Sir Martin Rees: Earth in its final century?

867,907 views ใƒป 2008-04-15

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jae-seung Yu ๊ฒ€ํ† : InHyuk Song
00:25
If you take 10,000 people at random, 9,999 have something in common:
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๋งŒ์•ฝ, ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์•„๋ฌด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ๋‚˜ ๊ณจ๋ž์„ ๋•Œ, 9,999๋ช…์ด ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ,
00:31
their interests in business lie on or near the Earth's surface.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œ„๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
The odd one out is an astronomer, and I am one of that strange breed.
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์ด์ƒํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํ•œ๋ช…์€ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž์ธ๋ฐ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:41
My talk will be in two parts. I'll talk first as an astronomer,
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์ €๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒ ๊ณ 
00:46
and then as a worried member of the human race.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ๊ทผ์‹ฌ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
But let's start off by remembering that Darwin showed
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์ผ๋‹จ ๋‹ค์œˆ์ด 40์–ต๋…„ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์†์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
00:55
how we're the outcome of four billion years of evolution.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๊ฒƒ์„ ๋˜์ƒˆ๊ฒจ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
00:59
And what we try to do in astronomy and cosmology
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๋˜, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
01:02
is to go back before Darwin's simple beginning,
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๋‹ค์œˆ์˜ ์‹ฌํ”Œํ•œ ์‹œ์ž‘ ๊ทธ ์ด์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
01:05
to set our Earth in a cosmic context.
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์šฐ์ฃผ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
01:09
And let me just run through a few slides.
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ช‡์žฅ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค
01:12
This was the impact that happened last week on a comet.
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์ง€๋‚œ ์ฃผ ํ˜œ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
If they'd sent a nuke, it would have been rather more spectacular
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด, ์•„๋งˆ ์ง€๋‚œ ์›”์š”์ผ์—
01:19
than what actually happened last Monday.
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์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์žฅ๊ด€์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
01:22
So that's another project for NASA.
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๋ญ, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋‚˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ.
01:24
That's Mars from the European Mars Express, and at New Year.
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์ด๊ฑด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ํ™”์„ฑ ํƒ์‚ฌ์„ ์ด ์—ฐ ์ดˆ์— ๋ณด๋‚ด์˜จ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
This artist's impression turned into reality
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์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ด ์ƒ์ƒ๋„๋Š” ํƒ์‚ฌ์„ ์ด
01:34
when a parachute landed on Titan, Saturn's giant moon.
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ํ† ์„ฑ์˜ ์œ„์„ฑ์ธ ํƒ€์ดํƒ„์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํ˜„์‹ค์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
It landed on the surface. This is pictures taken on the way down.
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ํƒ์‚ฌ์„ ์€ ์œ„์„ฑ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๋‚™ํ•˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์ค‘์— ์ฐํžŒ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
That looks like a coastline.
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ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๊ตฐ์š”.
01:43
It is indeed, but the ocean is liquid methane --
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ญ์”จ ์˜ํ•˜170๋„
01:46
the temperature minus 170 degrees centigrade.
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์ •๋„์˜ ์•กํ™” ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
If we go beyond our solar system,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๋„ˆ๋จธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด
01:53
we've learned that the stars aren't twinkly points of light.
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๋ณ„๋“ค์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋น›์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ง๊ฑฐ๋ฆผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ž€ ๊ฑธ ๋ฐฐ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
Each one is like a sun with a retinue of planets orbiting around it.
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ณ„์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
02:02
And we can see places where stars are forming,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋…์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ์„ฑ์šด๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
02:05
like the Eagle Nebula. We see stars dying.
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๋ณ„๋“ค์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ . ๋˜. ๋ณ„๋“ค์ด ์ฃฝ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„.
02:08
In six billion years, the sun will look like that.
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ํƒœ์–‘๋„ 60์–ต๋…„ ํ›„์— ์ €๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
And some stars die spectacularly in a supernova explosion,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ„๋“ค์€ ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ ํญ๋ฐœ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์›…์žฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ ๋งˆ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
leaving remnants like that.
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์ €๋Ÿฐ ์ฐŒ๊บผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
02:17
On a still bigger scale, we see entire galaxies of stars.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํฐ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์— ๋‘๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์€ํ•˜ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
We see entire ecosystems where gas is being recycled.
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๋˜, ๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žฌํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
And to the cosmologist,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ,
02:26
these galaxies are just the atoms, as it were, of the large-scale universe.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์€ํ•˜๋“ค์€, ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์›์ž๋“ค์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
This picture shows a patch of sky
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ํ•˜๋Š˜์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:35
so small that it would take about 100 patches like it
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž‘์•„์„œ ํ•˜๋Š˜์˜ ๋ณด๋ฆ„๋‹ฌ์„ ๋‹ค ๋ฎ์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด
02:38
to cover the full moon in the sky.
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด 100์—ฌ๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
Through a small telescope, this would look quite blank,
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์†Œํ˜• ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์ข€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
but you see here hundreds of little, faint smudges.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž‘๊ณ , ํฌ๋ฏธํ•œ ์–ผ๋ฃฉ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
02:47
Each is a galaxy, fully like ours or Andromeda,
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์€ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ๋ฉ”๋‹ค ์€ํ•˜์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์€ํ•˜๋กœ
02:51
which looks so small and faint because its light
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๊ทธ ๋น›์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ 100์–ต๊ด‘๋…„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์—์„œ
02:53
has taken 10 billion light-years to get to us.
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์˜ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž‘๊ณ  ํฌ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
The stars in those galaxies probably don't have planets around them.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์€ํ•˜๋“ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
There's scant chance of life there -- that's because there's been no time
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์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ์—ฌ์ง€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณ„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ทœ์†Œ๋‚˜ ํƒ„์†Œ, ์ฒ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
03:05
for the nuclear fusion in stars to make silicon and carbon and iron,
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ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
03:11
the building blocks of planets and of life.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
We believe that all of this emerged from a Big Bang --
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด '๋น…๋ฑ…'์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
a hot, dense state. So how did that amorphous Big Bang
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๋œจ๊ฒ๊ณ , ๋นฝ๋นฝํ•œ ๊ทธ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”
03:25
turn into our complex cosmos?
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'๋น…๋ฑ…'์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:27
I'm going to show you a movie simulation
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๋‚œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์ œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ 10์˜ 16์ œ๊ณฑ ๋ฐฐ ๋งŒํผ ์ด๋‚˜
03:30
16 powers of 10 faster than real time,
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๋น ๋ฅธ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ,
03:32
which shows a patch of the universe where the expansions have subtracted out.
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์ด ์˜์ƒ์€ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์ด '๋น…๋ฑ…'์„ ํƒ์ง€ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
But you see, as time goes on in gigayears at the bottom,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ์–ต๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅด๋ฉด
03:40
you will see structures evolve as gravity feeds
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์ค‘๋ ฅ์ด ์ž‘๊ณ  ๋ฐ€์ง‘ํ•œ ๋น„์ •ํ˜• ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
03:43
on small, dense irregularities, and structures develop.
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๊ตฌ์กฐ๋“ค ์—ญ์‹œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ง„ํ™”, ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
And we'll end up after 13 billion years
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  130์–ต ๋…„์ฏค ํ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์™€
03:49
with something looking rather like our own universe.
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๋น„์Šทํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
And we compare simulated universes like that --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•œ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ
03:59
I'll show you a better simulation at the end of my talk --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š˜์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณผ ํ…๋ฐ
04:01
with what we actually see in the sky.
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๋๋‚  ๋•Œ ์ฏค ๋” ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
04:05
Well, we can trace things back to the earlier stages of the Big Bang,
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์•„๋ฌดํŠผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” '๋น…๋ฑ…'์˜ ๋” ์ด๋ฅธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ถ”์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
04:11
but we still don't know what banged and why it banged.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฐœ์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋Š”์ง€, ์™œ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
That's a challenge for 21st-century science.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๋„์ „ ๊ณผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
If my research group had a logo, it would be this picture here:
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‚ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์ด ๋กœ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ผ ํ…๋ฐ,
04:23
an ouroboros, where you see the micro-world on the left --
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์ขŒ์ธก์—” ์–‘์ž ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฏธ์‹œ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ,
04:28
the world of the quantum -- and on the right
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—” ์šฐ์ธก์—” ํ–‰์„ฑ,ํ•ญ์„ฑ,์€ํ•˜๋“ค์˜
04:31
the large-scale universe of planets, stars and galaxies.
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๊ฑฐ์‹œ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์€ ์šฐ๋กœ๋ณด๋กœ์Šค*๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.(Ouroboros:'๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ž'๋ž€ ๋œป์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด, ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฑ€์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ํ•จ)
04:36
We know our universes are united though --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์–‘ ์ชฝ์ด ์„œ๋กœ
04:38
links between left and right.
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ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
The everyday world is determined by atoms,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ์›์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ
04:42
how they stick together to make molecules.
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๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ™์–ด์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์ฃ 
04:44
Stars are fueled by how the nuclei in those atoms react together.
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๋ณ„์€ ์›์ž๋“ค ์†์˜ ํ•ต๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์—ฐ์†Œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
And, as we've learned in the last few years, galaxies are held together
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์€ํ•˜๋“ค์€ ์›์žํ•ต๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ
04:53
by the gravitational pull of so-called dark matter:
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๋” ์ž‘์€ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ, ์†Œ์œ„ '์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ'์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
04:56
particles in huge swarms, far smaller even than atomic nuclei.
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์ค‘๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฌถ์—ฌ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:02
But we'd like to know the synthesis symbolized at the very top.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋งจ ์œ„์— ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„ ์ € 'ํ†ตํ•ฉ'์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
The micro-world of the quantum is understood.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–‘์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์‹œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
On the right hand side, gravity holds sway. Einstein explained that.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ์—” ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ด ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
But the unfinished business for 21st-century science
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š”
05:19
is to link together cosmos and micro-world
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๊ฑฐ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์šฐ์ฃผ์™€ ๋ฏธ์‹œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ
05:21
with a unified theory -- symbolized, as it were, gastronomically
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๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์ €์œ„์— ๊ธฐ๋ง‰ํžˆ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์ง•ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ
05:25
at the top of that picture. (Laughter)
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์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
And until we have that synthesis,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ 'ํ†ตํ•ฉ'์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง„
05:29
we won't be able to understand the very beginning of our universe
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์šฐ์ฃผ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ดํ•ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
because when our universe was itself the size of an atom,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์ž‘ ์›์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์˜€์„ ๋•Œ.
05:35
quantum effects could shake everything.
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์–‘์ž ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋’คํ”๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
And so we need a theory that unifies the very large and the very small,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์‹œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์‹œ์ผœ์ค„ ์ด๋ก ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ,
05:42
which we don't yet have.
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์•„์ง ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
One idea, incidentally --
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๋ง์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊น€์—, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
05:47
and I had this hazard sign to say I'm going to speculate from now on --
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ์— ์ด ํ‘œ์ง€ํŒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜
05:52
is that our Big Bang was not the only one.
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์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ '๋น…๋ฑ…'์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
One idea is that our three-dimensional universe
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๊ทธ ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ด 3์ฐจ์› ์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„
05:58
may be embedded in a high-dimensional space,
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๋” ๋†’์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ํŒŒ๋ฌปํ˜€ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
just as you can imagine on these sheets of paper.
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์ด ์ข…์ด๋“ค ์œ„์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ํ…๋ฐ
06:03
You can imagine ants on one of them
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
06:05
thinking it's a two-dimensional universe,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š”
06:07
not being aware of another population of ants on the other.
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2์ฐจ์›์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
So there could be another universe just a millimeter away from ours,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ์—, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜† ๋ฐ”๋กœ 1mm ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€
06:13
but we're not aware of it because that millimeter
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์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ 1mm๊ฐ€ 4์ฐจ์›์˜
06:16
is measured in some fourth spatial dimension,
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๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ๊ฐ’์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
and we're imprisoned in our three.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ 3์ฐจ์› ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๊ฐ–ํ˜€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
And so we believe that there may be a lot more to physical reality
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๋˜, ์ด ๋น…๋ฑ…์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ธ, ํ”ํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์™”๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
06:25
than what we've normally called our universe --
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์‹ค์žฌ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ 
06:27
the aftermath of our Big Bang. And here's another picture.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:30
Bottom right depicts our universe,
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์˜ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
which on the horizon is not beyond that,
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๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด,
06:34
but even that is just one bubble, as it were, in some vaster reality.
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๋” ํฐ ์‹ค์žฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๋น„๋ˆ„ ๋ฐฉ์šธ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
Many people suspect that just as we've gone from believing
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„๋กœ
06:42
in one solar system to zillions of solar systems,
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ํ•œ ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์€ํ•˜๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์–ด์˜จ ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
06:46
one galaxy to many galaxies,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋น…๋ฑ…์—์„œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
06:48
we have to go to many Big Bangs from one Big Bang,
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๋น…๋ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€ ์ง์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
perhaps these many Big Bangs displaying
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์–‘์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”
06:54
an immense variety of properties.
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์ด ๋น…๋ฑ…๋“ค๋กœ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:56
Well, let's go back to this picture.
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์ž ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
06:58
There's one challenge symbolized at the top,
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์œ„์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ•œ ๋„์ „ ๊ณผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
but there's another challenge to science symbolized at the bottom.
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ํ—ˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์—๋„, ๊ณผํ•™์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
You want to not only synthesize the very large and the very small,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๋ฏธ์‹œ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
07:08
but we want to understand the very complex.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
And the most complex things are ourselves,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ๊ฒƒ์€ ์›์ž์™€ ๋ณ„๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—
07:13
midway between atoms and stars.
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์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
We depend on stars to make the atoms we're made of.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์›์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณ„์— ์˜์กดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:17
We depend on chemistry to determine our complex structure.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™”ํ•™์— ์˜์กดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:23
We clearly have to be large, compared to atoms,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์›์ž์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๋งค์šฐ ์ปค์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
07:26
to have layer upon layer of complex structure.
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒน๊ฒนํžˆ ์Œ“์•„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ฃ .
07:28
We clearly have to be small, compared to stars and planets --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณ„์ด๋‚˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ์ž‘์•„์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด
07:31
otherwise we'd be crushed by gravity. And in fact, we are midway.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ€์„œ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”, ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:35
It would take as many human bodies to make up the sun
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ํƒœ์–‘์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ๋ชธ์†์˜ ์›์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜ ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜
07:37
as there are atoms in each of us.
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๋งŽ์€ ์ธ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
The geometric mean of the mass of a proton
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์–‘์„ฑ์ž์™€ ํƒœ์–‘์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ธฐํ•˜์  ํ‰๊ท ์€
07:41
and the mass of the sun is 50 kilograms,
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50kg ์ •๋„๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜
07:44
within a factor of two of the mass of each person here.
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๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์•ˆ ์ชฝ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:47
Well, most of you anyway.
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์•„.. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:48
The science of complexity is probably the greatest challenge of all,
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๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ฏธ์‹œ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
07:53
greater than that of the very small on the left
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๋” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ, ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ
07:55
and the very large on the right.
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๋„์ „์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
And it's this science,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ณผํ•™์€
08:00
which is not only enlightening our understanding of the biological world,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ดํ•ด์— ๋น›์„ ๋น„์ถฐ์ค„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์œ ๋ž˜์—†๋Š” ์†๋„๋กœ
08:04
but also transforming our world faster than ever.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
And more than that, it's engendering new kinds of change.
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๋˜, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„˜์–ด, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
And I now move on to the second part of my talk,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด์ œ, ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ™”์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ฃ .
08:17
and the book "Our Final Century" was mentioned.
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์„ธ๊ธฐ"๋ž€ ์ฑ…์ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
If I was not a self-effacing Brit, I would mention the book myself,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์ธ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ์–˜๊ธฐํ• ํ…๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
08:25
and I would add that it's available in paperback.
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์„œ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ๋ณธ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ (*๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์“ด ์ฑ…์ž„)
08:28
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:31
And in America it was called "Our Final Hour"
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์ฐธ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ด ์ฑ…์€ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„"์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:34
because Americans like instant gratification.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋งŒ์กฑ๊ฐ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ 
08:36
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:38
But my theme is that in this century,
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ํ—ˆ๋‚˜ ๋‚ด ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๊ณผํ•™์ด
08:41
not only has science changed the world faster than ever,
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์ด์ „ ์–ธ์ œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์„๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:44
but in new and different ways.
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์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹จ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
Targeted drugs, genetic modification, artificial intelligence,
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๋ชฉํ‘œ์„ธํฌ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ, ์œ ์ „์ž ์กฐ์ž‘, ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ,
08:51
perhaps even implants into our brains,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋‡Œ์— ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
08:53
may change human beings themselves. And human beings,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
their physique and character, has not changed for thousands of years.
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๋˜, ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์™€ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
It may change this century.
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์ด๋ฒˆ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:02
It's new in our history.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์† ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
And the human impact on the global environment -- greenhouse warming,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜จ์‹คํšจ๊ณผ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ฉธ์ข…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„
09:07
mass extinctions and so forth -- is unprecedented, too.
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๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ „๋ก€์—†๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
And so, this makes this coming century a challenge.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์ด 21์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ—˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
Bio- and cybertechnologies are environmentally benign
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๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค. ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€๋Š” ์ฒœ์—ฐ์ž์›๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
09:19
in that they offer marvelous prospects,
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์••๋ฐ•์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„
09:21
while, nonetheless, reducing pressure on energy and resources.
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์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
But they will have a dark side.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ์–ด๋‘์šด ๋‹จ๋ฉด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
In our interconnected world, novel technology could empower
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์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€
09:32
just one fanatic,
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ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ด‘์ด์—๊ฒŒ,
09:34
or some weirdo with a mindset of those who now design computer viruses,
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ํ˜น์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•ด๋‚ธ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฉ์ฒญ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
09:38
to trigger some kind on disaster.
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์žฌ์•™์˜ ๋ถˆ์”จ๋ฅผ ์ฅ์–ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
Indeed, catastrophe could arise simply from technical misadventure --
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์ข…๋ง์€, ์ •๋ง ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์šฐ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
error rather than terror.
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ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ณด๋‹จ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋ ค์šด๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:46
And even a tiny probability of catastrophe is unacceptable
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ์ข…๋ง์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฉด์ด ์ „ ์ง€๊ตฌ์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ
09:51
when the downside could be of global consequence.
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์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฉ์ธ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
In fact, some years ago, Bill Joy wrote an article
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋ช‡ ํ•ด์ „, ๋นŒ ์กฐ์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋กœ๋ด‡๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
10:00
expressing tremendous concern about robots taking us over, etc.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ์—ผ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
I don't go along with all that,
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์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
10:05
but it's interesting that he had a simple solution.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
It was what he called "fine-grained relinquishment."
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ '๊ณ ์šด ํฌ๊ธฐ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
10:10
He wanted to give up the dangerous kind of science
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์€ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ
10:13
and keep the good bits. Now, that's absurdly naive for two reasons.
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์ง€ํ‚ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ์ด๊ฑด ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ฐธ ์ˆœ์ง„ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
First, any scientific discovery has benign consequences
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์ฒซ ์งธ๋กœ, ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:21
as well as dangerous ones.
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์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
And also, when a scientist makes a discovery,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ, ๊ทธ์—๊ฒ
10:26
he or she normally has no clue what the applications are going to be.
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๋ณดํ†ต ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๋‹จ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
And so what this means is that we have to accept the risks
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹จ ๊ฑธ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ฃ .
10:35
if we are going to enjoy the benefits of science.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์ด๋กœ์›€์„ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:39
We have to accept that there will be hazards.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ›—๋‚  ํ˜ผ๋ž€์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฑธ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
And I think we have to go back to what happened in the post-War era,
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์ „ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ํ›„, ์›์žํญํƒ„์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์—ฌํ–ˆ๋˜
10:48
post-World War II, when the nuclear scientists
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ํ•ต๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
10:51
who'd been involved in making the atomic bomb,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋•Œ
10:53
in many cases were concerned that they should do all they could
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2์ฐจ๋Œ€์ „ ์ดํ›„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋˜๋Œ์•„๋ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ 
10:57
to alert the world to the dangers.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
And they were inspired not by the young Einstein,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์„ฑ์ด๋ก ์— ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์—…์ ์„ ๋‚จ๊ธด ์ Š์€
11:03
who did the great work in relativity, but by the old Einstein,
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์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ†ต์ผ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์—
11:08
the icon of poster and t-shirt,
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์‹คํŒจํ•œ ํ‹ฐ์…”์ธ ๋‚˜ ํฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์˜
11:11
who failed in his scientific efforts to unify the physical laws.
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์•„์ด์ฝ˜์ด ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๋Š™์€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
He was premature. But he was a moral compass --
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
11:18
an inspiration to scientists who were concerned with arms control.
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์ฐฝ์กฐ์  ์ž๊ทน์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋„๋•์  ๋‚˜์นจ๋ฐ˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กด์žฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:23
And perhaps the greatest living person
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ๋„, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„์กด ์ธ๋ฌผ์€
11:25
is someone I'm privileged to know, Joe Rothblatt.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ํŠน๊ถŒ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋Š”, ์กฐ ๋กœ์Šค๋ฐœํŠธ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
Equally untidy office there, as you can see.
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๋ณด๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ด์งˆ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ์žˆ๊ตฐ์š”.
11:31
He's 96 years old, and he founded the Pugwash movement.
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๊ทธ๋Š” 96์„ธ์ด๊ณ , ํผ๊ทธ์œ„์‹œ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
He persuaded Einstein, as his last act,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ์จ ์•„์ธ์Šˆ์•„์ธ์ด
11:37
to sign the famous memorandum of Bertrand Russell.
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๋ฒ„ํŠธ๋ž€๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ์…€์˜ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋น„๋ง๋ก์— ์‚ฌ์ธํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๋“ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
And he sets an example of the concerned scientist.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์—ผ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์— ๊ท€๊ฐ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
And I think to harness science optimally,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ™”ํ•™์„ ์ตœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
11:48
to choose which doors to open and which to leave closed,
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์—ด์–ด๋‘๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ซ์•„๋‘์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฌธ์„ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:51
we need latter-day counterparts of people like Joseph Rothblatt.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์กฐ์„ธํ”„ ๋กœ์Šค๋ฐœํŠธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด ํ›—๋‚  ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
We need not just campaigning physicists,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์šด๋™์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:58
but we need biologists, computer experts
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
12:00
and environmentalists as well.
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ•™์ž๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:03
And I think academics and independent entrepreneurs
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๋˜, ์ €๋Š” ํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”
12:06
have a special obligation because they have more freedom
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ์—…์ ์ธ ์••๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ํ†ต ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ธ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค
12:08
than those in government service,
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ์—
12:10
or company employees subject to commercial pressure.
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋…€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:13
I wrote my book, "Our Final Century," as a scientist,
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์ฑ… "์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์„ธ๊ธฐ"๋ฅผ ์“ด ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ,
12:18
just a general scientist. But there's one respect, I think,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ง‘ํ•„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ด
12:21
in which being a cosmologist offered a special perspective,
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
and that's that it offers an awareness of the immense future.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ด€์ ์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋จธ๋‚˜๋จผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
The stupendous time spans of the evolutionary past
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๋ฌด์ˆ˜ํžˆ ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์ง€๋‚œ๋‚ ๋“ค์€
12:32
are now part of common culture --
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ณตํ†ต์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
outside the American Bible Belt, anyway --
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์•„, ๋ญ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋ธ” ๋ฒจํŠธ(*๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹ ์œ  ๋ณต์Œ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค) ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:38
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:39
but most people, even those who are familiar with evolution,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋งˆ์ €๋„
12:43
aren't mindful that even more time lies ahead.
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์•ž์— ๋†“์—ฌ์ง„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚จ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:47
The sun has been shining for four and a half billion years,
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ํƒœ์–‘์€ 45์–ต๋…„๋™์•ˆ ๋น›๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:50
but it'll be another six billion years before its fuel runs out.
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ํ—ˆ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋‹คํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•„์ง 60์–ต๋…„์ด๋‚˜ ๋‚จ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
On that schematic picture, a sort of time-lapse picture, we're halfway.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋„ ๋ณ€์น˜์•Š์„ ์ € ๋„์‹ํ™”๋œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์œ„์—, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
And it'll be another six billion before that happens,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  60์–ต๋…„์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ ํƒœ์–‘์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ๋‹คํ•˜๋Š” ๋•Œ์—”
13:05
and any remaining life on Earth is vaporized.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๋ฐœํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:10
There's an unthinking tendency to imagine that humans will be there,
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๊ฐ„ํ˜น, ํƒœ์–‘์ด ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋งž์ดํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š”
13:13
experiencing the sun's demise,
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๋ฌด๋ชจํ•œ ์ƒ์ƒ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
13:15
but any life and intelligence that exists then
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ์„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผ ์ง€์  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š”
13:18
will be as different from us as we are from bacteria.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
The unfolding of intelligence and complexity
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์ง€์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ์™€
13:24
still has immensely far to go, here on Earth and probably far beyond.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์—์„œ ์•„์ง๋„ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐˆ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฉ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:30
So we are still at the beginning of the emergence of complexity
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ทธ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์˜ ์ถœํ˜„์˜
13:33
in our Earth and beyond.
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์‹œ์ž‘์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:36
If you represent the Earth's lifetime by a single year,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ
13:40
say from January when it was made to December,
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1์›”์ด๋ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  12์›” ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ผ๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
13:43
the 21st-century would be a quarter of a second in June --
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21์„ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ•ด์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์ผ๋ถ€์ธ
13:49
a tiny fraction of the year.
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6์›”์ดˆ์˜ 1/4์ง€์  ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
But even in this concertinaed cosmic perspective,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ด ์ฐŒ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์šฐ์ฃผ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ๋„,
13:56
our century is very, very special,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ, ๋งค์šฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
the first when humans can change themselves and their home planet.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ 
14:04
As I should have shown this earlier,
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์Œ.. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋” ์ผ์ฐ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ ธ์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐโ€ฆ
14:07
it will not be humans who witness the end point of the sun;
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ํƒœ์–‘์˜ ๋์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:10
it will be creatures as different from us as we are from bacteria.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ž‘ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ”ผ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:15
When Einstein died in 1955,
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1995๋…„์— ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ,
14:18
one striking tribute to his global status was this cartoon
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๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•œ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ํ—Œ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ
14:21
by Herblock in the Washington Post.
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์ด ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์— ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ํ—ˆ๋ธ”๋Ÿญ์˜ ์นดํˆฐ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:23
The plaque reads, "Albert Einstein lived here."
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๋ช…ํŒ์—๋Š” โ€œ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์‚ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ ํ˜€์žˆ๊ณ 
14:27
And I'd like to end with a vignette, as it were, inspired by this image.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:31
We've been familiar for 40 years with this image:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 40์—ฌ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ณผ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ ธ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:37
the fragile beauty of land, ocean and clouds,
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๋ฐœ์ž๊ตญ์„ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์˜จ ๊ทธ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์ด ํ™ฉ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ
14:40
contrasted with the sterile moonscape
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๋‹ฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด๊ณผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ง€,
14:42
on which the astronauts left their footprints.
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ํ•ด์–‘๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์˜ ์„ฌ์„ธํ•œ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์„ ๋‹ด์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด์ฃ .
14:46
But let's suppose some aliens had been watching our pale blue dot
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ € ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฐฝ๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ๋น›์„
14:50
in the cosmos from afar, not just for 40 years,
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์ ์„ ๋‹จ์ง€ 40๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
14:54
but for the entire 4.5 billion-year history of our Earth.
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45์–ต๋…„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ด ์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
14:59
What would they have seen?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ณด์•„ ์™”์„๊นŒ์š”?
15:01
Over nearly all that immense time,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌด๊ตฌํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ,
15:03
Earth's appearance would have changed very gradually.
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:06
The only abrupt worldwide change
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ํ˜œ์„ฑ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด๋‚˜ ํ™”์‚ฐ ๋Œ€ ํญ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋งŒ์ด
15:08
would have been major asteroid impacts or volcanic super-eruptions.
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜€์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์งง์€ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๋“ค
15:14
Apart from those brief traumas, nothing happens suddenly.
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์ด์™ธ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:18
The continental landmasses drifted around.
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์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ๋– ๋Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:21
Ice cover waxed and waned.
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์–ผ์Œ์ด ๋ฎํ˜”๋‹ค ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ
15:23
Successions of new species emerged, evolved and became extinct.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…๋“ค์ด ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:27
But in just a tiny sliver of the Earth's history,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ ์ž‘ ์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ ๋…„์ฏค ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜
15:31
the last one-millionth part, a few thousand years,
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10๋งŒ๋ถ„์˜ 1์ •๋„์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ,
15:35
the patterns of vegetation altered much faster than before.
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์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์€ ๊ทธ ์„ฑ์งˆ์€ ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:38
This signaled the start of agriculture.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋†์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
15:41
Change has accelerated as human populations rose.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋” ๊ฐ€์†๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:45
Then other things happened even more abruptly.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋” ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
15:47
Within just 50 years --
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๊ทธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 50๋…„์ฏค ๋‚ด๋กœ
15:49
that's one hundredth of one millionth of the Earth's age --
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์ง€๊ตฌ ๋‚˜์ด์˜ 1์–ต๋ถ„์˜ 1์ฏค๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋งŒ์—
15:53
the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise,
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ์–‘์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€
15:57
and ominously fast.
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๋ถˆ๊ธธํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋นจ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:59
The planet became an intense emitter of radio waves --
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ „์žํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฟœ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
16:01
the total output from all TV and cell phones
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๋ชจ๋‘ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „, ํœด๋Œ€์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋˜ ๋ ˆ์ด๋” ํ†ต์‹  ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
16:05
and radar transmissions. And something else happened.
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๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ ๋“ค์ด์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:08
Metallic objects -- albeit very small ones, a few tons at most --
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์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ „์ฒด์–‘์˜ ์ˆ˜ ํ†ค์ฏค ๋˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์€ ์–‘์ด๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค์ง€๋งŒ
16:13
escaped into orbit around the Earth.
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๊ธˆ์† ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๊ถค๋„ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:16
Some journeyed to the moons and planets.
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๋‹ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋– ๋‚œ ๊ฑฐ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
16:18
A race of advanced extraterrestrials
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์ € ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์„œ ์ด ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
16:20
watching our solar system from afar
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์•„์ฃผ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ ์ข…์˜ ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ๋“ค์€ 60์–ต ๋…„ ์•ˆ์—
16:23
could confidently predict Earth's final doom in another six billion years.
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์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ข…๋ง์„ ์ž์‹  ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:28
But could they have predicted this unprecedented spike
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ
16:32
less than halfway through the Earth's life?
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์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ด ์ „๋ก€ ์—†๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
16:35
These human-induced alterations
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์ง€๋‚˜์˜จ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ์ด ์ฑ„ ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š”
16:37
occupying overall less than a millionth of the elapsed lifetime
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„
16:41
and seemingly occurring with runaway speed?
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์ด ์ธ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์„์š”?
16:44
If they continued their vigil,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
16:46
what might these hypothetical aliens witness
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฐฑ ๋…„ ํ›„์—” ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ๋“ค์€
16:48
in the next hundred years?
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ชฉ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
16:51
Will some spasm foreclose Earth's future?
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐœ์ž‘์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ œ์‹œ์ผœ๋ฒ„๋ฆด๊นŒ์š”?
16:54
Or will the biosphere stabilize?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด, ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ถŒ์ด ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
16:57
Or will some of the metallic objects launched from the Earth
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด, ์ง€๊ตฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ„ ๊ทธ ๊ธˆ์† ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์—
17:00
spawn new oases, a post-human life elsewhere?
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๋‹ค์Œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜ค์•„์‹œ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด ๋†“์„๊นŒ์š”?
17:04
The science done by the young Einstein will continue
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์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์ด ์ด๋ฃฉํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์ด ๋‹คํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€
17:07
as long as our civilization, but for civilization to survive,
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๊ณ„์†๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—ˆ๋‚˜ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด,
17:12
we'll need the wisdom of the old Einstein --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๋„์ ์ด๊ณ , ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด๋‹ค๋ณผ ์ค„ ์•Œ์•˜๋˜
17:14
humane, global and farseeing.
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๋Š™์€ ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ง€ํ˜œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:16
And whatever happens in this uniquely crucial century
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ํŠน์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž”ํ˜นํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ๋“ค์€
17:21
will resonate into the remote future and perhaps far beyond the Earth,
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6000
๋จผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—, ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ € ๋„ˆ๋จธ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ € ๋„ˆ๋จธ์— ๊นŒ์ง€
17:27
far beyond the Earth as depicted here.
305
1047000
2000
์šธ๋ ค ํผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:29
Thank you very much.
306
1049000
2000
๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:31
(Applause)
307
1051000
3000
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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