Baba Shiv: Sometimes it's good to give up the driver's seat

44,211 views ใƒป 2012-07-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
I'm going to start on a slightly somber note.
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื” ืงื•ื“ืจืช ืžืขื˜.
ืฉื ืช 2007, ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
00:19
Two thousand and seven, five years ago,
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00:22
my wife gets diagnosed with breast cancer.
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ืื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืฆืœ ืืฉืชื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“,
ืฉืœื‘ 2ื‘'.
00:26
Stage IIB.
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ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ,
00:29
Now, looking back, the most harrowing part of that experience
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืฆื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช
00:32
was not just the hospital visits --
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืจืง ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื--
00:34
these were very painful for my wife, understandably so.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืื“ ืžื›ืื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืฉืชื™, ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื›ืš.
00:37
It was not even the initial shock of knowing that she had breast cancer
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื”ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื”
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“, ื•ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืช 39,
00:40
at just 39 years old,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”.
00:42
absolutely no history of cancer in her family.
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00:45
The most horrifying and agonizing part of the whole experience
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ืžื—ืจื™ื“ ื•ืžื™ื™ืกืจ
ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื•
00:49
was we were making decisions after decisions after decisions
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช
00:53
that were being thrust upon us.
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ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื˜ื—ื• ื‘ื ื•.
00:55
Should it be a mastectomy? Should it be a lumpectomy?
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ื”ืื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื›ืจื™ืชืช-ืฉื“? ื”ืื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื›ืจื™ืชืช-ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ?
00:58
Should it be a more aggressive form of treatment,
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ื”ืื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ?
01:00
given that it was stage IIB?
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ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื‘ 2ื‘'
01:02
With all the side effects?
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ืขื ื›ืœ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœื•?
01:04
Or should it be a less aggressive form of treatment?
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช?
ื•ื”ื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
01:07
And these were being thrust upon us by the doctors.
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ืžืฆื“ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื.
01:11
Now you could ask this question,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฉืืœื•,
ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช?
01:13
why were the doctors doing this?
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01:14
A simplistic answer would be,
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื”,
01:16
the doctors are doing this
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ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช.
01:17
because they want to protect themselves legally.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ ืžื“ื™.
01:21
I think that is too simplistic.
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01:22
These are well-meaning doctors,
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
ื—ืœืงื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“.
01:24
some of them have gone on to become very good friends.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคืขืœื• ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื‘ื•ื ื”
01:27
They probably were simply following the wisdom
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœื” ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช,
01:29
that has come down through the ages,
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01:31
this adage that when you're making decisions,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช,
01:33
especially decisions of importance,
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01:34
it's best to be in charge, it's best to be in control,
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ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจืื™, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”,
01:37
it's best to be in the driver's seat.
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ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื”ื’.
01:40
And we were certainly in the driver's seat,
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื”ื’
01:42
making all these decisions.
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช, ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื,
01:43
And let me tell you -- if some of you have been there,
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื›ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”:
ื–ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:46
it was a most agonizing and harrowing experience.
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01:49
Which got me thinking.
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœืชื”ื•ืช
01:51
I said, is there any validity to this whole adage
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ืชื•ืงืฃ
ืœืืžื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช
01:54
that when you're making decisions,
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01:56
it's best to take the driver's seat,
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ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื”ื’,
01:58
be in charge, be in control?
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ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”?
ืื• ืฉื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ืื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:00
Or are there contexts where we're far better off
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02:03
taking the passenger's seat
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ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื•ืกืข ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื’?
02:05
and have someone else drive?
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02:06
For example, a trusted financial advisor,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ืžื”ื™ืžืŸ,
02:08
could be a trusted doctor, etc.
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ืื• ืจื•ืคื ืืžื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
02:11
And since I study human decision making,
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช,
ืืžืจืชื™, ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืขืจื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื
02:14
I said, I'm going to run some studies
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02:16
to find some answers.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืžื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
02:18
And I'm going to share one of these studies with you today.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
ืื– ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”.
02:21
So, imagine that all of you are participants in the study.
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืชืขืฉื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ
02:25
I want to tell you that what you're going to do in the study is,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื›ื•ืก ืชื”.
02:28
you're going to drink a cup of tea.
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ืื ืืชื ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข, ืžื™ื“ ืื’ืœื” ืœื›ื.
02:31
If you're wondering why, I'll tell you why in a few seconds from now.
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02:34
You are going to solve a series of puzzles,
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ืืชื ืชืคืชืจื• ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช,
02:37
and I'm going to show you examples of these puzzles momentarily.
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ื•ืžื™ื“ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชืคืชืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช,
02:41
And the more puzzles you solve,
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02:42
the greater the chances that you'll win some prizes.
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ื™ื’ื“ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืกื™ื.
ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืชื”?
02:46
Now, why do you have to consume the tea?
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02:48
Why? Because it makes a lot of sense:
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ืžื“ื•ืข? ื–ื” ืžืื“ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช,
02:50
In order to solve these puzzles effectively, if you think about it,
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื.
02:53
your mind needs to be in two states simultaneously, right?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื ื™,
02:57
It needs to be alert,
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02:59
for which caffeine is very good.
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ื•ื”ืงืคืื™ืŸ ืžืื“ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื›ืš.
ื•ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืข.
03:02
Simultaneously, it needs to be calm --
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03:04
not agitated, calm --
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ืœื ืกื•ืขืจ, ืจื’ื•ืข. ื•ืœื›ืš ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืžืื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื’.
03:06
for which chamomile is very good.
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03:10
Now comes the between-subjects design,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืขืจืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™
03:13
the AB design, the AB testing.
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ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื"ื‘, ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ื"ื‘.
ื›ืขืช ื ื—ืœืง ืืชื›ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืจื™
03:15
So what I'm going to do is randomly assign you to one of two groups.
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ืœืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.
ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืงื• ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™,
03:19
So imagine that there is an imaginary line out here,
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03:21
so everyone here will be group A,
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืฉื›ืืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื',
03:24
everyone out here will be group B.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืฉื›ืืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘'.
03:27
Now, for you folks, what I'm going to do is I'm going to show you these two teas,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ื›ื, ืžื” ืฉืืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื
ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชื”,
03:32
and I'll go ahead and ask you to choose your tea.
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ื•ืื‘ืงืฉ ืืชื›ื,
ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื” ืฉืœื›ื. ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ืื™ื–ื” ืชื” ืืชื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื.
03:35
So you can choose whichever tea you want.
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03:37
You can decide, what is your mental state:
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ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื›ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื‘ื›ื ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™:
03:39
OK, I choose the caffeinated tea,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืชื” ืขื ืงืคืื™ืŸ
03:41
I choose the chamomile tea.
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ืื• ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื’.
03:42
So you're going to be in charge, you're going to be in control,
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ื›ืš ืฉืืชื ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื,
ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื›ื, ืืชื ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื”ื’.
03:45
you're going to be in the driver's seat.
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ื•ืœื›ื ืืจืื” ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชื”,
03:48
You folks, I'm going to show you these two teas,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ.
03:51
but you don't have a choice.
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03:53
I'm going to give you one of these two teas,
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื,
03:55
and keep in mind, I'm going to pick one of these two teas
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ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•: ืื ื™ ืื‘ื—ืจ
ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืงืจืื™ืช.
03:58
at random for you.
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03:59
And you know that.
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ื•ืืชื ืชื“ืขื• ื–ืืช.
04:01
So if you think about it, this is an extreme-case scenario,
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื–ื”ื• ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™,
04:04
because in the real world,
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04:05
whenever you are taking passenger's seat,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื•ืกืข,
04:07
very often the driver is going to be someone you trust,
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื•,
ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื›ืš ืฉื–ื”ื• ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
04:10
an expert, etc.
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04:11
So this is an extreme-case scenario.
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04:14
Now, you're all going to consume the tea.
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ื›ืขืช ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืชืฉืชื• ืืช ื”ืชื”.
04:19
So imagine that you're taking the tea now,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื›ืขืช ืืช ื”ืชื”,
ื ื—ื›ื” ืขื“ ืฉืชืกื™ื™ืžื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช.
04:21
we'll wait for you to finish the tea.
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ื ืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ 5 ื“ืงื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข.
04:23
We'll give another five minutes for the ingredient to have its effects.
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ื›ืขืช ืชืงื‘ืœื• 30 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื 15 ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช.
04:27
Now you're going to have 30 minutes to solve 15 puzzles.
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04:32
Here's an example of the puzzle you're going to solve.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืชืคืชืจื•.
04:35
Anyone in the audience want to take a stab?
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ื—ืฉ ืžื” ื–ื”?
(ืงื”ืœ: "ืคืœืคื™ื˜") ื‘ืื‘ื” ืฉื™ื•ื•: ื•ื•ืื•!
04:38
Audience member: Pulpit! Baba Shiv: Whoa! OK.
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ื™ืคื” ืžืื“.
04:40
That's cool.
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04:41
Yeah, so what we'd do if we had you who gave the answer
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ืื™ืœื• ืืชื”, ืฉื™ื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”,
ื”ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืฃ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™
04:44
as a participant,
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04:45
we would have calibrated the difficulty level
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04:47
of the puzzles to your expertise.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืช.
04:50
Because we want these puzzles to be difficult.
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ืืœื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช
04:52
These are tricky puzzles,
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04:53
because your first instinct is to say "tulip."
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ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ "ื˜ื•ืœื™ืค", ื•ืื– ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช.
04:56
And then you have to unstick yourself.
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04:59
Right?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืื– ืืœื” ื”ื•ืชืืžื• ืœื“ืจื’ืช ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
05:00
So these have been calibrated to your level of expertise,
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ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืช, ื•ืžื™ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืžื“ื•ืข.
05:03
because we want this to be difficult,
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05:05
and I'll tell you why, momentarily.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
05:07
Now, here's another example.
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05:09
Anyone? This is much more difficult.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข? ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”.
05:11
Audience member: Embark. BS: Yeah. Wow! OK.
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(ืงื”ืœ: "ืื™ืžื‘ืจืง"). ื‘"ืก: ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ืื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:13
So, yeah, so this is, again, difficult.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืื– ื’ื ื–ื” ืงืฉื”.
05:15
You'll say "kamber," then you'll go, "maker," and all that,
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ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืงืืžื‘ืจ", ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœ"ืžืื™ื™ืงืจ",
ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”, ื•ืจืง ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช.
05:18
and then you can unstick yourself.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื 30 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช 15 ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
05:20
So you have 30 minutes now to solve these 15 puzzles.
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื›ืืŸ
05:24
Now, the question we're asking here is, in terms of the outcome --
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืื”,
05:28
and it comes in the number of puzzles solved --
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ืคืชืจื•,
ื”ืื ืืชื, ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื”ื’,
05:30
will you in the driver's seat end up solving more puzzles
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ืชืคืชืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช,
ื›ื™ ืืชื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืชื” ืฉืœื›ื,
05:35
because you are in control,
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05:36
you could decide which tea you would choose,
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ืื• ืฉืืชื ืชื ืฆื—ื•,
05:38
or would you be better off,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคืชื•ืจื•ืช?
05:40
in terms of the number of puzzles solved?
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05:42
And, systemically, what we will show,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™, ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื›ื™ื—
05:45
across a series of studies,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื“ืจืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื,
ื”ื•ื ืฉืืชื, ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื,
05:47
is that you, the passengers,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืกื•ื’ ื”ืชื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ืืงืจืื™ืช,
05:49
even though the tea was picked for you at random,
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ืชืคืชืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืืชื, ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื.
05:53
will end up solving more puzzles than you, the drivers.
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ืื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ,
05:57
We also observe another thing,
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05:59
and that is, you folks not only are solving fewer puzzles,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืืชื ืœื ืจืง ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช,
06:02
you're also putting less juice into the task -- less effort,
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ืืœื ื’ื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื”.
ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืžืฅ, ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืงืฉื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
06:06
you're less persistent, and so on.
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ืื™ืš ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช?
06:08
How do we know that?
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06:09
Well, we have two objective measures.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
06:11
One is, what is the time, on average, you're taking
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ื”ืื—ื“, ืžื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉื”ืฉืงืขืชื
06:14
in attempting to solve these puzzles?
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช?
ืืชื ืชืงื“ื™ืฉื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžืืฉืจ ืืชื.
06:17
You will spend less time compared to you.
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06:20
Second, you have 30 minutes to solve these;
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื 30 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื.
06:22
are you taking the entire 30 minutes
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ื”ืื ืชื ืฆืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”-30 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื• ื”ืื ืชื•ื•ืชืจื•
06:23
or are you giving up before the 30 minutes elapse?
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ืœืคื ื™ ืชื•ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ?
ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ืชื•ื•ืชืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ืชื•ื ื”-30 ื“ืงื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืืœื™ื›ื.
06:26
You will be more likely to give up before the 30 minutes elapse,
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06:30
compared to you.
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ืื– ืืชื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื
06:31
So you're putting in less juice,
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06:33
and therefore, the outcome: fewer puzzles solved.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืคืชื•ืจื•ืช.
06:36
That brings us now to: why does this happen?
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉืืœื”: ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?
06:41
And under what situations -- when -- would we see this pattern of results
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ื•ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ื, ืžืชื™ ื ืจืื” ื“ืคื•ืก ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื›ื–ื”,
06:45
where the passenger is going to show better, more favorable outcomes,
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ืฉื”ื ื•ืกืข ืžืฉื™ื’ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:49
compared to the driver?
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื ื”ื’?
06:52
It all has to do with when you face what I call the INCA.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ืืชื ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ "ืื™ื ืง"ื”"
06:57
It's an acronym that stands for the nature of the feedback you're getting
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ืืœื” ืจืืฉื™-ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื
ืœืื•ืคื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืืชื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”.
07:01
after you made the decision.
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07:03
So if you think about it, in this particular puzzle task --
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ื•ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•,
ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื”,
07:06
it could happen in investing in the stock market,
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ื–ื” ืžืื“ ื”ืคื›ืคืš ืฉื, ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืจืคื•ืื™--
07:08
very volatile out there,
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07:09
it could be the medical situation --
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ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™.
07:11
the feedback here is immediate.
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07:13
You know the feedback, whether you're solving the puzzles or not.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘: ืื ืคืชืจืชื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื• ืœื.
07:16
Right? Second, it is negative.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™.
07:19
Remember, the deck was stacked against you,
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื• ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืœืจืขืชื›ื.
07:21
in terms of the difficulty level of these puzzles.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ืจืžืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
07:24
And this can happen in the medical domain.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™.
ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืื“ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ,
07:26
For example, very early on in the treatment,
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07:28
things are negative, the feedback, before things become positive.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืคืจื™ื.
07:31
Right? It can happen in the stock market.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื”.
ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ื”ืคื›ืคื›ื”, ืงื‘ืœืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™.
07:34
Volatile stock market, getting negative feedback, it is also immediate.
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™.
07:37
And the feedback in all these cases is concrete, it's unambiguous;
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื“ื•-ืžืฉืžืขื™. ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ืคืชืจืชื ืื• ืœื.
07:41
you know if you've solved the puzzles or not.
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07:43
Now, the added one,
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•,
07:45
apart from this immediacy, negative, this concreteness --
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ืœืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช, ืœืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•,
07:50
now you have a sense of agency.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื’ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
07:54
You were responsible for your decision.
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ืืชื ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื›ื.
07:57
So what do you do?
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ืื– ืžื” ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
07:58
You focus on the foregone option.
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ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช,
08:01
You say, you know what?
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ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื™.
08:03
I should have chosen the other tea.
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
08:05
(Laughter)
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08:08
That casts your decision in doubt,
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ื–ื” ื–ื•ืจืข ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื›ื ืกืคืง,
ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื›ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื›ื,
08:11
reduces the confidence you have in the decision,
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08:13
the confidence you have in the performance,
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ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื›ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื›ื,
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช.
08:16
the performance in terms of solving the puzzles.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืชืฉืงื™ืขื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื”,
08:18
And therefore less juice into the task,
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08:20
fewer puzzles solved
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ืชืคืชืจื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื™ื’ื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืืœื™ื›ื.
08:22
and less favorable outcomes compared to you folks.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™, ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
08:25
And this can happen in the medical domain, if you think about it, right?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื”ื’, ืœืžืฉืœ.
08:29
A patient in the driver's seat, for example.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืขื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื ืื• ื”ื•ื
08:31
Less juice, which means keeping herself or himself
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08:33
less physically fit, physically active to hasten the recovery process,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ืจื– ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื—ืœืžื”,
08:37
which is what is often advocated.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื›ืš.
08:38
You probably wouldn't do that.
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08:40
And therefore, there are times when you're facing the INCA,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงื•ืจื” ืฉืืชื ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ "ืื™ื ืง"ื”"
08:46
when the feedback is going to be immediate, negative, concrete
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ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™, ืฉืœื™ืœื™,
ืžืžืฉื™, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
08:50
and you have the sense of agency,
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08:52
where you're far better off taking the passenger's seat
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ื›ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉื‘ืชื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื•ืกืข
08:55
and have someone else drive.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ืชื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื’.
08:58
Now, I started off on a somber note.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™
ื‘ื ื™ืžื” ืงื•ื“ืจืช.
09:02
I want to finish up on a more upbeat note.
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื” ืขืœื™ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืขื‘ืจื• ื›ื‘ืจ 5 ืฉื ื™ื, ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-5 ืฉื ื™ื,
09:04
It has now been five years, slightly more than five years,
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09:07
and the good news, thank God, is that the cancer is still in remission.
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ื•ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืืœ,
ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœื ื—ื–ืจ.
09:13
So it all ends well.
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ืื– ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘,
ืืš ืžื” ืฉืœื ืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื”ื•ื,
09:16
But one thing I didn't mention was that very early on into her treatment,
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ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืื“ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœื”,
09:22
my wife and I decided that we would take the passenger's seat.
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ืืฉืชื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื•ืกืข.
ื•ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“
09:26
And that made so much of a difference
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09:28
in terms of the peace of mind that came with that;
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฉืœื•ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉื”ืชืœื•ื•ืชื” ืœื›ืš.
ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ื—ืœืžืชื”.
09:31
we could focus on her recovery.
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ื”ื ื—ื ื• ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช,
09:33
We let the doctors make all the decisions
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09:35
and take the driver's seat.
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ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื”ื’.
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
09:38
Thank you.
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09:39
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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