Steven Pinker: Human nature and the blank slate

534,082 views ・ 2008-10-07

TED


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Prevoditelj: Zvonimir Mimica Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG
00:18
A year ago, I spoke to you about a book
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Prije godinu dana govorio sam vam o knjizi
00:22
that I was just in the process of completing,
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koja je tada bila u procesu privođenja kraju,
00:25
that has come out in the interim, and I would like to talk to you today
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a u međuvremenu je izdana i želio bih vam danas govoriti
00:28
about some of the controversies that that book inspired.
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o nekim polemikama koje je ova knjiga potakla.
00:32
The book is called "The Blank Slate,"
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Knjiga se zove "Prazna ploča",
00:34
based on the popular idea
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a zasnovana je na popularnoj ideji
00:36
that the human mind is a blank slate,
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da je ljudski um prazna ploča
00:38
and that all of its structure comes from
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i da cijela njegova struktura nastaje
00:41
socialization, culture, parenting, experience.
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socijalizacijom, kulturom, roditeljstvom, iskustvom.
00:45
The "blank slate" was an influential idea in the 20th century.
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"Prazna ploča" je bila utjecajna ideja u 20. stoljeću.
00:49
Here are a few quotes indicating that:
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Slijedi nekoliko citata koji to pokazuju:
00:52
"Man has no nature," from the historian
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"Čovjek nema prirode", od strane povijesničara
00:54
Jose Ortega y Gasset;
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Josea Ortege y Gasseta;
00:56
"Man has no instincts," from the
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"Čovjek nema instinkte", od strane
00:58
anthropologist Ashley Montagu;
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antropologa Ashleya Montagua;
01:00
"The human brain is capable of a full range of behaviors
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"Ljudski mozak je sposoban za cijeli raspon ponašanja,
01:03
and predisposed to none," from the late scientist Stephen Jay Gould.
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a za nijedan predodređen", od strane pokojnog znanstvenika Stephena Jay Goulda.
01:08
There are a number of reasons to doubt that the human mind
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Postoji cijeli niz razloga za sumnju da je ljudski um
01:10
is a blank slate,
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prazna ploča,
01:12
and some of them just come from common sense.
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a neki od njih su jednostavno proizvod zdravog razuma.
01:14
As many people have told me over the years,
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Kao što mi je mnogo ljudi reklo tijekom godina,
01:17
anyone who's had more than one child
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bilo tko tko ima više od jednog djeteta
01:19
knows that kids come into the world
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zna da djeca dolaze na svijet
01:22
with certain temperaments and talents;
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s određenim ćudima i talentima;
01:24
it doesn't all come from the outside.
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ne dolazi sve to samo izvana.
01:27
Oh, and anyone who
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Također, bilo tko tko ima
01:29
has both a child and a house pet
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oboje, i dijete i kućnog ljubimca,
01:32
has surely noticed that the child, exposed to speech,
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zasigurno je primijetio da će dijete, izloženo govoru,
01:34
will acquire a human language,
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usvojiti ljudski jezik,
01:36
whereas the house pet won't,
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dok s druge strane, ljubimac neće,
01:38
presumably because of some innate different between them.
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pretpostavljeno zbog nekih urođenih razlika između njih.
01:41
And anyone who's ever been
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I bilo tko tko je bio
01:43
in a heterosexual relationship knows that
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u heteroseksualnom odnosu zna
01:45
the minds of men and the minds of women are not indistinguishable.
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da umove muškaraca i umove žena nije nemoguće razlikovati.
01:49
There are also, I think,
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Postoji također, čini mi se,
01:51
increasing results from
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sve veći broj rezultata
01:53
the scientific study of humans
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znanstvenih studija o ljudima
01:55
that, indeed, we're not born blank slates.
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koji zaista pokazuju da nismo rođeni praznih ploča.
01:58
One of them, from anthropology,
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Jedna od tih studija, iz antropologije,
02:01
is the study of human universals.
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je studija o ljudskim univerzalijama.
02:03
If you've ever taken anthropology, you know that it's a --
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Ukoliko ste ikada imali antropologiju, poznato vam je da postoji -
02:05
kind of an occupational
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vrsta profesionalnog
02:07
pleasure of anthropologists to show
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užitka kod antropologa u pokazivanju
02:09
how exotic other cultures can be,
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koliko druge kulture mogu biti egzotične
02:12
and that there are places out there where, supposedly,
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i da tamo vani postoje mjesta gdje je, pretpostavlja se,
02:14
everything is the opposite to the way it is here.
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sve drukčije od onoga kako je ovdje.
02:17
But if you instead
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Ali, ukoliko umjesto ovoga
02:19
look at what is common to the world's cultures,
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pogledate što je zajedničko svjetskim kulturama,
02:23
you find that there is an enormously rich set
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naći ćete da postoji izuzetno bogati niz
02:25
of behaviors and emotions
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ponašanja i emocija,
02:28
and ways of construing the world
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kao i načina tumačenja svijeta
02:30
that can be found in all of the world's 6,000-odd cultures.
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koji se mogu naći u svima od 6.000 neobičnih svjetskih kultura.
02:34
The anthropologist Donald Brown has tried to list them all,
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Antropolog Donald Brown ih je pokušao sve popisati,
02:37
and they range from aesthetics,
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i u rasponu su od estetike,
02:39
affection and age statuses
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privrženosti i starosne dobi,
02:42
all the way down to weaning, weapons, weather,
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pa sve do odbića, oružja, vremena,
02:45
attempts to control, the color white
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pokušaja kontrole, bijele boje
02:47
and a worldview.
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i pogleda na svijet.
02:49
Also, genetics and neuroscience
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Također, genetika i neuroznanost
02:51
are increasingly showing that the brain
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sve više pokazuju da je mozak
02:53
is intricately structured.
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složeno strukturiran.
02:56
This is a recent study by the neurobiologist Paul Thompson
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Ovo je nedavna studija neurobiologa Paula Thompsona
02:58
and his colleagues in which they --
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i njegovih kolega u kojoj su,
03:00
using MRI --
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koristeći magnetnu rezonancu -
03:02
measured the distribution of gray matter --
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mjerili distribuciju sive tvari --
03:05
that is, the outer layer of the cortex --
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tj. vanjski sloj korteksa --
03:08
in a large sample of pairs of people.
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u velikom uzorku ljudskih parova.
03:11
They coded correlations in the thickness
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Označili su korelacije u debljini
03:15
of gray matter in different parts of the brain
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sive tvari u različitim djelovima mozga,
03:17
using a false color scheme, in which
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koristeći shemu lažnih boja kod koje
03:20
no difference is coded as purple,
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se nedostatak razlika označava ljubičastim,
03:23
and any color other than purple indicates
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a svaka boja koja nije ljubičasta pokazuje
03:25
a statistically significant correlation.
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statistički značajnu korelaciju.
03:27
Well, this is what happens when you pair people up at random.
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Dakle, ovo se događa kad se ljudi spare nasumično.
03:30
By definition, two people picked at random
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Po definiciji, dvoje nasumično odabranih osoba
03:33
can't have correlations in the distribution
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ne mogu imati korelacije u distribuciji
03:35
of gray matter in the cortex.
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sive tvari u korteksu.
03:38
This is what happens in people who share
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Ovo se događa kod ljudi koji međusobno dijele
03:41
half of their DNA -- fraternal twins.
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polovicu svoje DNK -- dvojajčani blizanci.
03:44
And as you can see, large amounts of the brain
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Kao što možete vidjeti, veliki djelovi mozga
03:46
are not purple, showing that if one person
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nisu ljubičasti, što pokazuje da ukoliko jedna osoba
03:49
has a thicker bit of cortex
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ima deblji dio korteksa
03:52
in that region, so does his fraternal twin.
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u tom području, ima ga i njegov dvojajčani blizanac.
03:55
And here's what happens if you
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A ovdje je ono što se dogodi kad
03:59
get a pair of people who share all their DNA --
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dovedete par osoba koje među sobom dijele sav svoj DNK --
04:01
namely, clones or identical twins.
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odnosno klonove ili jednojajčane blizance.
04:04
And you can see huge areas of cortex where there are
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Možete vidjeti velika područja korteksa kod kojih postoji
04:08
massive correlations in the distribution of gray matter.
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ogromna korelacija u distribuciji sive tvari.
04:11
Now, these aren't just
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I sad, ovo nisu samo
04:13
differences in anatomy,
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razlike u anatomiji,
04:15
like the shape of your ear lobes,
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poput oblika vaše ušne školjke,
04:17
but they have consequences in thought and behavior
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nego i one koje prouzrokuju posljedice za mišljenja i ponašanja,
04:21
that are well illustrated in this famous cartoon by Charles Addams:
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odlično ilustrirane u čuvenom crtanom filmu Charlesa Addamsa:
04:25
"Separated at birth, the Mallifert twins meet accidentally."
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"Razdvojeni pri rođenju, blizanci Mallifert se potom slučajno susreću."
04:30
As you can see, there are two inventors
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Kao što možete vidjeti, tu su dva izumitelja
04:32
with identical contraptions in their lap, meeting
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s identičnim izumom u svom krilu i susreću se
04:34
in the waiting room of a patent attorney.
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u čekaonici odvjetnika za patente.
04:36
Now, the cartoon is not such an exaggeration, because
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I sad, ovaj crtani film baš i ne pretjeruje, jer
04:39
studies of identical twins who were separated at birth
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studije jednojajčanih blizanaca razdvojenih pri rođenju,
04:42
and then tested in adulthood
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a zatim ispitivanih u odrasloj dobi,
04:44
show that they have astonishing similarities.
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pokazuju da oni imaju začuđujuće sličnosti.
04:47
And this happens in every pair of identical twins
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I ovo se događa kod svakog para jednojajčanih blizanaca
04:50
separated at birth ever studied --
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razdvojenih pri rođenju, koji su ikad istraživani --
04:52
but much less so with fraternal twins separated at birth.
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ali mnogo manje kod dvojajčanih blizanaca razdvojenih pri rođenju.
04:55
My favorite example is a pair of twins,
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Moj omiljeni primjer para blizanaca,
04:58
one of whom was brought up
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od kojih je jedan odgojen
05:00
as a Catholic in a Nazi family in Germany,
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kao katolik u nacističkoj obitelji u Njemačkoj,
05:04
the other brought up in a Jewish family in Trinidad.
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a drugi odgojen u židovskoj obitelji na Trinidadu.
05:08
When they walked into the lab in Minnesota,
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Kad su ušli u laboratorij u Minnesoti,
05:10
they were wearing identical navy blue shirts with epaulettes;
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nosili su identične mornarsko plave majice s epoletama,
05:13
both of them liked to dip buttered toast in coffee,
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oboje su voljeli umakati maslacem premazani prepečenac u kavu,
05:16
both of them kept rubber bands around their wrists,
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oboje su imali gumene trake oko ručnog zgloba,
05:20
both of them flushed the toilet before using it as well as after,
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oboje su puštali vodu u toaletu prije i poslije njegova korištenja
05:23
and both of them liked to surprise people
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i oboje su voljeli iznenaditi ljude
05:26
by sneezing in crowded elevators to watch them jump.
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kišući u prepunjenim dizalima kako bi ih promatrali kako skaču.
05:30
Now --
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I sad --
05:32
the story might seem to good to be true,
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priča možda zvuči predobro da bi bila istinita,
05:34
but when you administer
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ali kad upravljate
05:36
batteries of psychological tests,
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nizom psiholoških testova,
05:39
you get the same results -- namely,
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dobit ćete iste rezultate -- odnosno,
05:41
identical twins separated at birth show
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jednojajčani blizanci razdvojeni pri porodu pokazuju
05:43
quite astonishing similarities.
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porilično začuđujuće sličnosti.
05:45
Now, given both the common sense
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I sada, uzimajući u obzir oboje, kako zdrav razum
05:47
and scientific data
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tako i znanstvene podatke
05:49
calling the doctrine of the blank slate into question,
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koji doktrinu prazne ploče dovode u pitanje,
05:51
why should it have been such an appealing notion?
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zbog čega je ona bila tako privlačno stajalište?
05:54
Well, there are a number of political reasons why people have found it congenial.
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Dakle, postoji niz političkih razloga zbog kojih su je ljudi našli prikladnom.
05:57
The foremost is that if we're blank slates,
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U prvom redu, ukoliko smo mi prazne ploče,
06:00
then, by definition, we are equal,
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onda smo, po definiciji, jednaki,
06:02
because zero equals zero equals zero.
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jer nula je jednako nula je jednako nula je jednako nula.
06:05
But if something is written on the slate,
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Ali, ukoliko je nešto napisano na ploči,
06:07
then some people could have more of it than others,
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onda bi neki ljudi mogli imati više toga napisanog od drugih
06:09
and according to this line of thinking, that would justify
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i sukladno tom pravcu razmišljanja to bi opravdalo
06:11
discrimination and inequality.
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diskriminaciju i nejednakost.
06:14
Another political fear of human nature
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Drugi politički strah od ljudske prirode
06:17
is that if we are blank slates,
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jest u tome da, ukoliko smo mi prazne ploče,
06:19
we can perfect mankind --
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onda možemo usavršiti čovječanstvo --
06:21
the age-old dream of the perfectibility of our species
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ostvariti stari san o dovođenju naše vrste do savršenstva
06:24
through social engineering.
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kroz društveni inženjering.
06:26
Whereas, if we're born with certain instincts,
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S druge strane, ukoliko se rađamo s određenim instinktima,
06:28
then perhaps some of them might condemn us
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onda bi nas, možda, neki od njih mogli osuditi
06:30
to selfishness, prejudice and violence.
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na sebičnost, pristranost i nasilnost.
06:34
Well, in the book, I argue that these are, in fact, non sequiturs.
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Naime, u knjizi objašnjavam da su ovo u stvari logičke pogreške.
06:38
And just to make a long story short:
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Da skratim,
06:40
first of all, the concept of fairness
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prije svega, pojam pravičnosti
06:42
is not the same as the concept of sameness.
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nije isti kao i pojam istovjetnosti.
06:45
And so when Thomas Jefferson wrote
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Tako, kad je Thomas Jefferson zapisao
06:47
in the Declaration of Independence,
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u Deklaraciji o nezavisnosti,
06:49
"We hold these truths to be self-evident,
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"Istina koju smatramo bjelodanom
06:51
that all men are created equal,"
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jest da su svi ljudi stvoreni jednaki",
06:54
he did not mean "We hold these truths to be self-evident,
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nije mislio reći "Istina koju smatramo bjelodanom
06:56
that all men are clones."
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jest da su svi ljudi klonovi."
06:59
Rather, that all men are equal in terms of their rights,
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Mislio je, naravno, da su svi ljudi stvoreni jednako u smislu njihovih prava,
07:02
and that every person ought to be treated
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kao i da se prema svakoj osobi treba odnositi
07:05
as an individual, and not prejudged
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kao prema individui, a ne o njoj unaprijed zaključivati
07:07
by the statistics of particular groups
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na temelju statistike određenih skupina
07:09
that they may belong to.
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kojima ona može pripadati.
07:12
Also, even if we were born
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Također, čak i da jesmo rođeni
07:14
with certain ignoble motives,
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s određenim neplemenitim motivima,
07:16
they don't automatically lead to ignoble behavior.
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oni ne bi dovodili automatski i do neplemenitog ponašanja.
07:19
That is because the human mind
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To je zbog toga što je ljudski mozak
07:21
is a complex system with many parts,
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složeni sustav s mnogo djelova
07:23
and some of them can inhibit others.
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i neki od njih mogu spriječiti one druge.
07:26
For example, there's excellent reason to believe
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Primjerice, postoji odličan razlog za vjerovanje
07:29
that virtually all humans are born with a moral sense,
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da se zaista svi ljudi rađaju s osjećajem za moralnost
07:33
and that we have cognitive abilities that allow us
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i da posjedujemo spoznajne sposobnosti koje nam omogućuju
07:36
to profit from the lessons of history.
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da učimo iz pouka povijesti.
07:38
So even if people did have impulses
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Čak i kada bi ljudi imali poticaje
07:40
towards selfishness or greed,
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za sebičnost ili pohlepu,
07:42
that's not the only thing in the skull,
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oni ne bi bili jedine stvari u našoj lubanji;
07:44
and there are other parts of the mind that can counteract them.
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postoje i drugi dijelovi uma koji im se mogu suprostaviti.
07:47
In the book, I
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U knjizi
07:49
go over controversies such as this one,
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razmatram kontroverze kao što je ova,
07:51
and a number of other hot buttons,
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kao i niz drugih osjetljivih tema,
07:54
hot zones, Chernobyls, third rails, and so on --
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vrućih zona, Chernobila, užarenih političkih tema i druge,
07:57
including the arts, cloning, crime,
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uključujući umjetnost, kloniranje, kriminal,
07:59
free will, education, evolution,
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slobodnu volju, obrazovanje, evoluciju,
08:01
gender differences, God, homosexuality,
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razlike među spolovima, Boga, homoseksualnost,
08:04
infanticide, inequality, Marxism, morality,
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čedomorstvo, nejednakost, marksizam, moralnost,
08:06
Nazism, parenting, politics,
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nacizam, roditeljstvo, politiku,
08:08
race, rape, religion, resource depletion,
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rase, religiju, siromaštvo resursima,
08:10
social engineering, technological risk and war.
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društveni inženjering, tehnološki rizik i rat.
08:13
And needless to say, there were certain risks
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Gotovo je bespotrebno i reći da su postojali određeni rizici
08:15
in taking on these subjects.
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pri odabiru ovih tema.
08:19
When I wrote a first draft of the book,
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Kad je prva skica ove knjige bila završena,
08:22
I circulated it to a number of colleagues for comments,
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razdijelio sam je nizu kolega radi povratnih informacija
08:24
and here are some of
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i ovdje su neke
08:27
the reactions that I got:
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od reakcija koje sam dobio:
08:29
"Better get a security camera for your house."
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"Dobro bi ti bilo nabaviti sigurnosnu kameru za svoju kuću."
08:33
"Don't expect to get any more awards, job offers
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"Ne očekuj da ćeš ikada više dobiti neko priznanje, ponudu za posao
08:36
or positions in scholarly societies."
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ili položaj u školstvu."
08:39
"Tell your publisher not to list your hometown
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"Reci svom izdavaču da ne navede mjesto u kojem živiš
08:41
in your author bio."
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u tvom autorskom životopisu."
08:44
"Do you have tenure?"
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"Imaš li zajamčenu profesuru?"
08:46
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:48
Well, the book came out in October,
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Eto, knjiga je izašla u listopadu
08:50
and nothing terrible has happened.
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i ništa strašno se nije dogodilo.
08:55
I -- I like --
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I eto --
08:58
There was indeed reason to be nervous,
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Naravno, postojao je razlog za uznemirenost
09:00
and there were moments in which I did feel nervous,
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i postojali su trenuci kad sam osjećao uznemirenost,
09:02
knowing the history
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poznavajući što se je u povijesti
09:04
of what has happened to people
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događalo ljudima
09:06
who've taken controversial stands
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koji su zauzimali kontroverzna stajališta
09:08
or discovered disquieting findings
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ili otkrivali uznemirujuće nalaze
09:11
in the behavioral sciences.
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u bihevioralnim znanostima.
09:13
There are many cases, some of which I talk about in the book,
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Postoje mnogi slučajevi, od kojih sam o nekima govorio i u knjizi,
09:16
of people who have been slandered, called Nazis,
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o ljudima koji su bili oklevetani, nazivani nacistima,
09:20
physically assaulted, threatened with criminal prosecution
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fizički napadnuti, bili pod prijetnjom kaznenog progona
09:23
for stumbling across or arguing
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što su se osvrnuli ili raspravljali
09:27
about controversial findings.
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o kontroverznim nalazima.
09:30
And you never know when you're going to
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I čovjek nikad ne zna kad može
09:32
come across one of these booby traps.
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nagaziti na ovakve mine.
09:34
My favorite example is a pair of psychologists
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Moj omiljeni primjer su dvoje psihologa
09:36
who did research on left-handers,
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koji su proveli istraživanje o ljevorukim ljudima
09:39
and published some data showing that left-handers are, on average,
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i objavili neke podatke koji su pokazali da su ljevoruki ljudi u prosjeku
09:42
more susceptible to disease, more prone to accidents
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podložniji bolestima, skloniji nesretnim slučajevima
09:45
and have a shorter lifespan.
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i imaju kraći životni vijek.
09:47
It's not clear, by the way, since then,
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Usput rečeno, nije baš jasno od tada,
09:49
whether that is an accurate generalization,
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je li ovo bila točna generalizacija,
09:52
but the data at the time seemed to support that.
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ali podaci su tada išli u prilog tome.
09:55
Well, pretty soon they were barraged
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I tako, vrlo brzo su bili zasuti
09:57
with enraged letters,
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gnjevnim pismima,
10:00
death threats,
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prijetnjama po život,
10:02
ban on the topic in a number of scientific journals,
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zabranom objavljivanja po toj temi u nizu znanstvenih časopisa,
10:05
coming from irate left-handers
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a sve od strane bijesnih ljevorukih ljudi
10:08
and their advocates,
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i njihovih odvjetnika;
10:10
and they were literally afraid to open their mail
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doslovno su se plašili otvarati poštu,
10:13
because of the venom and vituperation
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zbog verbalnog nasilja
10:16
that they had inadvertently inspired.
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kojeg su nesmotreno izazvali.
10:19
Well,
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Ipak,
10:21
the night is young, but the book has been out
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tek je početak, a knjiga je vani
10:23
for half a year,
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već pola godine
10:25
and nothing terrible has happened.
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i ništa se strašno nije dogodilo.
10:27
None of the dire professional consequences
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Nijedna od strašnih profesionalnih posljedica
10:29
has taken place --
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se nije dogodila --
10:31
I haven't been
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nisam bio
10:33
exiled from the city of Cambridge.
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protjeran iz grada Cambridgea.
10:36
But what I wanted to talk about
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Ali, ono o čemu sam želio govoriti
10:38
are two of these hot buttons
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su dvije od ovih osjetljivih tema
10:41
that have aroused the strongest response
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koje su podigle najveću prašinu
10:45
in the 80-odd reviews
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od 80 neobičnih komentara
10:47
that The Blank Slate has received.
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koje je "Prazna ploča" zaprimila.
10:50
I'll just put that list up for a few seconds,
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Ostavit ću vam na nekoliko trenutaka popis
10:53
and see if you can guess which two
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da vidim možete li pogoditi koje su to dvije teme
10:55
-- I would estimate that probably two of these topics
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-- Procjenjujem da su vjerojatno dvije od ovih tema
10:57
inspired probably 90 percent
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potakle vjerojatno 90 posto
11:00
of the reaction in the various reviews
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reakcija u raznim člancima
11:03
and radio interviews.
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i radijskim intervjuima.
11:05
It's not violence and war,
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To nisu nasilje i rat,
11:07
it's not race, it's not gender,
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to nisu rase, to nisu spolovi,
11:09
it's not Marxism, it's not Nazism.
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to nije marksizam, to nije nacizam.
11:12
They are: the arts and parenting.
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To su: umjetnost i roditeljstvo.
11:15
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
11:17
So let me tell you what
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Dozvolite mi, onda, da vam kažem što je
11:19
aroused such irate responses,
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pobudilo tako bijesne odgovore
11:21
and I'll let you decide if whether they --
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i ostavit ću vama da odlučite jesu li --
11:24
the claims are really that outrageous.
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navedene tvrdnje zaista tako uvredljive.
11:26
Let me start with the arts.
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Započet ću s umjetnošću.
11:29
I note that among the long list of human universals
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Ustanovio sam da je na dugom popisu ljudskih univerzalija,
11:31
that I presented a few slides ago
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koje sam predstavio prije nekoliko slajdova,
11:34
are art.
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umjetnost.
11:36
There is no society ever discovered
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Ne postoji nijedno društvo ikad otkriveno
11:39
in the remotest corner of the world that has not had something
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u najudaljenijem kutu svijeta, koje nije imalo nešto
11:42
that we would consider the arts.
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što bismo mogli smatrati umjetnošću.
11:46
Visual arts -- decoration of surfaces and bodies --
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Vizualne umjetnosti -- ukrašavanje površina i tijela --
11:48
appears to be a human universal.
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čine se ljudskom univerzalijom.
11:50
The telling of stories, music,
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Pričanje priča, glazba,
11:52
dance, poetry -- found in all cultures,
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ples, poezija -- nađeni su u svim kulturama
11:55
and many of the motifs and themes
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i mnogi motivi i teme
11:58
that
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koje nam --
12:01
give us pleasure in the arts
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pružaju zadovoljstvo u umjetnosti
12:03
can be found in all human societies:
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mogu se naći u svim ljudskim društvima:
12:07
a preference for symmetrical forms,
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veća naklonjenost simetričnim formama,
12:10
the use of repetition and variation,
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korištenje ponavljanja i varijacija,
12:12
even things as specific as the fact
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čak i specifične stvari kao činjenica
12:14
that in poetry all over the world,
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da u poeziji diljem svijeta
12:16
you have lines that are very close
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postoje stihovi koji približno
12:19
to three seconds long, separated by pauses.
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traju tri sekunde i koji su odvojeni stankama.
12:22
Now, on the other hand,
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I sad, s druge strane,
12:24
in the second half of the 20th century,
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u drugoj polovici 20. stoljeća,
12:26
the arts are frequently said to be in decline.
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učestalo se govori da umjetnost nazaduje.
12:29
And I have a collection,
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A ja imam kolekciju,
12:31
probably 10 or 15 headlines, from highbrow magazines
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vjerojatno 10-15 naslova iz istaknutih časopisa,
12:34
deploring the fact that
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koji žale zbog činjenice
12:36
the arts are in decline in our time.
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da umjetnost našeg vremena nazaduje.
12:39
I'll give you a couple of representative quotes:
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Podastrijet ću vam nekoliko tipičnih citata:
12:42
"We can assert with some confidence that our own period is
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"Mi možemo prilično pouzdano tvrditi da je naše vrijeme,
12:44
one of decline, that the standards of culture are lower
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vrijeme nazadovanja, da su standardi naše kulture niži
12:47
than they were 50 years ago, and that the evidences of this decline
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nego što su bili prije 50 godina i da su dokazi ovog nazadovanja
12:50
are visible in every department of human activity."
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vidljivi u svakom području ljudskog djelovanja."
12:53
That's a quote from T. S. Eliot, a little more than 50 years ago.
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To je citat od T. S. Eliota, prije nešto više od 50 godina.
12:56
And a more recent one:
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Evo i jednog nedavnog:
12:58
"The possibility of sustaining high culture in our time
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"Mogućnost zadržavanja visoke razine kulture u ovom našem vremenu
13:00
is becoming increasing problematical.
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postaje rastuće problematično.
13:03
Serious book stores are losing their franchise,
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Ozbiljne knjižare gube svoje franšize,
13:05
nonprofit theaters are surviving primarily
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neprofitni teatri preživljavaju prvenstveno
13:07
by commercializing their repertory,
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komercijalizirajući svoj repertoar,
13:09
symphony orchestras are diluting their programs,
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simfonijski orkestri razrijeđuju svoje programe,
13:11
public television is increasing its dependence
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javna televizija pojačava svoju ovisnost
13:13
on reruns of British sitcoms,
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o reprizama britanskih sitkoma,
13:16
classical radio stations are dwindling,
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klasične radijske postaje se gase,
13:18
museums are resorting to blockbuster shows, dance is dying."
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muzeji se okreću blockbuster predstavama, ples odumire."
13:20
That's from Robert Brustein,
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Ovo je izjavio Robert Brustein,
13:22
the famous drama critic and director,
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čuveni dramski kritičar i redatelj,
13:25
in The New Republic about five years ago.
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u listu Nova Republika prije pet godina.
13:28
Well, in fact, the arts are not in decline.
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Ali, zapravo, umjetnost nije u nazadovanju.
13:31
I don't think this will as a surprise to anyone in this room,
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Ne vjerujem da je to iznenađenje za bilo koga u ovoj prostoriji,
13:34
but by any standard
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ali prema bilo kojem standardu,
13:36
they have never been flourishing
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nije nikad ni cvjetala
13:38
to a greater extent.
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u nekoj većoj mjeri.
13:40
There are, of course, entirely new art forms
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Naravno, postoje potpuno novi oblici umjetnosti
13:43
and new media, many of which you've heard
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i novi mediji, za mnoge od kojih ste čuli
13:45
over these few days.
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i tijekom ovih nekoliko dana.
13:48
By any economic standard,
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Prema bilo kojem ekonomskom standardu,
13:50
the demand for art of all forms
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potražnja za umjetnošću svih oblika
13:53
is skyrocketing,
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probija plafon,
13:55
as you can tell from the price of opera tickets,
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kao što se može isčitati iz cijena ulaznica za operu,
13:57
by the number of books sold,
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po broju prodanih knjiga,
13:59
by the number of books published,
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po broju izdanih knjiga,
14:01
the number of musical titles released,
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po broju izdanih glazbenih naslova,
14:04
the number of new albums and so on.
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po broju novih albuma itd.
14:07
The only grain of truth to this
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Jedino zrnce istine
14:09
complaint that the arts are in decline
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u pritužbi da je umjetnost u nazadovanju
14:11
come from three spheres.
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dolazi iz tri sfere.
14:15
One of them is in elite art since the 1930s --
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Jedna je elitna umjetnost od 1930-ih --
14:18
say, the kinds of works performed
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točnije, vrsta djela kakva izvode
14:20
by major symphony orchestras,
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vodeći simfonijski orkestri,
14:22
where most of the repertory is before 1930,
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a gdje većina repertoara potječe od prije 1930.
14:26
or the works shown in
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ili radovi prikazani
14:28
major galleries and prestigious museums.
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u vodećim galerijama i prestižnim muzejima.
14:32
In literary criticism and analysis,
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U sklopu književne kitike i analize,
14:34
probably 40 or 50 years ago,
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vjerojatno prije 40 ili 50 godina,
14:36
literary critics were a kind of cultural hero;
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književni kritičari su bili vrsta kulturnih heroja;
14:39
now they're kind of a national joke.
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a danas su neka vrsta nacionalne šale.
14:41
And the humanities and arts programs
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Kao i humanistički i umjetnički kolegiji
14:44
in the universities, which by many measures,
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na sveučilištima, koji prema brojnim kriterijima,
14:46
indeed are in decline.
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zaista nazaduju.
14:48
Students are staying away in droves,
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Studenti se drže po strani,
14:50
universities are disinvesting
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sveučilišta prestaju investirati
14:52
in the arts and humanities.
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u umjetnost i humanističke znanosti.
14:54
Well, here's a diagnosis.
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Evo, ovdje je dijagnoza.
14:57
They didn't ask me, but by their own admission,
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Nisu mene pitali, ali prema njihovom vlastitom priznanju,
14:59
they need all the help that they can get.
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treba im sva moguća pomoć koju mogu dobiti.
15:02
And I would like to suggest that it's not a coincidence
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I želio bih sugerirati da nije slučajnost
15:04
that this supposed decline
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da se je ovo pretpostavljeno nazadovanje
15:06
in the elite arts and criticism
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u elitniim umjetnostima i kritici
15:09
occurred in the same point in history in which
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pojavilo u istom povijesnom trenutku
15:11
there was a widespread denial of human nature.
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kad i uveliko rašireno poricanje ljudske prirode.
15:14
A famous quotation can be found --
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Postoji čuveni citat kojeg možete naći --
15:16
if you look on the web, you can find it in
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ukoliko potražite na webu; možete ga naći
15:18
literally scores
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u književnim zabilješkama
15:20
of English core syllabuses --
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engleskih temeljnih nastavnih planova --
15:23
"In or about December 1910,
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"U prosincu ili oko prosinca 1910.
15:26
human nature changed."
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ljudska se priroda promijenila."
15:28
A paraphrase of a quote by Virginia Woolf,
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Ovo je parafraziranje ili citiranje Virginie Wolff,
15:31
and there's some debate
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ali postoji određena rasprava
15:33
as to what she actually meant by that.
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o tome što je zapravo željela s time reći.
15:35
But it's very clear, looking at these syllabuses,
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Međutim, vrlo je jasno, promatrajući ove nastavne planove,
15:37
that -- it's used now
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da -- danas se kaže
15:39
as a way of saying that all forms
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kao nešto uobičajeno, da su svi oblici
15:43
of appreciation of art
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uvažavanja umjetnosti
15:45
that were in place for centuries, or millennia,
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već stoljećima, ili tisućama godina,
15:49
in the 20th century were discarded.
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u 20. stoljeću odbačeni.
15:52
The beauty and pleasure in art --
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Ljepota i zadovoljstvo u umjetnosti --
15:54
probably a human universal --
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kao vjerojatno ljudska univerzalija --
15:56
were -- began to be considered saccharine,
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počela se smatrati zašećerenom,
15:58
or kitsch, or commercial.
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kičem ili komercijalizacijom.
16:01
Barnett Newman had a famous quote that "the impulse of modern art
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Barnett Newman je imao jedan čuveni citat da je moderna umjetnost
16:04
is the desire to destroy beauty" --
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želja za uništenjem ljepote,
16:07
which was considered bourgeois or tacky.
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koja je smatrana buržoaskom i bez ukusa.
16:10
And here's just one example.
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I evo, ovdje je samo jedan primjer.
16:12
I mean, this is perhaps a representative example
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Želim reći, ovo je vjerojatno tipični primjer
16:15
of the visual depiction of the female form
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vizualnog prikaza ženskih oblina
16:18
in the 15th century;
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u 15. stoljeću;
16:20
here is a representative example
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ovdje je tipični primjer
16:22
of the depiction of the female form in the 20th century.
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prikaza ženskih oblina u 20. stoljeću.
16:26
And, as you can see, there -- something has changed
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I kao što možete vidjeti ovdje -- nešto se promijenilo
16:28
in the way the elite arts
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u načinu na koji se elitne umjetnosti
16:30
appeal to the senses.
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obraćaju našim osjetilima.
16:32
Indeed, in movements of modernism
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I doista, u pokretima modernizma
16:34
and post-modernism,
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i post-modernizma,
16:36
there was visual art without beauty,
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postojala je vizualna umjetnost bez ljepote,
16:38
literature without narrative and plot,
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književnost bez pripovjedanja i radnje,
16:40
poetry without meter and rhyme,
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poezija bez metra i rime,
16:42
architecture and planning without ornament,
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arhitektura bez planiranja i ukrasa,
16:44
human scale, green space and natural light,
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ljudskih mjera, zelenih površina i prirodnog svjetla,
16:47
music without melody and rhythm,
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glazba bez melodije i ritma,
16:49
and criticism without clarity,
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kritika bez jasnoće,
16:51
attention to aesthetics and insight into the human condition.
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usmjeravanje pozornosti na estetiku i uvid u ljudske uvjete.
16:54
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
16:56
Let me give just you an example to back up that last statement.
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Dozvolite da vam dam jedan primjer kao potvrdu ovog zadnjeg stajališta.
16:59
But here, there -- one of the most famous literary
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Evo, ovdje je -- jedna od najčuvenijih književnih
17:01
English scholars of our time
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engleskih učenjakinja našeg doba
17:03
is the Berkeley professor,
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je profesorica s Berkleya,
17:05
Judith Butler.
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Judith Butler.
17:07
And here is an example of
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A ovdje je primjer
17:09
one of her analyses:
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jedne od njezinih analiza:
17:12
"The move from a structuralist account in which capital
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"Pomak sa strukturalističkog pristupa prema kojem se kapital
17:14
is understood to structure social relations
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promatra kao onaj koji izgrađuje društvene odnose
17:16
in relatively homologous ways
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na relativno homologan način
17:18
to a view of hegemony in which power relations are subject to repetition,
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do pogleda na hegemoniju u kojem su odnosi snaga predmet ponavljanja,
17:21
convergence and rearticulation
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konvergencije i reartikulacije
17:23
brought the question of temporality into the thinking of structure,
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dovele su do pitanja privremenosti u promišljanju strukture,
17:26
and marked a shift from the form of Althusserian theory
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te označili pomak od oblika Althusserove teorije
17:28
that takes structural totalities as theoretical objects ..."
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koja uzima strukturalne cjeline kao teoretske objekte ..."
17:31
Well, you get the idea.
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Eto, shvatili ste o čemu se radi.
17:34
By the way, this is one sentence --
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Usput rečeno, ovo je jedna rečenica --
17:36
you can actually parse it.
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koju se u stvari može rastavljati.
17:40
Well, the argument in "The Blank Slate"
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Dakle, argument u Praznoj ploči
17:42
was that elite art and criticism
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je bio da je elitna umjetnost i kritika
17:44
in the 20th century,
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u 20. stoljeću,
17:46
although not the arts in general,
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mada ne i u umjetnosti u cjelini,
17:48
have disdained beauty, pleasure,
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prezirala ljepotu, užitak,
17:50
clarity, insight and style.
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jasnoću, uvid i stil.
17:53
People are staying away from elite art and criticism.
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Ljudi se udaljavaju od elitne umjetnosti i kritike.
17:57
What a puzzle -- I wonder why.
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Kakvo iznenađenje -- baš se pitam zašto?
18:00
Well, this turned out to be probably
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Da vidimo, ovo se pokazalo kao vjerojatno
18:02
the most controversial claim in the book.
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najkontroverznija tvrdnja u knjizi.
18:04
Someone asked me whether I stuck it in
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Netko me pitao jesam li ovo umetnuo
18:06
in order to deflect ire
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kako bih skrenuo pozornost
18:09
from discussions of gender and Nazism
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s diskusija o spolovima, nacizmu,
18:12
and race and so on. I won't comment on that.
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rasama itd. Suzdržat ću se od komentara.
18:16
But it certainly inspired
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Ali, to je zasigurno potaklo
18:19
an energetic reaction
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energične reakcije
18:22
from many university professors.
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od strane sveučilišnih profesora.
18:25
Well, the other hot button is parenting.
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I dakle, druga osjetljiva tema je roditeljstvo.
18:28
And the starting point is the -- for that discussion
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I polazna točka je -- u toj je diskusiji
18:31
was the fact that we have all
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uključena činjenica da smo svi mi
18:33
been subject to the advice
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bili podložni savjetima
18:35
of the parenting industrial complex.
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od strane roditeljskog industrijskog sustava.
18:38
Now, here is -- here is a
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I sad, ovdje je -- ovdje je
18:40
representative quote from a besieged mother:
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tipična izjava majke koju su opsjedali:
18:43
"I'm overwhelmed with parenting advice.
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"Preplavljena sam roditeljskim savjetima.
18:45
I'm supposed to do lots of physical activity with my kids
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Od mene se očekuje mnogo fizičke aktivnosti s mojom djecom
18:47
so I can instill in them a physical fitness habit
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kako bi u njih mogla usaditi naviku fizičkog tjelovježbanja,
18:50
so they'll grow up to be healthy adults.
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tako da mogu odrasti i postati zdrave odrasle osobe.
18:52
And I'm supposed to do all kinds of intellectual play
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Od mene se očekuje da se s njima na razne načine intelektualno igram,
18:54
so they'll grow up smart.
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tako da odrastu i budu pametni.
18:56
And there are all kinds of play -- clay for finger dexterity,
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A postoje razne vrste igara -- glina za deksternost prstiju,
18:59
word games for reading success, large motor play,
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igre riječi za uspjeh u čitanju, igre za grube motoričke vještine,
19:02
small motor play. I feel like I could devote my life
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igre za fine motoričke vještine. Čini mi se da bih mogla posvetiti cijeli svoj život
19:04
to figuring out what to play with my kids."
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pokušavajući odgonetnuti kako da se igram sa svojom djecom."
19:07
I think anyone who's recently been a parent can sympathize
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Mislim da svatko tko je nedavno postao roditelj može suosjećati
19:09
with this mother.
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s ovom majkom.
19:12
Well, here's some sobering facts about parenting.
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Dakle, evo nekih otriježnjujućih činjenica o roditeljstvu.
19:15
Most studies of parenting on which this advice is based
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Većina studija o roditeljstvu na kojima se zasniva ovaj savjet
19:19
are useless. They're useless because they don't control
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su beskorisne. Beskorisne su jer ne mogu kontrolirati
19:22
for heritability. They measure some correlation
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nasljednost. One mjere neke korelacije
19:25
between what the parents do, how the children turn out
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između onoga što roditelji rade i kakva djeca na kraju ispadnu
19:28
and assume a causal relation:
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i pretpostavljaju uzročno-posljedičnu vezu:
19:30
that the parenting shaped the child.
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da je roditeljstvo oblikovalo dijete.
19:32
Parents who talk a lot to their kids
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Roditelji koji mnogo razgovaraju sa svojom djecom
19:34
have kids who grow up to be articulate,
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imaju djecu koja odrastu i postanu artikulirana,
19:36
parents who spank their kids have kids who grow up
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roditelji koji udaraju djecu po stražnjici imaju djecu koja odrastu
19:38
to be violent and so on.
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i postanu nasilna itd.
19:40
And very few of them control for the possibility
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A vrlo malo njih uzima u obzir mogućnost
19:43
that parents pass on genes for --
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da roditelji prenose gene na svoju djecu --
19:46
that increase the chances a child will be articulate
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koji povećavaju šanse da će dijete postati artikulirano,
19:48
or violent and so on.
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nasilno itd.
19:50
Until the studies are redone with adoptive children,
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Sve dok se ponovno ne izrade studije s usvojenom djecom,
19:53
who provide an environment
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kojima je osigurana okolina,
19:55
but not genes to their kids,
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ali ne i geni preneseni na djecu,
19:57
we have no way of knowing whether these conclusions are valid.
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nemamo nikakve mogućnosti znati jesu li ovi zaključci valjani.
20:00
The genetically controlled studies
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Genetski kontrolirane studije
20:02
have some sobering results.
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daju neke otriježnjujuće rezultate.
20:04
Remember the Mallifert twins:
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Prisjetimo se blizanaca Mallifert:
20:06
separated at birth, then they meet in the patent office --
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razdvojeni pri rođenju, zatim su se sreli u uredu za patente --
20:09
remarkably similar.
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čudesno slični.
20:11
Well, what would have happened if the Mallifert twins had grown up together?
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A sad, što bi se dogodilo da su blizanci Mallifert odrasli zajedno?
20:14
You might think, well, then they'd be even more similar,
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Možda ćete pomisliti, eto, da bi u tom slučaju bili još više slični,
20:17
because not only would they share their genes,
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jer ne samo da bi dijelili iste gene,
20:19
but they would also share their environment.
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nego bi dijelili i istu okolinu.
20:22
That would make them super-similar, right?
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Tako bi postali super-slični, zar ne?
20:24
Wrong. Identical twins, or any siblings,
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Pogrešno. Jednojajčani blizanci, ili bilo koja druga braća,
20:27
who are separated at birth are no less similar
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koji su razdvojeni pri rođenju, nisu ništa manje slični
20:31
than if they had grown up together.
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nego u slučaju da su odrasli zajedno.
20:33
Everything that happens to you in a given home
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Sve što vam se dogodi u određenom domu
20:35
over all of those years
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tijekom svih onih godina
20:37
appears to leave no permanent stamp
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čini se da ne ostavlja trajni pečat
20:39
on your personality or intellect.
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na vašu osobnost ili intelekt.
20:42
A complementary finding, from a completely different methodology,
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Jedan dodatni nalaz, dobijen potpuno različitom metodologijom,
20:45
is that adopted siblings reared together --
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nam kaže da usvojena spojena braća --
20:49
the mirror image of identical twins reared apart,
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kao zrcalna slika jednojajčanih odvojenih blizanaca,
20:51
they share their parents, their home,
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dijele svoje roditelje, svoj dom,
20:53
their neighborhood,
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svoje susjedstvo,
20:55
don't share their genes -- end up not similar at all.
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ali ne i roditeljske gene -- na kraju uopće ne ispadnu slični.
20:58
OK -- two different bodies of research with a similar finding.
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U redu -- dva različita istraživačka tima sa sličnim nalazima.
21:01
What it suggests is that children are shaped
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Ono što to u konačnici sugerira jest da se djeca oblikuju,
21:03
not by their parents over the long run,
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ne od strane svojih roditelja tijekom dugog perioda,
21:06
but in part -- only in part -- by their genes,
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nego dijelom -- samo dijelom -- od strane svojih gena,
21:09
in part by their culture --
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dijelom od strane svoje kulture --
21:11
the culture of the country at large
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općenito kulture zemlje
21:13
and the children's own culture, namely their peer group --
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i vlastite dječje kulture, točnije njihovih vršnjaka --
21:15
as we heard from Jill Sobule earlier today,
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i kao što smo danas ranije čuli od Jill Sobule,
21:18
that's what kids care about --
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to je ono za što se djeca zanimaju --
21:21
and, to a very large extent, larger than most people are prepared to acknowledge,
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i, u vrlo velikoj mjeri, većoj nego što je većina ljudi spremna priznati,
21:24
by chance: chance events in the wiring of the brain in utero;
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od strane slučajnosti: slučajnih događaja u neuralnim mrežama još u maternici;
21:27
chance events as you live your life.
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slučajnih događaja tijekom vašeg života.
21:31
So let me conclude
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Dozvolite mi, dakle, da zaključim
21:33
with just a remark
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s jednom opaskom,
21:35
to bring it back to the theme of choices.
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da se vratim natrag na temu izbora.
21:38
I think that the sciences of human nature --
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Mislim da će znanosti o ljudskoj prirodi --
21:40
behavioral genetics, evolutionary psychology,
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bihevioralna genetika, evolucijska psihologija,
21:43
neuroscience, cognitive science --
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neuroznanost, kognitivna znanost --
21:45
are going to, increasingly in the years to come,
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sve više u godinama koje dolaze,
21:48
upset various dogmas,
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uznemiriti razne dogme,
21:51
careers and deeply-held political belief systems.
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karijere i duboko prihvaćene političke sustave vjerovanja.
21:54
And that presents us with a choice.
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I to nam sad ostavlja mogućnost izbora.
21:56
The choice is whether certain facts about humans,
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Izbor je hoćemo li određene činjenice o ljudima
21:59
or topics, are to be considered taboos,
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ili temama smatrati tabuima,
22:03
forbidden knowledge, where we shouldn't go there
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zabranjenim znanjem, za kojim ne bismo trebali posezati,
22:05
because no good can come from it,
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jer ništa se dobro ne može iz toga izroditi,
22:07
or whether we should explore them honestly.
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ili bismo ih trebali istraživati na pošten način.
22:10
I have my own
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Ja imam svoj vlastiti
22:12
answer to that question,
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odgovor na to pitanje,
22:14
which comes from a great artist of the 19th century,
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a on dolazi od velikog umjetnika 19. stoljeća,
22:17
Anton Chekhov, who said,
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Antona Čehova, koji je rekao,
22:20
"Man will become better when you show him
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"Čovjek će postati boljim kad mu pokažete
22:22
what he is like."
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kakav je."
22:24
And I think that the argument
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Mislim da se ovaj argument
22:26
can't be put any more eloquently than that.
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ne može rječitije formulirati od ovoga.
22:29
Thank you very much.
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Hvala Vam na pozornosti.
22:32
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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