Pavan Sukhdev: Put a value on nature!

117,333 views ใƒป 2011-12-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: eviatar edlerman
00:15
I'm here to talk to you
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ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื
00:17
about the economic invisibility of nature.
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ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื ืจืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
00:19
The bad news
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช
00:21
is that mother nature's back office isn't working yet,
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ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืžื ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
00:23
so those invoices don't get issued.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœื ืžื•ื ืคืงื•ืช.
00:25
But we need to do something about this problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
00:28
I began my life as a markets professional
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื›ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื
00:31
and continued to take an interest,
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
00:34
but most of my recent effort
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ืจื‘ ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
00:36
has been looking at the value
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขืจืš
00:38
of what comes to human beings from nature,
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
00:40
and which doesn't get priced by the markets.
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ื•ืืฉืจ ืœื ืžืชื•ืžื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื.
00:43
A project called TEEB was started in 2007,
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ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืฉื TEEB ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007,
00:46
and it was launched by a group of environment ministers
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ื•ื”ื•ืฉืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
00:49
of the G8+5.
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ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”-G8+5.
00:51
And their basic inspiration
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ื•ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื
00:53
was a stern review of Lord Stern.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกืงื™ืจืช ืกื˜ืจืŸ, ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืจื“ ืกื˜ืจืŸ.
00:55
They asked themselves a question:
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ื”ื ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืฉืืœื”:
00:57
If economics could make such a convincing case
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ืื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš
00:59
for early action on climate change,
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ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื,
01:01
well why can't the same be done for conservation?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ?
01:03
Why can't an equivalent case be made
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ
01:05
for nature?
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข?
01:07
And the answer is: Yeah, it can.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ.
01:09
But it's not that straightforward.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืฉื™ืจ.
01:11
Biodiversity, the living fabric of this planet, is not a gas.
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ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื’ื–.
01:14
It exists in many layers,
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ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
01:16
ecosystems, species and genes across many scales --
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืงื ื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื --
01:19
international, national, local, community --
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™, ืœืื•ืžื™, ืžืงื•ืžื™ , ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ --
01:22
and doing for nature
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
01:24
what Lord Stern and his team did for nature is not that easy.
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืœื•ืจื“ ืกื˜ืจืŸ ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื• ืขืฉื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
01:27
And yet, we began.
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ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืชื—ืœื ื•.
01:29
We began the project with an interim report,
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืขื ื“ื•"ื— ื–ืžื ื™,
01:31
which quickly pulled together
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ืฉืืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
01:33
a lot of information that had been collected on the subject
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ืžื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ ืฉื ืืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื
01:36
by many, many researchers.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
01:38
And amongst our compiled results
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืงื˜ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
01:40
was the startling revelation
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื
01:42
that, in fact, we were losing natural capital --
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ืฉืื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข --
01:45
the benefits that flow from nature to us.
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ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื–ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืืœื™ื ื•.
01:47
We were losing it at an extraordinary rate --
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ืื ื• ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ --
01:49
in fact, of the order of two to four trillion dollars-worth
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
01:52
of natural capital.
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ืžื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
01:55
This came out in 2008,
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ื–ื” ื™ืฆื ื‘-2008,
01:57
which was, of course, around the time that the banking crisis had shown
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืจืื”
01:59
that we had lost financial capital
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ืฉื”ืคืกื“ื ื• ื”ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™
02:01
of the order of two and a half trillion dollars.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™.
02:03
So this was comparable in size to that kind of loss.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืœื”ืคืกื“ ืžืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื”.
02:06
We then have gone on since
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ืžืื– ื”ืžืฉื›ื ื•
02:08
to present for [the] international community,
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ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
02:11
for governments,
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ืœืžืžืฉืœื•ืช,
02:13
for local governments and for business
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ืœืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ืœืขืกืงื™ื
02:15
and for people, for you and me,
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ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ืœื›ื ื•ืœื™,
02:17
a whole slew of reports, which were presented at the U.N. last year,
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ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•"ื—ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ืื•"ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
02:20
which address the economic invisibility of nature
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ื•ืืฉืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื ืจืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
02:23
and describe what can be done to solve it.
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ื•ืžืชืืจื™ื ืžื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
02:25
What is this about?
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ?
02:27
A picture that you're familiar with --
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื --
02:29
the Amazon rainforests.
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ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก.
02:31
It's a massive store of carbon, it's an amazing store of biodiversity,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
02:34
but what people don't really know
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
02:36
is this also is a rain factory.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ื’ื ืžืคืขืœ ืœื’ืฉื.
02:38
Because the northeastern trade winds,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช,
02:40
as they go over the Amazonas,
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ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก,
02:42
effectively gather the water vapor.
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ืื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื“ื™ ืžื™ื.
02:44
Something like 20 billion tons per day of water vapor
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 20 ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
02:47
is sucked up by the northeastern trade winds,
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ื ืฉืื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช,
02:50
and eventually precipitates in the form of rain
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื’ืฉื
02:53
across the La Plata Basin.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ืื’ืŸ "ืœื” ืคืœื˜ื”".
02:55
This rainfall cycle, this rainfall factory,
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ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ื–ื”, ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ื–ื”,
02:58
effectively feeds an agricultural economy
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ืžื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช
03:00
of the order of 240 billion dollars-worth
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœ-240 ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
03:02
in Latin America.
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ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช.
03:04
But the question arises: Okay, so how much
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื”: ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื– ื›ืžื”
03:07
do Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina
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ืื•ืจื•ื’ืื•ื•ื™, ืคืจื’ื•ื•ืื™, ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”
03:09
and indeed the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืžื˜ื• ื’ืจื•ืกื• ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ
03:12
pay for that vital input to that economy
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ืžืฉืœืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงืœื˜ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื–ื•
03:15
to the state of Amazonas, which produces that rainfall?
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก, ืืฉืจ ืžืคื™ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ื–ื”?
03:18
And the answer is zilch,
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื•ื,
03:20
exactly zero.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืคืก.
03:22
That's the economic invisibility of nature.
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื ืจืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
03:24
That can't keep going on,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉืš,
03:26
because economic incentives and disincentives are very powerful.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
03:29
Economics has become the currency of policy.
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ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
03:31
And unless we address
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ื•ืื ืœื ื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก
03:33
this invisibility,
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ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื ืจืื•ืช ื”ื–ื”,
03:35
we are going to get the results that we are seeing,
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ื ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
03:37
which is a gradual degradation and loss
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ืฉื”ื ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื•ืื‘ื“ืŸ
03:40
of this valuable natural asset.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื™ืงืจ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื–ื”.
03:42
It's not just about the Amazonas, or indeed about rainforests.
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ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืืžื–ื•ื ืก, ืื• ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื.
03:45
No matter what level you look at,
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ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืจืžื” ืชื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”,
03:47
whether it's at the ecosystem level or at the species level or at the genetic level,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
03:50
we see the same problem again and again.
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ื ืจืื” ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
03:53
So rainfall cycle and water regulation by rainforests
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืฉื ื•ื‘ืงืจืช ื”ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื
03:56
at an ecosystem level.
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ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
03:58
At the species level,
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ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื,
04:00
it's been estimated that insect-based pollination,
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ื”ื•ืขืจืš ืฉื”ืื‘ืงื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื—ืจืงื™ื,
04:02
bees pollinating fruit and so on,
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ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•',
04:05
is something like 190 billion dollars-worth.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 190 ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
04:08
That's something like eight percent
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
04:10
of the total agricultural output globally.
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ืžื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
04:14
It completely passes below the radar screen.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืกืš ื”ืจื“ืืจ.
04:16
But when did a bee actually ever give you an invoice?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื™ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ืชื ื” ืœื›ื ืงื‘ืœื”?
04:19
Or for that matter, if you look at the genetic level,
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ืื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื ืชื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืจืžื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
04:22
60 percent of medicines were prospected,
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60 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื”ื’ื•,
04:25
were found first as molecules in a rainforest or a reef.
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ื ืžืฆืื• ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืžื•ืœื•ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื’ืฉื ืื• ืฉื•ื ื™ืช.
04:28
Once again, most of that doesn't get paid.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืœื ืžืชื•ื’ืžืœ.
04:30
And that brings me to another aspect of this,
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ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
04:32
which is, to whom should this get paid?
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ืžื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื’ืžืœ?
04:35
That genetic material
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™
04:37
probably belonged, if it could belong to anyone,
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ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš, ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
04:39
to a local community of poor people
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ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื
04:41
who parted with the knowledge that helped the researchers to find the molecule,
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ืฉืกื™ืคืงื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืขื–ืจ ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”,
04:44
which then became the medicine.
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœืชืจื•ืคื”.
04:46
They were the ones that didn't get paid.
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ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉืœื ืชื•ื’ืžืœื•.
04:48
And if you look at the species level,
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ื•ืื ืชื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ,
04:51
you saw about fish.
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ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ื“ื’ื™ื.
04:53
Today, the depletion of ocean fisheries is so significant
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื’ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืกื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš
04:56
that effectively it is effecting the ability of the poor,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื,
05:00
the artisanal fisher folk
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ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื
05:02
and those who fish for their own livelihoods,
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ื•ืืœื• ืฉื“ื’ื™ื ืœืคืจื ืกืชื,
05:04
to feed their families.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
05:06
Something like a billion people depend on fish,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื’ื™ื,
05:08
the quantity of fish in the oceans.
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
05:10
A billion people depend on fish
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื’ื™ื
05:13
for their main source for animal protein.
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ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™.
05:15
And at this rate at which we are losing fish,
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ื•ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื“ื’ื™ื,
05:17
it is a human problem of enormous dimensions,
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ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื,
05:19
a health problem
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ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ืช
05:21
of a kind we haven't seen before.
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ืฉืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ื›ืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
05:24
And finally, at the ecosystem level,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
05:26
whether it's flood prevention or drought control provided by the forests,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืžื ื™ืขืช ืฉื˜ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืคืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช,
05:29
or whether it is the ability of poor farmers
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื• ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื
05:31
to go out and gather leaf litter
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ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืคืกื•ืœืช ืขืœื™ื
05:33
for their cattle and goats,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ืงืจ ื•ื”ืขื–ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
05:35
or whether it's the ability of their wives
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื
05:37
to go and collect fuel wood from the forest,
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ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืขืฆื™ื ืœื”ืกืงื” ืžื”ื™ืขืจ,
05:39
it is actually the poor
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ืืœื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื
05:41
who depend most on these ecosystem services.
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ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
05:43
We did estimates in our study
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ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•
05:45
that for countries like Brazil, India and Indonesia,
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ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ, ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”,
05:48
even though ecosystem services --
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช --
05:50
these benefits that flow from nature to humanity for free --
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ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื–ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื --
05:53
they're not very big in percentage terms of GDP --
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื”ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืชืž"ื’ --
05:55
two, four, eight, 10, 15 percent --
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืืจื‘ืขื”, ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ืขืฉืจื”, ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื --
05:57
but in these countries, if we measure how much they're worth to the poor,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ืื ื ืžื“ื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื,
06:00
the answers are more like
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื•
06:02
45 percent, 75 percent, 90 percent.
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45 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื, 75 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื, 90 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
06:05
That's the difference.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ.
06:07
Because these are important benefits for the poor.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืœื• ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื.
06:10
And you can't really have a proper model for development
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ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
06:13
if at the same time you're destroying or allowing
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ืื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืืชื” ื”ื•ืจืก ืื• ืžืืคืฉืจ
06:16
the degradation of the very asset, the most important asset,
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ืืช ื”ื”ืจื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ื›ืก, ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:19
which is your development asset,
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ื ื›ืก ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœืš,
06:21
that is ecological infrastructure.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
06:23
How bad can things get?
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ื›ืžื” ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช?
06:25
Well here a picture of something called the mean species abundance.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื.
06:28
It's basically a measure
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื“ื“
06:30
of how many tigers, toads, ticks or whatever on average
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ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื ืžืจื™ื, ืงืจืคื“ื•ืช, ืงืจืฆื™ื•ืช ืื• ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”, ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข
06:32
of biomass of various species are around.
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ื‘ื™ื•ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
06:35
The green represents the percentage.
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ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ืžืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
06:37
If you start green, it's like 80 to 100 percent.
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ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง, ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 80 ืขื“ 100 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
06:40
If it's yellow, it's 40 to 60 percent.
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ืื ื–ื” ืฆื”ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 40 ืขื“ 60 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
06:42
And these are percentages versus the original state, so to speak,
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ื•ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ,
06:44
the pre-industrial era, 1750.
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ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ื-ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™, 1750.
06:47
Now I'm going to show you
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ื›ืขืช ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
06:49
how business as usual will affect this.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขืกืงื™ื ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื›ืš.
06:51
And just watch the change in colors
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ืจืง ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื
06:53
in India, China, Europe,
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ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืกื™ืŸ, ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
06:55
sub-Saharan Africa
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ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ืชืช-ืกื”ืจื™ืช
06:57
as we move on and consume global biomass
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืžื›ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืžืกื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
07:00
at a rate which is actually not going to be able to sustain us.
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ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•.
07:04
See that again.
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ืจืื• ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘.
07:06
The only places that remain green -- and that's not good news --
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ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื -- ื•ืืœื• ืœื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช --
07:08
is, in fact, places like the Gobi Desert,
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ื‘ื™,
07:11
like the tundra and like the Sahara.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื˜ื•ื ื“ืจื” ื•ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื”ืจื”.
07:13
But that doesn't help because there were very few species
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื ื™ื
07:15
and volume of biomass there in the first place.
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ื•ื ืคื— ื‘ื™ื•ืžืกื” ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
07:17
This is the challenge.
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ื–ื” ื”ืืชื’ืจ.
07:19
The reason this is happening
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”
07:22
boils down, in my mind, to one basic problem,
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ืžืกืชื›ืžืช, ื‘ืจืืฉื™, ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืื—ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช,
07:25
which is our inability to perceive the difference
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ
07:27
between public benefits
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช
07:29
and private profits.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื.
07:31
We tend to constantly ignore public wealth
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ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™
07:34
simply because it is in the common wealth,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ,
07:36
it's common goods.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
07:38
And here's an example from Thailand
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืชืื™ืœื ื“
07:40
where we found that, because the value of a mangrove is not that much --
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ื‘ื” ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš --
07:44
it's about $600 over the life of nine years that this has been measured --
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 600$ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชืฉืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื ืžื“ื“ --
07:48
compared to its value as a shrimp farm,
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืขืจื›ื• ื›ื—ื•ื•ืช ื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื,
07:50
which is more like $9,600,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• 9600$,
07:52
there has been a gradual trend to deplete the mangroves
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืœื“ืœื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื
07:55
and convert them to shrimp farms.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื.
07:57
But of course, if you look at exactly what those profits are,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ืชื‘ื“ืงื• ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื,
08:01
almost 8,000 of those dollars
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ื›ืžืขื˜ 8000 ืžืื•ืชื ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
08:03
are, in fact, subsidies.
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ื”ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
08:05
So you compare the two sides of the coin
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืชืฉื•ื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข
08:08
and you find that it's more like 1,200 to 600.
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ืชื’ืœื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• 1200 ืขื“ 600.
08:10
That's not that hard.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื”.
08:12
But on the other hand, if you start measuring,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืžื“ื•ื“,
08:14
how much would it actually cost
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ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ืืžืช
08:16
to restore the land of the shrimp farm
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ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื
08:18
back to productive use?
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืขื™ืœ?
08:20
Once salt deposition and chemical deposition
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ืžืจื’ืข ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžืœื—ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื›ื™ืžื™
08:22
has had its effects,
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ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื,
08:24
that answer is more like $12,000 of cost.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ 12000$.
08:27
And if you see the benefits of the mangrove
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ื•ืื ืชื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘
08:29
in terms of the storm protection and cyclone protection that you get
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฆื™ืงืœื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื
08:32
and in terms of the fisheries, the fish nurseries,
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื”, ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื,
08:34
that provide fish for the poor,
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ืฉืžืกืคืงื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื,
08:36
that answer is more like $11,000.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• 11000$.
08:38
So now look at the different lens.
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
08:40
If you look at the lens of public wealth
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ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืขื“ืฉืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™
08:42
as against the lens of private profits,
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ืžื•ืœ ืขื“ืฉืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื,
08:44
you get a completely different answer,
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ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™,
08:46
which is clearly conservation makes more sense,
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ืœืคื™ื” , ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ, ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:49
and not destruction.
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ื•ืœื ื”ืจืก.
08:51
So is this just a story from South Thailand?
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ืื– ื”ืื ื–ื” ืจืง ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืชืื™ืœื ื“?
08:54
Sorry, this is a global story.
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ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื•ืœืžื™.
08:56
And here's what the same calculation looks like,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื ืจืื”,
08:58
which was done recently -- well I say recently, over the last 10 years --
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ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” -- ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช --
09:01
by a group called TRUCOST.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช TRUECOST.
09:03
And they calculated for the top 3,000 corporations,
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืœ 3,000 ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
09:05
what are the externalities?
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ืžื” ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช?
09:07
In other words, what are the costs of doing business as usual?
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžื” ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ืขืกืงื™ื ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ?
09:09
This is not illegal stuff, this is basically business as usual,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื, ื–ื” ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืขืกืงื™ื ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ,
09:12
which causes climate-changing emissions, which have an economic cost.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืืงืœื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช.
09:15
It causes pollutants being issued, which have an economic cost,
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื™ืจ, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช,
09:18
health cost and so on.
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ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'.
09:20
Use of freshwater.
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื.
09:22
If you drill water to make coke near a village farm,
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ืื ืชืงื“ื—ื• ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื—ื•ื•ื” ื›ืคืจื™ืช,
09:24
that's not illegal, but yes, it costs the community.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”.
09:26
Can we stop this, and how?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืื™ืš?
09:28
I think the first point to make is that we need to recognize natural capital.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
09:31
Basically the stuff of life is natural capital,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
09:34
and we need to recognize and build that into our systems.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
09:37
When we measure GDP
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืชืœ"ื’
09:39
as a measure of economic performance at the national level,
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ื›ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
09:41
we don't include our biggest asset at the country level.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืืจืฅ.
09:44
When we measure corporate performances,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”,
09:46
we don't include our impacts on nature
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
09:48
and what our business costs society.
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ื•ืžื” ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืกืง ืฉืœื ื•.
09:50
That has to stop.
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง.
09:52
In fact, this was what really inspired my interest in this phase.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื™ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
09:55
I began a project way back called the Green Accounting Project.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืง.
09:57
That was in the early 2000s
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 2000
09:59
when India was going gung-ho about GDP growth
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืงื•ืขื” ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืชืœ"ื’
10:02
as the means forward --
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ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชืงื“ื --
10:04
looking at China with its stellar growths of eight, nine, 10 percent
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ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ืขื ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ืชืฉืขื”, 10 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
10:06
and wondering, why can we do the same?
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ื•ืชื•ื”ื™ื, ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ?
10:08
And a few friends of mine and I
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™
10:10
decided this doesn't make sense.
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
10:12
This is going to create more cost to society and more losses.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื.
10:15
So we decided to do a massive set of calculations
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื˜ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
10:17
and started producing green accounts for India and its states.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
10:20
That's how my interests began
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ื›ื›ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื”ื”ืชืขื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™
10:22
and went to the TEEB project.
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ TEEB.
10:24
Calculating this at the national level is one thing, and it has begun.
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ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“, ื•ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.
10:27
And the World Bank has acknowledged this
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื”
10:29
and they've started a project called WAVES --
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื ืงืจื WAVES --
10:31
Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืจื•ืช.
10:33
But calculating this at the next level,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื‘ืื”,
10:35
that means at the business sector level, is important.
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ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืขืกืงื™, ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
10:37
And actually we've done this with the TEEB project.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ TEEB.
10:39
We've done this for a very difficult case,
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœื›ืžื” ืžืงืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื,
10:42
which was for deforestation in China.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื›ืจื™ืชืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
10:44
This is important, because in China in 1997,
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ 1997,
10:47
the Yellow River actually went dry for nine months
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ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
10:50
causing severe loss of agriculture output
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ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืคื•ืงื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช
10:52
and pain and loss to society.
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ื•ื›ืื‘ ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจื”.
10:54
Just a year later the Yangtze flooded,
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ืจืง ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื’ืฆื” ื”ื•ืฆืฃ,
10:56
causing something like 5,500 deaths.
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ื•ื’ืจื ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื› 5,500 ืื ืฉื™ื.
10:59
So clearly there was a problem with deforestation.
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ืื– ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
11:01
It was associated largely with the construction industry.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ื—ืก ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”.
11:04
And the Chinese government responded sensibly
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ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ
11:06
and placed a ban on felling.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ื—ืจื ืขืœ ื›ืจื™ืชื”.
11:08
A retrospective on 40 years
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ืจื˜ืจื•ืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ 40 ืฉื ื”
11:10
shows that if we had accounted for these costs --
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ืžืจืื” ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• --
11:14
the cost of loss of topsoil,
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ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”,
11:16
the cost of loss of waterways,
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ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžื™ื,
11:18
the lost productivity, the loss to local communities
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ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืคื•ืงื”, ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช
11:21
as a result of all these factors,
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
11:23
desertification and so on --
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ืžื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื›ื•' --
11:25
those costs are almost twice as much
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ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืคื•ืœื•ืช
11:27
as the market price of timber.
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ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ืขืฅ.
11:29
So in fact, the price of timber in the Beijing marketplace
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ืื– ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืขืฅ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’
11:32
ought to have been three-times what it was
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ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื
11:34
had it reflected the true pain and the costs
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช
11:37
to the society within China.
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื™ืŸ.
11:39
Of course, after the event one can be wise.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืืจื•ืข ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:42
The way to do this is to do it on a company basis,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
11:44
to take leadership forward,
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ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
11:46
and to do it for as many important sectors which have a cost,
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขืœื•ืช,
11:49
and to disclose these answers.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
11:51
Someone once asked me, "Who is better or worse,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืคืขื ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื™, "ืžื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:53
is it Unilever or is it P&G
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ื”ืื ืืœื” ื™ื•ื ื™ืœื‘ืจ ืื• ืคื•ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ืื ื“ ื’ืžื‘ืœ
11:55
when it comes to their impact on rainforests in Indonesia?"
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”?"
11:58
And I couldn't answer because neither of these companies,
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ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืืœื•,
12:00
good though they are and professional though they are,
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช,
12:02
do not calculate or disclose their externalities.
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ืœื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื• ื—ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
12:05
But if we look at companies like PUMA --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืžื• PUMA --
12:07
Jochen Zeitz, their CEO and chairman,
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ื™ื•ื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ื–, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื”ื,
12:09
once challenged me at a function,
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ืคืขื ืื™ืชื’ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืืจื•ืข,
12:11
saying that he's going to implement my project before I finish it.
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ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืกื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
12:14
Well I think we kind of did it at the same time, but he's done it.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
12:17
He's basically worked the cost to PUMA.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืžื”.
12:19
PUMA has 2.7 billion dollars of turnover,
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ืœืคื•ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 2.7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
12:21
300 million dollars of profits,
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300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืจื•ื•ื—,
12:23
200 million dollars after tax,
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200 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืก,
12:25
94 million dollars of externalities, cost to business.
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94 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืกืง.
12:28
Now that's not a happy situation for them,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฆื‘ ืžืฉืžื— ืขื‘ื•ืจื,
12:30
but they have the confidence and the courage
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื•ืžืฅ
12:32
to come forward and say, "Here's what we are measuring.
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ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, "ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
12:35
We are measuring it because we know
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
12:37
that you cannot manage what you do not measure."
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ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื”ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื."
12:39
That's an example, I think, for us to look at
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ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ
12:41
and for us to draw comfort from.
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื ื—ืช ืžืžื ื”.
12:43
If more companies did this,
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ืื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”,
12:45
and if more sectors engaged this as sectors,
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ื•ืื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœื–ื” ื›ืกืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื,
12:47
you could have analysts, business analysts,
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ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื ืื ืœื™ื–ื”, ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ืขืกืงื™ืช,
12:49
and you could have people like us and consumers and NGOs
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ื•ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื• ื•ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื
12:52
actually look and compare the social performance of companies.
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืจืื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
12:55
Today we can't yet do that, but I think the path is laid out.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืžื•ื›ื ื”.
12:58
This can be done.
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ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
13:00
And I'm delighted that the Institute of Chartered Accountants in the U.K.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืื•ืฉืจ ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืจื•ืื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”
13:02
has already set up a coalition to do this,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื™ื ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
13:04
an international coalition.
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ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
13:06
The other favorite, if you like, solution for me
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ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ื”ืื—ืจ, ืื ืชืจืฆื•, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™
13:09
is the creation of green carbon markets.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื.
13:11
And by the way, these are my favorites --
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืืœื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ืขืœื™ --
13:13
externalities calculation and green carbon markets.
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ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืขืœื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื.
13:15
TEEB has more than a dozen separate groups of solutions
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ืœ TEEB ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืจื™ืกืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
13:19
including protected area evaluation
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื
13:21
and payments for ecosystem services
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ื•ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื
13:23
and eco-certification and you name it, but these are the favorites.
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ื•ื”ืกืžื›ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื” ืขื ืฉืžื›ื ืขืœื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื.
13:26
What's green carbon?
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ืžื”ื• ืคื—ืžืŸ ื™ืจื•ืง?
13:28
Today what we have is basically a brown carbon marketplace.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืง ืคื—ืžืŸ ื—ื•ื.
13:30
It's about energy emissions.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
13:32
The European Union ETS is the main marketplace.
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ื” ETS ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™.
13:34
It's not doing too well. We've over-issued.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืฆืœื™ื—. ื”ื ืคืงื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
13:36
A bit like inflation: you over-issue currency,
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ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”: ืžื“ืคื™ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื›ืกืฃ,
13:38
you get what you see, declining prices.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื.
13:41
But that's all about energy and industry.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื”.
13:44
But what we're missing is also some other emissions
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืกืคืกื™ื ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
13:46
like black carbon, that is soot.
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ื›ืžื• ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื–ื” ืคื™ื—.
13:48
What we're also missing is blue carbon,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืกืคืกื™ื ื–ื” ื’ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
13:50
which, by the way, is the largest store of carbon --
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ืฉื”ื•ื, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ --
13:52
more than 55 percent.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 55 ืื—ื•ื–.
13:54
Thankfully, the flux, in other words, the flow of emissions
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ื”ืฉื˜ืฃ, ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช
13:56
from the ocean to the atmosphere and vice versa,
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ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื•ื—ื–ืจื”,
13:58
is more or less balanced.
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ื”ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื–ื ืช.
14:00
In fact, what's being absorbed
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉื ืกืคื’
14:02
is something like 25 percent of our emissions,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 25 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
14:05
which then leads to acidification
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ
14:07
or lower alkalinity in oceans.
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ืื• ืืœืงืœื™ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
14:09
More of that in a minute.
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ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข.
14:11
And finally, there's deforestation,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช,
14:13
and there's emission of methane
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชืืŸ
14:15
from agriculture.
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ืžื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
14:17
Green carbon,
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ืคื—ืžืŸ ื™ืจื•ืง,
14:19
which is the deforestation and agricultural emissions,
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช,
14:21
and blue carbon
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ื•ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ
14:23
together comprise 25 percent of our emissions.
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœ 25 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
14:25
We have the means already in our hands,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื•,
14:27
through a structure, through a mechanism, called REDD Plus --
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ื“ืจืš ืžื‘ื ื”, ื“ืจืš ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ืงืจื REDD Plus --
14:29
a scheme for the reduced emissions
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช
14:31
from deforestation and forest degradation.
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ืžื‘ืจื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
14:34
And already Norway has contributed a billion dollars each
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ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื” ืชืจืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
14:37
towards Indonesia and Brazil
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ืœื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื•ืœืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”
14:39
to implement this Red Plus scheme.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช Red Plus.
14:41
So we actually have some movement forward.
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ืื– ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื ื•ืขื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
14:43
But the thing is to do a lot more of that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
14:45
Will this solve the problem? Will economics solve everything?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”? ื”ืื ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืชืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ?
14:48
Well I'm afraid not.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉืœื.
14:50
There is an area that is the oceans, coral reefs.
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ื™ืฉ ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื, ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
14:53
As you can see,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช,
14:55
they cut across the entire globe
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ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
14:57
all the way from Micronesia
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืžืžืงืจื•ื ื–ื™ื”
14:59
across Indonesia, Malaysia, India, Madagascar
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ื“ืจืš ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”, ืžืœื–ื™ื”, ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ
15:02
and to the West of the Caribbean.
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ื•ืœืžืขืจื‘ ืœืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
15:04
These red dots, these red areas,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
15:06
basically provide the food and livelihood
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ื”
15:08
for more than half a billion people.
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ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื.
15:10
So that's almost an eighth of society.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
15:13
And the sad thing is that, as these coral reefs are lost --
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื, ื›ืฉื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช --
15:16
and scientists tell us
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ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื•
15:18
that any level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere above 350 parts per million
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ืฉืจืžืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžืขืœ 350 ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœืžืœื™ื•ืŸ
15:21
is too dangerous for the survival of these reefs --
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ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืžื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” --
15:24
we are not only risking the extinction
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ืช
15:26
of the entire coral species, the warm water corals,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ื,
15:28
we're not only risking a fourth of all fish species which are in the oceans,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ืจื‘ืข ืžื›ืœ ืžื ื™ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
15:32
but we are risking the very lives and livelihoods
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ืืœื ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื•ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื”
15:34
of more than 500 million people
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ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž500 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
15:37
who live in the developing world in poor countries.
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช.
15:40
So in selecting targets of 450 parts per million
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ืื– ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ 450 ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœืžืœื™ื•ืŸ
15:43
and selecting two degrees at the climate negotiations,
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ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
15:46
what we have done is we've made an ethical choice.
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ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืืชื™ืช.
15:49
We've actually kind of made an ethical choice in society
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”
15:52
to not have coral reefs.
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ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
15:54
Well what I will say to you in parting
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืคืจื™ื“ื”
15:56
is that we may have done that.
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ื–ื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
15:58
Let's think about it and what it means,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ,
16:00
but please, let's not do more of that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”, ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
16:02
Because mother nature only has that much
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืืžื ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช
16:04
in ecological infrastructure and that much natural capital.
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ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
16:07
I don't think we can afford too much of such ethical choices.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืชื™ื•ืช.
16:10
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
16:12
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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