Adam Spencer: Why I fell in love with monster prime numbers

295,166 views ใƒป 2013-09-03

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Ah yes, those university days,
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ืื” ื›ืŸ, ื™ืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”,
00:15
a heady mix of Ph.D-level pure mathematics
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ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืงืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜
00:19
and world debating championships,
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ื•ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช,
00:22
or, as I like to say, "Hello, ladies. Oh yeah."
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ืื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ, "ืฉืœื•ื ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™. ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื•ืคื™."
00:27
Didn't get much sexier than the Spence
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืงืกื™ ืžื”ืžื–ื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”,
00:29
at university, let me tell you.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ.
00:30
It is such a thrill for a humble breakfast radio announcer
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื“ืจืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฆื ื•ืข ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•, ืžืกื™ื“ื ื™, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
00:35
from Sydney, Australia, to be here on the TED stage
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืžืช TED
00:37
literally on the other side of the world.
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:39
And I wanted to let you know, a lot of the things you've heard
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฉืžืขืชื
00:41
about Australians are true.
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ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื ื”ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
00:43
From the youngest of ages, we display
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ืžื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืื ื• ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื
00:45
a prodigious sporting talent.
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ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื•ื.
00:47
On the field of battle, we are brave and noble warriors.
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ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ื›ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ื•ืืฆื™ืœื™ื™ื.
00:52
What you've heard is true.
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00:52
Australians, we don't mind a bit of a drink,
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ืžื” ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
ืœื ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœื ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืฉืงื”,
00:56
sometimes to excess, leading to embarrassing social situations. (Laughter)
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืฉื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื›ื™ื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:00
This is my father's work Christmas party, December 1973.
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ื–ื• ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื—ื’-ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1973.
01:06
I'm almost five years old. Fair to say,
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ืื ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืŸ 5, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ,
01:08
I'm enjoying the day a lot more than Santa was.
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ืฉืื ื™ ื ื”ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื ื˜ื”.
01:11
But I stand before you today
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื
01:14
not as a breakfast radio host,
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ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉื“ืจืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•,
01:16
not as a comedian, but as someone who was, is,
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ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืื™, ืืœื ื›ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ื•,
01:20
and always will be a mathematician.
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ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™.
01:23
And anyone who's been bitten by the numbers bug
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉื ืขืงืฅ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™
01:25
knows that it bites early and it bites deep.
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ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืงืฅ ืžื”ืจ ื•ืขื•ืงืฅ ืขืžื•ืง.
01:29
I cast my mind back when I was in second grade
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ืื ื™ ื ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื‘'
01:32
at a beautiful little government-run school
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืงื˜ืŸ
01:34
called Boronia Park in the suburbs of Sydney,
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ื‘ืฉื ื‘ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื” ืคืืจืง ื‘ืคืจื‘ืจื™ ืกื™ื“ื ื™,
01:38
and as we came up towards lunchtime, our teacher,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื” ืฉืขืช ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืจื”,
01:40
Ms. Russell, said to the class,
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ื’ื‘ืจืช ืจืืกืœ, ืืžืจื” ืœื ื•,
01:41
"Hey, year two. What do you want to do after lunch?
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"ื›ื™ืชื” ื‘', ืžื” ืชืจืฆื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืืจื•ื—ื”?
01:44
I've got no plans."
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื™."
01:46
It was an exercise in democratic schooling,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™,
01:49
and I am all for democratic schooling, but we were only seven.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื“ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจืง ืฉื‘ืขื”.
01:54
So some of the suggestions we made as to what
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ื›ื›ื” ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืœื ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ
01:56
we might want to do after lunch were a little bit impractical,
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ืœืžื” ืฉื ืจืฆื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืืจื•ื—ื” ื”ื™ื• ืœื ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช,
01:58
and after a while, someone made a particularly silly suggestion
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ื•ืื– ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืฆืขื” ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
02:00
and Ms. Russell patted them down with that gentle aphorism,
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ื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืจืืกืœ ื”ืกื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืืžื™ืจื” ืขื“ื™ื ื”,
02:03
"That wouldn't work.
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"ื–ื” ืœื ืžืชืื™ื.
02:04
That'd be like trying to put a square peg through a round hole."
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื™ืชื“ ืžืจื•ื‘ืขืช ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ืจ ืขื’ื•ืœ."
02:08
Now I wasn't trying to be smart.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื›ื.
02:10
I wasn't trying to be funny.
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ืœื ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืชืœื•ืฆืฅ.
02:11
I just politely raised my hand,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืจืžืชื™ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืก.
02:14
and when Ms. Russell acknowledged me, I said,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื‘ืจืช ืจืืกืœื” ื”ืชื™ืจื” ืœื™, ืืžืจืชื™,
02:15
in front of my year two classmates, and I quote,
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ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ืœื›ื™ืชื” ื‘', ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ื˜,
02:18
"But Miss,
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"ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื”,
02:22
surely if the diagonal of the square
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ืื ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ืงื˜ืŸ
02:25
is less than the diameter of the circle,
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ืžืงื•ื˜ืจ ื”ืžืขื’ืœ, ืื– ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ืชื“ ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืขืช
02:30
well, the square peg will pass quite easily through the round hole."
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ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืขื’ื•ืœ."
02:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:36
"It'd be like putting a piece of toast through a basketball hoop, wouldn't it?"
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"ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืกื˜ ื“ืจืš ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ, ืœื?"
02:40
And there was that same awkward silence
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืชื™ืงื” ืžืชื•ื—ื” ืืฆืœ ืจื•ื‘
02:42
from most of my classmates,
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ืœื›ื™ืชื”,
02:43
until sitting next to me, one of my friends,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ืœืฆื™ื“ื™,
02:45
one of the cool kids in class, Steven, leaned across
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”, ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืจื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืจื™
02:47
and punched me really hard in the head.
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ื” ืžืžืฉ ื—ื–ืง ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™.
02:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:51
Now what Steven was saying was, "Look, Adam,
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ืžื” ืฉืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ืืžืจ ื”ื™ื”, ืชืจืื”, ืื“ื,
02:53
you are at a critical juncture in your life here, my friend.
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ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™, ืืชื” ื ืžืฆื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืš.
02:58
You can keep sitting here with us.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉื‘ืช ื›ืืŸ ืื™ืชื ื•.
03:00
Any more of that sort of talk, you've got to go and sit
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”
03:02
over there with them."
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืื™ืชื ืฉื."
03:05
I thought about it for a nanosecond.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื ื ื•-ืฉื ื™ื”.
03:07
I took one look at the road map of life,
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ื”ืขืคืชื™ ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืžืคืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™,
03:11
and I ran off down the street marked "Geek"
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ื•ื‘ืจื—ืชื™ ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืขื ืื•ืช ืงื™ืŸ "ื—ื ื•ืŸ" ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื—,
03:15
as fast as my chubby, asthmatic little legs would carry me.
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ืžื”ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืกื˜ืžืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืืชื™.
03:20
I fell in love with mathematics from the earliest of ages.
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ื”ืชืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“.
03:24
I explained it to all my friends. Maths is beautiful.
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ื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืœื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™. ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืคื”.
03:27
It's natural. It's everywhere.
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ื”ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
03:29
Numbers are the musical notes
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ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื
03:32
with which the symphony of the universe is written.
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ืื™ืชื ื ื›ืชื‘ืช ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
03:36
The great Descartes said something quite similar.
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ื“ืงืจื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื”.
03:39
The universe "is written in the mathematical language."
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"ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”."
03:41
And today, I want to show you one of those musical notes,
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื,
03:45
a number so beautiful, so massive,
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ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื” ื™ืคื”, ื›ื” ื—ื–ืง,
03:50
I think it will blow your mind.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื“ื”ื™ื ืืชื›ื.
03:52
Today we're going to talk about prime numbers.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื.
03:55
Most of you I'm sure remember that six is not prime
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืจื•ื‘ื›ื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉ-6 ืื™ื ื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™
03:59
because it's 2 x 3.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื 2x 3.
04:01
Seven is prime because it's 1 x 7,
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7 ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื 1x 7,
04:05
but we can't break it down into any smaller chunks,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจืงื• ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
04:08
or as we call them, factors.
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ืื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื.
04:10
Now a few things you might like to know about prime numbers.
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ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื.
04:12
One is not prime.
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1 ืื™ื ื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™.
04:14
The proof of that is a great party trick
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ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื›ืกื™ืก ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—,
04:17
that admittedly only works at certain parties.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื›ืกื™ืก ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืจืง ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
04:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:23
Another thing about primes, there is no final biggest prime number.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืกื•ืคื™.
04:26
They keep going on forever.
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ื”ื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืœืขื“.
04:28
We know there are an infinite number of primes
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™
04:29
due to the brilliant mathematician Euclid.
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ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ื‘ืฉื ืื•ื™ืงืœื™ื“ืก.
04:31
Over thousands of years ago, he proved that for us.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœื ื• ื–ืืช.
04:35
But the third thing about prime numbers,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื,
04:36
mathematicians have always wondered,
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ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื”ื•,
04:38
well at any given moment in time,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
04:40
what is the biggest prime that we know about?
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ืžื”ื• ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?
04:43
Today we're going to hunt for that massive prime.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื ื ืกื” ืœืฆื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืžืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืขื ืง.
04:47
Don't freak out.
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ืืœ ืชื™ื‘ื”ืœื•.
04:50
All you need to know, of all the mathematics
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
04:53
you've ever learned, unlearned, crammed, forgotten,
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ืฉืื™-ืคืขื ืœืžื“ืชื, ืœื ืœืžื“ืชื, ื“ื—ืกื• ืœืจืืฉื›ื, ืฉื›ื—ืชื,
04:58
never understood in the first place,
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ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื ืืฃ ืคืขื,
05:00
all you need to know is this:
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื•ื ื–ื”:
05:02
When I say 2 ^ 5,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ 5 ^ 2,
05:06
I'm talking about five little number twos next to each other
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ื–ื” ื—ืžืฉ ืžืกืคืจื™ 2 ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืœื
05:09
all multiplied together,
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ืžื•ื›ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
05:10
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2.
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2x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2.
05:14
So 2 ^ 5 is 2 x 2 = 4,
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ื›ืš ืฉ-5 ^ 2 ื–ื” 2x2 = 4,
05:17
8, 16, 32.
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8, 16, 32.
05:19
If you've got that, you're with me for the entire journey. Okay?
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ืื ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื–ืืช, ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืžืกืขื ื•.
05:23
So 2 ^ 5,
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ืื– 5 ^ 2, ืืœื” ื—ืžืฉืช ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”-2
05:25
those five little twos multiplied together.
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ื”ืžื•ื›ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
05:26
(2 ^ 5) - 1 = 31.
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31 = 1 - (5 ^ 2).
05:31
31 is a prime number, and that five in the power
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31 ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ื•ื’ื ื”-5 ืฉื‘ื—ื–ืงื”
05:34
is also a prime number.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™.
05:36
And the vast bulk of massive primes we've ever found
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
05:40
are of that form:
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ื”ื ืžืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื”:
05:41
two to a prime number, take away one.
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2 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ืžืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ืคื—ื•ืช 1.
05:45
I won't go into great detail as to why,
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ืœื ืืคืจื˜ ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื›ืš,
05:47
because most of your eyes will bleed out of your head if I do,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ื›ื ื™ื™ืฆืื• ืžื—ื•ืจื™ื”ืŸ ืื ืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช,
05:50
but suffice to say, a number of that form
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืžื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•,
05:54
is fairly easy to test for primacy.
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ืงืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™.
05:57
A random odd number is a lot harder to test.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืืงืจืื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ.
06:01
But as soon as we go hunting for massive primes,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื,
06:03
we realize it's not enough
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ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง.
06:05
just to put in any prime number in the power.
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ืจืง ืœืฉื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ื–ืงื”.
06:07
(2 ^ 11) - 1 = 2,047,
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2047 = 1 - (11 ^ 2),
06:10
and you don't need me to tell you that's 23 x 89.
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ื•ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื–ื” 23x 89.
06:13
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:16
But (2 ^ 13) - 1, (2 ^ 17) - 1
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ืื‘ืœ 1 - (13 ^ 2), 1 - (17 ^ 2),
06:19
(2 ^ 19) - 1, are all prime numbers.
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1 - (19 ^ 2), ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื.
06:22
After that point, they thin out a lot.
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ืžื›ืืŸ ืžืกืคืจื ืžืชื“ืœื“ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”. ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
06:25
And one of the things about the search for massive primes
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ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื,
06:27
that I love so much is some of the great mathematical minds
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ืฉืื ื™ ื›ื” ืื•ื”ื‘, ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื
06:30
of all time have gone on this search.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื–ื”.
06:33
This is the great Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ ืื•ื™ื™ืœืจ.
06:36
In the 1700s, other mathematicians said
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18 ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืžืจื•
06:38
he is simply the master of us all.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื•ืœื.
06:41
He was so respected, they put him on European currency
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืฉืžื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืื™ืจื•ืคื™,
06:44
back when that was a compliment.
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ืื– ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื—ืžืื”.
06:47
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:52
Euler discovered at the time the world's biggest prime:
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ืื•ื™ื™ืœืจ ื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ:
06:55
(2 ^ 31) - 1.
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1 - (31 ^ 2).
06:57
It's over two billion.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืž-2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
06:59
He proved it was prime with nothing more
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืขื
07:01
than a quill, ink, paper and his mind.
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ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืงื•ืœืžื•ืก, ื“ื™ื•, ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืžื•ื—ื•.
07:05
You think that's big.
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ?
07:06
We know that (2 ^ 127) - 1
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉ- 1 - (127 ^ 2)
07:09
is a prime number.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™.
07:11
It's an absolute brute.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืคืจืื™.
07:12
Look at it here: 39 digits long,
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ื”ื ื” ืชืจืื•: ื‘ืขืœ 39 ืกืคืจื•ืช,
07:16
proven to be prime in 1876
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ื”ื•ื›ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘-1876 ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™
07:20
by a mathematician called Lucas.
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ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืฉื ืœื•ืงืืก.
07:22
Word up, L-Dog.
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ืจืง ืจื’ืข, ื”ื›ืœื‘-L.
07:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:25
But one of the great things about the search for massive primes,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื,
07:28
it's not just finding the primes.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืžืฆื™ืืชื.
07:29
Sometimes proving another number not to be prime is just as exciting.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืื™ื ื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืžืขื ื’ืช ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช.
07:33
Lucas again, in 1876, showed us (2 ^ 67) - 1,
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ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื•ืงืืก, ื‘-1876, ื”ืจืื” ืœื ื• ืฉ- 1 - (67 ^ 2),
07:39
21 digits long, was not prime.
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ื‘ืขืœ 27 ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืื™ื ื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™.
07:42
But he didn't know what the factors were.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง.
07:44
We knew it was like six, but we didn't know
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ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ืคืœื” ืฉืœ 6, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื•
07:46
what are the 2 x 3 that multiply together
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ืžื”ื ื”-2x 3 ืฉื›ื•ืคืœื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช
07:48
to give us that massive number.
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ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืกืคืจ ืขื ืงื™.
07:50
We didn't know for almost 40 years
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ 40 ืฉื ื”
07:52
until Frank Nelson Cole came along.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืคืจื ืง ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœ.
07:55
And at a gathering of prestigious American mathematicians,
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ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™-ืฉื ืžืืจื”"ื‘,
07:57
he walked to the board, took up a piece of chalk,
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœ ื”ืœื•ื—, ื ื˜ืœ ื’ื™ืจ, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘
08:01
and started writing out the powers of two:
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ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ 2:
08:04
two, four, eight, 16 --
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2, 4, 8, 16 --
08:07
come on, join in with me, you know how it goes --
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ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืชืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื™, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš --
08:08
32, 64, 128, 256,
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32, 64, 128, 256,
08:12
512, 1,024, 2,048.
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512, 1024, 2048.
08:17
I'm in geek heaven. We'll stop it there for a second.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื ื™ื. ื ืขืฆื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”.
08:19
Frank Nelson Cole did not stop there.
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ืคืจื ืง ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœ ืœื ืขืฆืจ ื›ืืŸ.
08:22
He went on and on
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“
08:24
and calculated 67 powers of two.
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ื•ื—ื™ืฉื‘ 2 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 67.
08:28
He took away one and wrote that number on the board.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื—ื™ืช 1 ื•ืจืฉื ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื—.
08:30
A frisson of excitement went around the room.
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ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉ ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืœื.
08:34
It got even more exciting when he then wrote down
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ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืฉื
08:37
these two large prime numbers in your standard multiplication format --
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ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื›ืคืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ --
08:41
and for the rest of the hour of his talk
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ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืจืฆืืชื• ื”ื•ื
08:45
Frank Nelson Cole busted that out.
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ืคื™ืจืง ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื.
08:50
He had found the prime factors
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื
08:52
of (2 ^ 67) - 1.
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ืฉืœ 1 - (67 ^ 2).
08:54
The room went berserk --
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ื”ืื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชื•ืœืœ --
08:57
(Laughter) --
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) --
08:58
as Frank Nelson Cole sat down,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืคืจื ืง ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœ ื”ืชื™ืฉื‘,
09:00
having delivered the only talk in the history of mathematics
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
09:04
with no words.
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ืœืœื ืžื™ืœื™ื.
09:07
He admitted afterwards it wasn't that hard to do.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข.
09:09
It took focus. It took dedication.
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ื–ื” ื“ืจืฉ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–. ื–ื” ื“ืจืฉ ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช.
09:12
It took him, by his estimate,
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ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื•, ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ืชื•,
09:14
"three years of Sundays."
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"3 ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ."
09:18
But then in the field of mathematics,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
09:20
as in so many of the fields that we've heard from in this TED,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื›ื ืก ื–ื”,
09:23
the age of the computer goes along and things explode.
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ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื•ื”ืกื›ืจ ื ืคืจืฅ.
09:28
These are the largest prime numbers we knew
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื“ืขื ื•
09:30
decade by decade, each one dwarfing the one before
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ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืขืฉื•ืจ, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื’ืžื“ ืืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•
09:34
as computers took over and our power to calculate
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•
09:37
just grew and grew.
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ืจืง ืขืœืชื” ื•ืขืœืชื”.
09:39
This is the largest prime number we knew in 1996,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ื‘-1996,
09:42
a very emotional year for me.
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ืžืื•ื“ ืืžื•ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™.
09:44
It was the year I left university.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื”.
09:46
I was torn between mathematics and media.
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ื ืงืจืขืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
09:48
It was a tough decision. I loved university.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืงืฉื”. ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื”.
09:51
My arts degree was the best nine and a half years of my life.
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ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื• 9 ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™.
09:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:57
But I came to a realization about my own ability.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื™.
10:01
Put simply, in a room full of randomly selected people,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช, ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืžืœื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืืงืจืื™ืช,
10:04
I'm a maths genius.
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ืื ื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
10:06
In a roomful of maths Ph.Ds,
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ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืžืœื ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™,
10:08
I'm as dumb as a box of hammers.
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ืื ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืฉ ื›ืžื• ืืจื’ื– ื›ืœื™ื.
10:12
My skill is not in the mathematics.
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ื”ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
10:14
It is in telling the story of the mathematics.
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ืืœื ื‘ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
10:18
And during that time, since I've left university,
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ืžืื– ืฉืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”,
10:20
these numbers have got bigger and bigger,
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ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื’ื“ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“,
10:22
each one dwarfing the last,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื’ืžื“ ืืช ื–ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื•,
10:24
until along came this man, Dr. Curtis Cooper,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืื“ื ื–ื”, ื“"ืจ ืงืจื˜ื™ืก ืงื•ืคืจ,
10:29
who a few years ago held the record for the largest ever prime,
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ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื™-ืคืขื,
10:32
only to see it snatched away by a rival university.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื ื—ื˜ืฃ ืžืžื ื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื™ืจื™ื‘ื”.
10:35
And then Curtis Cooper got it back.
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ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ืงืจื˜ื™ืก ืงื•ืคืจ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
10:40
Not years ago, not months ago, days ago.
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ืœื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ืœื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื™ืžื™ื.
10:45
In an amazing moment of serendipity,
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ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจ,
10:47
I had to send TED a new slide
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœ-TED ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”
10:51
to show you what this guy had done.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžื” ืื“ื ื–ื” ืขืฉื”.
10:53
I still remember -- (Applause) --
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ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืจ -- (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื) --
10:55
I still remember when it happened.
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ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื”.
10:57
I was doing my breakfast radio show.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•.
10:58
I looked down on Twitter. There was a tweet:
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ. ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืฆื™ื•ืฅ:
11:00
"Adam, have you seen the new largest prime number?"
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"ืื“ื, ื”ืื ืจืื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ?"
11:02
I shivered --
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ืจืขื“ ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ --
11:03
(Laughter) --
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:05
contacted the women who produced my radio show out in the other room,
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ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžืคื™ืงื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืื—ืจ.
11:08
and said "Girls, hold the front page.
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, "ื‘ื ื•ืช, ืขื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ืื•ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื”.
11:11
We're not talking politics today.
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ืœื ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
11:12
We're not talking sport today.
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ืœื ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกืคื•ืจื˜.
11:14
They found another megaprime."
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืขื ืง."
11:16
The girls just shook their heads,
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ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืจืง ื ืขื ืขื• ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ,
11:18
put them in their hands, and let me go my own way.
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ืœืคืชื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืœื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื“ืจื›ื™.
11:20
It's because of Curtis Cooper that we know,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืงืจื˜ื™ืก ืงื•ืคืจ,
11:23
currently the largest prime number we know,
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื,
11:25
is 2 ^ 57,885,161.
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ื•ื”ื•ื 57,885,161 ^ 2.
11:33
Don't forget to subtract the one.
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ืœื ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”-1.
11:36
This number is almost 17 and a half million digits long.
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ืื•ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ 17 ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื•ืช.
11:43
If you typed it out on a computer and saved it as a text file,
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ืื ื ืงืœื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ื ืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื˜ืงืกื˜,
11:47
that's 22 meg.
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ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื™ื”ื™ื” 22 MB.
11:49
For the slightly less geeky of you,
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืชืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื–ื”,
11:51
think about the Harry Potter novels, okay?
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ.
11:54
This is the first Harry Potter novel.
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ื–ื” ืกืคืจ ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
11:56
This is all seven Harry Potter novels,
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ,
11:58
because she did tend to faff on a bit near the end.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื ื˜ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืจื‘ืจ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ.
12:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:03
Written out as a book, this number would run
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ืื ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืกืคืจ, ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืœื
12:06
the length of the Harry Potter novels and half again.
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ืืช ื›ืœ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื—ืฆื™ืชื.
12:10
Here's a slide of the first 1,000 digits of this prime.
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ื”ื ื” ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ 1,000 ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ.
12:16
If, when TED had begun, at 11 o'clock on Tuesday,
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ืื, ื›ืืฉืจ TED ื”ื—ืœ, ื‘ืฉืขื” 11:00 ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™,
12:19
we'd walked out and simply hit one slide every second,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื”,
12:23
it would have taken five hours to show you that number.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืงื— 5 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ.
12:29
I was keen to do it, could not convince Bono.
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ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื‘ื•ื ื•.
12:32
That's the way it goes.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘.
12:34
This number is 17 and a half thousand slides long,
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ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืื•ืจื›ื• 17 ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืืœืฃ ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช,
12:39
and we know it is prime as confidently
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
12:43
as we know the number seven is prime.
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉ-7 ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™.
12:46
That fills me with almost sexual excitement.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืœื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉ ืžื™ื ื™.
12:52
And who am I kidding when I say almost?
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ื•ืขืœ ืžื™ ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืžืขื˜?
12:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:57
I know what you're thinking:
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื›ื:
12:58
Adam, we're happy that you're happy,
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ืื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืžืจื•ืฆื”,
13:03
but why should we care?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื•?
13:06
Let me give you just three reasons why this is so beautiful.
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ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื 3 ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื™ืคื”.
13:09
First of all, as I explained, to ask a computer
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™, ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘
13:12
"Is that number prime?" to type it in its abbreviated form,
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"ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™?" ืœื”ืงืœื™ื“ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืงื•ืฆืจืช,
13:15
and then only about six lines of code is the test for primacy,
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ื•ืื– ืจืง ื›-6 ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืชื•,
13:19
is a remarkably simple question to ask.
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ื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ.
13:22
It's got a remarkably clear yes/no answer,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ืŸ/ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจื”,
13:25
and just requires phenomenal grunt.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืจืง ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื™ืช.
13:27
Large prime numbers are a great way of testing
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ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืš ื ื”ื“ืจืช
13:29
the speed and accuracy of computer chips.
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ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
13:32
But secondly, as Curtis Cooper was looking for that monster prime,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืงืจื˜ื™ืก ืงื•ืคืจ ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืžืกืคืจ ืขื ืงื™,
13:35
he wasn't the only guy searching.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉ.
13:37
My laptop at home was looking through
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช
13:38
four potential candidate primes myself
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ื‘ื—ืŸ 4 ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื
13:40
as part of a networked computer hunt around the world
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฆื•ื“ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืžืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืจืฉืช ืื—ืจ
13:44
for these large numbers.
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ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
13:45
The discovery of that prime is similar to the work
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ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืžื”
13:47
people are doing in unraveling RNA sequences,
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ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืขื ื•ื— ืจืฆืคื™ RNA,
13:50
in searching through data from SETI and other astronomical projects.
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ื‘ืกืจื™ืงืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืž-SETI ื•ืžืžื™ื–ืžื™ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ื.
13:53
We live in an age where some of the great breakthroughs
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืžืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
13:57
are not going to happen in the labs or the halls of academia
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ืœื ื™ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœื™ ืืงื“ืžื™ื”,
13:59
but on laptops, desktops,
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ืืœื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ,
14:01
in the palms of people's hands
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ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ื›ืฃ-ื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
14:03
who are simply helping out for the search.
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ืืฉืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ.
14:07
But for me it's amazing because it's a metaphor
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื–ื• ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื”
14:09
for the time in which we live,
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ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื,
14:11
when human minds and machines can conquer together.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืคื™ืœ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืœืคืกื’ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
14:16
We've heard a lot about robots in this TED.
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืก TED ื–ื”.
14:18
We've heard a lot about what they can and can't do.
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื•ืžื” ืœื.
14:20
It is true, you can now download onto your smartphone
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืœืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ
14:22
an app that would beat most grandmasters at chess.
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ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ืจื‘ื™-ืืžื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื—ืžื˜.
14:26
You think that's cool.
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
14:28
Here's a machine doing something cool.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
14:30
This is the CubeStormer II.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื—ื•ืœืœืช ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืก' 2.
14:32
It can take a randomly shuffled Rubik's Cube.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ื ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
14:36
Using the power of the smartphone,
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ,
14:39
it can examine the cube and solve the cube
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืกื“ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœื’ืžืจื™
14:46
in five seconds.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš 5 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
14:49
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:52
That scares some people. That excites me.
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœ ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื. ืื•ืชื™ ื–ื” ืžืจื’ืฉ.
14:56
How lucky are we to live in this age
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ื›ืžื” ื‘ืจื™-ืžื–ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื”
15:00
when mind and machine can work together?
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ื‘ื• ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
15:03
I was asked in an interview last year in my capacity
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ื ืฉืืœืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื‘ืชื•ืจ
15:05
as a lower-case "c" celebrity in Australia,
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ื™ื“ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืจื’ ื‘' ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
15:08
"What was your highlight of 2012?"
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"ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœืš ื‘-2012?"
15:10
People were expecting me to talk about
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆื™ืคื• ืฉืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
15:12
my beloved Sydney Swans football team.
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืจื’ื‘ื™ (ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™) ื”ืื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืœื™ื™, ื”-Sydney Swans.
15:14
In our beautiful, indigenous sport of Australian football,
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ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ืคื”ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™,
15:17
they won the equivalent of the Super Bowl.
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ื”ื ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื”-ืขืจืš ืœืกื•ืคืจื‘ื•ืœ.
15:20
I was there. It was the most emotional, exciting day.
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ื ื›ื—ืชื™ ืฉื. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืจื’ืฉื ื™ ื•ืžืจื’ืฉ.
15:23
It wasn't my highlight of 2012.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘-2012.
15:25
People thought it might have been an interview I'd done on my show.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื™.
15:27
It might have been a politician. It might have been a breakthrough.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™. ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ื–ื• ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš.
15:29
It might have been a book I read, the arts. No, no, no.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืกืคืจ ืฉืงืจืืชื™, ืื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืœื, ืœื, ืœื.
15:31
It might have been something my two gorgeous daughters had done.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฉืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื™ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ืช ืขืฉื•.
15:33
No, it wasn't. The highlight of 2012, so clearly,
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ืœื, ื–ื” ืœื. ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ 2012, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
15:36
was the discovery of the Higgs boson.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืก.
15:40
Give it up for the fundamental particle
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ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื’ืžื“ ืžื•ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ื™ืกื•ื“
15:43
that bequeaths all other fundamental particles their mass.
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ืืฉืจ ืžื ื—ื™ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืกืชื.
15:46
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:47
And what was so gorgeous about this discovery was
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื ืคืœื ื‘ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื–ื•
15:50
50 years ago Peter Higgs and his team
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื” ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื”ื™ื’ืก ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื•
15:52
considered one of the deepest of all questions:
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ื”ืชื—ื‘ื˜ื• ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ:
15:55
How is it that the things that make us up have no mass?
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ื”ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืžืกื”?
15:59
I've clearly got mass. Where does it come from?
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ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืกื”. ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื”?
16:04
And he postulated a suggestion
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ื”ืฉืขืจื”
16:06
that there's this infinite, incredibly small field
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ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืฉื“ื” ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ ื•ื—ืœืฉ ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“
16:09
stretching throughout the universe,
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ื”ืžืฉืชืจืข ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ื•ืœื•,
16:11
and as other particles go through those particles
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืื•ืชื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
16:14
and interact, that's where they get their mass.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื”, ื•ืžืฉื ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืžืกืชื.
16:16
The rest of the scientific community said,
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ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืืžืจื”,
16:18
"Great idea, Higgsy.
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"ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื“ืจ, ื”ื™ื’ืกื™.
16:20
We've got no idea if we could ever prove it.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื ืื™-ืคืขื
16:22
It's beyond our reach."
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื–ืืช. ื–ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•."
16:24
And within just 50 years,
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ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืš 50 ืฉื ื”,
16:26
in his lifetime, with him sitting in the audience,
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ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื”ืœ,
16:32
we had designed the greatest machine ever
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ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื
16:36
to prove this incredible idea
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื–ื”
16:39
that originated just in a human mind.
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ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื.
16:43
That's what is so exciting for me about this prime number.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื›ื” ืžืจื’ืฉ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืžืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื–ื”.
16:45
We thought it might be there,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื,
16:47
and we went and found it.
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ื•ืื– ื ื™ื’ืฉื ื• ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชื•.
16:50
That is the essence of being human.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื.
16:54
That is what we are all about.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื ื ื•.
16:57
Or as my friend Descartes might put it,
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ืื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืงืจื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื ืกื—,
16:59
we think,
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
17:01
therefore we are.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
17:04
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
17:05
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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