Nicholas Christakis: The hidden influence of social networks

451,489 views

2010-05-10 ใƒป TED


New videos

Nicholas Christakis: The hidden influence of social networks

451,489 views ใƒป 2010-05-10

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sunphil Ga ๊ฒ€ํ† : Nakho Kim
00:16
For me, this story begins about 15 years ago,
0
16260
3000
์ œ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” 15๋…„ ์ „์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ ,
00:19
when I was a hospice doctor at the University of Chicago.
1
19260
3000
์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ํ˜ธ์Šคํ”ผ์Šค(์ž„์ข…๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ) ๋‹ด๋‹น์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
And I was taking care of people who were dying and their families
2
22260
3000
์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ๋Œ๋ณด๋Š” ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:25
in the South Side of Chicago.
3
25260
2000
์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:27
And I was observing what happened to people and their families
4
27260
3000
์ €๋Š” ๋ง๊ธฐ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์•“๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์ด
00:30
over the course of their terminal illness.
5
30260
3000
๊ฒช๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
And in my lab, I was studying the widower effect,
6
33260
2000
์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ, ์ €๋Š” "๊ณผ๋ถ€ ํšจ๊ณผ"๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
which is a very old idea in the social sciences,
7
35260
2000
์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ธ๋ฐ,
00:37
going back 150 years,
8
37260
2000
150๋…„์€ ๋์ฃ .
00:39
known as "dying of a broken heart."
9
39260
2000
"์ƒ์‹ฌํ•ด์„œ ์ฃฝ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ"์œผ๋กœ ํ”ํžˆ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
So, when I die, my wife's risk of death can double,
10
41260
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ฒซ ํ•ด์—
00:44
for instance, in the first year.
11
44260
2000
์ œ ์•„๋‚ด๋„ ์ฃฝ์„ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋‘๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
And I had gone to take care of one particular patient,
12
46260
3000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งก์•˜๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
00:49
a woman who was dying of dementia.
13
49260
2000
์น˜๋งค๋กœ ์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
And in this case, unlike this couple,
14
51260
2000
์ด ์ปคํ”Œ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š”
00:53
she was being cared for
15
53260
2000
๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋”ธ์ด ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ
00:55
by her daughter.
16
55260
2000
๋Œ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
And the daughter was exhausted from caring for her mother.
17
57260
3000
๋”ธ์€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š๋ผ ๋…น์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:00
And the daughter's husband,
18
60260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋”ธ์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ์€,
01:02
he also was sick
19
62260
3000
๊ทธ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
from his wife's exhaustion.
20
65260
2000
๋ถ€์ธ์ด ๋Š˜ ๋…น์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:07
And I was driving home one day,
21
67260
2000
ํ•œ ๋•Œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋„์ค‘,
01:09
and I get a phone call from the husband's friend,
22
69260
3000
๊ทธ ๋‚จํŽธ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
calling me because he was depressed
23
72260
2000
๊ทธ๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
01:14
about what was happening to his friend.
24
74260
2000
์šฐ์šธํ•จ์„ ๋Š๊ปด ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์˜€์ฃ .
01:16
So here I get this call from this random guy
25
76260
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž„์˜์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์ „ํ™”์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
that's having an experience
26
78260
2000
๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋†“์ธ
01:20
that's being influenced by people
27
80260
2000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€
01:22
at some social distance.
28
82260
2000
์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ† ๋กœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:24
And so I suddenly realized two very simple things:
29
84260
3000
๊ทธ ๋•Œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
First, the widowhood effect
30
87260
2000
์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ณผ๋ถ€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š”
01:29
was not restricted to husbands and wives.
31
89260
3000
๊ทธ์ € ๋‚จํŽธ, ์•„๋‚ด์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
And second, it was not restricted to pairs of people.
32
92260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
And I started to see the world
33
95260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์„
01:37
in a whole new way,
34
97260
2000
์ „ํ˜€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
like pairs of people connected to each other.
35
99260
3000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:42
And then I realized that these individuals
36
102260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์€
01:44
would be connected into foursomes with other pairs of people nearby.
37
104260
3000
์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ ์Œ๊ณผ ์—ฎ์—ฌ, 4์ธ์กฐ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์ฃ .
01:47
And then, in fact, these people
38
107260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
01:49
were embedded in other sorts of relationships:
39
109260
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—๋„ "๋ฐฐํƒœ"๋˜์–ด(embedded: ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์—ฐ๋™๋จ) ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
marriage and spousal
40
111260
2000
๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋Œ/์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๊ณ„,
01:53
and friendship and other sorts of ties.
41
113260
2000
์นœ๋ถ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:55
And that, in fact, these connections were vast
42
115260
3000
๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
01:58
and that we were all embedded in this
43
118260
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํญ๋„“์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ด€๊ณ„๋“ค ์†์—
02:00
broad set of connections with each other.
44
120260
3000
๊นŠ์ˆ™ํžˆ ๋ฐฐํƒœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
So I started to see the world in a completely new way
45
123260
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์ €๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
02:06
and I became obsessed with this.
46
126260
2000
๊ทธ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
I became obsessed with how it might be
47
128260
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์—
02:10
that we're embedded in these social networks,
48
130260
2000
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐฐํƒœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
02:12
and how they affect our lives.
49
132260
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง‘์ฐฉ์ด์ฃ .
02:14
So, social networks are these intricate things of beauty,
50
134260
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด๋ฉฐ,
02:17
and they're so elaborate and so complex
51
137260
2000
๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:19
and so ubiquitous, in fact,
52
139260
2000
์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ์—
02:21
that one has to ask what purpose they serve.
53
141260
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
Why are we embedded in social networks?
54
144260
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ์†์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:26
I mean, how do they form? How do they operate?
55
146260
2000
์ฆ‰, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
02:28
And how do they effect us?
56
148260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„๊นŒ์š”?
02:30
So my first topic with respect to this,
57
150260
3000
์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์†Œ์žฌ๋Š”,
02:33
was not death, but obesity.
58
153260
3000
์ฃฝ์Œ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋น„๋งŒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
It had become trendy
59
156260
2000
์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ, ๋น„๋งŒ์ด ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ™•์‚ฐ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
02:38
to speak about the "obesity epidemic."
60
158260
2000
๊ฑฐ๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ ํ–‰์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:40
And, along with my collaborator, James Fowler,
61
160260
3000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ ๊ณต๋™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์ธ James Fowler์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
02:43
we began to wonder whether obesity really was epidemic
62
163260
3000
๋น„๋งŒ์ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ „์—ผ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ
02:46
and could it spread from person to person
63
166260
2000
ํผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:48
like the four people I discussed earlier.
64
168260
3000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „์— ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ 4์ธ์กฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:51
So this is a slide of some of our initial results.
65
171260
3000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ตœ์ดˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
It's 2,200 people in the year 2000.
66
174260
3000
2000๋…„๋„, 2,200๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
02:57
Every dot is a person. We make the dot size
67
177260
2000
๋ชจ๋“  ์ ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
02:59
proportional to people's body size;
68
179260
2000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
so bigger dots are bigger people.
69
181260
3000
์ฆ‰ ํฐ ์ ์€ ํฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ฃ .
03:04
In addition, if your body size,
70
184260
2000
๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‹ ์ฒด ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ,
03:06
if your BMI, your body mass index, is above 30 --
71
186260
2000
BMI(์ฒด์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ง€์ˆ˜)๊ฐ€ 30 ์ด์ƒ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:08
if you're clinically obese --
72
188260
2000
์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋งŒ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ผ๋ฉด
03:10
we also colored the dots yellow.
73
190260
2000
์ ์— ๋…ธ๋ž€ ์ƒ‰๋„ ์ž…ํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
So, if you look at this image, right away you might be able to see
74
192260
2000
์ด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ณด์ด์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
that there are clusters of obese and
75
194260
2000
์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์†์— ๋น„๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
03:16
non-obese people in the image.
76
196260
2000
๋น„๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:18
But the visual complexity is still very high.
77
198260
3000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
It's not obvious exactly what's going on.
78
201260
3000
๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์ธ์ง€ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€์š”.
03:24
In addition, some questions are immediately raised:
79
204260
2000
๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
How much clustering is there?
80
206260
2000
์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
03:28
Is there more clustering than would be due to chance alone?
81
208260
3000
๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
03:31
How big are the clusters? How far do they reach?
82
211260
2000
๊ตฐ์ง‘๋“ค์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋˜ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์ธ๊ฐ€? ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ํผ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
03:33
And, most importantly,
83
213260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ,
03:35
what causes the clusters?
84
215260
2000
๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๊ฐ€?
03:37
So we did some mathematics to study the size of these clusters.
85
217260
3000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋“ค์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ข€ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
This here shows, on the Y-axis,
86
220260
2000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ Y์ถ•์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:42
the increase in the probability that a person is obese
87
222260
3000
๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋งŒ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
03:45
given that a social contact of theirs is obese
88
225260
2000
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋น„๋งŒ์ผ ํ™•๋ฅ ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
and, on the X-axis, the degrees of separation between the two people.
89
227260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  X ์ถ•์€ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
On the far left, you see the purple line.
90
230260
2000
๊ฐ€์žฅ ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰ ๋ง‰๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
03:52
It says that, if your friends are obese,
91
232260
2000
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋น„๋งŒ์ด๋ฉด
03:54
your risk of obesity is 45 percent higher.
92
234260
3000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋น„๋งŒ์ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด 45%๋‚˜ ๋” ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:57
And the next bar over, the [red] line,
93
237260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ง‰๋Œ€์ธ ์ฃผํ™ฉ์ƒ‰์€
03:59
says if your friend's friends are obese,
94
239260
2000
๋งŒ์•ฝ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋งŒ์ด๋ฉด
04:01
your risk of obesity is 25 percent higher.
95
241260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋น„๋งŒ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด 25% ๋” ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
And then the next line over says
96
243260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ์€
04:05
if your friend's friend's friend, someone you probably don't even know, is obese,
97
245260
3000
์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ, ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋น„๋งŒ์ด๋ฉด
04:08
your risk of obesity is 10 percent higher.
98
248260
3000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋น„๋งŒ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด 10% ๋” ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
And it's only when you get to your friend's friend's friend's friends
99
251260
3000
์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ
04:14
that there's no longer a relationship
100
254260
2000
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ์™€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์‹ ์ฒด์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
04:16
between that person's body size and your own body size.
101
256260
3000
๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
Well, what might be causing this clustering?
102
260260
3000
์Œ, ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ๊นŒ์š”?
04:23
There are at least three possibilities:
103
263260
2000
์ ์–ด๋„ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
One possibility is that, as I gain weight,
104
265260
2000
ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€, ์ œ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
04:27
it causes you to gain weight.
105
267260
2000
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋Š˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
A kind of induction, a kind of spread from person to person.
106
269260
3000
์ผ์ข…์˜ ์œ ๋„ ์ž‘์šฉ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ ๊ณผ์ •์ด์ฃ .
04:32
Another possibility, very obvious, is homophily,
107
272260
2000
๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
or, birds of a feather flock together;
108
274260
2000
์œ ์œ ์ƒ์ข…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:36
here, I form my tie to you
109
276260
2000
์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
04:38
because you and I share a similar body size.
110
278260
3000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒด์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋…”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
And the last possibility is what is known as confounding,
111
281260
2000
๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๊ต๋ž€๋ณ€์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
04:43
because it confounds our ability to figure out what's going on.
112
283260
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ต๋ž€์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
And here, the idea is not that my weight gain
113
286260
2000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š”, ์ œ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šน์ด
04:48
is causing your weight gain,
114
288260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šน์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
04:50
nor that I preferentially form a tie with you
115
290260
2000
ํ˜น์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ์ฒด์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋…”๊ธฐ์—
04:52
because you and I share the same body size,
116
292260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
but rather that we share a common exposure
117
294260
2000
๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ €์™€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด, ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
04:56
to something, like a health club
118
296260
3000
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํ—ฌ์Šค ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฐ™์€
04:59
that makes us both lose weight at the same time.
119
299260
3000
๋™์ผํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
When we studied these data, we found evidence for all of these things,
120
302260
3000
์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
including for induction.
121
305260
2000
์œ ๋„ ์ž‘์šฉ๋„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:07
And we found that if your friend becomes obese,
122
307260
2000
๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๋ฐ”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋งŒ์ด ๋˜๋ฉด
05:09
it increases your risk of obesity by about 57 percent
123
309260
3000
๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ
05:12
in the same given time period.
124
312260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋น„๋งŒ์ด ๋  ์œ„ํ—˜๋„ 57% ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
There can be many mechanisms for this effect:
125
314260
3000
์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฉ”์นด๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
One possibility is that your friends say to you something like --
126
317260
2000
ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
you know, they adopt a behavior that spreads to you --
127
319260
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ํ–‰๋™๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „ํŒŒํ•˜๋Š” ์‹์ด์ฃ .
05:22
like, they say, "Let's go have muffins and beer,"
128
322260
3000
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด, "๊ฐ™์ด ๋จธํ•€๊ณผ ๋งฅ์ฃผ๋‚˜ ๋จน์ž."
05:25
which is a terrible combination. (Laughter)
129
325260
3000
์ตœ์•…์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด์ฃ .
05:28
But you adopt that combination,
130
328260
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ณ 
05:30
and then you start gaining weight like them.
131
330260
3000
์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
Another more subtle possibility
132
333260
2000
์ข€ ๋” ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€
05:35
is that they start gaining weight, and it changes your ideas
133
335260
3000
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”
05:38
of what an acceptable body size is.
134
338260
2000
์ ์ • ์‹ ์ฒด์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๋…์ด ๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
Here, what's spreading from person to person
135
340260
2000
์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ํผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
05:42
is not a behavior, but rather a norm:
136
342260
2000
ํ–‰๋™์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ด์ฃ .
05:44
An idea is spreading.
137
344260
2000
ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
Now, headline writers
138
346260
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋‰ด์Šค ํ—ค๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ž๋“ค์ด
05:48
had a field day with our studies.
139
348260
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์•„์ฃผ ์‹ ์ด ๋‚ฌ์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:50
I think the headline in The New York Times was,
140
350260
2000
์ œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์—, ๋‰ด์š•ํƒ€์ž„์ฆˆ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์˜ ํ—ค๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์€ ์ด๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
05:52
"Are you packing it on?
141
352260
2000
"์‚ด์ด ๋ถ™๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
05:54
Blame your fat friends." (Laughter)
142
354260
3000
๋šฑ๋šฑํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ํƒ“ํ•˜์„ธ์š”."
05:57
What was interesting to us is that the European headline writers
143
357260
2000
ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ชฝ ๊ธฐ์ž๋“ค์€
05:59
had a different take: They said,
144
359260
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š”
06:01
"Are your friends gaining weight? Perhaps you are to blame."
145
361260
3000
"์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ํƒ“์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
06:04
(Laughter)
146
364260
5000
(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:09
And we thought this was a very interesting comment on America,
147
369260
3000
์ €ํฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฝค ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด,
06:12
and a kind of self-serving,
148
372260
2000
์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ž๊ธฐํŽธ์˜์ ์ธ,
06:14
"not my responsibility" kind of phenomenon.
149
374260
2000
"๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋‚ด ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์•„๋ƒ" ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
Now, I want to be very clear: We do not think our work
150
376260
2000
๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด๋‘๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
06:18
should or could justify prejudice
151
378260
2000
์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์ • ์‹ ์ฒด์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„
06:20
against people of one or another body size at all.
152
380260
3000
์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
Our next questions was:
153
384260
2000
์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
Could we actually visualize this spread?
154
386260
3000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™•์‚ฐ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
06:29
Was weight gain in one person actually spreading
155
389260
2000
ํŠน์ •์ธ์˜ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜
06:31
to weight gain in another person?
156
391260
2000
๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ?
06:33
And this was complicated because
157
393260
2000
์ด ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
06:35
we needed to take into account the fact that the network structure,
158
395260
3000
์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ์ฆ‰ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
06:38
the architecture of the ties, was changing across time.
159
398260
3000
๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์˜€์ฃ .
06:41
In addition, because obesity is not a unicentric epidemic,
160
401260
3000
๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋งŒ์€ ๋‹จ์ผ์ค‘์‹ฌํ˜• ์ „์—ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
06:44
there's not a Patient Zero of the obesity epidemic --
161
404260
3000
๋น„๋งŒ ์ „์—ผ์—๋Š” "์ตœ์ดˆ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘์ž"๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
if we find that guy, there was a spread of obesity out from him --
162
407260
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋น„๋งŒ์ด ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:50
it's a multicentric epidemic.
163
410260
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„๋งŒ์€ ๋‹ค์ค‘์‹ฌํ˜• ์ „์—ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
Lots of people are doing things at the same time.
164
412260
2000
๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
And I'm about to show you a 30 second video animation
165
414260
3000
์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ 30์ดˆ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
that took me and James five years of our lives to do.
166
417260
3000
์ €์™€ ์ œ์ž„์Šค๊ฐ€ 5๋…„๋™์•ˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:00
So, again, every dot is a person.
167
420260
2000
๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์ ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
Every tie between them is a relationship.
168
422260
2000
๊ทธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
We're going to put this into motion now,
169
424260
2000
์ด์ œ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•ด๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
taking daily cuts through the network for about 30 years.
170
426260
3000
์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•ด์„œ 30๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ชจ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
The dot sizes are going to grow,
171
429260
2000
์ ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
you're going to see a sea of yellow take over.
172
431260
3000
๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์ณ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
You're going to see people be born and die --
173
434260
2000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ฃฝ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
dots will appear and disappear --
174
436260
2000
์ ์€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
ties will form and break, marriages and divorces,
175
438260
3000
์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ๊นจ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ, ์ดํ˜ผ,
07:21
friendings and defriendings.
176
441260
2000
์นœ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ๊ท€๊ธฐ, ์ ˆ๊ต ๋“ฑ
07:23
A lot of complexity, a lot is happening
177
443260
2000
๊ณ ์ž‘ ์ด 30๋…„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ์—
07:25
just in this 30-year period
178
445260
2000
๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
that includes the obesity epidemic.
179
447260
2000
๋น„๋งŒ ์ „์—ผ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:29
And, by the end, you're going to see clusters
180
449260
2000
๋๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€
07:31
of obese and non-obese individuals
181
451260
2000
๋น„๋งŒ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„
07:33
within the network.
182
453260
2000
๊ตฐ์ง‘๋“ค์ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์•ˆ์— ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
Now, when looked at this,
183
455260
3000
์ด ๋ฐ์ดํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋‹ˆ
07:38
it changed the way I see things,
184
458260
3000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
because this thing, this network
185
461260
2000
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์€
07:43
that's changing across time,
186
463260
2000
์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋ฉด์„œ๋„
07:45
it has a memory, it moves,
187
465260
3000
๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ ,
07:48
things flow within it,
188
468260
2000
๊ทธ ์†์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
it has a kind of consistency --
189
470260
2000
์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
people can die, but it doesn't die;
190
472260
2000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ฃฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์€ ์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
07:54
it still persists --
191
474260
2000
๊ณ„์† ์ด์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
and it has a kind of resilience
192
476260
2000
๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•ด๋„ ์ง€์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”
07:58
that allows it to persist across time.
193
478260
2000
์ผ์ข…์˜ ํšŒ๋ณตํƒ„๋ ฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
And so, I came to see these kinds of social networks
194
480260
3000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ค์„
08:03
as living things,
195
483260
2000
์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
as living things that we could put under a kind of microscope
196
485260
3000
์ผ์ข…์˜ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ
08:08
to study and analyze and understand.
197
488260
3000
๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
And we used a variety of techniques to do this.
198
491260
2000
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
And we started exploring all kinds of other phenomena.
199
493260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜จ๊ฐ– ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค๋„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
We looked at smoking and drinking behavior,
200
496260
2000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์€ ํก์—ฐ๊ณผ ์Œ์ฃผ ํŒจํ„ด,
08:18
and voting behavior,
201
498260
2000
์„ ๊ฑฐ ํŒจํ„ด,
08:20
and divorce -- which can spread --
202
500260
2000
์ดํ˜ผ (์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ „ํŒŒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค),
08:22
and altruism.
203
502260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ดํƒ€์„ฑ ๋“ฑ๋„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ดค์ฃ .
08:24
And, eventually, we became interested in emotions.
204
504260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ '๊ฐ์ •'์— ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
Now, when we have emotions,
205
508260
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์„ ํ’ˆ์œผ๋ฉด
08:30
we show them.
206
510260
2000
๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
Why do we show our emotions?
207
512260
2000
์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
08:34
I mean, there would be an advantage to experiencing
208
514260
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—๋Š”
08:36
our emotions inside, you know, anger or happiness.
209
516260
3000
์ด์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๋ถ„๋…ธ, ํ–‰๋ณต ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
But we don't just experience them, we show them.
210
519260
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ฃ .
08:41
And not only do we show them, but others can read them.
211
521260
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
And, not only can they read them, but they copy them.
212
524260
2000
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:46
There's emotional contagion
213
526260
2000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”
08:48
that takes place in human populations.
214
528260
3000
๊ฐ์ • ์ „์—ผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
And so this function of emotions
215
531260
2000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”
08:53
suggests that, in addition to any other purpose they serve,
216
533260
2000
๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชฉ์ ๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
08:55
they're a kind of primitive form of communication.
217
535260
3000
๊ฐ์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์›์‹œ์  ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
And that, in fact, if we really want to understand human emotions,
218
538260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ง„์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
09:01
we need to think about them in this way.
219
541260
2000
๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
Now, we're accustomed to thinking about emotions in this way,
220
543260
3000
์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋งŒ์—
09:06
in simple, sort of, brief periods of time.
221
546260
3000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
So, for example,
222
549260
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด,
09:11
I was giving this talk recently in New York City,
223
551260
2000
์ตœ๊ทผ ์ €๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
09:13
and I said, "You know when you're on the subway
224
553260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ . "์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ „์ฒ ์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
09:15
and the other person across the subway car
225
555260
2000
์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๋งž์€ ํŽธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๊ฐ€
09:17
smiles at you,
226
557260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์–ด์ฃผ๋ฉด
09:19
and you just instinctively smile back?"
227
559260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ฃ ."
09:21
And they looked at me and said, "We don't do that in New York City." (Laughter)
228
561260
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ์ฒญ์ค‘๋“ค์ด ์ €๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๋งํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”. "๋‰ด์š•์‹œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
09:24
And I said, "Everywhere else in the world,
229
564260
2000
์ €๋Š” ๋‹ตํ–ˆ์ฃ . "๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋‚˜
09:26
that's normal human behavior."
230
566260
2000
์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„ํ–‰๋™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
09:28
And so there's a very instinctive way
231
568260
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์งง๊ฒŒ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š”
09:30
in which we briefly transmit emotions to each other.
232
570260
3000
๋งค์šฐ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์…ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
And, in fact, emotional contagion can be broader still.
233
573260
3000
๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฐ์ • ์ „์—ผ์ด๋ž€ ๋”์šฑ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
Like we could have punctuated expressions of anger,
234
576260
3000
ํญ๋™์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
09:39
as in riots.
235
579260
2000
๋ถ„๋…ธ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:41
The question that we wanted to ask was:
236
581260
2000
์ €ํฌ๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ ค๋˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
09:43
Could emotion spread,
237
583260
2000
๊ฐ์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
09:45
in a more sustained way than riots, across time
238
585260
3000
ํญ๋™๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ, ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ
09:48
and involve large numbers of people,
239
588260
2000
๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์—ฎ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
not just this pair of individuals smiling at each other in the subway car?
240
590260
3000
์•ž์„œ ๋งํ•œ, ์„œ๋กœ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์€ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:53
Maybe there's a kind of below the surface, quiet riot
241
593260
3000
์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ ์š”ํ•œ ํญ๋™ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ด์„œ
09:56
that animates us all the time.
242
596260
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ .
09:58
Maybe there are emotional stampedes
243
598260
2000
์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š”
10:00
that ripple through social networks.
244
600260
2000
๊ฐ์ •์˜ ์‡„๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
Maybe, in fact, emotions have a collective existence,
245
602260
3000
์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ฐ์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์• ์ดˆ์— ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์  ์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ
10:05
not just an individual existence.
246
605260
2000
๊ทธ์ € ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
And this is one of the first images we made to study this phenomenon.
247
607260
3000
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:10
Again, a social network,
248
610260
2000
๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์ด ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
10:12
but now we color the people yellow if they're happy
249
612260
3000
์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์„ ์ž…ํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
and blue if they're sad and green in between.
250
615260
3000
๋งŒ์•ฝ ์Šฌํผํ•˜๋ฉด ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰, ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ด๋ฉด ๋…น์ƒ‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
And if you look at this image, you can right away see
251
618260
2000
์ด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด, ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ
10:20
clusters of happy and unhappy people,
252
620260
2000
ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
10:22
again, spreading to three degrees of separation.
253
622260
2000
์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์˜ 3๋‹จ๊ณ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ป—์–ด์žˆ์ฃ .
10:24
And you might form the intuition
254
624260
2000
์ง๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€
10:26
that the unhappy people
255
626260
2000
๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
10:28
occupy a different structural location within the network.
256
628260
3000
์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์œ„์น˜์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
There's a middle and an edge to this network,
257
631260
2000
์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์—๋Š” ์ค‘๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
10:33
and the unhappy people seem to be
258
633260
2000
๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์€
10:35
located at the edges.
259
635260
2000
๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
So to invoke another metaphor,
260
637260
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์€์œ ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
10:39
if you imagine social networks as a kind of
261
639260
2000
๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„
10:41
vast fabric of humanity --
262
641260
2000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์—ฎ์€ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ฒœ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:43
I'm connected to you and you to her, on out endlessly into the distance --
263
643260
3000
์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋์—†์ด ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
this fabric is actually like
264
646260
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ์ฒœ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋งˆ์น˜
10:48
an old-fashioned American quilt,
265
648260
2000
๊ตฌ์‹ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ€ผํŠธ(๋ˆ„๋น„ ์ฒœ)์™€๋„ ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
10:50
and it has patches on it: happy and unhappy patches.
266
650260
3000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฒœ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ด ๋ถ™์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ, ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ.
10:53
And whether you become happy or not
267
653260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
10:55
depends in part on whether you occupy a happy patch.
268
655260
3000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ์–ป์–ด๋‚ด๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์ฃ .
10:58
(Laughter)
269
658260
2000
(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:00
So, this work with emotions,
270
660260
3000
์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”
11:03
which are so fundamental,
271
663260
2000
๊ฐ์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ค˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
11:05
then got us to thinking about: Maybe
272
665260
2000
์ €ํฌ๋“ค์€ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์˜
11:07
the fundamental causes of human social networks
273
667260
2000
๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์›์ธ๋“ค์ด๋ž€, ์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋“ 
11:09
are somehow encoded in our genes.
274
669260
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๊ฐ์ธ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
Because human social networks, whenever they are mapped,
275
671260
3000
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์ด๋ž€ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ณผ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
11:14
always kind of look like this:
276
674260
2000
ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์–‘์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
the picture of the network.
277
676260
2000
์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
But they never look like this.
278
678260
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
Why do they not look like this?
279
680260
2000
์™œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:22
Why don't we form human social networks
280
682260
2000
์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋•Œ
11:24
that look like a regular lattice?
281
684260
2000
์‚ฌํšŒ ์กฐ์ง๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
11:26
Well, the striking patterns of human social networks,
282
686260
3000
์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง๋“ค์˜ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ
11:29
their ubiquity and their apparent purpose
283
689260
3000
ํŽธ์žฌ์„ฑ, ๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ๋ชฉ์ ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
11:32
beg questions about whether we evolved to have
284
692260
2000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์• ์ดˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
11:34
human social networks in the first place,
285
694260
2000
์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋„๋ก ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
11:36
and whether we evolved to form networks
286
696260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ
11:38
with a particular structure.
287
698260
2000
์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋„๋ก ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
11:40
And notice first of all -- so, to understand this, though,
288
700260
2000
๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€... ์•„ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด,
11:42
we need to dissect network structure a little bit first --
289
702260
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ชผ๊ฐœ๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
and notice that every person in this network
290
705260
2000
์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋“ค์€
11:47
has exactly the same structural location as every other person.
291
707260
3000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
But that's not the case with real networks.
292
710260
3000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
So, for example, here is a real network of college students
293
713260
2000
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ˜„์‹ค์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
at an elite northeastern university.
294
715260
3000
๋ถ๋™๋ถ€์˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ด์ฃ .
11:58
And now I'm highlighting a few dots.
295
718260
2000
์ด์ œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:00
If you look here at the dots,
296
720260
2000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด์„œ,
12:02
compare node B in the upper left
297
722260
2000
์ขŒ์ธก์ƒ๋‹จ์˜ ๋…ธ๋“œ B์™€
12:04
to node D in the far right;
298
724260
2000
ํ•œ์ฐธ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋“œ D๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
12:06
B has four friends coming out from him
299
726260
2000
B์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋Š” 4๋ช…์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์™€์žˆ์ฃ .
12:08
and D has six friends coming out from him.
300
728260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  D๋Š” 6๋ช…์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™€์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
And so, those two individuals have different numbers of friends.
301
731260
3000
์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ, ์ด ๋‘ ๋ช…์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:14
That's very obvious, we all know that.
302
734260
2000
๋งค์šฐ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
12:16
But certain other aspects
303
736260
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜
12:18
of social network structure are not so obvious.
304
738260
2000
์–ด๋–ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธก๋ฉด๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
Compare node B in the upper left to node A in the lower left.
305
740260
3000
์ขŒ ์ƒ๋‹จ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋“œ B์™€ ์ขŒ ํ•˜๋‹จ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋“œ A๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
12:23
Now, those people both have four friends,
306
743260
3000
์ด์ œ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด 4๋ช…์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
12:26
but A's friends all know each other,
307
746260
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ A์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ ,
12:28
and B's friends do not.
308
748260
2000
B์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
So the friend of a friend of A's
309
750260
2000
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ A์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€
12:32
is, back again, a friend of A's,
310
752260
2000
๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ A์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
whereas the friend of a friend of B's is not a friend of B's,
311
754260
2000
๋ฐ˜๋ฉด B์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š”, B์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ์„œ
12:36
but is farther away in the network.
312
756260
2000
์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ์†์—์„œ ์ข€ ๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:38
This is known as transitivity in networks.
313
758260
3000
์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์˜ "์ดํ–‰์„ฑ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
And, finally, compare nodes C and D:
314
761260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๋…ธ๋“œ C์™€ ๋…ธ๋“œ D๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
12:43
C and D both have six friends.
315
763260
3000
C์™€ D๋Š” ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค 6๋ช…์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
If you talk to them, and you said, "What is your social life like?"
316
766260
3000
๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋ฉฐ "๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์€ ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:49
they would say, "I've got six friends.
317
769260
2000
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ "์ €๋Š” 6๋ช…์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”
12:51
That's my social experience."
318
771260
2000
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
But now we, with a bird's eye view looking at this network,
319
773260
3000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋„๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด,
12:56
can see that they occupy very different social worlds.
320
776260
3000
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
And I can cultivate that intuition in you by just asking you:
321
779260
2000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ง๊ฐ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
13:01
Who would you rather be
322
781260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ...
13:03
if a deadly germ was spreading through the network?
323
783260
2000
...๋งŒ์•ฝ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋ณ‘๊ท ์ด ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํผ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด?
13:05
Would you rather be C or D?
324
785260
3000
C๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ D๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
13:08
You'd rather be D, on the edge of the network.
325
788260
2000
์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ D๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
13:10
And now who would you rather be
326
790260
2000
์ž ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ...
13:12
if a juicy piece of gossip -- not about you --
327
792260
3000
...์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€์‹ญ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
13:15
was spreading through the network? (Laughter)
328
795260
2000
์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํผ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด?
13:17
Now, you would rather be C.
329
797260
2000
์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” C๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
13:19
So different structural locations
330
799260
2000
์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์œ„์น˜๋Š”
13:21
have different implications for your life.
331
801260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
And, in fact, when we did some experiments looking at this,
332
803260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๋ดค์ฃ .
13:26
what we found is that 46 percent of the variation
333
806260
3000
์ฐพ์•„๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๋ช…์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
13:29
in how many friends you have
334
809260
2000
์ฐจ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ 46%๋Š”
13:31
is explained by your genes.
335
811260
2000
์œ ์ „์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:33
And this is not surprising. We know that some people are born shy
336
813260
3000
๋ณ„๋กœ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ . ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ๋“ฏ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์›€์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
and some are born gregarious. That's obvious.
337
816260
3000
๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๊ต์„ฑ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‚ฌ์ฃ . ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:39
But we also found some non-obvious things.
338
819260
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
For instance, 47 percent in the variation
339
821260
3000
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
13:44
in whether your friends know each other
340
824260
2000
์ฐจ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ 47%๊ฐ€
13:46
is attributable to your genes.
341
826260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์œ ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
Whether your friends know each other
342
828260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์•„๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€
13:50
has not just to do with their genes, but with yours.
343
830260
3000
๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
And we think the reason for this is that some people
344
833260
2000
์ €ํฌ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š”, ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
13:55
like to introduce their friends to each other -- you know who you are --
345
835260
3000
์ž๊ธฐ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๊ฐœ์‹œ์ผœ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
and others of you keep them apart and don't introduce your friends to each other.
346
838260
3000
๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ์„œ๋กœ ๋–ผ์–ด๋†“๊ณ , ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๊ฐœ์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
14:01
And so some people knit together the networks around them,
347
841260
3000
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋ฉฐ
14:04
creating a kind of dense web of ties
348
844260
2000
๋ฐ€๋„ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ด€๊ณ„๋“ค์„ ์งœ๋„ฃ์–ด
14:06
in which they're comfortably embedded.
349
846260
2000
๊ทธ ์†์— ํŽธ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
14:08
And finally, we even found that
350
848260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด
14:10
30 percent of the variation
351
850260
2000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
14:12
in whether or not people are in the middle or on the edge of the network
352
852260
3000
์ฐจ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ 30%๊ฐ€
14:15
can also be attributed to their genes.
353
855260
2000
๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์œ ์ „์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:17
So whether you find yourself in the middle or on the edge
354
857260
2000
์ฆ‰ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋„
14:19
is also partially heritable.
355
859260
3000
๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฌผ๋ฆผ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:22
Now, what is the point of this?
356
862260
3000
์ž, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
14:25
How does this help us understand?
357
865260
2000
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ด์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„๊นŒ์š”?
14:27
How does this help us
358
867260
2000
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
14:29
figure out some of the problems that are affecting us these days?
359
869260
3000
์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„๊นŒ์š”?
14:33
Well, the argument I'd like to make is that networks have value.
360
873260
3000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์ด ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:36
They are a kind of social capital.
361
876260
3000
์ผ์ข…์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:39
New properties emerge
362
879260
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ์†์— ๋ฐฐํƒœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ์—
14:41
because of our embeddedness in social networks,
363
881260
2000
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์†์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์ฐฝ๋ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:43
and these properties inhere
364
883260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์†์„ฑ๋“ค์€
14:46
in the structure of the networks,
365
886260
2000
์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์†์—์„œ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:48
not just in the individuals within them.
366
888260
2000
์˜ค์ง ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์— ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
14:50
So think about these two common objects.
367
890260
2000
๋‹ค์Œ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
14:52
They're both made of carbon,
368
892260
2000
๋‘˜๋‹ค ํƒ„์†Œ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:54
and yet one of them has carbon atoms in it
369
894260
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž๋“ค์ด
14:57
that are arranged in one particular way -- on the left --
370
897260
3000
์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
15:00
and you get graphite, which is soft and dark.
371
900260
3000
ํ‘์—ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ฃ .
15:03
But if you take the same carbon atoms
372
903260
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ™์€ ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž๋“ค์„
15:05
and interconnect them a different way,
373
905260
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
15:07
you get diamond, which is clear and hard.
374
907260
3000
๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•˜์ฃ .
15:10
And those properties of softness and hardness and darkness and clearness
375
910260
3000
๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒ€๊ณ  ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ์„ฑ์งˆ๋“ค์€
15:13
do not reside in the carbon atoms;
376
913260
2000
ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž์— ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:15
they reside in the interconnections between the carbon atoms,
377
915260
3000
ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž๋“ค๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์— ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:18
or at least arise because of the
378
918260
2000
ํ˜น์€ ์ ์–ด๋„
15:20
interconnections between the carbon atoms.
379
920260
2000
ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž๋“ค๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:22
So, similarly, the pattern of connections among people
380
922260
3000
๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‹์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ํŒจํ„ด์€
15:25
confers upon the groups of people
381
925260
3000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—
15:28
different properties.
382
928260
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:30
It is the ties between people
383
930260
2000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ
15:32
that makes the whole greater than the sum of its parts.
384
932260
3000
์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
15:35
And so it is not just what's happening to these people --
385
935260
3000
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€
15:38
whether they're losing weight or gaining weight, or becoming rich or becoming poor,
386
938260
3000
์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค ์ž์ฒด, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ 
15:41
or becoming happy or not becoming happy -- that affects us;
387
941260
3000
์žฌ์‚ฐ์ด ๋Š˜๊ณ  ์ค„๊ณ  ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:44
it's also the actual architecture
388
944260
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
15:46
of the ties around us.
389
946260
2000
์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์—ญ์‹œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:48
Our experience of the world
390
948260
2000
์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€
15:50
depends on the actual structure
391
950260
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ์†์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
15:52
of the networks in which we're residing
392
952260
2000
์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์˜์กดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:54
and on all the kinds of things that ripple and flow
393
954260
3000
๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š”
15:57
through the network.
394
957260
2000
๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์—๋„ ์˜์กดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:00
Now, the reason, I think, that this is the case
395
960260
3000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”,
16:03
is that human beings assemble themselves
396
963260
2000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ชจ์—ฌ์„œ
16:05
and form a kind of superorganism.
397
965260
3000
์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ดˆ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:09
Now, a superorganism is a collection of individuals
398
969260
3000
์ดˆ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ธ๋ฐ
16:12
which show or evince behaviors or phenomena
399
972260
3000
๊ฐœ์ฒด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ๋Š” ํ™˜์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”
16:15
that are not reducible to the study of individuals
400
975260
3000
ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:18
and that must be understood by reference to,
401
978260
2000
์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ 
16:20
and by studying, the collective.
402
980260
2000
์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผํ•˜์ฃ .
16:22
Like, for example, a hive of bees
403
982260
3000
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด,
16:25
that's finding a new nesting site,
404
985260
3000
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ณด๊ธˆ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฒŒ๋–ผ,
16:28
or a flock of birds that's evading a predator,
405
988260
2000
ํ˜น์€ ์ฒœ์ ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋–ผ,
16:30
or a flock of birds that's able to pool its wisdom
406
990260
3000
ํ˜น์€ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
16:33
and navigate and find a tiny speck
407
993260
2000
์ž‘์€ ์„ฌ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
16:35
of an island in the middle of the Pacific,
408
995260
2000
ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง€ํ˜œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋–ผ,
16:37
or a pack of wolves that's able
409
997260
2000
๋˜๋Š” ๋” ํฐ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊ฐ์„ ์“ฐ๋ŸฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
16:39
to bring down larger prey.
410
999260
3000
๋Š‘๋Œ€๋–ผ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
16:42
Superorganisms have properties
411
1002260
2000
์ดˆ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
16:44
that cannot be understood just by studying the individuals.
412
1004260
3000
์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์†์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:47
I think understanding social networks
413
1007260
2000
์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ 
16:49
and how they form and operate
414
1009260
2000
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด,
16:51
can help us understand not just health and emotions
415
1011260
3000
๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ • ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
16:54
but all kinds of other phenomena --
416
1014260
2000
์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค๋„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:56
like crime, and warfare,
417
1016260
2000
๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋‚˜ ๋ณต์ง€,
16:58
and economic phenomena like bank runs
418
1018260
2000
์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์˜ˆ๊ธˆ์ธ์ถœ์‚ฌํƒœ๋‚˜
17:00
and market crashes
419
1020260
2000
์‹œ์žฅ ๋ถ•๊ดด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ˜„์ƒ,
17:02
and the adoption of innovation
420
1022260
2000
ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ณผ์ •,
17:04
and the spread of product adoption.
421
1024260
2000
์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ํ™•์‚ฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:06
Now, look at this.
422
1026260
2000
์ž, ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
17:09
I think we form social networks
423
1029260
2000
์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
17:11
because the benefits of a connected life
424
1031260
2000
์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์‚ถ์ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ด์ ์ด
17:13
outweigh the costs.
425
1033260
3000
๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:16
If I was always violent towards you
426
1036260
2000
๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚œํญํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
17:18
or gave you misinformation
427
1038260
2000
ํ˜น์€ ๊ฑฐ์ง“ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
17:20
or made you sad or infected you with deadly germs,
428
1040260
3000
์Šฌํ”„๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋ฉด,
17:23
you would cut the ties to me,
429
1043260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ €์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž๋ฅด์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:25
and the network would disintegrate.
430
1045260
2000
์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์€ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
17:27
So the spread of good and valuable things
431
1047260
3000
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ์—, ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ์ง€์†์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๊พธ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
17:30
is required to sustain and nourish social networks.
432
1050260
3000
์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:34
Similarly, social networks are required
433
1054260
2000
๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„, ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ™•์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋„
17:36
for the spread of good and valuable things,
434
1056260
3000
์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:39
like love and kindness
435
1059260
2000
์‚ฌ๋ž‘, ์นœ์ ˆ,
17:41
and happiness and altruism
436
1061260
2000
ํ–‰๋ณต, ์ดํƒ€์„ฑ,
17:43
and ideas.
437
1063260
2000
์•„์ด๋””์–ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
17:45
I think, in fact, that if we realized
438
1065260
2000
์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด
17:47
how valuable social networks are,
439
1067260
2000
์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
17:49
we'd spend a lot more time nourishing them and sustaining them,
440
1069260
3000
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ง€์†์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๊พธ๋Š” ์ผ์— ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:52
because I think social networks
441
1072260
2000
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์€
17:54
are fundamentally related to goodness.
442
1074260
3000
๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํ•จ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:57
And what I think the world needs now
443
1077260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
17:59
is more connections.
444
1079260
2000
๋”์šฑ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:01
Thank you.
445
1081260
2000
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:03
(Applause)
446
1083260
3000
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7