Nicholas Christakis: The hidden influence of social networks

446,378 views ใƒป 2010-05-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Amir Wilf ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:16
For me, this story begins about 15 years ago,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืคื ื™ 15 ืฉื ื™ื,
00:19
when I was a hospice doctor at the University of Chicago.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืคื ื”ื•ืกืคื™ืก ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฉื™ืงืื’ื•.
00:22
And I was taking care of people who were dying and their families
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ื•ื˜ื™ืคืœืชื™ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื,
00:25
in the South Side of Chicago.
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงืื’ื•.
00:27
And I was observing what happened to people and their families
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ื•ืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื
00:30
over the course of their terminal illness.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืกื•ืคื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
00:33
And in my lab, I was studying the widower effect,
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ื•ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™, ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืืช 'ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืืœืžื ื”',
00:35
which is a very old idea in the social sciences,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ืง ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
00:37
going back 150 years,
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ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื›-150 ืฉื ื™ื,
00:39
known as "dying of a broken heart."
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ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื›-"ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘".
00:41
So, when I die, my wife's risk of death can double,
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ื›ืš, ืฉื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืช, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืฉืชื™ ืœืžื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืคืœ,
00:44
for instance, in the first year.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
00:46
And I had gone to take care of one particular patient,
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ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
00:49
a woman who was dying of dementia.
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ืืฉื” ืฉื’ืกืกื” ืžื“ืžื ืฆื™ื”.
00:51
And in this case, unlike this couple,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืืœื”,
00:53
she was being cared for
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ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ืคืœื”
00:55
by her daughter.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืชื”.
00:57
And the daughter was exhausted from caring for her mother.
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ื•ื”ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืชืฉืช ืžื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื”.
01:00
And the daughter's husband,
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ื•ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืช,
01:02
he also was sick
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื—ื•ืœื”
01:05
from his wife's exhaustion.
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ืžื”ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืฉืชื•.
01:07
And I was driving home one day,
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ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื”ื’ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”,
01:09
and I get a phone call from the husband's friend,
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื™ื—ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ,
01:12
calling me because he was depressed
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ืฉื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืืœื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื›ื
01:14
about what was happening to his friend.
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ืžืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื•.
01:16
So here I get this call from this random guy
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืื ื™, ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื—ื” ืžื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืืงืจืื™ ื”ื–ื”
01:18
that's having an experience
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ืฉื—ื•ื•ื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”,
01:20
that's being influenced by people
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ืฉืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžืื ืฉื™ื
01:22
at some social distance.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
01:24
And so I suddenly realized two very simple things:
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืคืชืื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
01:27
First, the widowhood effect
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืืœืžื ื•ืช
01:29
was not restricted to husbands and wives.
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ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ื.
01:32
And second, it was not restricted to pairs of people.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:35
And I started to see the world
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ื•ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
01:37
in a whole new way,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™,
01:39
like pairs of people connected to each other.
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ื›ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
01:42
And then I realized that these individuals
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ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืคืจื˜ื™ื ืืœื”
01:44
would be connected into foursomes with other pairs of people nearby.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืชื.
01:47
And then, in fact, these people
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ื•ืื–, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื”
01:49
were embedded in other sorts of relationships:
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื˜ืžืขื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช:
01:51
marriage and spousal
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ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื•ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
01:53
and friendship and other sorts of ties.
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืงืฉืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:55
And that, in fact, these connections were vast
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ื•ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื
01:58
and that we were all embedded in this
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ื•ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื•ื˜ืžืขื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจืš
02:00
broad set of connections with each other.
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ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™.
02:03
So I started to see the world in a completely new way
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
02:06
and I became obsessed with this.
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ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ ืœื ื•ืฉื.
02:08
I became obsessed with how it might be
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ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื•
02:10
that we're embedded in these social networks,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื˜ืžืขื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
02:12
and how they affect our lives.
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ื•ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
02:14
So, social networks are these intricate things of beauty,
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ืื–, ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:17
and they're so elaborate and so complex
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
02:19
and so ubiquitous, in fact,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช, ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”,
02:21
that one has to ask what purpose they serve.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื™ื–ื• ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืจืชื•ืช.
02:24
Why are we embedded in social networks?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื˜ืžืขื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช?
02:26
I mean, how do they form? How do they operate?
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช? ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช?
02:28
And how do they effect us?
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื•?
02:30
So my first topic with respect to this,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื–ื”,
02:33
was not death, but obesity.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื•ืช, ืืœื, ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ.
02:36
It had become trendy
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ื•ืคืชืื•ื, ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื™ื” ืื•ืคื ืชื™
02:38
to speak about the "obesity epidemic."
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ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ.
02:40
And, along with my collaborator, James Fowler,
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ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื•ืชืคื™, ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืคืื•ืœืจ,
02:43
we began to wonder whether obesity really was epidemic
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืชื”ื•ืช ื”ืื ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื’ืคื”,
02:46
and could it spread from person to person
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ื•ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื.
02:48
like the four people I discussed earlier.
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ื›ืžื• ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื.
02:51
So this is a slide of some of our initial results.
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ืื– ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
02:54
It's 2,200 people in the year 2000.
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ืืœื• 2,200 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000.
02:57
Every dot is a person. We make the dot size
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ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืื“ื. ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื ืžืฆื
02:59
proportional to people's body size;
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ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื” ืœืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:01
so bigger dots are bigger people.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:04
In addition, if your body size,
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื,
03:06
if your BMI, your body mass index, is above 30 --
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ืื ื”- BMI, ืžื“ื“ ืžืกืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-30,
03:08
if you're clinically obese --
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ื•ืืชื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื›ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช,
03:10
we also colored the dots yellow.
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ืื– ืฆื‘ืขื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืฆื”ื•ื‘.
03:12
So, if you look at this image, right away you might be able to see
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ื”, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช
03:14
that there are clusters of obese and
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ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ
03:16
non-obese people in the image.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ.
03:18
But the visual complexity is still very high.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“.
03:21
It's not obvious exactly what's going on.
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ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืืŸ.
03:24
In addition, some questions are immediately raised:
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื“.
03:26
How much clustering is there?
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ืžื”ื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชืงื‘ืฆื•ืช?
03:28
Is there more clustering than would be due to chance alone?
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืจื™?
03:31
How big are the clusters? How far do they reach?
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ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื? ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื?
03:33
And, most importantly,
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
03:35
what causes the clusters?
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ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช?
03:37
So we did some mathematics to study the size of these clusters.
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ืื– ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืžืขื˜ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื‘ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
03:40
This here shows, on the Y-axis,
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ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ ืžืจืื”, ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื”- Y,
03:42
the increase in the probability that a person is obese
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ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื“ื ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ
03:45
given that a social contact of theirs is obese
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ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืฉืžื›ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ.
03:47
and, on the X-axis, the degrees of separation between the two people.
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ื•ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื”- X, ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:50
On the far left, you see the purple line.
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ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื”.
03:52
It says that, if your friends are obese,
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ืฉืžืจืื” ืฉืื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื›ื ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ,
03:54
your risk of obesity is 45 percent higher.
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืœืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘-45 ืื—ื•ื–.
03:57
And the next bar over, the [red] line,
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ื•ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื“, ื”ื›ืชื•ืžื”,
03:59
says if your friend's friends are obese,
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ืžืจืื” ืฉืื ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ,
04:01
your risk of obesity is 25 percent higher.
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืœืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘-25 ืื—ื•ื–.
04:03
And then the next line over says
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ื•ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืžืจืื”
04:05
if your friend's friend's friend, someone you probably don't even know, is obese,
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ืฉืื ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื›ื, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืื™ื ื›ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื, ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ,
04:08
your risk of obesity is 10 percent higher.
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืœืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘-10 ืื—ื•ื–.
04:11
And it's only when you get to your friend's friend's friend's friends
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ื•ืจืง ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
04:14
that there's no longer a relationship
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ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉืจ
04:16
between that person's body size and your own body size.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื.
04:20
Well, what might be causing this clustering?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืฆื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช?
04:23
There are at least three possibilities:
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ื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
04:25
One possibility is that, as I gain weight,
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ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ,
04:27
it causes you to gain weight.
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ,
04:29
A kind of induction, a kind of spread from person to person.
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ืžืขื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ืื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื.
04:32
Another possibility, very obvious, is homophily,
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ืขื•ื“ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช, ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ืžื•ืช,
04:34
or, birds of a feather flock together;
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ืื• 'ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื–ื”ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆื” ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืชื” ืœื”ืงื”'.
04:36
here, I form my tie to you
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ืš
04:38
because you and I share a similar body size.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœืฉื ื™ื ื• ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื“ื•ืžื”.
04:41
And the last possibility is what is known as confounding,
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ื•ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›-'ื’ื•ืจื ืžืชืขืจื‘',
04:43
because it confounds our ability to figure out what's going on.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
04:46
And here, the idea is not that my weight gain
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ื•ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉื”ื”ืฉืžื ื” ืฉืœื™
04:48
is causing your weight gain,
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ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ืฉืžื ื” ืฉืœืš,
04:50
nor that I preferentially form a tie with you
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ื•ืœื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืชืš
04:52
because you and I share the same body size,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ื•ืืชื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื–ื”ื”,
04:54
but rather that we share a common exposure
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ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื“ื•ืžื”,
04:56
to something, like a health club
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
04:59
that makes us both lose weight at the same time.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื ื™ื ื• ืœืื‘ื“ ืžืฉืงืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
05:02
When we studied these data, we found evidence for all of these things,
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ื•ื›ืฉื—ืงืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืžืฆืื ื• ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
05:05
including for induction.
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ื’ื ืœืื™ื ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื”.
05:07
And we found that if your friend becomes obese,
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ,
05:09
it increases your risk of obesity by about 57 percent
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืœืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ื‘-57 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš
05:12
in the same given time period.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ.
05:14
There can be many mechanisms for this effect:
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
05:17
One possibility is that your friends say to you something like --
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ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• --
05:19
you know, they adopt a behavior that spreads to you --
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ืืœื™ื›ื,
05:22
like, they say, "Let's go have muffins and beer,"
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืื ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื‘ื•ื ื ืฆื ืœืžืืคื™ื ืก ื•ื‘ื™ืจื”",
05:25
which is a terrible combination. (Laughter)
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ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืื™ื•ื ื•ื ื•ืจื,
05:28
But you adopt that combination,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
05:30
and then you start gaining weight like them.
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ืžื•ืชื.
05:33
Another more subtle possibility
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ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืช, ืžืขื˜ ืžืขื•ื“ื ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:35
is that they start gaining weight, and it changes your ideas
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœื›ื
05:38
of what an acceptable body size is.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื”ื• ืžืฉืงืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ.
05:40
Here, what's spreading from person to person
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ื•ื›ืืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื
05:42
is not a behavior, but rather a norm:
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช, ืืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ืจืžื”.
05:44
An idea is spreading.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืชืคืฉื˜.
05:46
Now, headline writers
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืชื‘ื™ื
05:48
had a field day with our studies.
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ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
05:50
I think the headline in The New York Times was,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก ื”ื™ื™ืชื”,
05:52
"Are you packing it on?
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"ื”ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ?
05:54
Blame your fat friends." (Laughter)
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ื”ืืฉื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืžื ื™ื ืฉืœืš."
05:57
What was interesting to us is that the European headline writers
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื
05:59
had a different take: They said,
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื ืืžืจื•,
06:01
"Are your friends gaining weight? Perhaps you are to blame."
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"ื”ืื ื—ื‘ืจื™ืš ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ? ืื•ืœื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชืš."
06:04
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:09
And we thought this was a very interesting comment on America,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื–ืืช ื”ืขืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืขืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
06:12
and a kind of self-serving,
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ 'ื˜ืžื™ื ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆืœื—ืช',
06:14
"not my responsibility" kind of phenomenon.
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ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ "ืœื-ืงืฉื•ืจ-ืืœื™".
06:16
Now, I want to be very clear: We do not think our work
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•
06:18
should or could justify prejudice
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช
06:20
against people of one or another body size at all.
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ื ื’ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ.
06:24
Our next questions was:
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื”:
06:26
Could we actually visualize this spread?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช?
06:29
Was weight gain in one person actually spreading
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ื”ืื ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืžืžืฉ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช
06:31
to weight gain in another person?
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ืœืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ?
06:33
And this was complicated because
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื‘ื’ืœืœ
06:35
we needed to take into account the fact that the network structure,
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืจืฉืช,
06:38
the architecture of the ties, was changing across time.
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ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
06:41
In addition, because obesity is not a unicentric epidemic,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ืื™ื ื” ืžื’ืคื” ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช,
06:44
there's not a Patient Zero of the obesity epidemic --
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ "ื—ื•ืœื” ืืคืก" ืฉืœ ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ --
06:47
if we find that guy, there was a spread of obesity out from him --
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ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ืžืžื ื•.
06:50
it's a multicentric epidemic.
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ื–ืืช ืžื’ืคื” ืจื‘ืช ืžื•ืงื“ื™ื.
06:52
Lots of people are doing things at the same time.
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
06:54
And I'm about to show you a 30 second video animation
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืงื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืžื•ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืŸ 30 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช
06:57
that took me and James five years of our lives to do.
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ืฉืœืงื— ืœื™ ื•ืœื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
07:00
So, again, every dot is a person.
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ื•ื›ืš ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืื“ื.
07:02
Every tie between them is a relationship.
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ื›ืœ ืงื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื.
07:04
We're going to put this into motion now,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื ื™ืข ืืช ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
07:06
taking daily cuts through the network for about 30 years.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ื‘ืžืฉืš 30 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš.
07:09
The dot sizes are going to grow,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
07:11
you're going to see a sea of yellow take over.
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ืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืฉืžืฉืชืœื˜.
07:14
You're going to see people be born and die --
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ืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ื•ืœืžื•ืช;
07:16
dots will appear and disappear --
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ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื™ื™ืขืœืžื•.
07:18
ties will form and break, marriages and divorces,
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ืงืฉืจื™ื ื™ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื•ื™ื™ืฉื‘ืจื•. ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื•ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื,
07:21
friendings and defriendings.
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ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืคืจื“ื•ืช,
07:23
A lot of complexity, a lot is happening
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื•ืจื”
07:25
just in this 30-year period
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ืจืง ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื.
07:27
that includes the obesity epidemic.
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ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ.
07:29
And, by the end, you're going to see clusters
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ื•ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ, ืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื
07:31
of obese and non-obese individuals
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ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืœื™
07:33
within the network.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืฉืช.
07:35
Now, when looked at this,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
07:38
it changed the way I see things,
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
07:41
because this thing, this network
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื–ืืช,
07:43
that's changing across time,
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ืฉืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ,
07:45
it has a memory, it moves,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื–ื–ื”,
07:48
things flow within it,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”,
07:50
it has a kind of consistency --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช;
07:52
people can die, but it doesn't die;
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืชื”;
07:54
it still persists --
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ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืžื™ื“ื”.
07:56
and it has a kind of resilience
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช
07:58
that allows it to persist across time.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
08:00
And so, I came to see these kinds of social networks
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ื•ื›ืš, ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
08:03
as living things,
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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื,
08:05
as living things that we could put under a kind of microscope
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค
08:08
to study and analyze and understand.
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ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื ืชื— ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.
08:11
And we used a variety of techniques to do this.
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
08:13
And we started exploring all kinds of other phenomena.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
08:16
We looked at smoking and drinking behavior,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื•ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ
08:18
and voting behavior,
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ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช,
08:20
and divorce -- which can spread --
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ื•ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜,
08:22
and altruism.
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ื•ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื.
08:24
And, eventually, we became interested in emotions.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
08:28
Now, when we have emotions,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจื’ืฉื•ืช,
08:30
we show them.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืื•ืชื.
08:32
Why do we show our emotions?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•?
08:34
I mean, there would be an advantage to experiencing
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื—ื•ื•ืช
08:36
our emotions inside, you know, anger or happiness.
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ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ืขืก ืื• ืื•ืฉืจ,
08:39
But we don't just experience them, we show them.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจืง ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืื•ืชื.
08:41
And not only do we show them, but others can read them.
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื.
08:44
And, not only can they read them, but they copy them.
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ืื•ืชื.
08:46
There's emotional contagion
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
08:48
that takes place in human populations.
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
08:51
And so this function of emotions
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ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช
08:53
suggests that, in addition to any other purpose they serve,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืจืชื™ื,
08:55
they're a kind of primitive form of communication.
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ื”ื ื’ื ืฆื•ืจืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
08:58
And that, in fact, if we really want to understand human emotions,
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ื•ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
09:01
we need to think about them in this way.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ื–ืืช.
09:03
Now, we're accustomed to thinking about emotions in this way,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืจื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ื–ืืช,
09:06
in simple, sort of, brief periods of time.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ
09:09
So, for example,
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ื›ืš ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
09:11
I was giving this talk recently in New York City,
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ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง, ื•ืืžืจืชื™:
09:13
and I said, "You know when you're on the subway
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"ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื›ืฉืืชื
09:15
and the other person across the subway car
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ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช,ื•ืื“ื ืื—ืจ
09:17
smiles at you,
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ืžื—ื™ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืจื›ื,
09:19
and you just instinctively smile back?"
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ื•ืืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”."
09:21
And they looked at me and said, "We don't do that in New York City." (Laughter)
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœื™ ื•ืืžืจื•, "ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง."
09:24
And I said, "Everywhere else in the world,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, "ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
09:26
that's normal human behavior."
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ื–ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžืืœื™ืช."
09:28
And so there's a very instinctive way
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
09:30
in which we briefly transmit emotions to each other.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
09:33
And, in fact, emotional contagion can be broader still.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
09:36
Like we could have punctuated expressions of anger,
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืขืก,
09:39
as in riots.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช.
09:41
The question that we wanted to ask was:
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื”:
09:43
Could emotion spread,
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ื”ืื ืจื’ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜,
09:45
in a more sustained way than riots, across time
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช, ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ
09:48
and involve large numbers of people,
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ื•ืชื•ืš ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
09:50
not just this pair of individuals smiling at each other in the subway car?
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ืœื ืจืง ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ื‘ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช?
09:53
Maybe there's a kind of below the surface, quiet riot
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื”ื•ืžื” "ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—"
09:56
that animates us all the time.
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ืฉืžืœื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
09:58
Maybe there are emotional stampedes
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉื ื ืจืžื™ืกื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช
10:00
that ripple through social networks.
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ืฉื–ื–ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื’ืœื™ ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
10:02
Maybe, in fact, emotions have a collective existence,
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ืื•ืœื™, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืงื™ื•ื ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
10:05
not just an individual existence.
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืงื™ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™.
10:07
And this is one of the first images we made to study this phenomenon.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ืืช.
10:10
Again, a social network,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืจืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
10:12
but now we color the people yellow if they're happy
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืื ื”ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื
10:15
and blue if they're sad and green in between.
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ื•ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืื ื”ื ืขืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืง ืื ื”ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข.
10:18
And if you look at this image, you can right away see
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืืชื ืžื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
10:20
clusters of happy and unhappy people,
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ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื,
10:22
again, spreading to three degrees of separation.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื“ื”.
10:24
And you might form the intuition
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื”
10:26
that the unhappy people
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื
10:28
occupy a different structural location within the network.
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ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืฉืช.
10:31
There's a middle and an edge to this network,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืืžืฆืข ื•ืงืฆื” ืœืจืฉืช ื”ื–ืืช,
10:33
and the unhappy people seem to be
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื
10:35
located at the edges.
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ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช.
10:37
So to invoke another metaphor,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช,
10:39
if you imagine social networks as a kind of
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ืื ืืชื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
10:41
vast fabric of humanity --
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ืžืืจื’ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืจื—ื‘ --
10:43
I'm connected to you and you to her, on out endlessly into the distance --
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ืื ื™ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ืš ื•ืืชื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ --
10:46
this fabric is actually like
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ื”ืžืืจื’ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืžื•
10:48
an old-fashioned American quilt,
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ืฉืžื™ื›ืช ื˜ืœืื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืงืœืืกื™ืช,
10:50
and it has patches on it: happy and unhappy patches.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื” ื˜ืœืื™ื, ื˜ืœืื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
10:53
And whether you become happy or not
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืื• ืœื
10:55
depends in part on whether you occupy a happy patch.
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืื ืชืื›ืœืกื• ื˜ืœืื™ ืฉืžื—.
10:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:00
So, this work with emotions,
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ืื–, ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช,
11:03
which are so fundamental,
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ืฉื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื,
11:05
then got us to thinking about: Maybe
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ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืื•ืœื™,
11:07
the fundamental causes of human social networks
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ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืœืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
11:09
are somehow encoded in our genes.
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ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
11:11
Because human social networks, whenever they are mapped,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ืžืžื•ืคื•ืช,
11:14
always kind of look like this:
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืš,
11:16
the picture of the network.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช,
11:18
But they never look like this.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืš.
11:20
Why do they not look like this?
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ืœืžื” ื”ืŸ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืš?
11:22
Why don't we form human social networks
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
11:24
that look like a regular lattice?
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ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื‘ื›ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”?
11:26
Well, the striking patterns of human social networks,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
11:29
their ubiquity and their apparent purpose
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ื”ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื ืจืื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ
11:32
beg questions about whether we evolved to have
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ืžื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื
11:34
human social networks in the first place,
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ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”?
11:36
and whether we evolved to form networks
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ื•ื”ืื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฉืชื•ืช
11:38
with a particular structure.
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ืขื ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื?
11:40
And notice first of all -- so, to understand this, though,
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ื•ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘... ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช,
11:42
we need to dissect network structure a little bit first --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืชื— ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืจืฉืช.
11:45
and notice that every person in this network
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ื•ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ื–ืืช
11:47
has exactly the same structural location as every other person.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ ื›ืžื• ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ.
11:50
But that's not the case with real networks.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžืงืจื” ืขื ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช.
11:53
So, for example, here is a real network of college students
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ื›ืš, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื”ื ื” ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื”
11:55
at an elite northeastern university.
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช.
11:58
And now I'm highlighting a few dots.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืื ื™ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช.
12:00
If you look here at the dots,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช,
12:02
compare node B in the upper left
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ื”ืฉื•ื• ืืช ืฆื•ืžืช B, ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžืขืœื”,
12:04
to node D in the far right;
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ืœืฆื•ืžืช D ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ.
12:06
B has four friends coming out from him
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ื•ืœ- B ื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืžื ื•.
12:08
and D has six friends coming out from him.
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ื•ืœ- D ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืžื ื•.
12:11
And so, those two individuals have different numbers of friends.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื --
12:14
That's very obvious, we all know that.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
12:16
But certain other aspects
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
12:18
of social network structure are not so obvious.
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ืฉืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
12:20
Compare node B in the upper left to node A in the lower left.
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ื”ืฉื•ื• ืืช ืฆื•ืžืช B ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืœืฆื•ืžืช A ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžื˜ื”.
12:23
Now, those people both have four friends,
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
12:26
but A's friends all know each other,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ A ื›ื•ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™,
12:28
and B's friends do not.
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ B ืœื.
12:30
So the friend of a friend of A's
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ืื– ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ A,
12:32
is, back again, a friend of A's,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ A,
12:34
whereas the friend of a friend of B's is not a friend of B's,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ B ืื™ื ื• ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ B,
12:36
but is farther away in the network.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจืฉืช.
12:38
This is known as transitivity in networks.
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ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช (ื™ื—ืก ืขื•ื‘ืจ) ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช.
12:41
And, finally, compare nodes C and D:
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ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื• ืืช ื”ืฆืžืชื™ื C ื•- D.
12:43
C and D both have six friends.
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ืœ- C ื•ืœ- D ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
12:46
If you talk to them, and you said, "What is your social life like?"
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืช ืื•ืžืจ, "ืื™ืš ื ืจืื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš?"
12:49
they would say, "I've got six friends.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
12:51
That's my social experience."
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ื–ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื™."
12:53
But now we, with a bird's eye view looking at this network,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืขืช ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื•, ืžืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื–ืืช,
12:56
can see that they occupy very different social worlds.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
12:59
And I can cultivate that intuition in you by just asking you:
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ื ืข"ื™ ืฉืืฉืืœ ืืชื›ื:
13:01
Who would you rather be
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ืžื™ ืืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
13:03
if a deadly germ was spreading through the network?
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ืื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืฉืช?
13:05
Would you rather be C or D?
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช C ืื• D?
13:08
You'd rather be D, on the edge of the network.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช D, ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืจืฉืช.
13:10
And now who would you rather be
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ื•ื›ืขืช, ืžื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
13:12
if a juicy piece of gossip -- not about you --
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ืื ืคื™ืกื” ืขืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช, ืœื ืขืœื™ื›ื,
13:15
was spreading through the network? (Laughter)
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืฉืช?
13:17
Now, you would rather be C.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช C.
13:19
So different structural locations
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ืื– ืœืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
13:21
have different implications for your life.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
13:23
And, in fact, when we did some experiments looking at this,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”,
13:26
what we found is that 46 percent of the variation
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉ-46 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
13:29
in how many friends you have
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ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื
13:31
is explained by your genes.
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ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ื’ื ื™ื.
13:33
And this is not surprising. We know that some people are born shy
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข. ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื,
13:36
and some are born gregarious. That's obvious.
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ื•ื—ืœืง ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืจืื•ื•ืชื ื™ื. ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
13:39
But we also found some non-obvious things.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžืฆืื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื.
13:41
For instance, 47 percent in the variation
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ืœืžืฉืœ, 47 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
13:44
in whether your friends know each other
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ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
13:46
is attributable to your genes.
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ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
13:48
Whether your friends know each other
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ืจืžืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
13:50
has not just to do with their genes, but with yours.
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ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื ืจืง ืœื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœืฉืœื›ื.
13:53
And we think the reason for this is that some people
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื
13:55
like to introduce their friends to each other -- you know who you are --
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ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ -- ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ืืชื --
13:58
and others of you keep them apart and don't introduce your friends to each other.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื›ื, ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ื•ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
14:01
And so some people knit together the networks around them,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื•ืจื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื,
14:04
creating a kind of dense web of ties
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจ ื“ื—ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื
14:06
in which they're comfortably embedded.
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ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื”ื ืžื•ื˜ืžืขื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืช.
14:08
And finally, we even found that
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ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฆืื ื•
14:10
30 percent of the variation
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ืฉ 30% ืžื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
14:12
in whether or not people are in the middle or on the edge of the network
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ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืฉืช
14:15
can also be attributed to their genes.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœื’ื ื™ื.
14:17
So whether you find yourself in the middle or on the edge
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืื• ื‘ืงืฆื”
14:19
is also partially heritable.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื—ืœืงื” ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช.
14:22
Now, what is the point of this?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื”?
14:25
How does this help us understand?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ?
14:27
How does this help us
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื•
14:29
figure out some of the problems that are affecting us these days?
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”?
14:33
Well, the argument I'd like to make is that networks have value.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœืจืฉืชื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš.
14:36
They are a kind of social capital.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
14:39
New properties emerge
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ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื’ื™ื—ื•ืช
14:41
because of our embeddedness in social networks,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ื˜ืžืขื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
14:43
and these properties inhere
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ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“
14:46
in the structure of the networks,
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ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช,
14:48
not just in the individuals within them.
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ.
14:50
So think about these two common objects.
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ืื– ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
14:52
They're both made of carbon,
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืคื—ืžืŸ,
14:54
and yet one of them has carbon atoms in it
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ
14:57
that are arranged in one particular way -- on the left --
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ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืžืฉืžืืœ,
15:00
and you get graphite, which is soft and dark.
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื˜, ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืš ื•ื›ื”ื”.
15:03
But if you take the same carbon atoms
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ
15:05
and interconnect them a different way,
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ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”,
15:07
you get diamond, which is clear and hard.
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ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื”ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืœื•ืœื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื.
15:10
And those properties of softness and hardness and darkness and clearness
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ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื›ื”ื•ืช ื•ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช
15:13
do not reside in the carbon atoms;
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ืœื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ.
15:15
they reside in the interconnections between the carbon atoms,
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ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ,
15:18
or at least arise because of the
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ
15:20
interconnections between the carbon atoms.
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ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ.
15:22
So, similarly, the pattern of connections among people
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ื›ืš, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
15:25
confers upon the groups of people
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ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
15:28
different properties.
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ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
15:30
It is the ties between people
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
15:32
that makes the whole greater than the sum of its parts.
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกื›ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ื•.
15:35
And so it is not just what's happening to these people --
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ื•ื›ืš, ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
15:38
whether they're losing weight or gaining weight, or becoming rich or becoming poor,
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ืื ื”ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืžืฉืงืœ, ืื• ืžืชืขืฉืจื™ื ืื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื,
15:41
or becoming happy or not becoming happy -- that affects us;
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ืื• ื ื”ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืื• ืœื ื ื”ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื, ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื ื•;
15:44
it's also the actual architecture
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ื–ืืช ื’ื ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช
15:46
of the ties around us.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
15:48
Our experience of the world
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ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
15:50
depends on the actual structure
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ืชืœื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืžืฉื™
15:52
of the networks in which we're residing
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ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื
15:54
and on all the kinds of things that ripple and flow
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ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืขื™ื ื•ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื
15:57
through the network.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืฉืช.
16:00
Now, the reason, I think, that this is the case
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ื›ืขืช, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžืงืจื”
16:03
is that human beings assemble themselves
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื
16:05
and form a kind of superorganism.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจ-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื.
16:09
Now, a superorganism is a collection of individuals
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ื›ืขืช, ืกื•ืคืจ-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื•ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื
16:12
which show or evince behaviors or phenomena
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ืืฉืจ ืžืจืื” ืื• ืžืคื’ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช
16:15
that are not reducible to the study of individuals
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ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื
16:18
and that must be understood by reference to,
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื
16:20
and by studying, the collective.
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ืข"ื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘,
16:22
Like, for example, a hive of bees
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ื›ืžื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื›ื•ื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื
16:25
that's finding a new nesting site,
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ืฉืžื•ืฆืืช ืืชืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื›ื•ื•ืจืช,
16:28
or a flock of birds that's evading a predator,
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ืื• ืœื”ืง ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ืžืง ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ,
16:30
or a flock of birds that's able to pool its wisdom
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ืื• ืœื”ืง ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืงื‘ืฅ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืœื•
16:33
and navigate and find a tiny speck
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ื•ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืชื ืงื˜ืŸ
16:35
of an island in the middle of the Pacific,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜,
16:37
or a pack of wolves that's able
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ืื• ืœื”ืงื” ืฉืœ ื–ืื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœืช
16:39
to bring down larger prey.
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ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื˜ืจืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื.
16:42
Superorganisms have properties
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ืœืกื•ืคืจ-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช
16:44
that cannot be understood just by studying the individuals.
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ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืข"ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื.
16:47
I think understanding social networks
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
16:49
and how they form and operate
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช,
16:51
can help us understand not just health and emotions
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช,
16:54
but all kinds of other phenomena --
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ืืœื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช
16:56
like crime, and warfare,
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ื›ืžื• ืคืฉืข ื•ืœื•ื—ืžื”
16:58
and economic phenomena like bank runs
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ื•ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืงืจื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื ืงื™ื
17:00
and market crashes
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ื•ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื
17:02
and the adoption of innovation
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ื•ื”ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช
17:04
and the spread of product adoption.
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ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืžื•ืฆืจ.
17:06
Now, look at this.
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ื›ืขืช, ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
17:09
I think we form social networks
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
17:11
because the benefits of a connected life
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื
17:13
outweigh the costs.
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ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช.
17:16
If I was always violent towards you
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ืื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื”ื’ืชื™ ื›ืœืคื™ื›ื ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช
17:18
or gave you misinformation
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ืื• ื ืชืชื™ ืœื›ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ื˜ืขื”,
17:20
or made you sad or infected you with deadly germs,
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ืื• ื”ืขืฆื‘ืชื™ ืืชื›ื, ืื• ื”ื“ื‘ืงืชื™ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื,
17:23
you would cut the ties to me,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืื™ืชื™,
17:25
and the network would disintegrate.
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ื•ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืชืคืจืงืช.
17:27
So the spread of good and valuable things
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ืื– ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื™ื
17:30
is required to sustain and nourish social networks.
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ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
17:34
Similarly, social networks are required
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื”, ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช
17:36
for the spread of good and valuable things,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื™ื
17:39
like love and kindness
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ื›ืžื• ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช
17:41
and happiness and altruism
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ื•ืื•ืฉืจ ื•ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื
17:43
and ideas.
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ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
17:45
I think, in fact, that if we realized
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
17:47
how valuable social networks are,
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ื›ืžื” ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•,
17:49
we'd spend a lot more time nourishing them and sustaining them,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ื—ืŸ ื•ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ,
17:52
because I think social networks
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
17:54
are fundamentally related to goodness.
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ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘,
17:57
And what I think the world needs now
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืขืช
17:59
is more connections.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื.
18:01
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
18:03
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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