Sir Martin Rees: Earth in its final century?

869,284 views ใƒป 2008-04-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:25
If you take 10,000 people at random, 9,999 have something in common:
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ืื ืชืงื—ื• 10,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื, ืœ9999 ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ:
00:31
their interests in business lie on or near the Earth's surface.
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื ื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ืื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:36
The odd one out is an astronomer, and I am one of that strange breed.
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ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื, ื•ืื ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื.
00:40
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:41
My talk will be in two parts. I'll talk first as an astronomer,
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ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื. ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื,
00:46
and then as a worried member of the human race.
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ื•ืื– ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
00:50
But let's start off by remembering that Darwin showed
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื” ื ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืจืื” ืœื ื•
00:55
how we're the outcome of four billion years of evolution.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ 4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
00:59
And what we try to do in astronomy and cosmology
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
01:02
is to go back before Darwin's simple beginning,
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ื–ื” ืœืœื›ืช ืื—ื•ืจื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
01:05
to set our Earth in a cosmic context.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืงื•ืกืžื™.
01:09
And let me just run through a few slides.
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ื•ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช.
01:12
This was the impact that happened last week on a comet.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืงืจืชื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
01:17
If they'd sent a nuke, it would have been rather more spectacular
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ืื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืฉื™ื
01:19
than what actually happened last Monday.
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ืžืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจ.
01:22
So that's another project for NASA.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื ืืกื.
01:24
That's Mars from the European Mars Express, and at New Year.
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ื–ื” ืžืื“ื™ื ืžืžืืจืก ืืงืกืคืจืก ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
01:29
This artist's impression turned into reality
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ื”ื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
01:34
when a parachute landed on Titan, Saturn's giant moon.
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ื›ืฉืžืฆื ื— ื ื—ืช ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™.
01:38
It landed on the surface. This is pictures taken on the way down.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—. ืืœื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืžื˜ื”.
01:42
That looks like a coastline.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืงื• ื—ื•ืฃ.
01:43
It is indeed, but the ocean is liquid methane --
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ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื›ืš, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ --
01:46
the temperature minus 170 degrees centigrade.
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ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืก 170 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
01:51
If we go beyond our solar system,
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ืื ื ืฆื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
01:53
we've learned that the stars aren't twinkly points of light.
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื ืฆื ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ.
01:57
Each one is like a sun with a retinue of planets orbiting around it.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืฉ ืขื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื”,
02:02
And we can see places where stars are forming,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื,
02:05
like the Eagle Nebula. We see stars dying.
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ื›ืžื• ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ืช ื”ืขื™ื˜. ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ืขื›ื™ื.
02:08
In six billion years, the sun will look like that.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืชืจืื” ื›ืš.
02:11
And some stars die spectacularly in a supernova explosion,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”,
02:15
leaving remnants like that.
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ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื•.
02:17
On a still bigger scale, we see entire galaxies of stars.
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
02:21
We see entire ecosystems where gas is being recycled.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืงื•ืกื™ืกื˜ืžื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื’ื– ืžืžื•ื—ื–ืจ.
02:24
And to the cosmologist,
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ื•ืœืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’,
02:26
these galaxies are just the atoms, as it were, of the large-scale universe.
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ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืจืง ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ื›ืš ื ืจืื”, ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:32
This picture shows a patch of sky
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืจืื” ื—ืœืงืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื
02:35
so small that it would take about 100 patches like it
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš 100 ื›ืืœื•
02:38
to cover the full moon in the sky.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ื™ืจื— ืžืœื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
02:41
Through a small telescope, this would look quite blank,
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ื“ืจืš ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืงื˜ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืชืจืื” ื“ื™ ืจื™ืงื”,
02:43
but you see here hundreds of little, faint smudges.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื” ืžืื•ืช ื›ืชืžื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืฉื™ื.
02:47
Each is a galaxy, fully like ours or Andromeda,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”, ืฉืœืžื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื• ืื• ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื”,
02:51
which looks so small and faint because its light
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ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื“ื”ื•ื™ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืื•ืจ
02:53
has taken 10 billion light-years to get to us.
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ืœืงื— 10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื ื•.
02:57
The stars in those galaxies probably don't have planets around them.
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ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื.
03:02
There's scant chance of life there -- that's because there's been no time
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื -- ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ
03:05
for the nuclear fusion in stars to make silicon and carbon and iron,
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ืœื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืคื—ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื–ืœ,
03:11
the building blocks of planets and of life.
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ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:15
We believe that all of this emerged from a Big Bang --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ --
03:21
a hot, dense state. So how did that amorphous Big Bang
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ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื ื•ื“ื—ื•ืก. ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจืคื™ ื”ื–ื”
03:25
turn into our complex cosmos?
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ื”ืคืš ืœื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•?
03:27
I'm going to show you a movie simulation
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ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืกืจื˜ ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื”
03:30
16 powers of 10 faster than real time,
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10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 16 ืคืขืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ืžื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
03:32
which shows a patch of the universe where the expansions have subtracted out.
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ืฉืžืจืื” ื—ืœืงื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื” ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืคื—ืชื”.
03:36
But you see, as time goes on in gigayears at the bottom,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช,
03:40
you will see structures evolve as gravity feeds
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ืชืจืื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื”
03:43
on small, dense irregularities, and structures develop.
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ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืคื” ื•ืงื˜ื ื”, ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
03:47
And we'll end up after 13 billion years
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ื•ื ื’ื™ืข ืื—ืจื™ 13 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”
03:49
with something looking rather like our own universe.
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:56
And we compare simulated universes like that --
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื• --
03:59
I'll show you a better simulation at the end of my talk --
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ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” --
04:01
with what we actually see in the sky.
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ืขื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
04:05
Well, we can trace things back to the earlier stages of the Big Bang,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
04:11
but we still don't know what banged and why it banged.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื•ืœืžื”.
04:15
That's a challenge for 21st-century science.
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ื–ื” ืืชื’ืจ ืœืžื“ืข ื”ืžืื” ื”21.
04:20
If my research group had a logo, it would be this picture here:
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ืื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ื’ื•, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•:
04:23
an ouroboros, where you see the micro-world on the left --
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ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืจื•ืก, ื‘ื• ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื• ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืžืืœ --
04:28
the world of the quantum -- and on the right
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ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ -- ื•ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ
04:31
the large-scale universe of planets, stars and galaxies.
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ืืช ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื•ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
04:36
We know our universes are united though --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืื•ื—ื“ื™ื --
04:38
links between left and right.
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ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ.
04:40
The everyday world is determined by atoms,
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื,
04:42
how they stick together to make molecules.
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
04:44
Stars are fueled by how the nuclei in those atoms react together.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื•ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
04:50
And, as we've learned in the last few years, galaxies are held together
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“
04:53
by the gravitational pull of so-called dark matter:
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ:
04:56
particles in huge swarms, far smaller even than atomic nuclei.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื ื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื, ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืื˜ื•ื.
05:02
But we'd like to know the synthesis symbolized at the very top.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
05:08
The micro-world of the quantum is understood.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
05:11
On the right hand side, gravity holds sway. Einstein explained that.
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ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื’ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ืช, ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื”.
05:16
But the unfinished business for 21st-century science
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืœื ื’ืžื•ืจ ืœืžื“ืข ื”ืžืื” ื”21
05:19
is to link together cosmos and micro-world
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ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™
05:21
with a unified theory -- symbolized, as it were, gastronomically
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ืขื ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช --ืžืกื•ืžืœืช , ืื ืชืจืฆื•, ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช
05:25
at the top of that picture. (Laughter)
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ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:27
And until we have that synthesis,
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ื•ืขื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
05:29
we won't be able to understand the very beginning of our universe
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ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื
05:32
because when our universe was itself the size of an atom,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ื,
05:35
quantum effects could shake everything.
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ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื ืขืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ.
05:38
And so we need a theory that unifies the very large and the very small,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืžืื—ื“ืช ืืช ื”ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ,
05:42
which we don't yet have.
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื•.
05:45
One idea, incidentally --
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“, ื‘ืžืงืจื” --
05:47
and I had this hazard sign to say I'm going to speculate from now on --
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืฉืขืจ ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื• --
05:52
is that our Big Bang was not the only one.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“.
05:54
One idea is that our three-dimensional universe
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื•
05:58
may be embedded in a high-dimensional space,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ื˜ืžืข ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืจื‘ ืžื™ืžื“ื™,
06:00
just as you can imagine on these sheets of paper.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ืคื™ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืืœื”.
06:03
You can imagine ants on one of them
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื
06:05
thinking it's a two-dimensional universe,
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงื•ื ื“ื• ืžื™ืžื“ื™,
06:07
not being aware of another population of ants on the other.
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ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ื ืžืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื—ืจ.
06:09
So there could be another universe just a millimeter away from ours,
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ืื– ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ืžืฉืœื ื•,
06:13
but we're not aware of it because that millimeter
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ื”ื–ื”
06:16
is measured in some fourth spatial dimension,
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ื ืžื“ื“ ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™,
06:18
and we're imprisoned in our three.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื•.
06:20
And so we believe that there may be a lot more to physical reality
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
06:25
than what we've normally called our universe --
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ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• --
06:27
the aftermath of our Big Bang. And here's another picture.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืจืช.
06:30
Bottom right depicts our universe,
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ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื•,
06:32
which on the horizon is not beyond that,
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ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืง ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื”,
06:34
but even that is just one bubble, as it were, in some vaster reality.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื” ืจืง ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืขื” ืื—ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื”, ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:39
Many people suspect that just as we've gone from believing
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉืขื‘ืจื ื• ืžืืžื•ื ื”
06:42
in one solar system to zillions of solar systems,
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืฉ ืื—ืช ืœื–ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉ,
06:46
one galaxy to many galaxies,
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ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืื—ืช ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
06:48
we have to go to many Big Bangs from one Big Bang,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืคืฆื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžืคืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื—ื“.
06:52
perhaps these many Big Bangs displaying
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืคืฆื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”
06:54
an immense variety of properties.
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ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
06:56
Well, let's go back to this picture.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:58
There's one challenge symbolized at the top,
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ื™ืฉ ืืชื’ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืืจ ืœืžืขืœื”,
07:01
but there's another challenge to science symbolized at the bottom.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืืชื’ืจ ืœืžื“ืข ืžืชื•ืืจ ืœืžื˜ื”.
07:05
You want to not only synthesize the very large and the very small,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“,
07:08
but we want to understand the very complex.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืื•ื“.
07:11
And the most complex things are ourselves,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื•,
07:13
midway between atoms and stars.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
07:15
We depend on stars to make the atoms we're made of.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืกืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื.
07:17
We depend on chemistry to determine our complex structure.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืกืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•.
07:23
We clearly have to be large, compared to atoms,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืื˜ื•ืžื™ื,
07:26
to have layer upon layer of complex structure.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
07:28
We clearly have to be small, compared to stars and planets --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช --
07:31
otherwise we'd be crushed by gravity. And in fact, we are midway.
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ืื—ืจืช ื ืžื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”. ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื“ืจืš.
07:35
It would take as many human bodies to make up the sun
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ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ
07:37
as there are atoms in each of us.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื•.
07:39
The geometric mean of the mass of a proton
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ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืืกืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืŸ
07:41
and the mass of the sun is 50 kilograms,
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ื•ืžืกืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื•ื 50 ืงื™ืœื•,
07:44
within a factor of two of the mass of each person here.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืกื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืคื”.
07:47
Well, most of you anyway.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืจื•ื‘ื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ.
07:48
The science of complexity is probably the greatest challenge of all,
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ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ื•ืœื,
07:53
greater than that of the very small on the left
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ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืžืืœ
07:55
and the very large on the right.
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ื•ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ.
07:58
And it's this science,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื–ื”,
08:00
which is not only enlightening our understanding of the biological world,
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ืฉืœื ืจืง ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
08:04
but also transforming our world faster than ever.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืžื™ื“.
08:08
And more than that, it's engendering new kinds of change.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
08:12
And I now move on to the second part of my talk,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™,
08:17
and the book "Our Final Century" was mentioned.
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ื•ื”ืกืคืจ "ื”ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•" ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ.
08:21
If I was not a self-effacing Brit, I would mention the book myself,
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ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžืฆื˜ื ืข. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™,
08:25
and I would add that it's available in paperback.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืจื™ื›ื” ืจื›ื”.
08:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:31
And in America it was called "Our Final Hour"
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ื•ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื "ืฉืขืชื ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”"
08:34
because Americans like instant gratification.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืžื™ื™ื“ื™.
08:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:38
But my theme is that in this century,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืื” ื”ื–ื•,
08:41
not only has science changed the world faster than ever,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
08:44
but in new and different ways.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
08:47
Targeted drugs, genetic modification, artificial intelligence,
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช,
08:51
perhaps even implants into our brains,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืชืœื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืžื•ื—ื ื•,
08:53
may change human beings themselves. And human beings,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฆืžื. ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
08:56
their physique and character, has not changed for thousands of years.
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ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื• ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
09:00
It may change this century.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื–ื•.
09:02
It's new in our history.
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ื–ื” ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
09:04
And the human impact on the global environment -- greenhouse warming,
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ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช -- ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”,
09:07
mass extinctions and so forth -- is unprecedented, too.
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ื”ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ -- ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ืช ืชืงื“ื™ื, ื’ื ื”ืŸ.
09:11
And so, this makes this coming century a challenge.
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ื•ื›ืš, ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืืชื’ืจ.
09:16
Bio- and cybertechnologies are environmentally benign
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ื‘ื™ื•- ื•ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช
09:19
in that they offer marvelous prospects,
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช,
09:21
while, nonetheless, reducing pressure on energy and resources.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืคื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
09:25
But they will have a dark side.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืŸ ืฆื“ ืืคืœ.
09:28
In our interconnected world, novel technology could empower
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื–ืง
09:32
just one fanatic,
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ืจืง ืคื ืื˜ื™ ืื—ื“,
09:34
or some weirdo with a mindset of those who now design computer viruses,
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ืื• ืชื™ืžื”ื•ื ื™ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืœืš ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื• ืฉืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
09:38
to trigger some kind on disaster.
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืกื•ืŸ.
09:40
Indeed, catastrophe could arise simply from technical misadventure --
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช, ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžืื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช --
09:44
error rather than terror.
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ืฉื’ื™ืื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ.
09:46
And even a tiny probability of catastrophe is unacceptable
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืœืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช
09:51
when the downside could be of global consequence.
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ื›ืฉืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช.
09:56
In fact, some years ago, Bill Joy wrote an article
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืœ ื’'ื•ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืžืืžืจ
10:00
expressing tremendous concern about robots taking us over, etc.
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ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœื™ื ื•, ื•ื›ื•'.
10:04
I don't go along with all that,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
10:05
but it's interesting that he had a simple solution.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
10:07
It was what he called "fine-grained relinquishment."
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ.
10:10
He wanted to give up the dangerous kind of science
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ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข
10:13
and keep the good bits. Now, that's absurdly naive for two reasons.
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ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื ืื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
10:17
First, any scientific discovery has benign consequences
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœื›ืœ ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืช
10:21
as well as dangerous ones.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช.
10:23
And also, when a scientist makes a discovery,
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ื•ื’ื, ื›ืฉืžื“ืขืŸ ืžื’ืœื” ืžืฉื”ื•,
10:26
he or she normally has no clue what the applications are going to be.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืื• ืœื” ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
10:30
And so what this means is that we have to accept the risks
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื
10:35
if we are going to enjoy the benefits of science.
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข.
10:39
We have to accept that there will be hazards.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
10:42
And I think we have to go back to what happened in the post-War era,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ ืžืœื—ืžืชื™,
10:48
post-World War II, when the nuclear scientists
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ
10:51
who'd been involved in making the atomic bomb,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช
10:53
in many cases were concerned that they should do all they could
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื
10:57
to alert the world to the dangers.
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ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช.
10:59
And they were inspired not by the young Einstein,
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ื•ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื ืžืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ,
11:03
who did the great work in relativity, but by the old Einstein,
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ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืคืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช, ืืœื ืžืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ,
11:08
the icon of poster and t-shirt,
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ื”ืื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช,
11:11
who failed in his scientific efforts to unify the physical laws.
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ืฉื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงืœื™ื™ื.
11:15
He was premature. But he was a moral compass --
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื–ืžื ื•. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆืคืŸ ืžื•ืจืืœื™ --
11:18
an inspiration to scientists who were concerned with arms control.
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ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉืง.
11:23
And perhaps the greatest living person
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื—ื™
11:25
is someone I'm privileged to know, Joe Rothblatt.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ, ื’'ื• ืจื•ื˜ื‘ืœื˜.
11:28
Equally untidy office there, as you can see.
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ืžืฉืจื“ ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื.
11:31
He's 96 years old, and he founded the Pugwash movement.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 96, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื“ ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ืคืื’ื•ื•ืฉ.
11:35
He persuaded Einstein, as his last act,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื›ื ืข ืืช ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืืงื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•,
11:37
to sign the famous memorandum of Bertrand Russell.
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ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื›ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื˜ืจื ื“ ืจืืกืœ.
11:40
And he sets an example of the concerned scientist.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขืŸ ืžื•ื“ืื’.
11:45
And I think to harness science optimally,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ืช,
11:48
to choose which doors to open and which to leave closed,
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ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื™ื–ื” ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ื— ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช,
11:51
we need latter-day counterparts of people like Joseph Rothblatt.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ืจื•ื˜ื‘ืœื˜.
11:56
We need not just campaigning physicists,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื,
11:58
but we need biologists, computer experts
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘
12:00
and environmentalists as well.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื’ื.
12:03
And I think academics and independent entrepreneurs
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื
12:06
have a special obligation because they have more freedom
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉ
12:08
than those in government service,
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ืžืืœื” ื‘ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื,
12:10
or company employees subject to commercial pressure.
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ืื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืœืœื—ืฆื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื.
12:13
I wrote my book, "Our Final Century," as a scientist,
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ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืืช ืกืคืจื™, "ื”ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•," ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ,
12:18
just a general scientist. But there's one respect, I think,
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ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ ื›ืœืœื™. ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืคืŸ ืื—ื“, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
12:21
in which being a cosmologist offered a special perspective,
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ื‘ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ ื ืชืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช,
12:25
and that's that it offers an awareness of the immense future.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืขืฆื•ื.
12:29
The stupendous time spans of the evolutionary past
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ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืคืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
12:32
are now part of common culture --
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ื”ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” --
12:35
outside the American Bible Belt, anyway --
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื”ืชื ืš ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ --
12:38
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:39
but most people, even those who are familiar with evolution,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœื” ืฉืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
12:43
aren't mindful that even more time lies ahead.
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ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื ื•.
12:47
The sun has been shining for four and a half billion years,
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื,
12:50
but it'll be another six billion years before its fuel runs out.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืœื” ื™ื’ืžืจ.
12:54
On that schematic picture, a sort of time-lapse picture, we're halfway.
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืกื›ืžืชื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืžืขื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื“ืจืš.
13:00
And it'll be another six billion before that happens,
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ื•ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”,
13:05
and any remaining life on Earth is vaporized.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืจื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ืชืื“ื•.
13:10
There's an unthinking tendency to imagine that humans will be there,
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ื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืช ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื,
13:13
experiencing the sun's demise,
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ื™ื—ื•ื• ืืช ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
13:15
but any life and intelligence that exists then
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืื–
13:18
will be as different from us as we are from bacteria.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”.
13:22
The unfolding of intelligence and complexity
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ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
13:24
still has immensely far to go, here on Earth and probably far beyond.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ, ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื•.
13:30
So we are still at the beginning of the emergence of complexity
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
13:33
in our Earth and beyond.
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ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื•.
13:36
If you represent the Earth's lifetime by a single year,
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ืื ืชื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ืืช ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช,
13:40
say from January when it was made to December,
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ื ื’ื™ื“ ืžื™ื ื•ืืจ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขื“ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ,
13:43
the 21st-century would be a quarter of a second in June --
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ื”ืžืื” ื”21 ืชื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ --
13:49
a tiny fraction of the year.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื”.
13:52
But even in this concertinaed cosmic perspective,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืคืœ ื”ื–ื”,
13:56
our century is very, very special,
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ื”ืžืื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช.
13:59
the first when humans can change themselves and their home planet.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
14:04
As I should have shown this earlier,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื,
14:07
it will not be humans who witness the end point of the sun;
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ืืœื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืคื• ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
14:10
it will be creatures as different from us as we are from bacteria.
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ืืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”.
14:15
When Einstein died in 1955,
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ื›ืฉืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืช ื‘1955,
14:18
one striking tribute to his global status was this cartoon
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ื”ื•ืงืจื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ืื—ืช ืœืžื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•
14:21
by Herblock in the Washington Post.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ืœื•ืง ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜.
14:23
The plaque reads, "Albert Einstein lived here."
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ื‘ืฉืœื˜ ื›ืชื•ื‘, "ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจ ืคื”."
14:27
And I'd like to end with a vignette, as it were, inspired by this image.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื˜ืข ืงืฆืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
14:31
We've been familiar for 40 years with this image:
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ื”ื›ืจื ื• 40 ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•:
14:37
the fragile beauty of land, ocean and clouds,
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ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื”, ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ืขื ื ื™ื,
14:40
contrasted with the sterile moonscape
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืœื™
14:42
on which the astronauts left their footprints.
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ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืืช ืขื™ืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื”ื.
14:46
But let's suppose some aliens had been watching our pale blue dot
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื” ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืฆืคื• ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืขืžื•ืžื” ืฉืœื ื•
14:50
in the cosmos from afar, not just for 40 years,
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืžืจื—ื•ืง, ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžืฉืš 40 ืฉื ื”,
14:54
but for the entire 4.5 billion-year history of our Earth.
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ืืœื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”4.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื•.
14:59
What would they have seen?
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ืžื” ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืื™ื?
15:01
Over nearly all that immense time,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื”ื–ื”,
15:03
Earth's appearance would have changed very gradually.
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ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”.
15:06
The only abrupt worldwide change
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื
15:08
would have been major asteroid impacts or volcanic super-eruptions.
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ื”ื™ื• ืคื’ื™ืขืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื• ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื’ืขืฉื™ืช.
15:14
Apart from those brief traumas, nothing happens suddenly.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืงืจื” ื‘ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
15:18
The continental landmasses drifted around.
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ื”ืžืืกื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื ืกื—ืคื• ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
15:21
Ice cover waxed and waned.
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ื”ืงืจื— ื›ื™ืกื” ื•ื ืกื•ื’.
15:23
Successions of new species emerged, evolved and became extinct.
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ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื•, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื›ื—ื“ื•.
15:27
But in just a tiny sliver of the Earth's history,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
15:31
the last one-millionth part, a few thousand years,
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ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
15:35
the patterns of vegetation altered much faster than before.
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ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ืžื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
15:38
This signaled the start of agriculture.
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
15:41
Change has accelerated as human populations rose.
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืื™ืฅ ื›ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื“ืœื”.
15:45
Then other things happened even more abruptly.
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ืื– ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืงืจื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
15:47
Within just 50 years --
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ืชื•ืš 50 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ --
15:49
that's one hundredth of one millionth of the Earth's age --
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ื•ื– ืžืื™ืช ื”ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ --
15:53
the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise,
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ื›ืžื•ืช ืชื—ืžื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืขืœื•ืช,
15:57
and ominously fast.
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื™ื™ืžืช.
15:59
The planet became an intense emitter of radio waves --
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ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืคืš ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื• --
16:01
the total output from all TV and cell phones
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ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉื“ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ื”ืกืœื•ืœื•ื™
16:05
and radar transmissions. And something else happened.
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ื•ืžื›"ืžื™ื. ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ ืงืจื”.
16:08
Metallic objects -- albeit very small ones, a few tons at most --
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ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžื˜ืืœื™ื™ื -- ืืžื ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ --
16:13
escaped into orbit around the Earth.
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ื‘ืจื—ื• ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
16:16
Some journeyed to the moons and planets.
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ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื™ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืœืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช.
16:18
A race of advanced extraterrestrials
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ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ื
16:20
watching our solar system from afar
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ืฉืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืจื—ื•ืง
16:23
could confidently predict Earth's final doom in another six billion years.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืงื™ืฆื• ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”.
16:28
But could they have predicted this unprecedented spike
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื—ืกืจืช ื”ืชืงื“ื™ื ื”ื–ื•
16:32
less than halfway through the Earth's life?
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืฆื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
16:35
These human-induced alterations
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
16:37
occupying overall less than a millionth of the elapsed lifetime
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ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจ
16:41
and seemingly occurring with runaway speed?
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ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืงืจื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื”?
16:44
If they continued their vigil,
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ืื ื”ื ื™ืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืจื,
16:46
what might these hypothetical aliens witness
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ื‘ืžื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื—ื–ื•
16:48
in the next hundred years?
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช?
16:51
Will some spasm foreclose Earth's future?
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ื”ืื ืขื•ื•ื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืชื—ืจื•ืฅ ืืช ืขืชื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
16:54
Or will the biosphere stabilize?
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ืื• ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืชืชืื–ืŸ?
16:57
Or will some of the metallic objects launched from the Earth
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ืื• ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื’ืจื• ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
17:00
spawn new oases, a post-human life elsewhere?
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ื™ืฆืžื™ื—ื• ื ื•ื•ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืกื˜ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ?
17:04
The science done by the young Einstein will continue
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ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš
17:07
as long as our civilization, but for civilization to survive,
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืชืžืฉื™ืš, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืฆื™ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื“ื•,
17:12
we'll need the wisdom of the old Einstein --
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ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ --
17:14
humane, global and farseeing.
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ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื•ืจื•ืื” ืœืžืจื—ืง.
17:16
And whatever happens in this uniquely crucial century
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช
17:21
will resonate into the remote future and perhaps far beyond the Earth,
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ื™ื”ื“ื”ื“ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
17:27
far beyond the Earth as depicted here.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืชื•ืืจ ืคื”.
17:29
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
17:31
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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