Esther Duflo: Social experiments to fight poverty

471,413 views ใƒป 2010-05-04

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Seol-ah Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Peter Pyungchul Kim
00:18
So here it is. You can check: I am short, I'm French,
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๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์ธ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
I have a pretty strong French accent,
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์˜์–ดํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ถˆ์–ด์–ต์–‘์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
00:22
so that's going to be clear in a moment.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ๊ธˆ๋ฐฉ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
Maybe a sobering thought
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ ,
00:28
and something you all know about.
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์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋งŒํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
And I suspect many of you gave
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด
00:32
something to the people of Haiti this year.
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์˜ฌํ•ด ์•„์ดํ‹ฐ์— ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
And there is something else
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š”
00:37
I believe in the back of your mind
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
you also know.
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์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
00:41
That is, every day,
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๋งค์ผ
00:43
25,000 children die
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25,000๋ช…์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด
00:45
of entirely preventable causes.
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์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
That's a Haiti earthquake every eight days.
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์ด๊ฑด ์•„์ดํ‹ฐ ์ง€์ง„์ด 8์ผ์— ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๊ผด๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
And I suspect many of you probably gave something
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹  ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด
00:53
towards that problem as well,
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ ํ•˜์…จ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
00:55
but somehow it doesn't happen
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์™œ์ธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋„, ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒํผ
00:57
with the same intensity.
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ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์ง€์š”.
00:59
So why is that?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
01:02
Well, here is a thought experiment for you.
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์ž ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
01:05
Imagine you have a few million dollars that you've raised --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ์œผ๋กœ
01:07
maybe you're a politician in a developing country
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๋ช‡๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๊ธˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
and you have a budget to spend. You want to spend it on the poor:
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์ถœ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ ๋ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
How do you go about it?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:16
Do you believe the people who tell you
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ผ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
01:18
that all we need to do is to spend money?
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋นˆ๊ณค์„ ํ‡ด์น˜ํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ์—
01:20
That we know how to eradicate poverty,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋Œ€๋กœ ๋” ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ง์„
01:23
we just need to do more?
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๋“ค์œผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:25
Or do you believe the people who tell you that
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด, ์›์กฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉฐ
01:27
aid is not going to help, on the contrary it might hurt,
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๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ์™€ ์˜์กด๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’ํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š”
01:30
it might exacerbate corruption, dependence, etc.?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์œผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:34
Or maybe you turn to the past.
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ํ˜น์€ ๋‘˜๋‹ค ์•„๋‹Œ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ์˜ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ฅผ ํƒํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:36
After all, we have spent billions of dollars on aid.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์›์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
Maybe you look at the past and see.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋‚ ์„ ๋Œ์•„๋ณผ ๋•Œ
01:41
Has it done any good?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์›์กฐ๋Š” ์†Œ์šฉ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
And, sadly, we don't know.
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์œ ๊ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
And worst of all, we will never know.
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์ •๋ง ์ตœ์•…์€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
And the reason is that -- take Africa for example.
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
Africans have already got a lot of aid.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์›์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
These are the blue bars.
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ํŒŒ๋ž€ ๋ง‰๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
01:55
And the GDP in Africa is not making much progress.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ GDP๋Š” ๋งŽ์ด ์˜ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
Okay, fine. How do you know what
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์›์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:00
would have happened without the aid?
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:02
Maybe it would have been much worse,
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์•„๋งˆ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋” ์•…ํ™”๋์„ ์ˆ˜๋„
02:05
or maybe it would have been better.
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋” ์ข‹์•„์กŒ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
We have no idea. We don't know what the counterfactual is.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ ํ•ด๋ณธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
There's only one Africa.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฟ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
02:12
So what do you do?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:14
To give the aid, and hope and pray that something comes out of it?
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์›์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธธ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๋„ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:18
Or do you focus on your everyday life
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด 8์ผ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ณ„์† ์ง€์ง„์ด ๋‚˜๋„๋ก
02:21
and let the earthquake every eight days
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค๋‘” ์ฑ„
02:23
continue to happen?
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์ผ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ??
02:25
The thing is, if we don't know
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
02:27
whether we are doing any good,
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์•„๋‹Œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
02:29
we are not any better
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ์šฉ ๊ฑฐ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”
02:31
than the Medieval doctors and their leeches.
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์ค‘์„ธ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ณ„๋ฐ˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
Sometimes the patient gets better, sometimes the patient dies.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜๋ฃŒ์šฉ ๊ฑฐ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํ™˜์ž์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
02:37
Is it the leeches? Is it something else?
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌด์—‡ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ์ง€
02:40
We don't know.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•Œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
So here are some other questions.
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์ž, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:44
They're smaller questions,
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์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
02:46
but they are not that small.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์†Œํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
Immunization, that's the cheapest way
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๋ฉด์—ญ์ ‘์ข…, ์ด๊ฑด ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด
02:51
to save a child's life.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ˆ์ด ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
And the world has spent a lot of money on it:
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
The GAVI and the Gates Foundations
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์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋ฉด์—ญ์—ฐํ•ฉ(GAVI)๊ณผ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ  ์žฌ๋‹จ์—์„œ๋Š”
02:57
are each pledging a lot of money towards it,
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธˆ์•ก์„ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์•ฝ์†ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
and developing countries themselves have been doing a lot of effort.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ๋„ ์ž์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
And yet, every year
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งค๋…„
03:04
at least 25 million children
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2500๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด ์‘๋‹น ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ• 
03:06
do not get the immunization they should get.
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
So this is what you call a "last mile problem."
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ "๋ผ์ŠคํŠธ ๋งˆ์ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ(last mile problem)"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
The technology is there,
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ–ˆ๊ณ 
03:14
the infrastructure is there,
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์ธํ”„๋ผ๋„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
and yet it doesn't happen.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
So you have your million.
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์ž ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
How do you use your million
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์ด ๋ผ์ŠคํŠธ๋งˆ์ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
03:22
to solve this last mile problem?
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๊ทธ ๋ˆ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:24
And here's another question:
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
Malaria. Malaria kills almost
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
900,000 people every year,
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ๋งค๋…„ 900,000๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
most of them in Sub-Saharan Africa,
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ ์ด๋‚จ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋ฉฐ
03:34
most of them under five.
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5์„ธ ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
In fact, that is the leading cause of under-five mortality.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 5์„ธ์ดํ•˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ์ฃผ๋œ ์›์ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
We already know how to kill malaria,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ‡ด์น˜๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
but some people come to you and say,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์™€์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
"You have your millions. How about bed nets?"
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"ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹  ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์–ด๋•Œ์š”?"
03:47
Bed nets are very cheap.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์Œ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
For 10 dollars, you can manufacture and ship
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10๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„
03:52
an insecticide treated bed net
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๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
03:54
and you can teach someone to use them.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
And, not only do they protect the people who sleep under them,
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:59
but they have these great contagion benefits.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ „์—ผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
If half of a community sleeps under a net,
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ํ•œ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:04
the other half also benefits
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:06
because the contagion of the disease spread.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์ „์—ผ๊ท ์ด ํผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
And yet, only a quarter of kids at risk sleep under a net.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ๋„, ์œ„ํ—˜๊ตฐ์•„์ด๋“ค์ค‘ 1/4์ •๋„๋งŒ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
Societies should be willing to go out
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์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•ด์„œ
04:14
and subsidize the net, give them for free,
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๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
or, for that matter, pay people to use them
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
because of those contagion benefits.
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์ „์—ผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ . .
04:20
"Not so fast," say other people.
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์–ด๋–ค์ด๋“ค์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์„œ๋‘๋ฅด์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
"If you give the nets for free,
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"๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ฃผ๋ฉด
04:24
people are not going to value them.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
04:26
They're not going to use them,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
or at least they're not going to use them as bed nets,
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์ ์–ด๋„ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ ์šฉ๋„๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
maybe as fishing nets."
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์•„๋งˆ ์–ด๋ง์ •๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ " ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
So, what do you do?
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์ž, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
04:34
Do you give the nets for free to maximize coverage,
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™” ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
04:36
or do you make people pay
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋„๋กํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด
04:38
in order to make sure that they really value them?
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์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
04:40
How do you know?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
04:42
And a third question: Education.
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ต์œก์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
Maybe that's the solution, maybe we should send kids to school.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ํ•™๊ต์— ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
04:46
But how do you do that?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ์š”?
04:48
Do you hire teachers? Do you build more schools?
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๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์ฑ„์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๋” ๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•ด์„œ์š”?
04:50
Do you provide school lunch?
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ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ ์‹ฌ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์„œ์š”?
04:52
How do you know?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
04:54
So here is the thing.
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์ž, ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
I cannot answer the big question,
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์ €๋Š” ์›์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€ ๋ฌป๋Š”
04:58
whether aid did any good or not.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์—๋Š” ๋‹ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
But these three questions, I can answer them.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์„œ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์—๋Š” ๋‹ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
It's not the Middle Ages anymore,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ค‘์„ธ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:06
it's the 21st century.
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21์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
And in the 20th century,
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
05:10
randomized, controlled trials
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๋žœ๋คํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ํ†ต์ œ๋œ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
05:12
have revolutionized medicine
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์–ด๋–ค์•ฝ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
05:14
by allowing us to distinguish
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์—†๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
05:16
between drugs that work
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์˜ํ•™๊ณ„์— ํ˜๋ช…์ด
05:18
and drugs that don't work.
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์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
And you can do the same
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
05:22
randomized, controlled trial for social policy.
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๋žœ๋คํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ํ†ต์ œ๋œ ์ž„์ƒ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
You can put social innovation to the same
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์‹ ์•ฝ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ• ๋•Œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
05:27
rigorous, scientific tests
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์‚ฌํšŒํ˜์‹  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ
05:29
that we use for drugs.
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์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์‹คํ—˜๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์„์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
And in this way, you can take the guesswork
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ, ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋„
05:34
out of policy-making
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์—†๋Š”์ง€,
05:36
by knowing what works,
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๋˜ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ
05:38
what doesn't work and why.
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์ถ”์ธก์—๋งŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—†์•จ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
And I'll give you some examples with those three questions.
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์•ž์˜ ์„ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
So I start with immunization.
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๋จผ์ € ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:46
Here's Udaipur District, Rajasthan. Beautiful.
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์ด๊ณณ์€ ์ธ๋„ ๋ผ์ž์Šค์‹ผ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋‹ค์ดํ‘ธ๋ฅด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต์ฃ .
05:49
Well, when I started working there,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ๋Š”
05:51
about one percent of children
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์ „์ฒด ์–ด๋ฆฐ์•„์ด๋“ค ์ค‘์— 1%๋งŒ์ด
05:53
were fully immunized.
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งž์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
That's bad, but there are places like that.
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๋”์ฐํ•˜์ฃ . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ณณ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
Now, it's not because the vaccines are not there --
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์—†์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
they are there and they are free --
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋˜ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
and it's not because parents do not care about their kids.
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๋˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
The same child that is not immunized against measles,
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ํ™์—ญ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€
06:08
if they do get measles, parents will spend
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ํ™์—ญ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด,
06:10
thousands of rupees to help them.
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์•„์ด์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋ฃจํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ์„œ๋ผ๋„ ๊ณ ์น˜๋ ค ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
So you get these empty village subcenters
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์™œ ๋™๋„ค ์ž‘์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์„ผํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ……๋น„์–ด์žˆ๊ณ 
06:14
and crowded hospitals.
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๋ณ‘์›์€ ๋ถ๋น„๋Š”์ง€ ์ด์ œ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์‹œ์ฃ .
06:16
So what is the problem?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์ฃ ?
06:18
Well, part of the problem, surely, is people do not fully understand.
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๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
After all, in this country as well,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜คํ•ด์™€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ํ†ต๋…๋“ค์ด
06:23
all sorts of myths and misconceptions
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
go around immunization.
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์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
So if that's the case, that's difficult,
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:30
because persuasion is really difficult.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
06:33
But maybe there is another problem as well.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
It's going from intention to action.
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์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฒœ์— ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
Imagine you are a mother
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
06:40
in Udaipur District, Rajasthan.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ผ์ž์Šค์‹ผ ์šฐ๋‹ค์ดํ‘ธ๋ฅด์—์„œ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
You have to walk a few kilometers to get your kids immunized.
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์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งžํžˆ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ช‡ ํ‚ค๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์–ด ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
And maybe when you get there, what you find is this:
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งžํžˆ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ ๋ฟ์ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
The subcenter is closed. Ao you have to come back,
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"์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ผํ„ฐ ๋ฌธ๋‹ซ์•˜์Œ". ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
and you are so busy and you have so many other things to do,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”์˜๊ณ  ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์ผ๋„ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
you will always tend to postpone and postpone,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๋งค์ผ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์ผ์‘ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
and eventually it gets too late.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋†“์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
Well, if that's the problem, then that's much easier.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ด๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
Because A, we can make it easy,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฒซ์งธ, ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
07:02
and B, we can maybe
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘˜์งธ,
07:04
give people a reason to act today,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด์ผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
07:06
rather than wait till tomorrow.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ํ–‰๋™ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
So these are simple ideas, but we didn't know.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ๋ฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๋ชฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:10
So let's try them.
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ ์šฉํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
07:12
So what we did is we did a randomized, controlled trial
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋‹ค์ดํ‘ธ๋ฅด์ง€์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” 134๊ฐœ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ
07:15
in 134 villages in Udaipur Districts.
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๋žœ๋คํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ํ†ต์ œ๋œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
So the blue dots
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ํŒŒ๋ž€ ์ ๋“ค์€
07:19
are selected randomly.
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์ž„์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒ๋œ ๊ณณ๋“ค์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
We made it easy -- I'll tell you how in a moment.
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์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž ์‹œ ํ›„ ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
07:24
In the red dots, we made it easy
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๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์ ๋“ค์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›๋„๋ก ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
07:26
and gave people a reason to act now.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ํ–‰๋™ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•œ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
The white dots are comparisons, nothing changed.
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ํ•˜์–€ ์ ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ€ํ™”๋„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
So we make it easy by organizing
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งค์›” ์บ ํ”„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ•ด์„œ
07:33
this monthly camp where people can
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์•„๋™ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ ‘์ข…์„
07:35
get their kids immunized.
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์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
And then you make it easy
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ํ›„,
07:39
and give a reason to act now
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งž์„ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ Œ์ฆˆ์ฝฉ(lentil) 1kg์„ ์–น์–ด ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ
07:41
by adding a kilo of lentils for each immunization.
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๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ ‘์ข… ๋ฐ›๋„๋ก ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
Now, a kilo of lentils is tiny.
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๋ Œ์ฆˆ์ฝฉ 1kg์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
It's never going to convince anybody
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹ซ์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
07:49
to do something that they don't want to do.
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๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
On the other hand, if your problem is you tend to postpone,
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹ซ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๋ฉด
07:54
then it might give you a reason to act today
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๋‚ด์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ํ–‰๋™ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
07:56
rather than later.
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๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
So what do we find?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์•Œ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
08:00
Well, beforehand, everything is the same.
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์‹คํ—˜์ „์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
That's the beauty of randomization.
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์ด์ œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋žœ๋ค ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๋ฌ˜๋ฏธ์ธ๋ฐ์š”
08:04
Afterwards,
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์‹คํ—˜ํ›„์—๋Š”
08:06
the camp -- just having the camp --
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์บ ํ”„๋ฅผ ์„ธ์› ์„ ๋ฟ์ธ๋ฐ
08:08
increases immunization from six percent to 17 percent.
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๋ฉด์—ญ์œจ, ์ฆ‰ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ ‘์ข…์œจ์ด 6%์—์„œ 17%๋กœ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
That's full immunization.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…์„ ๋‹ค ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
That's not bad, that's a good improvement.
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๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
Add the lentils and you reach to 38 percent.
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๋ Œ์ฆˆ์ฝฉ ์ผ€์ด์Šค์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ ‘์ข…์œจ์€ 38%์— ์ด๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
So here you've got your answer.
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋‹ต์ด ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
Make it easy and give a kilo of lentils,
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์บ ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋ Œ์ฆˆ์ฝฉ 1 kg๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
08:21
you multiply immunization rate by six.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ ‘์ข…์œจ์„ 6๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
Now, you might say, "Well, but it's not sustainable.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋Š” "์ด๋Š” ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
08:26
We cannot keep giving lentils to people."
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๋ Œ์ฆˆ์ฝฉ์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ž–์•„์š”" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
Well, it turns out it's wrong economics,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
because it is cheaper
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ Œ์ฆˆ์ฝฉ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ํŽธ์ด
08:32
to give lentils than not to give them.
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์•ˆ์ฃผ๋Š” ํŽธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ˆ์ด ๋” ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
08:34
Since you have to pay for the nurse anyway,
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์–ด์ฐŒ๋๋“  ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์›”๊ธ‰์„ ์ค˜์•ผํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑด ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ๋ฐ,
08:36
the cost per immunization
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์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ, ์ฆ‰ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ์ฝฉ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฉด
08:38
ends up being cheaper if you give incentives than if you don't.
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์•ˆ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฑด๋‹น ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋” ์‹ธ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
How about bed nets?
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋ณด์ฃ .
08:44
Should you give them for free, or should you ask people to pay for them?
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ค˜์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”? ์œ ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ค˜์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
08:47
So the answer hinges
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์ •๋‹ต์€
08:49
on the answer to three simple questions.
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๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋‹ต์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
One is: If people must pay for a bed net,
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋ˆ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:54
are they going to purchase them?
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๊ณผ์—ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ์‚ด๊นŒ์š”?
08:56
The second one is:
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
If I give bed nets for free,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:00
are people going to use them?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
09:02
And the third one is:
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ
09:04
Do free bed nets discourage future purchase?
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๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ฃผ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ์•ˆ์‚ฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
09:06
The third one is important
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
because if we think people get used to handouts,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด
09:11
it might destroy markets to distribute free bed nets.
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๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ ๋ฐฐํฌ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•ด ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
Now this is a debate that has generated
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์ž ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ผ๋ž€์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š”
09:16
a lot of emotion and angry rhetoric.
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๋…ผ์˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
It's more ideological than practical,
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์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋…ผ์˜์ด์ง€๋งŒ
09:21
but it turns out it's an easy question.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์‰ฌ์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
We can know the answer to this question.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
We can just run an experiment.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
And many experiments have been run, and they all have the same results,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๋„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
09:29
so I'm just going to talk to you about one.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
And this one that was in Kenya,
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์ผ€๋ƒ์—์„œ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ
09:34
they went around and distributed to people
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๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
09:36
vouchers, discount vouchers.
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ํ• ์ธ์ฟ ํฐ(Voucher)์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
So people with their voucher
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์ฟ ํฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
09:40
could get the bed net in the local pharmacy.
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๋™๋„ค ์•ฝ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
And some people get 100 percent discount,
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100% ํ• ์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
09:45
and some people get 20 percent discounts,
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20%๋‚˜
09:47
and some people get 50 percent discount, etc.
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50% ํ• ์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
And now we can see what happens.
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์ด์ œ ๋ฌด์Šจ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
So, how about the purchasing?
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๊ตฌ๋งค์œจ์ด ์–ด๋• ์„๊นŒ์š”?
09:54
Well, what you can see is that
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
09:56
when people have to pay for their bed nets,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ˆ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์•ผํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
09:58
the coverage rate really falls down a lot.
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๊ตฌ๋งค์œจ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ํ•˜๋ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
So even with partial subsidy,
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๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
three dollars is still not the full cost of a bed net,
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3๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
and now you only have 20 percent of the people with the bed nets,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด 20%๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ๋˜๊ณ 
10:08
you lose the health immunity, that's not great.
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๋ฉด์—ญ๋ ฅ๋„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
Second thing is, how about the use?
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
10:13
Well, the good news is, people, if they have the bed nets,
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๋‹คํ–‰์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋๋“ 
10:15
will use the bed nets regardless of how they got it.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
If they get it for free, they use it.
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๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
10:20
If they have to pay for it, they use it.
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๋ˆ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
How about the long term?
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์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
10:24
In the long term,
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์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด
10:26
people who got the free bed nets,
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๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
10:28
one year later, were offered the option
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1๋…„ํ›„์— ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ 2๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒํ•˜๋Š”
10:30
to purchase a bed net at two dollars.
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ํ• ์ธ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์„๋•Œ
10:33
And people who got the free one
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๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
10:35
were actually more likely to purchase the second one
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
10:38
than people who didn't get a free one.
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๋งŽ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
So people do not get used to handouts; they get used to nets.
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์ฆ‰ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
Maybe we need to give them a little bit more credit.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ข€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
So, that's for bed nets. So you will think, "That's great.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋งˆ "์ด์ œ ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ ฅ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ
10:50
You know how to immunize kids, you know how to give bed nets."
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋˜์—ˆ๊ตฐ์š”"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
But what politicians need is a range of options.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ ํƒ๋ฒ”์œ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
They need to know: Out of all the things I could do,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ ํƒ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ค‘์—
10:59
what is the best way to achieve my goals?
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
So suppose your goal is to get kids into school.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ํ•™๊ต๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ผ๋ฉด
11:05
There are so many things you could do. You could pay for uniforms,
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์„ ํƒ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๊ต๋ณต์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
11:08
you could eliminate fees, you could build latrines,
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๋“ฑ๋ก๊ธˆ์„ ์‚ญ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์„ ๋” ์ง“๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
you could give girls sanitary pads, etc., etc.
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์—ฌํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:13
So what's the best?
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
11:15
Well, at some level, we think
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์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”
11:17
all of these things should work.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์„ ํƒ์‚ฌํ•ญ๋“ค์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
So, is that sufficient? If we think they should work intuitively,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ง๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
11:21
should we go for them?
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:23
Well, in business, that's certainly not the way we would go about it.
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๊ธฐ์—…์ธก๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
Consider for example
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๋ฌผ๊ฑด ์šด๋ฐ˜์„
11:29
transporting goods.
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์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
11:31
Before the canals were invented
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์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์ „, ์ฆ‰ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ
11:33
in Britain before the Industrial Revolution,
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์šดํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
11:36
goods used to go on horse carts.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋งˆ์ฐจ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
And then canals were built,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค ์šดํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด์„ค๋œ ํ›„์—๋Š”
11:40
and with the same horseman and the same horse,
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐจ๋กœ
11:43
you could carry ten times as much cargo.
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์ „๋ณด๋‹ค 10๋ฐฐ ๋งŽ์€ ํ™”๋ฌผ์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
So should they have continued
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„์† ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋งˆ์ฐจ๋กœ
11:48
to carry the goods on the horse carts, on the ground,
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์šดํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋„๋ณด๋กœ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„
11:51
that they would eventually get there?
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:53
Well, if that had been the case,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:55
there would have been no Industrial Revolution.
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์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช… ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
So why shouldn't we do the same with social policy?
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ •์ฑ…์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ทจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”
12:00
In technology, we spend so much time
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ 
12:02
experimenting, fine-tuning,
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์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ •์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
12:04
getting the absolute cheapest way to do something,
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๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํˆฌ์žํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:06
so why aren't we doing that with social policy?
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์ฑ…์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
12:09
Well, with experiments, what you can do
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์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
12:11
is answer a simple question.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:13
Suppose you have 100 dollars to spend
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
12:15
on various interventions.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
12:17
How many extra years of education
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100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ช‡๋…„ ์ •๋„ ๋”
12:19
do you get for your hundred dollars?
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๊ต์œกํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
12:21
Now I'm going to show you
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์ž ์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜
12:23
what we get with various education interventions.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ต์œก๊ด€๋ จ ์กฐ์น˜๋กœ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
So the first ones are if you want the usual suspects,
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์‹œ๋Š”๋Œ€๋กœ
12:29
hire teachers, school meals,
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๊ต์‚ฌ๊ณ ์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ธ‰์‹,
12:31
school uniforms, scholarships.
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๊ต๋ณต๊ณผ ํ•™์ž๊ธˆ๋“ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
And that's not bad. For your hundred dollars,
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100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ๊ทธ์ •๋„๋ฉด ๋‚˜์˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
12:35
you get between one and three extra years of education.
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์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ 1-3๋…„์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๊ต์œก ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:39
Things that don't work so well is bribing parents,
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๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‡Œ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
just because so many kids are already going to school
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งŽ์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ํ•™๊ต์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
12:44
that you end up spending a lot of money.
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๋ถ€๋ชจ์—๊ฒŒ ์ค„ ๋ˆ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
And here are the most surprising results.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
12:49
Tell people the benefits of education,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:52
that's very cheap to do.
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๋ˆ๋„ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ฃ .
12:54
So for every hundred dollars you spend doing that,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
12:57
you get 40 extra years of education.
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์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ 40๋…„์˜ ๊ต์œกํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ๋˜๋Š” ์…ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
And, in places where there are worms,
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ํšŒ์ถฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š”
13:02
intestinal worms,
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ํšŒ์ถฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์„
13:04
cure the kids of their worms.
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์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
13:06
And for every hundred dollars,
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100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋งˆ๋‹ค
13:08
you get almost 30 extra years of education.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ 30๋…„์˜ ๊ต์œกํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
So this is not your intuition,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ฃ .
13:13
this is not what people would have gone for,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋ คํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
and yet, these are the programs that work.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:18
We need that kind of information, we need more of it,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
and then we need to guide policy.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:24
So now, I started from the big problem, and I couldn't answer it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋‹ต์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:27
And I cut it into smaller questions,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ข€๋” ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์•˜์ฃ 
13:30
and I have the answer to these smaller questions.
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๊ทธ๋žฌ๋”๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ต์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:32
And they are good, scientific, robust answers.
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๊ณผํ•™์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ข‹์€, ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋‹ต์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
So let's go back to Haiti for a moment.
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์ž ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ž ์‹œ ์•„์ดํ‹ฐ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋ณด์ฃ .
13:39
In Haiti, about 200,000 people died --
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์ด๋ฒˆ ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ 20๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
actually, a bit more by the latest estimate.
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•˜๋ฉด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋งŽ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
13:45
And the response of the world was great:
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋Œ€์‘์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
Two billion dollars got pledged just last month,
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๊ตฌํ˜ธ๊ธˆ ์ง€์›์•ฝ์†์ด ์ง€๋‚œ๋‹ฌ์—๋งŒ 20์–ต๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๋„ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:51
so that's about 10,000 dollars per death.
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์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ 1์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋‹น 10,000๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
That doesn't sound like that much when you think about it.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ํฐ ์•ก์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:56
But if we were willing to spend 10,000 dollars
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŒ์ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์„ฏ์‚ด์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์— ์ฃฝ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
13:59
for every child under five who dies,
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1์ธ๋‹น 10,000๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์”ฉ ์“ด๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:02
that would be 90 billion per year
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์•ก๋งŒ
14:05
just for that problem.
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์ผ๋…„์— 900์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:07
And yet it doesn't happen.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ์ผ์€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:09
So, why is that?
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์™œ ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
14:11
Well, I think what part of the problem is that,
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š”
14:13
in Haiti, although the problem is huge,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์•„์ดํ‹ฐ ์ง€์ง„๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
14:15
somehow we understand it, it's localized.
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์ด๋Š” ์ง€์—ญํ™”๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:17
You give your money to Doctors Without Borders,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์—†๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ(Doctors Without Borders)๋‚˜
14:19
you give your money to Partners In Health,
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๊ตญ์ œ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ์กฐ์ง์ธ Partmers in Health์— ๋ˆ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜์‹ค๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:21
and they'll send in the doctors, and they'll send in the lumber,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํ„ฐ๋กœ
14:24
and they'll helicopter things out and in.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ๋ฌผ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋‚ผ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:27
And the problem of poverty is not like that.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋นˆ๊ณค๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:29
So, first, it's mostly invisible;
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๋นˆ๊ณค๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ง€์ง„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ˆˆ์— ํ™• ๋„๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ
14:31
second, it's huge;
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๋‘˜์งธ,ํฌ๊ณ 
14:33
and third, we don't know whether we are doing the right thing.
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์…‹์งธ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:36
There's no silver bullet.
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๋˜ ํ•œ๋ฐฉ์— ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŒ๋ณ‘ํ†ต์น˜์•ฝ๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:38
You cannot helicopter people out of poverty.
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๊ฐ€๋‚œ์— ๋น ์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํ„ฐ๋กœ ๊บผ๋‚ด ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ž–์•„์š”.
14:40
And that's very frustrating.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ขŒ์ ˆ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:42
But look what we just did today.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
14:45
I gave you three simple answers to three questions:
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:48
Give lentils to immunize people,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งž๋„๋ก ๋ Œ์ฆˆ์ฝฉ์„ ์ฃผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
14:50
provide free bed nets, deworm children.
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๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ฃผ๊ณ , ์•„์ด๋“ค ํšŒ์ถฉ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
14:52
With immunization or bed nets,
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
14:54
you can save a life for 300 dollars per life saved.
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300๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:57
With deworming, you can get
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ํšŒ์ถฉ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋ฉด
14:59
an extra year of education for three dollars.
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3๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€1๋…„์˜ ๊ต์œกํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:02
So we cannot eradicate poverty just yet,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์žฅ ๋นˆ๊ณค์„ ํ‡ด์น˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
but we can get started.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
And maybe we can get started small
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ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
15:09
with things that we know are effective.
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์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:12
Here's an example of how this can be powerful.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ž‘์€์ผ์˜ ์œ„๋ ฅ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ์ง€ ํšŒ์ถฉ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ
15:14
Deworming.
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์—๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:16
Worms have a little bit of a problem grabbing the headlines.
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ํšŒ์ถฉ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ฌธ์˜ ํ—ค๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์žฅ์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:18
They are not beautiful and don't kill anybody.
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ํšŒ์ถฉ์€ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:21
And yet, when the young global leader in Davos
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค๋ณด์Šค์—์„œ "Young Global Leader" ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€
15:23
showed the numbers I gave you,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ž
15:25
they started Deworm the World.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ "ํšŒ์ถฉ์—†๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ(Deworm the World)" ์šด๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:27
And thanks to Deworm the World,
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Deworm the World์šด๋™๊ณผ
15:29
and the effort of many country governments and foundations,
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๋งŽ์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋•๋ถ„์—
15:31
20 million school-aged children got dewormed in 2009.
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2009๋…„, 2000๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ํšŒ์ถฉ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:34
So this evidence is powerful.
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๊ต‰์žฅํ•˜์ฃ .
15:36
It can prompt action.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์• ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ž‘์€ ์ผ๋“ค๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:38
So we should get started now.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:40
It's not going to be easy.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:42
It's a very slow process.
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์ง„ํ–‰ ์†๋„๋„ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์š”.
15:44
You have to keep experimenting, and sometimes ideology
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๊ณ„์† ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ , ๋˜ ๊ฐ€๋”์€ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค
15:46
has to be trumped by practicality.
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์‹ค์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ์šฐ์„ ์‹œ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:48
And sometimes what works somewhere doesn't work elsewhere.
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ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:51
So it's a slow process,
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋”๋”˜ ๊ณผ์ •์ง€๋งŒ
15:53
but there is no other way.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:55
These economics I'm proposing,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€
15:57
it's like 20th century medicine.
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์˜๋ฃŒํ˜๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:59
It's a slow, deliberative process
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋”๋””๊ณ  ์ง„์ค‘ํ•œ
16:01
of discovery.
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:03
There is no miracle cure,
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๊ธฐ์ ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ.
16:05
but modern medicine is saving
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์˜ํ•™์€
16:07
millions of lives every year,
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๋งค๋…„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:09
and we can do the same thing.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:13
And now, maybe, we can go back to the bigger question
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์ž ์ด์ œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋˜
16:16
that I started with at the beginning.
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ํฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
16:19
I cannot tell you
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ํ–ˆ๋˜
16:21
whether the aid we have spent in the past has made a difference,
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๊ตฌํ˜ธํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:24
but can we come back here in 30 years
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 30๋…„ ํ›„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ณณ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ๋ชจ์—ฌ
16:27
and say, "What we have done,
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ
16:30
it really prompted a change for the better."
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”" ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:33
I believe we can and I hope we will.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:35
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:37
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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