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
19:50
Until the studies are redone with adoptive children,
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืื•ืžืฆื™ื,
19:53
who provide an environment
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ืฉื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
19:55
but not genes to their kids,
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ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื’ื ื™ื,
19:57
we have no way of knowing whether these conclusions are valid.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช ืื ื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืชืงืคื•ืช.
20:00
The genetically controlled studies
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืฉื”
20:02
have some sobering results.
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ืžืขืœื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืคื•ืงื—ื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
20:04
Remember the Mallifert twins:
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ื”ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืžืืœื™ืคืจื˜:
20:06
separated at birth, then they meet in the patent office --
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ื”ื•ืคืจื“ื• ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื ื•ืื– ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื -
20:09
remarkably similar.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื”.
20:11
Well, what would have happened if the Mallifert twins had grown up together?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืžืืœื™ืคืจื˜ ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“?
20:14
You might think, well, then they'd be even more similar,
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื– ื”ื ื‘ื˜ื— ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื•ืžื™ื,
20:17
because not only would they share their genes,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืœืื•ืชื ื’ื ื™ื,
20:19
but they would also share their environment.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœืื•ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
20:22
That would make them super-similar, right?
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจ-ื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
20:24
Wrong. Identical twins, or any siblings,
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ืื– ื–ื”ื•, ืฉืœื. ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื, ืื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื™ื
20:27
who are separated at birth are no less similar
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ื”ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื“ืชื, ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”
20:31
than if they had grown up together.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“.
20:33
Everything that happens to you in a given home
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื
20:35
over all of those years
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื
20:37
appears to leave no permanent stamp
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื ืžืฉืื™ืจ ื—ื•ืชื ืงื‘ื•ืข
20:39
on your personality or intellect.
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ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ ืฉืœืš.
20:42
A complementary finding, from a completely different methodology,
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ืžืžืฆื ืžืฉืœื™ื, ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™,
20:45
is that adopted siblings reared together --
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื—ื™ื ืžืื•ืžืฆื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“
20:49
the mirror image of identical twins reared apart,
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ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืจืื™ ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื ืคืจื“,
20:51
they share their parents, their home,
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืช
20:53
their neighborhood,
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ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื”,
20:55
don't share their genes -- end up not similar at all.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื - ื•ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
20:58
OK -- two different bodies of research with a similar finding.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืžืžืฆื ื“ื•ืžื”.
21:01
What it suggests is that children are shaped
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจืžื– ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื
21:03
not by their parents over the long run,
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ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš
21:06
but in part -- only in part -- by their genes,
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ืืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ - ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ - ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
21:09
in part by their culture --
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื -
21:11
the culture of the country at large
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ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
21:13
and the children's own culture, namely their peer group --
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ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืžืฉืžืข
21:15
as we heard from Jill Sobule earlier today,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื - ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ืžื’'ื™ืœ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
21:18
that's what kids care about --
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื -
21:21
and, to a very large extent, larger than most people are prepared to acknowledge,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช,
21:24
by chance: chance events in the wiring of the brain in utero;
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืงืจื™ื•ืช: ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ืจื—ื,
21:27
chance events as you live your life.
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
21:31
So let me conclude
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ืื– ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกื›ื
21:33
with just a remark
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ืขื ื”ืขืจื”
21:35
to bring it back to the theme of choices.
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ืฉืชื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
21:38
I think that the sciences of human nature --
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ -
21:40
behavioral genetics, evolutionary psychology,
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ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
21:43
neuroscience, cognitive science --
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ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—, ืžื“ืข ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ื” -
21:45
are going to, increasingly in the years to come,
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ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
21:48
upset various dogmas,
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžื•ืช,
21:51
careers and deeply-held political belief systems.
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ืงืจื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช.
21:54
And that presents us with a choice.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
21:56
The choice is whether certain facts about humans,
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ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
21:59
or topics, are to be considered taboos,
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ืื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื˜ืื‘ื•,
22:03
forbidden knowledge, where we shouldn't go there
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ื™ื“ืข ืืกื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•,
22:05
because no good can come from it,
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ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื ื™ืฆื ืžื›ืš,
22:07
or whether we should explore them honestly.
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ืื• ืฉืžื ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื•ืฉืจ.
22:10
I have my own
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ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืฉืœื™
22:12
answer to that question,
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ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช,
22:14
which comes from a great artist of the 19th century,
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ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืืžืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19,
22:17
Anton Chekhov, who said,
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ืื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ื›ื•ื‘, ืฉืืžืจ,
22:20
"Man will become better when you show him
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"ื”ืื“ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืฉืจ
22:22
what he is like."
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ืชืจืื” ืœื• ืžื” ืื•ืคื™ื•."
22:24
And I think that the argument
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ
22:26
can't be put any more eloquently than that.
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ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ.
22:29
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
22:32
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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