Leyla Acaroglu: Paper beats plastic? How to rethink environmental folklore

277,014 views ใƒป 2014-02-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Boaz Hovav ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
So imagine, you're in the supermarket,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื ื‘ืกื•ืคืจืžืจืงื˜,
00:15
you're buying some groceries,
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ืืชื ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื,
00:16
and you get given the option
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ื•ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ
00:18
for a plastic or a paper shopping bag.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืงื™ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืœืฉืงื™ืช ื ื™ื™ืจ.
00:22
Which one do you choose if you want to do
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฉืงื™ืช ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื
00:24
the right thing by the environment?
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”?
00:26
Most people do pick the paper.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืฉืงื™ืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ.
00:28
Okay, let's think of why.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžื”.
00:29
It's brown to start with.
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ืฉืงื™ืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืžื”.
00:31
Therefore, it must be good for the environment.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื— ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
00:33
It's biodegradable. It's reusable.
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ื”ืฉืงื™ืช ืžืชื›ืœื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื–ืจ.
00:35
In some cases, it's recyclable.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ืื•ืชื”.
00:37
So when people are looking at the plastic bag,
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
00:40
it's likely they're thinking of something like this,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื•,
00:43
which we all know is absolutely terrible,
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื ื•ืจืื™ื,
00:45
and we should be avoiding at all expenses
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ื•ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ,
00:47
these kinds of environmental damages.
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ื ื–ืงื™ื ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
00:50
But people are often not thinking
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ืื‘ืœ, ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘
00:52
of something like this,
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ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
00:54
which is the other end of the spectrum.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื.
00:57
When we produce materials,
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ื‘ืขืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
00:59
we need to extract them from the environment,
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืื•ืชื ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
01:01
and we need a whole bunch of environmental impacts.
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš, ื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
01:05
You see, what happens is, when we need
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
01:07
to make complex choices,
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ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช,
01:09
us humans like really simple solutions,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื,
01:11
and so we often ask for simple solutions.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
01:14
And I work in design.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘.
01:15
I advise designers
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ืื ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืฆืช ืœืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื
01:17
and innovators around sustainability,
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ื•ืœืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
01:19
and everyone always says to me, "Oh Leyla,
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™, "ืื• ืœื™ื™ืœื”,
01:21
I just want the eco-materials."
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ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”."
01:23
And I say, "Well, that's very complex,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ื ื”, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš,
01:25
and we'll have to spend four hours talking about
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ื•ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื”
01:27
what exactly an eco-material means,
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืืžืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
01:29
because everything at some point
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ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
01:31
comes from nature,
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
01:33
and it's how you use the material
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ื•ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ
01:35
that dictates the environmental impact.
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ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช."
01:38
So what happens is, we have to rely
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชืžืš
01:40
on some sort of intuitive framework
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ืขืœ ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
01:42
when we make decisions.
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ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
01:43
So I like to call that intuitive framework
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
01:46
our environmental folklore.
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ื”ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
01:48
It's either the little voice at the back of your head,
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ,
01:51
or it's that gut feeling you get
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ืื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
01:53
when you've done the right thing,
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ืฉืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
01:55
so when you've picked the paper bag
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ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืงื™ืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ
01:56
or when you've bought a fuel-efficient car.
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ืื• ื›ืฉืงื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
01:59
And environmental folklore is a really important thing
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ื•ื”ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช
02:02
because we're trying to do the right thing.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:05
But how do we know if we're actually
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื ื“ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช
02:07
reducing the net environmental impacts
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ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
02:09
that our actions as individuals and as professionals
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ืฉืžืขืฉื™ื ื• ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข
02:13
and as a society are actually having
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ื•ื›ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื
02:15
on the natural environment?
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ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช?
02:18
So the thing about environmental folklore is
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื™ื
02:20
it tends to be based on our experiences,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
02:22
the things we've heard from other people.
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ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:23
It doesn't tend to be based on any scientific framework.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื.
02:26
And this is really hard, because we live
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืงืฉื”, ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื
02:28
in incredibly complex systems.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
02:30
We have the human systems
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
02:31
of how we communicate and interrelate
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ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”
02:33
and have our whole constructed society,
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ื•ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžื‘ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
02:36
We have the industrial systems, which is essentially the entire economy,
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื›ื•ืœื”,
02:40
and then all of that has to operate
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ
02:41
within the biggest system,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:43
and, I would argue, the most important,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช, ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:45
the ecosystem.
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
02:47
And you see, the choices that we make
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื
02:49
as an individual,
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ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื,
02:50
but the choices that we make
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ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื
02:51
in every single job that we have,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื,
02:53
no matter how high or low you are in the pecking order,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”,
02:56
has an impact on all of these systems.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
02:59
And the thing is that we have to find ways
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื
03:01
if we're actually going to address sustainability
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ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช
03:03
of interlocking those complex systems
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
03:07
and making better choices that result
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ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:09
in net environmental gains.
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ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื•ืขื™ืœื• ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
03:12
What we need to do is we need to learn
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ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืœืžื•ื“
03:14
to do more with less.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืคื—ื•ืช.
03:16
We have an increasing population,
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื’ื“ืœื”,
03:18
and everybody likes their mobile phones,
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
03:19
especially in this situation here.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืŸ.
03:22
So we need to find innovative ways of solving some of these problems that we face.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•.
03:26
And that's where this process called life cycle thinking comes in.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:29
So essentially, everything that is created
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ
03:32
goes through a series of life cycle stages,
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื•,
03:34
and we use this scientific process
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื“ืขื™
03:36
called life cycle assessment,
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ืฉื ืงืจื” ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื,
03:38
or in America, you guys say life cycle analysis,
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ื•ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื,
03:40
in order to have a clearer picture of how
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื”
03:44
everything that we do in the technical part of those systems
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื•
03:48
affects the natural environment.
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ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
03:50
So we go all the way back
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”
03:51
to the extraction of raw materials,
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ืืœ ื”ืคืงืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื,
03:54
and then we look at manufacturing,
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ,
03:56
we look at packaging and transportation,
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ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืืจื™ื–ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ืข,
03:57
use, and end of life,
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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
03:59
and at every single one of these stages,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
04:02
the things that we do
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื
04:03
have an interaction with the natural environment,
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ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช,
04:05
and we can monitor how that interaction
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
04:08
is actually affecting the systems and services
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ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื
04:12
that make life on Earth possible.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:13
And through doing this,
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•,
04:15
we've learned some absolutely fascinating things.
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืจืชืงื™ื.
04:19
And we've busted a bunch of myths.
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ื•ื›ื™ืกื—ื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื.
04:21
So to start with, there's a word that's used a lot.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื™ืœื” ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื‘.
04:26
It's used a lot in marketing,
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง,
04:28
and it's used a lot, I think, in our conversation
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
04:30
when we're talking about sustainability,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
04:32
and that's the word biodegradability.
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ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื "ืžืชื›ืœื™ื".
04:34
Now biodegradability is a material property;
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ื”ื”ืชื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ,
04:39
it is not a definition of environmental benefits.
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช.
04:42
Allow me to explain.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ.
04:44
When something natural,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
04:46
something that's made from a cellulose fiber
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืชึทืึดื™ืช
04:48
like a piece of bread, even, or any food waste,
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ื›ืžื• ืคืจื•ืกืช ืœื—ื, ืื• ื›ืœ ืคืกื•ืœืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
04:51
or even a piece of paper,
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืคื™ืกืช ื ื™ื™ืจ,
04:54
when something natural ends up
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•
04:56
in the natural environment, it degrades normally.
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช.
04:58
Its little carbon molecules that it stored up
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื•
05:00
as it was growing are naturally released
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ, ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™
05:02
back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide,
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
05:05
but this is a net situation.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ.
05:07
Most natural things
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื
05:08
don't actually end up in nature.
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ืœื ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
05:10
Most of the things, the waste that we produce, end up in landfill.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ืืฉืคื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื, ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื–ื‘ืœื•ืช.
05:13
Landfill is a different environment.
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ื”ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
05:16
In landfill, those same carbon molecules
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ื‘ืžื–ื‘ืœื”, ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ
05:18
degrade in a different way,
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ืžืชื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”,
05:19
because a landfill is anaerobic.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
05:21
It's got no oxygen. It's tightly compacted and hot.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื—ืžืฆืŸ. ื”ื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืกื” ื•ื—ืžื”.
05:25
Those same molecules, they become methane,
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ื•ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื’ื– ืžืชืืŸ,
05:27
and methane is a 25 times more potent
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ื•ืžืชืืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ืคื™ 25 ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:30
greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.
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ืœืืคืงื˜ ื”ื—ืžืžื”, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™.
05:33
So our old lettuces and products
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืš ื”ื—ืกื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ
05:36
that we have thrown out that are made
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ืฉื–ืจืงื ื• ืœืืฉืคื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื
05:37
out of biodegradable materials,
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ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืชื›ืœื™ื,
05:39
if they end up in landfill,
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ืื ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžื–ื‘ืœื”
05:41
contribute to climate change.
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ื”ื ื™ืชืจืžื• ืืช ื—ืœืงื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
05:43
You see, there are facilities now
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืชืงื ื™ื
05:44
that can actually capture that methane
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื’ื– ื”ืžืชืืŸ
05:46
and generate power,
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืžื ื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
05:47
displacing the need for fossil fuel power,
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ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื“ืœืง ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
05:50
but we need to be smart about this.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”,
05:51
We need to identify how we can start to leverage
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ืฃ
05:55
these types of things that are already happening
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ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื
05:57
and start to design systems and services
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื
05:59
that alleviate these problems.
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ืฉืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
06:01
Because right now, what people do is they turn around and they say,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื, ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“:
06:04
"Let's ban plastic bags. We'll give people paper
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"ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจ
06:06
because that is better for the environment."
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ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”."
06:08
But if you're throwing it in the bin,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืคื— ื”ื–ื‘ืœ,
06:10
and your local landfill facility
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ื•ื”ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช
06:11
is just a normal one,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”,
06:14
then we're having what's called a double negative.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืคืงื˜ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื›ืคื•ืœ.
06:19
I'm a product designer by trade.
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ืื ื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืžื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™.
06:22
I then did social science.
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ื•ืื– ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
06:23
And so I'm absolutely fascinated
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืจื•ืชืงืช
06:24
by consumer goods and how the consumer goods
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ืžืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”
06:26
that we have kind of become immune to
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ืžื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื
06:28
that fill our lives
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ื•ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
06:30
have an impact on the natural environment.
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ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
06:31
And these guys are, like, serial offenders,
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืืœื”, ื”ื, ื›ืžื• ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ืกื“ืจืชื™ื™ื,
06:34
and I'm pretty sure everyone in this room
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ื•ืื ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ
06:36
has a refrigerator.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืงืจืจ.
06:38
Now America has this amazing ability
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ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
06:39
to keep growing refrigerators.
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืงืจืจื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
06:41
In the last few years, they've grown one cubic foot
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ื›- 28 ืœื™ื˜ืจ
06:43
on average, the standard size
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ
06:45
of a refrigerator.
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ืฉืœ ืžืงืจืจ ื‘ื™ืชื™.
06:47
And the problem is, they're so big now,
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื”ืžืงืจืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
06:49
it's easier for us to buy more food
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ืฉืงืœ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ
06:51
that we can't eat or find.
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ืฉืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื• ืœืžืฆื•ื.
06:53
I mean, I have things at the back of my refrigerator
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžืงืจืจ ืฉืœื™
06:55
that have been there for years, all right?
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ืฉืฉื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืŸ?
06:57
And so what happens is, we waste more food.
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
07:00
And as I was just explaining, food waste is a problem.
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™, ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื”.
07:03
In fact, here in the U.S., 40 percent
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ืœืขืฉื”, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, 40 ืื—ื•ื–
07:06
of food purchased for the home is wasted.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืจื›ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื–.
07:09
Half of the world's produced food is wasted.
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ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืคืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื–.
07:13
That's the latest U.N. stats. Up to half of the food.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื. ืขื“ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
07:16
It's insane. It's 1.3 billion tons of food per annum.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘- 1.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
07:21
And I blame it on the refrigerator,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืงืจืจื™ื,
07:23
well, especially in Western cultures,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘,
07:24
because it makes it easier.
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ื›ื™ ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื–.
07:26
I mean, there's a lot of complex systems going on here.
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ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
07:28
I don't want to make it so simplistic.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ืคืฉื˜ื ื™.
07:30
But the refrigerator is a serious contributor to this,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืงืจืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืชื•ืจื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืœื‘ืขื™ื”,
07:33
and one of the features of it
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื
07:35
is the crisper drawer.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ.
07:37
You all got crisper drawers?
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ืœื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ?
07:39
The drawer that you put your lettuces in?
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ื”ืžื’ืจื” ื‘ืžืงืจืจ ื‘ื” ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืกื”?
07:41
Lettuces have a habit of going soggy
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ื”ื—ืกื” ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืกืžืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืช
07:42
in the crisper drawers, don't they?
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ื‘ืžื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:44
Yeah? Soggy lettuces?
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ื›ืŸ? ื—ืกื” ืกืžืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืช?
07:46
In the U.K., this is such a problem
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
07:48
that there was a government report a few years ago
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ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืคื•ืจืกื ื“ื•"ื— ืžืžืฉืœืชื™
07:49
that actually said the second biggest offender
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ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื•
07:52
of wasted food in the U.K. is the soggy lettuce.
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ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืกื” ืกืžืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืช.
07:55
It was called the Soggy Lettuce Report.
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื—ืกื” ื”ืกืžืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืช.
07:57
Okay? So this is a problem, people.
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื? ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืžืชื™ืช, ืื ืฉื™ื.
07:59
These poor little lettuces are getting thrown out
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ื”ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืกื›ื ื•ืช ื ื–ืจืงื•ืช
08:02
left, right and center because the crisper drawers
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื’ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ
08:03
are not designed to actually keep things crisp.
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ืœื ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืœืฆื ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
08:06
Okay. You need a tight environment.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืืจื™ื–ื” ืฆืžื•ื“ื”.
08:08
You need, like, an airless environment
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ืฆืจื™ืš, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœืœื ืื•ื™ืจ
08:10
to prevent the degrading that would happen naturally.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืง ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
08:13
But the crisper drawers, they're just a drawer
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื’ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ืกืชื ืžื’ื™ืจื•ืช
08:15
with a slightly better seal.
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ืขื ืื˜ื™ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช ืžืขื˜.
08:17
Anyway, I'm clearly obsessed.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื–ื• ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ืฉืœื™.
08:19
Don't ever invite me over because I'll just start going through your refrigerator
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ืืฃ ืคืขื ืืœ ืชื–ืžื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืืœื™ื›ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจืจ ืฉืœื›ื
08:22
and looking at all sorts of things like that.
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ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
08:23
But essentially, this is a big problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
08:25
Because when we lose something like the lettuce from the system,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืจ ื›ืžื• ื—ืกื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช,
08:28
not only do we have that impact I just explained at the end of life,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื’ืจืžื ื• ืœื”ื—ืžืจืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื–ื‘ืœื•ืช,
08:32
but we actually have had to grow that lettuce.
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ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื—ืกื”.
08:34
The life cycle impact of that lettuce is astronomical.
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ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืกื” ื”ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
08:38
We've had to clear land.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช.
08:39
We've had to plant seeds, phosphorus,
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ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื–ืจื™ืขืช ื–ืจืขื™ื, ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื–ืจื—ืŸ,
08:41
fertilizers, nutrients, water, sunlight.
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ื“ืฉืŸ, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื, ืฉืžืฉ.
08:43
All of the embodied impacts in that lettuce
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ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืžื’ื•ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ืกื”
08:45
get lost from the system,
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ืžืชื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช,
08:47
which makes it a far bigger environmental impact
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
08:50
than the loss of the energy from the fridge.
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ืžืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงืจืจ.
08:53
So we need to design things like this far better
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
08:57
if we're going to start addressing serious environmental problems.
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช.
09:00
We could start with the crisper drawer and the size.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืžื’ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืงืจืจ.
09:01
For those of you in the room who do design fridges,
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืœื ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืžืงืจืจื™ื,
09:03
that would be great.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ.
09:05
The problem is, imagine if we
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื... ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื•
09:08
actually started to reconsider how we designed things.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื.
09:10
So I look at the refrigerator as a sign of modernity,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžืงืจืจ ื›ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืงึดื“ืžื”,
09:14
but we actually haven't really changed the design
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘
09:16
of them that much since the 1950s.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจืจื™ื ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 50.
09:19
A little bit, but essentially they're still big boxes,
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ืงืจื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
09:22
cold boxes that we store stuff in.
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ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืงืจื•ืช ืฉืžืื›ืกื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ.
09:24
So imagine if we actually really started
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืช
09:26
to identify these problems and use that
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ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ื”ืœืœื• ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ืข
09:29
as the foundation for finding innovative and elegant
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ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
09:32
design solutions that will solve those problems.
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ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืคืชืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
09:36
This is design-led system change,
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘,
09:38
design dictating the way in which the system
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ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
09:42
can be far more sustainable.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื.
09:45
Forty percent food waste is a major problem.
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40 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
09:47
Imagine if we designed fridges that halved that.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžืงืจืจ ืฉื™ืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื‘ื—ืฆื™.
09:51
Another item that I find fascinating
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ืคืจื™ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžืจืชืง ืื•ืชื™
09:53
is the electric tea kettle,
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ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™,
09:54
which I found out that
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
09:56
you don't do tea kettles in this country, really, do you?
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ืฉืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžืงื•ืžื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
09:59
But that's really big in the U.K.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
10:01
Ninety-seven percent of households
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ื‘- 97% ืžื”ื‘ืชื™ื
10:03
in the United Kingdom own an electric tea kettle.
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืžืงื•ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
10:06
So they're very popular.
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ื”ื ืžืื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื.
10:08
And, I mean, if I were to work with a design firm
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘
10:11
or a designer, and they were designing one of these,
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ืื• ื›ืžืขืฆื‘ืช, ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืงื•ืžืงื•ืžื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
10:13
and they wanted to do it eco,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ืงื•ืžืงื•ืžื™ื ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
10:14
they'd usually ask me two things.
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ื”ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
10:16
They'd say, "Leyla, how do I make it technically efficient?"
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ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื•: ืœื™ื™ืœื”, ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ืขื™ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช?"
10:19
Because obviously energy's a problem with this product.
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ.
10:22
Or, "How do I make it green materials?
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ืื•, "ืื™ืš ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื?
10:25
How do I make the materials green
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ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื
10:28
in the manufacturing?"
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ?"
10:30
Would you ask me those questions?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•?
10:32
They seem logical, right? Yeah.
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ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช? ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
10:35
Well I'd say, "You're looking at the wrong problems."
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ื ื”, "ืืชื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”."
10:37
Because the problem is with use.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
10:39
It's with how people use the product.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจ.
10:42
Sixty-five percent of Brits
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65% ืžื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื
10:44
admit to over-filling their kettle
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ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžืงื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™
10:46
when they only need one cup of tea.
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ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืจืง ื›ื•ืก ืชื” ืื—ืช.
10:49
All of this extra water that's being boiled
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืžื•ืจืชื—ื™ื
10:52
requires energy, and it's been calculated
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ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื—ื™ืฉื‘
10:56
that in one day of extra energy use
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ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช
10:59
from boiling kettles
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ืžื”ืจืชื—ืช ืงื•ืžืงื•ืžื™ื,
11:00
is enough to light all of the streetlights
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ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืคื ืกื™ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘
11:03
in England for a night.
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
11:05
But this is the thing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
11:08
This is what I call a product-person failure.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืžืžืฉืง ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ.
11:09
But we've got a product-system failure going on with these little guys,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžืงื•ืžื™ื,
11:12
and they're so ubiquitous, you don't even notice they're there.
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ื•ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืฉื.
11:15
And this guy over here, though, he does. He's named Simon.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืข ืืœื™ื”ื. ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ.
11:18
Simon works for the national electricity company in the U.K.
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ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
11:22
He has a very important job of monitoring
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ื”ื•ื ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ
11:24
all of the electricity coming into the system
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ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช
11:26
to make sure there is enough
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืกืคืง ื—ืฉืžืœ
11:28
so it powers everybody's homes.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืกืคืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื.
11:30
He's also watching television.
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืคื” ื’ื ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.
11:32
The reason is because there's a unique
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช
11:34
phenomenon that happens in the U.K.
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ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
11:35
the moment that very popular TV shows end.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืชื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช,
11:39
The minute the ad break comes on,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช,
11:42
this man has to rush
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ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžื”ืจ
11:44
to buy nuclear power from France,
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ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืžืฆืจืคืช,
11:47
because everybody turns their kettles on
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ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžืงื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
11:50
at the same time.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
11:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:54
1.5 million kettles, seriously problematic.
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ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืงื•ืžืงื•ืžื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
12:00
So imagine if you designed kettles,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœื›ื ืฉืืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžืงื•ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื,
12:03
you actually found a way to solve these system failures,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
12:06
because this is a huge amount of pressure
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืœื—ืฅ ืขืฆื•ื
12:09
on the system,
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช,
12:10
just because the product hasn't thought about the problem
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ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ื”
12:14
that it's going to have when it exists in the world.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
12:15
Now, I looked at a number of kettles available on the market,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื“ืงืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžืงื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ืžื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช,
12:18
and found the minimum fill lines,
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ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืงื• ืฉืžืจืื” ืžื” ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช,
12:20
so the little piece of information that tells you
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
12:22
how much you need to put in there,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžืงื•ื,
12:23
was between two and a five-and-a-half cups of water
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ืžืจืื” ืขืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 2 ืœ- 5.5 ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืžื™ื
12:26
just to make one cup of tea.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืช ื›ื•ืก ืชื” ืื—ืช.
12:30
So this kettle here is an example of one where
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงื•ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ
12:32
it actually has two reservoirs.
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื›ืœื™ื.
12:35
One's a boiling chamber, and one's the water holder.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ื”ืจืชื—ื”, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืœ ืื›ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื.
12:37
The user actually has to push that button
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ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ
12:39
to get their hot water boiled,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื™ื ืœืจืชื•ื—,
12:41
which means, because we're all lazy,
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ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขืฆืœื ื™ื,
12:42
you only fill exactly what you need.
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ื ืžืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
12:44
And this is what I call behavior-changing products:
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ื•ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช:
12:47
products, systems or services
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ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื
12:49
that intervene and solve these problems up front.
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ืฉืžืชืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืจืืฉ.
12:53
Now, this is a technology arena,
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
12:55
so obviously these things are quite popular,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™,
12:57
but I think if we're going to keep
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš
12:59
designing, buying and using and throwing out
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ืœืขืฆื‘, ืœืงื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื•ืœื–ืจื•ืง
13:02
these kinds of products at the rate we currently do,
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ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื™,
13:04
which is astronomically high,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
13:06
there are seven billion people
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ื™ืฉื ื 7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืฉ
13:08
who live in the world right now.
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื™ื•ื.
13:09
There are six billion mobile phone subscriptions
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ื™ืฉ 6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžื ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™
13:11
as of last year.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”.
13:15
Every single year, 1.5 billion mobile phones
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, 1.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
13:19
roll off production lines,
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ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžืคืก ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ,
13:20
and some companies report their production rate
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ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืงืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ
13:22
as being greater than the human birth rate.
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ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
13:24
One hundred fifty-two million phones were thrown out in the U.S. last year;
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152 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื–ืจืงื• ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
13:27
only 11 percent were recycled.
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ืจืง 11% ืžื•ื—ื–ืจื•.
13:29
I'm from Australia. We have a population of 22 million -- don't laugh --
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ืื ื™ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”. ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื 22 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ -- ืืœ ืชืฆื—ืงื• --
13:33
and it's been reported that 22 million phones
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ื•ื“ื•ื•ื— ืฉ- 22 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื
13:36
are in people's drawers.
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ืžืื•ื—ืกื ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื.
13:38
We need to find ways of solving the problems around this,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื,
13:42
because these things are so complicated.
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ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
13:45
They have so much locked up inside them.
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ื”ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื.
13:48
Gold! Did you know that it's actually cheaper now
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ื–ื”ื‘! ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื
13:52
to get gold out of a ton of old mobile phones
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ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื
13:56
than it is out of a ton of gold ore?
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืคืจื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘?
13:59
There's a number of highly complex and valuable
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ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืงืจื™ื
14:01
materials embodied inside these things,
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื,
14:03
so we need to find ways of encouraging disassembly,
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ื›ืš ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื,
14:05
because this is otherwise what happens.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื”.
14:08
This is a community in Ghana,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ื’ืื ื”,
14:09
and e-waste is reported, or electronic waste
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ื•ืคืกื•ืœืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช (e-waste)
14:11
is reported by the U.N.
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื
14:13
as being up to 50 million tons trafficked.
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ื ืกื—ืจืช ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ 50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ.
14:16
This is how they get the gold
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ื›ืš ื”ื ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘
14:18
and the other valuable materials out.
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ื•ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื.
14:19
They burn the electronic waste
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ื”ื ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช
14:21
in open spaces.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื.
14:23
These are communities, and this is happening all over the world.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
14:26
And because we don't see the ramifications
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช
14:29
of the choices that we make as designers,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื,
14:31
as businesspeople, as consumers,
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื,
14:33
then these kinds of externalities happen,
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ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืงื•ืจื•ืช,
14:35
and these are people's lives.
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ื•ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื.
14:37
So we need to find smarter, more systems-based,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:42
innovative solutions to these problems,
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ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
14:45
if we're going to start to live sustainably within this world.
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
14:48
So imagine if, when you bought your mobile phone,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ืงื ื™ืชื ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื,
14:52
your new one because you replaced your old one --
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ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ --
14:54
after 15 to 18 months is the average time
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ืื—ืจื™ 15 ืขื“ 18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข
14:56
that people replace their phones, by the way โ€”
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘ --
14:58
so if we're going to keep this kind of expedient
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฆืจื•ืš
15:01
mobile phone replacing, then we should
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ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื
15:04
be looking at closing the loop on these systems.
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ืœื—ืคืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
15:06
The people who produce these phones,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
15:08
and some of which I'm sure are in the room right now,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉื—ืœืงื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืืชื ื• ื‘ืื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื,
15:09
could potentially look at doing what we call closed-loop systems,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืกื’ื•ืจ,
15:12
or product system services,
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ืื• ืฉืจื•ืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืฆื•ืจ,
15:14
so identifying that there is a market demand
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ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง
15:16
and that market demand's not going to go anywhere,
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ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื™ืขืœื,
15:18
so you design the product to solve the problem.
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ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
15:21
Design for disassembly, design for light-weighting.
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ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืœืžืฉืงืœ ื ืžื•ืš.
15:23
We heard some of those kinds of strategies
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
15:26
being used in the Tesla Motors car today.
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ืฉืžื™ื•ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืกืœื”.
15:28
These kinds of approaches are not hard,
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืื™ื ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื,
15:31
but understanding the system
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
15:32
and then looking for viable, market-driven
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ื•ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื, ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง
15:36
consumer demand alternatives
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ื•ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื
15:38
is how we can start radically altering
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™
15:40
the sustainability agenda,
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ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืจืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื,
15:42
because I hate to break it to you all:
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืขืฆื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืฉืจ ืœื›ื:
15:44
Consumption is the biggest problem.
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ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
15:47
But design is one of the best solutions.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:52
These kinds of products are everywhere.
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ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
15:54
By identifying alternative ways of doing things,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
15:57
we can actually start to innovate,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ืœื—ื“ืฉ,
15:59
and I say actually start to innovate.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ื“ืฉ.
16:00
I'm sure everyone in this room is very innovative.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืื“ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™.
16:03
But in the regards to using sustainability
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืื ืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื
16:05
as a parameter, as a criteria
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ื›ืžื“ื“, ื›ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”
16:08
for fueling systems-based solutions,
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ืœืฉื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื™ื,
16:12
because as I've just demonstrated with these simple products,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื“ื’ืžืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืขื ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™,
16:15
they're participating in these major problems.
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ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
16:18
So we need to look across the entire life
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
16:20
of the things that we do.
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•.
16:22
If you just had paper or plastic --
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ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง --
16:24
obviously reusable is far more beneficial --
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืฉืงื™ืช ืจื‘ ืคืขืžื™ืช ืขื“ื™ืคื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” --
16:26
then the paper is worse,
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ื›ืš ืฉืฉืงื™ืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืจืขื”,
16:30
and the paper is worse because it weighs
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืข ื›ื™ ืžืฉืงืœื•
16:32
four to 10 times more than the plastic,
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ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืคื™ 4 ืขื“ 10 ืžืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
16:34
and when we actually compare, from a life cycle perspective,
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ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ื•ืช, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
16:36
a kilo of plastic and a kilo of paper,
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ืงื™ืœื• ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื•ืงื™ืœื• ื ื™ื™ืจ,
16:39
the paper is far better,
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ืื– ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”,
16:41
but the functionality of a plastic or a paper bag
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉืงื™ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืื• ื ื™ื™ืจ
16:43
to carry your groceries home is not done with a kilo of each material.
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ืœื ืฉื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ืื™ื ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขื ืงื™ืœื• ืžื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ.
16:47
It's done with a very small amount of plastic
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืื“ ืฉืœ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง
16:49
and quite a lot more paper.
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ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื™ื™ืจ.
16:50
Because functionality defines environmental impact,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช,
16:53
and I said earlier that the designers always ask me for the eco-materials.
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ื•ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื.
16:56
I say, there's only a few materials that you should completely avoid.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื”ื ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข.
16:59
The rest of them, it's all about application,
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ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
17:01
and at the end of the day, everything we design and produce in the economy
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”
17:04
or buy as consumers is done so for function.
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ืื• ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื›ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื, ื ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
17:07
We want something, therefore we buy it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
17:09
So breaking things back down and delivering
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ื›ืš ืฉืคืจื•ืง ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื, ื•ืžืชืŸ
17:12
smartly, elegantly, sophisticated solutions
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ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื
17:16
that take into consideration the entire system
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ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
17:19
and the entire life of the thing, everything,
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ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ, ืืช ื”ื›ืœ,
17:22
all the way back to the extraction through to the end of life,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืคืงืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืคืจื•ืง ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ,
17:25
we can start to actually find really innovative solutions.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช.
17:27
And I'll just leave you with one very quick thing
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ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื“ ืงืฆืจ
17:29
that a designer said to me recently who I work with, a senior designer.
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ืฉืืžืจ ืœื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ ืขืžื• ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืžืขืฆื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ.
17:33
I said, "How come you're not doing sustainability? I know you know this."
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ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™: "ืžื“ื•ืข ืืชื” ืœื ืžืขืฆื‘ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™-ืงื™ื™ืžื? ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืืชื” ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื."
17:36
And he said, "Well, recently I pitched a sustainability project to a client,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”, "ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ืฉืชื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื ืœืœืงื•ื— ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ,
17:40
and turned and he said to me,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืคื ื” ืืœื™ ื•ืืžืจ ืœื™,
17:42
'I know it's going to cost less,
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'ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื™ืขืœื” ืœื™ ืคื—ื•ืช,
17:44
I know it's going to sell more,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืžื›ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
17:46
but we're not pioneers, because pioneers have arrows in their backs.'"
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื, ื›ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘.'"
17:50
I think we've got a roomful of pioneers,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื—ื“ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืžืœื ื‘ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื,
17:52
and I hope there are far more pioneers out there, because we need to solve these problems.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื•ืœื, ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
17:56
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
17:57
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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