Esther Duflo: Social experiments to fight poverty

471,413 views ใƒป 2010-05-04

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Eyal Peer ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:18
So here it is. You can check: I am short, I'm French,
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ื”ื ื”, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช: ืื ื™ ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ืื ื™ ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื”,
00:20
I have a pretty strong French accent,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื“.
00:22
so that's going to be clear in a moment.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข.
00:26
Maybe a sobering thought
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ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืขื’ื•ืžื”,
00:28
and something you all know about.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื.
00:30
And I suspect many of you gave
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฉืขืจืช ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืชืจืžื•
00:32
something to the people of Haiti this year.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
00:35
And there is something else
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช
00:37
I believe in the back of your mind
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ืฉืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื”,
00:39
you also know.
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ืฉื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
00:41
That is, every day,
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ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
00:43
25,000 children die
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25,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื™ื
00:45
of entirely preventable causes.
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ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขื”.
00:48
That's a Haiti earthquake every eight days.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ื›ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื™ืžื™ื.
00:51
And I suspect many of you probably gave something
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฉืขืจืช ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืชืจืžื• ืžืฉื”ื•
00:53
towards that problem as well,
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ื’ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
00:55
but somehow it doesn't happen
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื”ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช
00:57
with the same intensity.
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ืœื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื”.
00:59
So why is that?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš?
01:02
Well, here is a thought experiment for you.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื” ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
01:05
Imagine you have a few million dollars that you've raised --
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉืืกืคืชื.
01:07
maybe you're a politician in a developing country
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช,
01:10
and you have a budget to spend. You want to spend it on the poor:
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื.
01:13
How do you go about it?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชืขืฉื• ื–ืืช?
01:16
Do you believe the people who tell you
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื›ื
01:18
that all we need to do is to spend money?
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ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืกืฃ,
01:20
That we know how to eradicate poverty,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืžื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™,
01:23
we just need to do more?
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ืื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ?
01:25
Or do you believe the people who tell you that
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ืื• ืฉืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื›ื
01:27
aid is not going to help, on the contrary it might hurt,
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ืฉื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ, ืœื”ืคืš, ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ื™ืง,
01:30
it might exacerbate corruption, dependence, etc.?
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ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช, ืชืœื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'?
01:34
Or maybe you turn to the past.
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ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืชืคื ื• ืœืขื‘ืจ,
01:36
After all, we have spent billions of dollars on aid.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ื•ืข.
01:39
Maybe you look at the past and see.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืชืจืื•
01:41
Has it done any good?
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ืื ื–ื” ืขื–ืจ.
01:43
And, sadly, we don't know.
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ื•ืœืฆืขืจื ื•, ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
01:45
And worst of all, we will never know.
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ื•ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืš, ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื“ืข.
01:49
And the reason is that -- take Africa for example.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš - ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” --
01:51
Africans have already got a lot of aid.
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ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืกื™ื•ืข ืจื‘,
01:53
These are the blue bars.
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช,
01:55
And the GDP in Africa is not making much progress.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื ืžืจืื” ืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
01:58
Okay, fine. How do you know what
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื“ืขื• ืžื”
02:00
would have happened without the aid?
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ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืกื™ื•ืข?
02:02
Maybe it would have been much worse,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข.
02:05
or maybe it would have been better.
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ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
02:07
We have no idea. We don't know what the counterfactual is.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’. ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ืช.
02:10
There's only one Africa.
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืื—ืช.
02:12
So what do you do?
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ืื– ืžื” ืชืขืฉื•?
02:14
To give the aid, and hope and pray that something comes out of it?
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ืชืชื ื• ืกื™ื•ืข ื•ืชืงื•ื• ื•ืชืชืคืœืœื• ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืฆื ืžื–ื”?
02:18
Or do you focus on your everyday life
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ืื• ืฉืชืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื
02:21
and let the earthquake every eight days
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ื•ืชืชื ื• ืœืจืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ืช
02:23
continue to happen?
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ื›ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื™ืžื™ื?
02:25
The thing is, if we don't know
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืื ืื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
02:27
whether we are doing any good,
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ืื ืื ื• ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ
02:29
we are not any better
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ืื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
02:31
than the Medieval doctors and their leeches.
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ืžื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืœื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:34
Sometimes the patient gets better, sometimes the patient dies.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืช.
02:37
Is it the leeches? Is it something else?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขืœื•ืงื•ืช? ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ?
02:40
We don't know.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
02:42
So here are some other questions.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
02:44
They're smaller questions,
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ืืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:46
but they are not that small.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
02:48
Immunization, that's the cheapest way
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ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื, ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:51
to save a child's life.
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ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“.
02:53
And the world has spent a lot of money on it:
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ืจื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš
02:55
The GAVI and the Gates Foundations
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืœื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื•ืงืจื ื•ืช "ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก"
02:57
are each pledging a lot of money towards it,
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ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืจื‘ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•
02:59
and developing countries themselves have been doing a lot of effort.
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ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืขืฉื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžืŸ
03:02
And yet, every year
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
03:04
at least 25 million children
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช 25 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
03:06
do not get the immunization they should get.
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ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
03:09
So this is what you call a "last mile problem."
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ."
03:12
The technology is there,
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช,
03:14
the infrastructure is there,
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ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช,
03:16
and yet it doesn't happen.
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ืœื ืงื•ืจื”.
03:18
So you have your million.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ
03:20
How do you use your million
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื
03:22
to solve this last mile problem?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ?
03:24
And here's another question:
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช:
03:26
Malaria. Malaria kills almost
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ืžืœืจื™ื”. ืžืœืจื™ื” ื”ื•ืจื’ืช ื›ืžืขื˜
03:29
900,000 people every year,
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900,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
03:32
most of them in Sub-Saharan Africa,
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ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืกื”ืจื”,
03:34
most of them under five.
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ืจื•ื‘ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 5.
03:36
In fact, that is the leading cause of under-five mortality.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 5.
03:39
We already know how to kill malaria,
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ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ืกืœ ืžืœืจื™ื”
03:42
but some people come to you and say,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื
03:44
"You have your millions. How about bed nets?"
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื. ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื™ืœื•ืช?
03:47
Bed nets are very cheap.
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ื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื–ื•ืœื•ืช.
03:49
For 10 dollars, you can manufacture and ship
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ืชืžื•ืจืช 10 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื—
03:52
an insecticide treated bed net
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ื›ื™ืœื” ื ื’ื“ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื
03:54
and you can teach someone to use them.
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ
03:56
And, not only do they protect the people who sleep under them,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื ื™ื ืื™ืชืŸ
03:59
but they have these great contagion benefits.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื’ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช.
04:01
If half of a community sleeps under a net,
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ืื ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืชื—ืช ื›ื™ืœื”
04:04
the other half also benefits
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ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื’ื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—
04:06
because the contagion of the disease spread.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื ืขืฆืจืช.
04:09
And yet, only a quarter of kids at risk sleep under a net.
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืจืง ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื›ื™ืœื”.
04:12
Societies should be willing to go out
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช
04:14
and subsidize the net, give them for free,
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ืœืกื‘ืกื“ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืœื•ืช, ืœืชืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื
04:16
or, for that matter, pay people to use them
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ืื•, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืฉืœื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ
04:18
because of those contagion benefits.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื•ืชื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”.
04:20
"Not so fast," say other people.
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"ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ" ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
04:22
"If you give the nets for free,
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"ืื ืชืชื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื,
04:24
people are not going to value them.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชืŸ.
04:26
They're not going to use them,
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ืŸ.
04:28
or at least they're not going to use them as bed nets,
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื›ื™ืœื•ืช,
04:30
maybe as fishing nets."
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื“ื™ื™ื’."
04:32
So, what do you do?
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ืื– ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
04:34
Do you give the nets for free to maximize coverage,
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ืœื—ืœืง ื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™?
04:36
or do you make people pay
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ืื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ
04:38
in order to make sure that they really value them?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชืŸ?
04:40
How do you know?
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช?
04:42
And a third question: Education.
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ื•ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช: ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
04:44
Maybe that's the solution, maybe we should send kids to school.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ. ืื•ืœื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ.
04:46
But how do you do that?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
04:48
Do you hire teachers? Do you build more schools?
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ื”ืื ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื™ื? ื”ืื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ?
04:50
Do you provide school lunch?
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ื”ืื ืœืกืคืง ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื?
04:52
How do you know?
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช?
04:54
So here is the thing.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
04:56
I cannot answer the big question,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
04:58
whether aid did any good or not.
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ื”ืื ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืขื–ืจ ืื• ืœื,
05:00
But these three questions, I can answer them.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
05:04
It's not the Middle Ages anymore,
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ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ
05:06
it's the 21st century.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21.
05:08
And in the 20th century,
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ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20
05:10
randomized, controlled trials
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžืงืจื™ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ืงืจื™ื
05:12
have revolutionized medicine
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ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”
05:14
by allowing us to distinguish
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ
05:16
between drugs that work
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช
05:18
and drugs that don't work.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
05:20
And you can do the same
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ -
05:22
randomized, controlled trial for social policy.
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืงืจื™ ื•ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
05:25
You can put social innovation to the same
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืชื—ืช ืื•ืชื
05:27
rigorous, scientific tests
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ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื
05:29
that we use for drugs.
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ื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
05:31
And in this way, you can take the guesswork
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ื•ื›ืš ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื
05:34
out of policy-making
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช
05:36
by knowing what works,
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื“ืข ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ื“,
05:38
what doesn't work and why.
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ืžื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื•ืœืžื”.
05:40
And I'll give you some examples with those three questions.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
05:44
So I start with immunization.
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ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
05:46
Here's Udaipur District, Rajasthan. Beautiful.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื– ืื•ื“ื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืจื’'ืืกื˜ืŸ. ื™ืคื”ืคื”.
05:49
Well, when I started working there,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื
05:51
about one percent of children
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
05:53
were fully immunized.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื•ืื.
05:55
That's bad, but there are places like that.
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ื–ื” ื’ืจื•ืข, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
05:58
Now, it's not because the vaccines are not there --
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ื›ืขืช, ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื,
06:00
they are there and they are free --
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
06:02
and it's not because parents do not care about their kids.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื,
06:05
The same child that is not immunized against measles,
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื ืžื—ื•ืกืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื—ืฆื‘ืช,
06:08
if they do get measles, parents will spend
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ืื ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ื™ื—ืœื” ื‘ื—ืฆื‘ืช, ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆื™ืื•
06:10
thousands of rupees to help them.
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ืืœืคื™ ืจื•ืคื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื•.
06:12
So you get these empty village subcenters
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ืื– ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืจื™ืงื™ื
06:14
and crowded hospitals.
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ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืœืื™ื.
06:16
So what is the problem?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”?
06:18
Well, part of the problem, surely, is people do not fully understand.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™,
06:21
After all, in this country as well,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
06:23
all sorts of myths and misconceptions
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืขื•ืช
06:25
go around immunization.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
06:28
So if that's the case, that's difficult,
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ืื– ืื ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืงืจื”, ื–ื” ืงืฉื”
06:30
because persuasion is really difficult.
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ื›ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”.
06:33
But maybe there is another problem as well.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช
06:35
It's going from intention to action.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.
06:38
Imagine you are a mother
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืืชื ืืžื
06:40
in Udaipur District, Rajasthan.
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ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืื•ื“ื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืจื’'ืกื˜ืืŸ,
06:42
You have to walk a few kilometers to get your kids immunized.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื›ืžื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกืŸ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื›ื.
06:45
And maybe when you get there, what you find is this:
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื•, ืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื.
06:47
The subcenter is closed. Ao you have to come back,
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ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืกื’ื•ืจ, ืื– ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื‘ื•ื ืฉื•ื‘.
06:49
and you are so busy and you have so many other things to do,
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ื•ืืชื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
06:52
you will always tend to postpone and postpone,
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื“ื—ื• ื•ืชื“ื—ื•
06:54
and eventually it gets too late.
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™.
06:56
Well, if that's the problem, then that's much easier.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ
06:59
Because A, we can make it easy,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉ-ื', ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
07:02
and B, we can maybe
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ื•-ื‘', ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ืื•ืœื™
07:04
give people a reason to act today,
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ืœืชืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
07:06
rather than wait till tomorrow.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืจ.
07:08
So these are simple ideas, but we didn't know.
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ืื– ืืœื• ื”ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื•.
07:10
So let's try them.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ืื•ืชื.
07:12
So what we did is we did a randomized, controlled trial
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ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืงืจื™ ื•ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ
07:15
in 134 villages in Udaipur Districts.
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ื‘-134 ื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืื•ื“ื™ืคื•ืจ.
07:17
So the blue dots
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ืื– ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช
07:19
are selected randomly.
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ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืจื™,
07:21
We made it easy -- I'll tell you how in a moment.
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ื”ืงืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื. ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข.
07:24
In the red dots, we made it easy
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ื”ืงืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
07:26
and gave people a reason to act now.
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ื•ื’ื ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืขืช.
07:28
The white dots are comparisons, nothing changed.
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื”.
07:31
So we make it easy by organizing
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ื”ืงืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืจื’ื ื•
07:33
this monthly camp where people can
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ืืช ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
07:35
get their kids immunized.
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ืœื—ืกืŸ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื.
07:37
And then you make it easy
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืงืœื ื• ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
07:39
and give a reason to act now
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ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืขืช
07:41
by adding a kilo of lentils for each immunization.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื—ื™ืœืงื ื• ืงื™ืœื• ืขื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
07:44
Now, a kilo of lentils is tiny.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืงื™ืœื• ืขื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ.
07:47
It's never going to convince anybody
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืฉื›ื ืข ืืฃ ืื—ื“
07:49
to do something that they don't want to do.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
07:51
On the other hand, if your problem is you tend to postpone,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืช,
07:54
then it might give you a reason to act today
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
07:56
rather than later.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:58
So what do we find?
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ืื– ืžื” ืžืฆืื ื•?
08:00
Well, beforehand, everything is the same.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ,
08:02
That's the beauty of randomization.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆืื” ืžืงืจื™ืช.
08:04
Afterwards,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
08:06
the camp -- just having the camp --
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ื”ืžื—ื ื”, ื”ืžื—ื ื” ืœื‘ื“,
08:08
increases immunization from six percent to 17 percent.
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ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืž-6 ืœ-17 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
08:10
That's full immunization.
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ื–ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืœื.
08:12
That's not bad, that's a good improvement.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืข. ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืจืš.
08:14
Add the lentils and you reach to 38 percent.
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ืชื•ืกื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ืขื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœ-38 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
08:17
So here you've got your answer.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
08:19
Make it easy and give a kilo of lentils,
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ืื ืžืงืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืขื“ืฉื™ื
08:21
you multiply immunization rate by six.
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ืžื›ืคื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืคื™ ืฉืฉื”.
08:24
Now, you might say, "Well, but it's not sustainable.
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ื›ืขืช, ืืชื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ, "ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื,
08:26
We cannot keep giving lentils to people."
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืช ืขื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื."
08:28
Well, it turns out it's wrong economics,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื’ืจื•ืขื”
08:30
because it is cheaper
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:32
to give lentils than not to give them.
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ืœืชืช ืขื“ืฉื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ืœื ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื.
08:34
Since you have to pay for the nurse anyway,
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ื›ื™ ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”,
08:36
the cost per immunization
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ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
08:38
ends up being cheaper if you give incentives than if you don't.
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ื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื–ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืœื.
08:42
How about bed nets?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืœื•ืช?
08:44
Should you give them for free, or should you ask people to pay for them?
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ื”ืื ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื, ืื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ?
08:47
So the answer hinges
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื”
08:49
on the answer to three simple questions.
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ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช.
08:51
One is: If people must pay for a bed net,
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ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื: ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื›ื™ืœื•ืช,
08:54
are they going to purchase them?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื?
08:56
The second one is:
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื:
08:58
If I give bed nets for free,
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ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื,
09:00
are people going to use them?
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ื”ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื?
09:02
And the third one is:
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื:
09:04
Do free bed nets discourage future purchase?
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ื”ืื ื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื™ืคื—ื™ืชื• ืงื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“?
09:06
The third one is important
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ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
09:08
because if we think people get used to handouts,
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ื›ื™ ืื ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ืœื ื“ื‘ื•ืช,
09:11
it might destroy markets to distribute free bed nets.
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ื”ืคืฆืช ื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืง.
09:14
Now this is a debate that has generated
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ื–ื”ื• ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืฉืขื•ืจืจ
09:16
a lot of emotion and angry rhetoric.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื•ืขืกื™ื.
09:19
It's more ideological than practical,
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืืฉืจ ืžืขืฉื™,
09:21
but it turns out it's an easy question.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ืงืœื”.
09:23
We can know the answer to this question.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื•.
09:25
We can just run an experiment.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ื ื™ืกื•ื™,
09:27
And many experiments have been run, and they all have the same results,
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ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืขื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช,
09:29
so I'm just going to talk to you about one.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืจืง ืขืœ ืื—ื“.
09:32
And this one that was in Kenya,
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงื ื™ื”.
09:34
they went around and distributed to people
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ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื—ื™ืœืงื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื
09:36
vouchers, discount vouchers.
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ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื—ื”,
09:38
So people with their voucher
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื, ืขื ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
09:40
could get the bed net in the local pharmacy.
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ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืจืงื—ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™.
09:42
And some people get 100 percent discount,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœ 100%,
09:45
and some people get 20 percent discounts,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœ 20%,
09:47
and some people get 50 percent discount, etc.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœ 50%, ื•ื›ื•ืœื™.
09:50
And now we can see what happens.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
09:52
So, how about the purchasing?
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ืื– ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื”?
09:54
Well, what you can see is that
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื•ื
09:56
when people have to pay for their bed nets,
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ืฉื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืœื•ืช
09:58
the coverage rate really falls down a lot.
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ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
10:01
So even with partial subsidy,
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ืกื‘ืกื•ื“ ื—ืœืงื™ -
10:03
three dollars is still not the full cost of a bed net,
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3 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ืœื”.
10:06
and now you only have 20 percent of the people with the bed nets,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืจืง ืœ-20% ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
10:08
you lose the health immunity, that's not great.
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ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™, ื–ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘.
10:11
Second thing is, how about the use?
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™, ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ?
10:13
Well, the good news is, people, if they have the bed nets,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ืœื•ืช
10:15
will use the bed nets regardless of how they got it.
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ื”ื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชืŸ.
10:18
If they get it for free, they use it.
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ืื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื, ื”ื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ืŸ.
10:20
If they have to pay for it, they use it.
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ืื ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ, ื”ื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ืŸ.
10:22
How about the long term?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš?
10:24
In the long term,
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš,
10:26
people who got the free bed nets,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื,
10:28
one year later, were offered the option
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ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™, ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืื•ืคืฆื™ื”
10:30
to purchase a bed net at two dollars.
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ืœืงื ื•ืช ื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
10:33
And people who got the free one
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื
10:35
were actually more likely to purchase the second one
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ื ื˜ื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ื›ื™ืœื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:38
than people who didn't get a free one.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
10:40
So people do not get used to handouts; they get used to nets.
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ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ืœื ื“ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ืœื›ื™ืœื•ืช.
10:43
Maybe we need to give them a little bit more credit.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื“ื™ื˜.
10:48
So, that's for bed nets. So you will think, "That's great.
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ื–ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื™ืœื•ืช. ืื– ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, "ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ,
10:50
You know how to immunize kids, you know how to give bed nets."
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ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื—ืกืŸ, ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืชืช ื›ื™ืœื•ืช."
10:53
But what politicians need is a range of options.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
10:56
They need to know: Out of all the things I could do,
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช: ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
10:59
what is the best way to achieve my goals?
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ืžื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™?
11:02
So suppose your goal is to get kids into school.
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ืื– ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
11:05
There are so many things you could do. You could pay for uniforms,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื,
11:08
you could eliminate fees, you could build latrines,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
11:10
you could give girls sanitary pads, etc., etc.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“.
11:13
So what's the best?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘?
11:15
Well, at some level, we think
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
11:17
all of these things should work.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
11:19
So, is that sufficient? If we think they should work intuitively,
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ืื– ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื•
11:21
should we go for them?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ืœืš ืขืœ ื–ื”?
11:23
Well, in business, that's certainly not the way we would go about it.
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ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื, ื–ื• ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืื™ื ื” ื”ื“ืจืš.
11:27
Consider for example
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืœืžืฉืœ
11:29
transporting goods.
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ืขืœ ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื.
11:31
Before the canals were invented
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ื•ืžืฆืื•
11:33
in Britain before the Industrial Revolution,
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
11:36
goods used to go on horse carts.
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ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ืœื• ื‘ืขื’ืœื•ืช ืกื•ืกื™ื.
11:38
And then canals were built,
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื ื• ืชืขืœื•ืช,
11:40
and with the same horseman and the same horse,
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ื•ืขื ืื•ืชื ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืกื•ืกื™ื
11:43
you could carry ten times as much cargo.
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ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืกื—ื•ื‘ ืคื™ ืขืฉืจื” ืžื˜ืขืŸ.
11:46
So should they have continued
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ืื– ื”ืื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš
11:48
to carry the goods on the horse carts, on the ground,
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ืœืกื—ื•ื‘ ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืขื’ืœื•ืช ืกื•ืกื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”,
11:51
that they would eventually get there?
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื’ื™ืขื•?
11:53
Well, if that had been the case,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘,
11:55
there would have been no Industrial Revolution.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื”ืžื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
11:57
So why shouldn't we do the same with social policy?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช?
12:00
In technology, we spend so much time
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ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื ื• ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื” ืจื‘
12:02
experimenting, fine-tuning,
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื,
12:04
getting the absolute cheapest way to do something,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•.
12:06
so why aren't we doing that with social policy?
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืš ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช?
12:09
Well, with experiments, what you can do
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
12:11
is answer a simple question.
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ื–ื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
12:13
Suppose you have 100 dollars to spend
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš 100 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื
12:15
on various interventions.
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ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
12:17
How many extra years of education
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
12:19
do you get for your hundred dollars?
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ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ 100 ื”ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื?
12:21
Now I'm going to show you
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ื›ืขืช ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื
12:23
what we get with various education interventions.
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ืžื” ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
12:27
So the first ones are if you want the usual suspects,
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ืื– ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช:
12:29
hire teachers, school meals,
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ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ,
12:31
school uniforms, scholarships.
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ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉืช ืื—ื™ื“ื”, ืžืœื’ื•ืช.
12:33
And that's not bad. For your hundred dollars,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืข. ืขื‘ื•ืจ 100 ื”ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
12:35
you get between one and three extra years of education.
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ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
12:39
Things that don't work so well is bribing parents,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื ืœืฉื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื,
12:41
just because so many kids are already going to school
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”
12:44
that you end up spending a lot of money.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืชื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื›ืกืฃ ืจื‘.
12:46
And here are the most surprising results.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:49
Tell people the benefits of education,
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ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
12:52
that's very cheap to do.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื–ื•ืœ.
12:54
So for every hundred dollars you spend doing that,
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ืื– ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ 100 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉืชื•ืฆื™ืื• ืขืœ ื›ืš,
12:57
you get 40 extra years of education.
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ืชืงื‘ืœื• 40 ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
13:00
And, in places where there are worms,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืœืขื™ื,
13:02
intestinal worms,
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ืชื•ืœืขื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื,
13:04
cure the kids of their worms.
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ืชืจืคืื• ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
13:06
And for every hundred dollars,
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ 100 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื,
13:08
you get almost 30 extra years of education.
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ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื›ืžืขื˜ 30 ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
13:11
So this is not your intuition,
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ืื– ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื™ื ื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
13:13
this is not what people would have gone for,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื,
13:15
and yet, these are the programs that work.
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ืื•ืœื, ืืœื• ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
13:18
We need that kind of information, we need more of it,
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื–ื”. ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื•.
13:20
and then we need to guide policy.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
13:24
So now, I started from the big problem, and I couldn't answer it.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”.
13:27
And I cut it into smaller questions,
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ื•ื—ืชื›ืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
13:30
and I have the answer to these smaller questions.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
13:32
And they are good, scientific, robust answers.
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ื•ืืœื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกื•ื ื•ืช.
13:36
So let's go back to Haiti for a moment.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืœืจื’ืข.
13:39
In Haiti, about 200,000 people died --
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ื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™, ื›-200,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื•.
13:43
actually, a bit more by the latest estimate.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
13:45
And the response of the world was great:
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ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
13:47
Two billion dollars got pledged just last month,
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2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื ืืกืคื• ืจืง ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
13:51
so that's about 10,000 dollars per death.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 10,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื›ืœ ืžื•ื•ืช.
13:53
That doesn't sound like that much when you think about it.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
13:56
But if we were willing to spend 10,000 dollars
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื 10,000 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
13:59
for every child under five who dies,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ืฉืžืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 5,
14:02
that would be 90 billion per year
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœ-90 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
14:05
just for that problem.
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ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
14:07
And yet it doesn't happen.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ืงื•ืจื”.
14:09
So, why is that?
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ืื–, ืœืžื”?
14:11
Well, I think what part of the problem is that,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื•ื
14:13
in Haiti, although the problem is huge,
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ืฉื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื”,
14:15
somehow we understand it, it's localized.
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ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ื”ื™ื ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช.
14:17
You give your money to Doctors Without Borders,
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ืืชื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœ"ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช"
14:19
you give your money to Partners In Health,
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ืืชื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœ"ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช"
14:21
and they'll send in the doctors, and they'll send in the lumber,
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ืืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื,
14:24
and they'll helicopter things out and in.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื˜ื™ืกื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ืคื ื™ืžื”.
14:27
And the problem of poverty is not like that.
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื›ื–ื•.
14:29
So, first, it's mostly invisible;
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืจืื™ืช.
14:31
second, it's huge;
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
14:33
and third, we don't know whether we are doing the right thing.
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ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
14:36
There's no silver bullet.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงืœื™ืข ื›ืกืฃ.
14:38
You cannot helicopter people out of poverty.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœืฅ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืกื•ืง.
14:40
And that's very frustrating.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืกื›ืœ.
14:42
But look what we just did today.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืจืื• ืžื” ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
14:45
I gave you three simple answers to three questions:
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ื ืชืชื™ ืœื›ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช
14:48
Give lentils to immunize people,
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ืชื ื• ืขื“ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื,
14:50
provide free bed nets, deworm children.
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ืกืคืงื• ื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื, ืจืคืื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื•ืœืขื™ื.
14:52
With immunization or bed nets,
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ืขื ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืื• ื›ื™ืœื•ืช,
14:54
you can save a life for 300 dollars per life saved.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ 300 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
14:57
With deworming, you can get
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ืขื ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืžืชื•ืœืขื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ
14:59
an extra year of education for three dollars.
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ืฉื ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
15:02
So we cannot eradicate poverty just yet,
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ืื– ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
15:05
but we can get started.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.
15:07
And maybe we can get started small
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ,
15:09
with things that we know are effective.
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ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื.
15:12
Here's an example of how this can be powerful.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™.
15:14
Deworming.
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ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืžืชื•ืœืขื™ื.
15:16
Worms have a little bit of a problem grabbing the headlines.
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ืœืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช.
15:18
They are not beautiful and don't kill anybody.
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ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืจื’ื•ืช ืืฃ ืื—ื“.
15:21
And yet, when the young global leader in Davos
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ืื•ืœื, ื›ืฉื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื“ืื‘ื•ืก
15:23
showed the numbers I gave you,
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ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื,
15:25
they started Deworm the World.
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืจืคื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืœืขื™ื.
15:27
And thanks to Deworm the World,
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ื•ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ "ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืœืขื™ื",
15:29
and the effort of many country governments and foundations,
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ื•ื”ืžืืžืฅ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื•ืงืจื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
15:31
20 million school-aged children got dewormed in 2009.
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20 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืจื•ืคืื• ืžืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื‘-2009.
15:34
So this evidence is powerful.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืขื•ืฆืžื”.
15:36
It can prompt action.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.
15:38
So we should get started now.
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ืื– ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
15:40
It's not going to be easy.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ.
15:42
It's a very slow process.
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ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื™ื˜ื™.
15:44
You have to keep experimenting, and sometimes ideology
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
15:46
has to be trumped by practicality.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช.
15:48
And sometimes what works somewhere doesn't work elsewhere.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
15:51
So it's a slow process,
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ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื™ื˜ื™.
15:53
but there is no other way.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช.
15:55
These economics I'm proposing,
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื”,
15:57
it's like 20th century medicine.
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ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20.
15:59
It's a slow, deliberative process
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ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ
16:01
of discovery.
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ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™.
16:03
There is no miracle cure,
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ืื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคืช ืคืœื,
16:05
but modern medicine is saving
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืžืฆื™ืœื”
16:07
millions of lives every year,
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
16:09
and we can do the same thing.
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
16:13
And now, maybe, we can go back to the bigger question
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ื•ื›ืขืช, ืื•ืœื™, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
16:16
that I started with at the beginning.
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ื‘ื” ืคืชื—ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
16:19
I cannot tell you
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื
16:21
whether the aid we have spent in the past has made a difference,
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ืื ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉื ืชื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื ื” ืžืฉื”ื•,
16:24
but can we come back here in 30 years
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื“ 30 ืฉื ื”
16:27
and say, "What we have done,
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ื•ืœื•ืžืจ, "ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•,
16:30
it really prompted a change for the better."
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ื‘ืืžืช ื’ืจื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”."
16:33
I believe we can and I hope we will.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช.
16:35
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
16:37
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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