What we don't know about mother's milk | Katie Hinde

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

Have you ever heard the one about how breastfeeding is free?

Jeste li ikad čuli kako je dojenje besplatno?

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Yeah, it's pretty funny,

Da, poprilično smiješno,

because it's only free if we don't value women's time and energy.

Jer je besplatno samo ako ne cijenimo majčino vrijeme i energiju.

Any mother can tell you how much time and energy it takes

Bilo koja majka može reći koliko je vremena i energije potrebno

to liquify her body --

da svoje tiijelo

to literally dissolve herself --

doslovno pretvori u tekućinu

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

as she feeds this precious little cannibal.

dok hrani svog dragocjenog malog kanibala.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Milk is why mammals suck.

Mliijeko je razlog zašto sisavci sišu.

At Arizona State University,

Na Sveučilištu Arizona,

in the Comparative Lactation Lab,

u Odjelu za komparativnu laktaciju

I decode mothers' milk composition

rastavila sam majčino mlijeko na sastavnice

to understand its complexity

kako bi razumjela njegovu složenost

and how it influences infant development.

I način na koji utječe na razvitak djeteta.

The most important thing that I've learned

Najvažnija stvar koju sam naučila je

is that we do not do enough to support mothers and babies.

da ne činimo dovoljno kako bi poduprli majke i njihovu djecu.

And when we fail mothers and babies,

A kada zapostavimo majke i njihovu djecu,

we fail everyone who loves mothers and babies:

iznevjerili smo sve koji vole majke i djecu

the fathers, the partners, the grandparents, the aunties,

očeve, partnere, djedove i bake, stričeve i tete,

the friends and kin that make our human social networks.

prijatelje i rodbinu koji čine društvenu mrežu.

It's time that we abandon simple solutions and simple slogans,

Vrijeme je da napustimo jednostavna rješenja i gesla,

and grapple with the nuance.

i pozabavimo s detaljima.

I was very fortunate

Imala sam sreće

to run smack-dab into that nuance very early,

da se podrobno suočim s detaljima dosta rano

during my first interview with a journalist

za vrijeme mog prvog intervjua s novinarkom

when she asked me,

kada me je pitala

"How long should a mother breastfeed her baby?"

„Koliko dugo bi majka trebala dojiti svoje dijete?“

And it was that word "should" that brought me up short,

I ta riječ „trebala“ me jako iznenadila

because I will never tell a woman what she should do with her body.

Jer nikada ne bih ženi rekla što bi trebala raditi sa svoji tijelom.

Babies survive and thrive

Novorođenčad preživljavaju i napeduju

because their mother's milk is food, medicine and signal.

Jer majčino mlijeko je hrana, lijek i znak.

For young infants,

Za dojenčad,

mother's milk is a complete diet

majčino mlijeko je prehrana

that provides all the building blocks for their bodies,

koja osigurava svu gradivnu snagu za njihova tijela,

that shapes their brain

koje kreira njihov mozak

and fuels all of their activity.

i daje snagu za ostale aktivnosti.

Mother's milk also feeds the microbes

Majčino mlijeko također hrani mikrobe

that are colonizing the infant's intestinal tract.

koje nastanjuju probavu dojenčeta.

Mothers aren't just eating for two,

Majke ne jedu samo za dvoje,

they're eating for two to the trillions.

već za dva do tri bilijuna.

Milk provides immunofactors that help fight pathogens

Mlijeko osigurava imunoglobuline koji pomažu u borbi protiv patogena

and mother's milk provides hormones that signal to the infant's body.

i osigurava hormone koji daju signale dojenčetu.

But in recent decades,

U posljednje vrijeme

we have come to take milk for granted.

uzimamo majčino mlijeko zdravo za gotovo.

We stopped seeing something in plain sight.

Ne vidimo ono što je očito.

We began to think of milk as standardized, homogenized, pasteurized,

Smatramo miljeko kao standardizirano, homogenizirao, pasterizirano,

packaged, powdered, flavored and formulated.

pakirano, u prahu, s okuso i formulom.

We abandoned the milk of human kindness

Odustali smo od ljudskog mlijeka

and turned our priorities elsewhere.

i odredili druge prioritete.

At the National Institutes of Health

U Nacionalnom istitutu zdravlja

in Washington DC

u Washingtonu,

is the National Library of Medicine,

u Nacionalnoj medicinskoj knjižnici,

which contains 25 million articles --

koja sadrži preko 25 milijuna članaka -

the brain trust of life science and biomedical research.

je središte znanosti života i biomedicinskog istraživanja.

We can use keywords to search that database,

Možemo koristiti ključne riječi kako bi pretražili bazu podataka,

and when we do that,

a kada to i napravimo,

we discover nearly a million articles about pregnancy,

možemo otkriti skoro milijun članaka o trudnoći,

but far fewer about breast milk and lactation.

ali mnogo manje o dojenju i laktaciji.

When we zoom in on the number of articles just investigating breast milk,

Kada se fokusiramo a broj članaka koji se odnose na dojenje,

we see that we know much more about coffee, wine and tomatoes.

možemo vidjeti da znamo mnogo više o kavi, vinu i rajčicama.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

We know over twice as much about erectile dysfunction.

Znamo duplo više o erektilnoj disfunkciji.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

I'm not saying we shouldn't know about those things --

Ne kažem da ne bi trebali znati o takvim stvarima --

I'm a scientist, I think we should know about everything.

Znanstvnica sam, smatram da bi trebali znati o svemu.

But that we know so much less --

Ali znamo mnogo manje -

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

about breast milk --

o dojenju --

the first fluid a young mammal is adapted to consume --

prva tekućina koju je mladi sisvac sposoban konzumirati--

should make us angry.

trebalo bi nas razljutiti.

Globally, nine out of 10 women will have at least one child in her lifetime.

U svijetu, devet od deset žena imat će barem jedno dijete u svom životu.

That means that nearly 130 million babies are born each year.

Što znači da je skoro 10 milijuna djece rođeno svake godine.

These mothers and babies deserve our best science.

Ove majke i djeca Zaslužuju najbolje od znanosti.

Recent research has shown that milk doesn't just grow the body,

posljednja straživanja pokazuju da mlijeko ne pomaže samo rastu tijela,

it fuels behavior and shapes neurodevelopment.

već i oblikovanju ponašanja, te sudjeluje u neurorazvoju.

In 2015, researchers discovered

U 2015, istraživači su otkrili

that the mixture of breast milk and baby saliva --

da kombinaija majčinog mlijeka i dječje sline -

specifically, baby saliva --

specifično dječe sline-

causes a chemical reaction that produces hydrogen peroxide

dovodi do kemijske reakcije u kojoj nastaje vodikov peroksid

that can kill staph and salmonella.

koji ubija stafilokoke i salmonelu.

And from humans and other mammal species,

Istražujući ljude i druge sisavce,

we're starting to understand that the biological recipe of milk

počinjemo razumijevati kako je biološki mliječni recept

can be different when produced for sons or daughters.

drukčiji kada se proizvodi za sinove i kćeri.

When we reach for donor milk in the neonatal intensive care unit,

Kada posegnemo za donorskim mlijekom u neonatalnoj intenzivnoj jedinici,

or formula on the store shelf,

ili formulom iz trgovine,

it's nearly one-size-fits-all.

gotovo da svima odgovara.

We aren't thinking about how sons and daughters may grow at different rates,

ne razmšljamo o tome kako naši sinovi i kćeri mogu rasti u različitim stopama,

or different ways,

ili na drukčiji način,

and that milk may be a part of that.

i da mljeko ima utjecaja na to.

Mothers have gotten the message

Majke su razumjele tu poruku

and the vast majority of mothers intend to breastfeed,

i velika većina majki namjerava dojiti,

but many do not reach their breastfeeding goals.

ali mnoge ne dođu do tog zaključka.

That is not their failure;

To nije njihova krivica

it's ours.

već naša.

Increasingly common medical conditions like obesity, endocrine disorders,

Sve ćešća pojava medicinskih stanja kao što je pretilost, endokini poremećaji,

C-section and preterm births

carski rez i prijevremeni porodi

all can disrupt the underlying biology of lactation.

mogu dovesti do promjena u laktaciji.

And many women do not have knowledgeable clinical support.

Također mnogo žena nema stručnu kliničku podršku.

Twenty-five years ago,

Prije dvadeset pet godina,

the World Health Organization and UNICEF established criteria

Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija I UNICEF utvrdili su kriterije

for hospitals to be considered baby friendly --

za bolnice kako bi bile prilagođene bebama

that provide the optimal level of support for mother-infant bonding

i pružale podršku povezivanju majke i bebe,

and infant feeding.

i hranjenu bebe.

Today, only one in five babies in the United States

danas, samo jedna od pet beba u SAD-u

is born in a baby-friendly hospital.

Rođena je u takvoj bolnici.

This is a problem,

Ovo je problem,

because mothers can grapple with many problems

jer majke se mogu suočiti s raznim problemima

in the minutes, hours, days and weeks of lactation.

U prvim mintama, satima, danima i tjednima laktacije.

They can have struggles with establishing latch,

mogu voditi borbu s uspostavljanjem laktacije,

with pain,

boli,

with milk letdown

s gubitkom mlijeka

and perceptions of milk supply.

i mliječnim zalihama.

These mothers deserve knowledgeable clinical staff

ove majke zaslužuju stručnu kliničku podršku

that understand these processes.

koje razumiju ove procese.

Mothers will call me as they're grappling with these struggles,

Majke me zovu dok se bore s ovim problemima,

crying with wobbly voices.

plačući slabašnim glasom.

"It's not working.

„Ne ide mi.

This is what I'm supposed to naturally be able to do.

U ovome bi trebala biti po prirodi dobra.

Why is it not working?"

Zašto mi ne ide?“

And just because something is evolutionarily ancient

Samo zato što je nešto evolucijski staro

doesn't mean that it's easy or that we're instantly good at it.

ne znači da je lagano i da smo odmah dobri u tome.

You know what else is evolutionarily ancient?

Znate što je još evolucijski staro?

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Sex.

Seks.

And nobody expects us to start out being good at it.

I nitko ne očekuje od nas da u startu budemo dobri u tome.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Clinicians best deliver quality equitable care

Klinčari nabolje osiguravaju kvalitetnu njegu

when they have continuing education

kada imaju kontinuiranu edukaciju

about how to best support lactation and breastfeeding.

o tome kako najbolje osigurati lakatciju i dojenje.

And in order to have that continuing education,

A kako bi postojalo kontinuirano educiranje

we need to anchor it to cutting-edge research

mora se temeljiti na najnovijim istraživanjima

in both the life sciences and the social sciences,

I u znanosti o životu, i u društvenim znanostima,

because we need to recognize

jer moramo prepoznati

that too often

da prečesto

historical traumas and implicit biases

povijesne traume i predrasude

sit in the space between a new mother and her clinician.

stoje u prostoru između mlade majke i liječnika.

The body is political.

Tijelo je nastrojeno politčki.

If our breastfeeding support is not intersectional,

Ako podrška dojenju nije opće prihvaćena,

it's not good enough.

to nije dovoljno dobro.

And for moms who have to return for work,

Neke majke se moraju vratiti na posao,

because countries like the United States do not provide paid parental leave,

jer zemlje kao što je SAD ne osiguravaju plaćen porodiljni dopust,

they can have to go back in as short as just a few days after giving birth.

već se moraju vratiti u kratkom periodu samo nekoliko dana nakon poroda.

How do we optimize mother and infant health

Kako ćemo optimizirati zdravlje majke i djeteta

just by messaging about breast milk to moms

samo kroz poruke majkama o dojenju

without providing the institutional support

bez pružanja institucijske potpore

that facilitates that mother-infant bonding

koja podupire tu vezu majke i bebe

to support breastfeeding?

i podržava dojenje?

The answer is: we can't.

Odgovor je: ne možemo.

I'm talking to you, legislators,

Govorim zakonodavcima

and the voters who elect them.

I glasačima koji ih izaberu.

I'm talking to you, job creators and collective bargaining units,

Govorim stvarateljima radnih mjesta i kolektivnim pregovaračkim jedinicama

and workers, and shareholders.

Radnicima i dioničarima.

We all have a stake in the public health of our community,

Svi imamo udio u kreiranju općeg zdravlja zajednice,

and we all have a role to play in achieving it.

i svi imamo ulogu koju igrao kako bi to postigli.

Breast milk is a part of improving human health.

Dojeno miljeko je dio poboljšanja ljudskog zdravlja.

In the NICU, when infants are born early or sick or injured,

Na intenzivnoj kada su novorođenčad već bolesna ili ozljeđena,

milk or bioactive constituents in milk can be critically important.

mlijeko i njegove bioaktivne sastavnice imaju kritičnu ulogu.

Environments or ecologies,

U okolinama, okolišima

or communities where there's high risk of infectious disease,

ili zajednicama gdje postoji veliki rizik od infektivne bolesti,

breast milk can be incredibly protective.

dojeno mlijeko može djelovati zaštitnički.

Where there are emergencies like storms and earthquakes,

Kada postoje nesreće kao što su oluje i potresi,

when the electricity goes out,

kada nestane struje,

when safe water is not available,

kada nije dostupna pitka voda,

breast milk can keep babies fed and hydrated.

dojeno mlijeko drži dojenčad uhranjenima i hidratiziranima.

And in the context of humanitarian crises,

U kontekst humanitarnih kriza,

like Syrian mothers fleeing war zones,

kao što su sirijske majke izbjeglice,

the smallest drops can buffer babies from the biggest global challenges.

i najmanje kapi mogu odmaknuti djecu od velikih globalnih izazova.

But understanding breast milk is not just about messaging to mothers

Poznavanje dojenog mlijeka nije samo poruka majkama

and policy makers.

i političarma.

It's also about understanding what is important in breast milk

Radi se o razumjevanu što je važno u majčinom mlijeku

so that we can deliver better formulas

kak bi mogli napviti što bolje formule

to moms who cannot or do not breastfeed for whatever reason.

za majke koje ne mogu il zbog bilo kojeg razloga ne doje.

We can all do a better job

Svi možemo biti bolji u

of supporting the diversity of moms raising their babies

podržavanju različitih majki i različitih načina odgoja

in a diversity of ways.

njihove djece.

As women around the world struggle

Žene u cijelome svijetu bore se

to achieve political, social and economic equality,

kako bi postigle političku, društvenu i ekonomsku jednakost

we must reimagine motherhood

trebamo zamisliti majčinstvo

as not the central, core aspect of womanhood,

ne samo kao centralni, sržni aspekt ženstvenosti,

but one of the many potential facets of what makes women awesome.

ceć i kao jedan od mnogih potencijala koji čine žene čudesnima.

It's time.

Vrijeme je.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)