Daphne Koller: What we're learning from online education

Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha

Translator: Carme Paz Reviewer: Mario Cal

Like many of you, I'm one of the lucky people.

Como moitos de vós, son unha persoa afortunada.

I was born to a family where education was pervasive.

Medrei nunha familia onde a educación impregnaba todo.

I'm a third-generation PhD, a daughter of two academics.

Son a terceira xeración de doutorados, filla de dous académicos.

In my childhood, I played around in my father's university lab.

Na miña infancia, xoguei no laboratorio universitario de meu pai.

So it was taken for granted that I attend some of the best universities,

Así que se daba por feito que iría a unha das mellores universidades,

which in turn opened the door to a world of opportunity.

que, á súa vez, me abriría as portas dun mundo de oportunidades.

Unfortunately, most of the people in the world are not so lucky.

Por desgraza, a maioría das persoas non ten tanta sorte.

In some parts of the world, for example, South Africa,

Nalgunhas partes do mundo, por exemplo, en Suráfrica,

education is just not readily accessible.

a educación non é de libre acceso.

In South Africa, the educational system was constructed

En Suráfrica, o sistema educativo construíuse

in the days of apartheid for the white minority.

nos días do apartheid para a minoría branca.

And as a consequence, today there is just not enough spots

E, como consecuencia, hoxe non hai suficientes prazas

for the many more people who want and deserve a high quality education.

para todas as persoas que queren e merecen unha educación de alta calidade.

That scarcity led to a crisis in January of this year

Esa escaseza provocou unha crise en xaneiro deste ano

at the University of Johannesburg.

na Universidade de Johannesburgo.

There were a handful of positions left open

Había unhas cantas prazas dispoñibles

from the standard admissions process, and the night before

nos procesos xerais de admisión, e a noite anterior

they were supposed to open that for registration,

a cando se supoñía que ía abrir o rexistro,

thousands of people lined up outside the gate in a line a mile long,

miles de persoas aliñáronse na porta nunha fileira de 1,5 km,

hoping to be first in line to get one of those positions.

agardando ser as primeiras e conseguir unha das prazas.

When the gates opened, there was a stampede,

Cando as portas abriron, houbo un amoreamento,

and 20 people were injured and one woman died.

20 persoas resultaron feridas e unha muller morreu.

She was a mother who gave her life

Era unha nai que deu a súa vida

trying to get her son a chance at a better life.

intentando conseguirlle ao seu fillo a oportunidade dunha vida mellor.

But even in parts of the world like the United States

Mesmo en partes do mundo como os EE. UU.

where education is available, it might not be within reach.

onde a educación é accesible, pode estar fóra do alcance.

There has been much discussed in the last few years

Debateuse moito nos últimos anos

about the rising cost of health care.

sobre o incremento dos custos da sanidade.

What might not be quite as obvious to people

O que talvez non é tan obvio para a xente

is that during that same period the cost of higher education tuition

é que durante ese mesmo período o custo das taxas da educación superior

has been increasing at almost twice the rate,

foi aumentando case dúas veces máis rápido,

for a total of 559 percent since 1985.

ata sumar un total do 559 % desde 1985.

This makes education unaffordable for many people.

Isto fai que a educación sexa demasiado cara para moita xente.

Finally, even for those who do manage to get the higher education,

Finalmente, mesmo para aqueles que conseguen educación superior

the doors of opportunity might not open.

as portas da oportunidade pode que non se abran.

Only a little over half of recent college graduates

Só un pouco máis da metade de graduados recentes

in the United States who get a higher education

nos EE.UU. que teñen formación superior

actually are working in jobs that require that education.

están traballando en postos que requiren ese nivel educativo.

This, of course, is not true for the students

Isto, claro, non é así para os estudantes

who graduate from the top institutions,

que se gradúan nas institucións elite,

but for many others, they do not get the value

pero moitos outros non conseguen que se lles valoren

for their time and their effort.

o tempo e o esforzo.

Tom Friedman, in his recent New York Times article,

Tom Friedman, no seu artigo recente do New York Times, captou,

captured, in the way that no one else could, the spirit behind our effort.

nunha forma en que ninguén máis podería, o espírito por tras dese esforzo.

He said the big breakthroughs are what happen

Dixo que os grandes avances son os que ocorren

when what is suddenly possible meets what is desperately necessary.

cando o que de súpeto é posible se une ao que é desesperadamente necesario.

I've talked about what's desperately necessary.

Eu falei do que é desesperadamente necesario.

Let's talk about what's suddenly possible.

Agora imos falar do que é de súpeto posible.

What's suddenly possible was demonstrated by

O que é de súpeto posible foi demostrado por

three big Stanford classes,

tres grandes cursos de Stanford,

each of which had an enrollment of 100,000 people or more.

cada unha das cales tivo unha inscrición de 100 000 persoas ou máis.

So to understand this, let's look at one of those classes,

Para entendelo, imos observar un deses cursos,

the Machine Learning class offered by my colleague

o de Aprendizaxe Automática, impartido polo meu colega

and cofounder Andrew Ng.

e cofundador Andrew Ng.

Andrew teaches one of the bigger Stanford classes.

Andrew imparte un dos grandes cursos de Stanford.

It's a Machine Learning class,

É o de Aprendizaxe Automática

and it has 400 people enrolled every time it's offered.

e ten unhas 400 persoas inscritas cada vez que se ofrece.

When Andrew taught the Machine Learning class to the general public,

Cando Andrew abriu o curso Aprendizaxe Automática ao público xeral,

it had 100,000 people registered.

inscribíronse 100.000 persoas.

So to put that number in perspective,

Poñamos o número en perspectiva:

for Andrew to reach that same size audience

para que Andrew acadase unha audiencia do mesmo tamaño

by teaching a Stanford class,

impartindo un curso en Stanford,

he would have to do that for 250 years.

tería que impartilo durante 250 anos.

Of course, he'd get really bored.

Claro, aburriríase moitísimo.

So, having seen the impact of this,

Así que, ao vermos o impacto disto,

Andrew and I decided that we needed to really try and scale this up,

Andrew e mais eu decidimos que tiñamos que intentar escalalo

to bring the best quality education to as many people as we could.

para levar a mellor educación de calidade ao maior número de xente que puidésemos.

So we formed Coursera,

Así que conformamos Coursera,

whose goal is to take the best courses

cuxo obxectivo é coller os mellores cursos

from the best instructors at the best universities

dos mellores instrutores das mellores universidades

and provide it to everyone around the world for free.

e proporcionárllelos de balde a persoas de todo o mundo.

We currently have 43 courses on the platform

Actualmente, temos 43 cursos na plataforma,

from four universities across a range of disciplines,

de catro universidades e de toda unha variedade de disciplinas.

and let me show you a little bit of an overview

Deixádeme que vos mostre unha pequena aproximación xeral

of what that looks like.

de como é.

(Video) Robert Ghrist: Welcome to Calculus.

(Vídeo) Robert Ghrist: Benvidos a Cálculo.

Ezekiel Emanuel: Fifty million people are uninsured.

E. Emanuel: 50 millóns de persoas non teñen seguro.

Scott Page: Models help us design more effective institutions and policies.

S. Page: Cos modelos deseñamos políticas máis efectivas.

We get unbelievable segregation.

Temos unha segregación incrible.

Scott Klemmer: So Bush imagined that in the future,

S. Klemmer: Bush imaxinou que no futuro,

you'd wear a camera right in the center of your head.

levariamos unha cámara no centro da cabeza.

Mitchell Duneier: Mills wants the student of sociology to develop the quality of mind ...

M. Duneier: Mills quere que o estudante de socioloxía adquira a cualidade mental

RG: Hanging cable takes on the form of a hyperbolic cosine.

RG: O cable colgante toma a forma dun coseno hiperbólico.

Nick Parlante: For each pixel in the image, set the red to zero.

N. Parlante: Para cada píxel da imaxe, fixe o vermello a cero.

Paul Offit: ... Vaccine allowed us to eliminate polio virus.

P. Offit: ... a vacina permitiunos eliminar o virus da polio.

Dan Jurafsky: Does Lufthansa serve breakfast and San Jose? Well, that sounds funny.

D. Jurafsky: A Lufthansa serve almorzo e San Xosé? Ben, soa estraño.

Daphne Koller: So this is which coin you pick, and this is the two tosses.

D. Koller: Así que esta é a moeda que elixe e estes son os dous lanzamentos.

Andrew Ng: So in large-scale machine learning, we'd like to come up with computational ...

A. Ng: Na aprendizaxe automática a grande escala, gustaríanos chegar a...

(Applause)

(Aplausos)

DK: It turns out, maybe not surprisingly,

DK: Resulta, talvez non sexa unha sorpresa,

that students like getting the best content

que aos estudantes gústalles ter o mellor contido

from the best universities for free.

das mellores universidades de balde.

Since we opened the website in February,

Desde que abrimos a web en febreiro,

we now have 640,000 students from 190 countries.

temos agora 640 000 estudantes de 190 países.

We have 1.5 million enrollments,

Temos 1,5 millóns de inscricións,

6 million quizzes in the 15 classes that have launched

6 millóns de probas enviadas nos 15 cursos que lanzamos ata agora

so far have been submitted, and 14 million videos have been viewed.

e 14 millóns de vídeos visualizados.

But it's not just about the numbers,

Pero non vai só de números,

it's also about the people.

tamén vai de xente.

Whether it's Akash, who comes from a small town in India

Xa for Akash, que vén dunha pequena cidade na India

and would never have access in this case

e nunca tería acceso

to a Stanford-quality course

a un curso da calidade de Stanford

and would never be able to afford it.

e nunca sería quen de permitirse isto.

Or Jenny, who is a single mother of two

Xa for Jenny, que é nai solteira de dous fillos

and wants to hone her skills

e quere mellorar as súas competencias

so that she can go back and complete her master's degree.

para poder retomar e completar o seu mestrado.

Or Ryan, who can't go to school,

Ou Ryan, que non pode ir á escola,

because his immune deficient daughter

xa que ten unha filla inmunodeficiente

can't be risked to have germs come into the house,

e non pode arriscarse a levar xermes á casa,

so he couldn't leave the house.

por iso non pode abandonala.

I'm really glad to say --

Eu alégrome realmente de dicir,

recently, we've been in correspondence with Ryan --

recentemente estivemos en contacto con Ryan,

that this story had a happy ending.

que esa historia tivo un final feliz.

Baby Shannon -- you can see her on the left --

A bebé Shannon, podedes vela á esquerda,

is doing much better now,

está moito mellor agora

and Ryan got a job by taking some of our courses.

e Ryan conseguiu un traballo grazas aos nosos cursos.

So what made these courses so different?

Entón, que fai que estes cursos sexan tan distintos?

After all, online course content has been available for a while.

Despois de todo, os cursos en liña existen desde hai tempo.

What made it different was that this was real course experience.

O que os fixo diferentes foi que estes creaban unha experiencia real.

It started on a given day,

Comezaban nun determinado día,

and then the students would watch videos on a weekly basis

os estudantes tiñan que ver vídeos semanalmente

and do homework assignments.

e facer tarefas.

And these would be real homework assignments

E estas eran tarefas reais

for a real grade, with a real deadline.

para unhas notas reais, cun prazo de entrega real.

You can see the deadlines and the usage graph.

Podedes ver os prazos e as gráficas de uso.

These are the spikes showing

Estes son os picos que mostran

that procrastination is global phenomenon.

que a procrastinación é un fenómeno global.

(Laughter)

(Risos)

At the end of the course,

Á fin do curso,

the students got a certificate.

os estudantes obtiñan un certificado.

They could present that certificate

Podían presentar ese certificado

to a prospective employer and get a better job,

nunha empresa para conseguir un traballo mellor,

and we know many students who did.

e sabemos que moitos estudantes fixérono.

Some students took their certificate

Algúns estudantes colleron o certificado

and presented this to an educational institution at which they were enrolled

e presentárono na institución educativa en que estaban inscritos

for actual college credit.

para obter créditos universitarios.

So these students were really getting something meaningful

Conseguían así algo realmente significativo

for their investment of time and effort.

polo seu investimento de tempo e de esforzo.

Let's talk a little bit about some of the components

Imos falar un pouco dalgún dos compoñentes

that go into these courses.

destes cursos.

The first component is that when you move away

O primeiro compoñente é que cando deixamos atrás

from the constraints of a physical classroom

as restricións físicas dunha aula

and design content explicitly for an online format,

e deseñamos contidos especificamente para o formato en liña,

you can break away from, for example,

podemos romper, por exemplo,

the monolithic one-hour lecture.

coa clase monolítica dunha hora.

You can break up the material, for example,

Podemos fragmentar o material, por exemplo,

into these short, modular units of eight to 12 minutes,

en unidades curtas, modulares, de 8 a 12 minutos,

each of which represents a coherent concept.

cada unha das cales representa un concepto coherente.

Os estudantes poden percorrer o material de distintos xeitos,

Students can traverse this material in different ways,

depending on their background, their skills or their interests.

segundo a súa experiencia, as súas destrezas ou os seus intereses.

So, for example, some students might benefit

Así, por exemplo, algúns estudantes pódense beneficiar

from a little bit of preparatory material

dunha pequena parte de material preparatorio

that other students might already have.

que outros estudantes poden xa coñecer.

Other students might be interested in a particular

Outros poden estar interesados nun tema concreto

enrichment topic that they want to pursue individually.

que queren seguir individualmente con maior profundidade.

So this format allows us to break away

Así que este formato permítenos romper

from the one-size-fits-all model of education,

co modelo educativo en que todo vale para todos,

and allows students to follow a much more personalized curriculum.

e permítelles aos estudantes seguir un currículo máis personalizado.

Of course, we all know as educators

Por suposto, todos sabemos como educadores

that students don't learn by sitting and passively watching videos.

que os estudantes non aprenden sentados vendo vídeos de xeito pasivo.

Perhaps one of the biggest components of this effort

Quizais un dos compoñentes máis grandes deste proxecto

is that we need to have students

é que precisamos ter estudantes

who practice with the material

que practiquen co material

in order to really understand it.

para entendelo de verdade.

There's been a range of studies that demonstrate the importance of this.

Houbo unha serie de estudos que demostraron a importancia disto.

This one that appeared in Science last year, for example,

Este publicado en Science o ano pasado, por exemplo,

demonstrates that even simple retrieval practice,

demostrou que mesmo a simple práctica de recuperación

where students are just supposed to repeat

onde os estudantes só teñen que repetir

what they already learned

o que xa aprenderon

gives considerably improved results

dá resultados moito mellores

on various achievement tests down the line

en varias probas de rendemento

than many other educational interventions.

que moitas outras intervencións educativas.

We've tried to build in retrieval practice into the platform,

Tentamos construír unha práctica de recuperación na plataforma

as well as other forms of practice in many ways.

así como outras formas de práctica.

For example, even our videos are not just videos.

Por exemplo, mesmo os nosos vídeos non son só vídeos.

Every few minutes, the video pauses

Cada poucos minutos, o vídeo detense

and the students get asked a question.

e o estudante ten que responder unha pregunta.

(Video) SP: ... These four things. Prospect theory, hyperbolic discounting,

(Vídeo) SP: 4 cousas: prospectiva, desconto hiperbólico,

status quo bias, base rate bias. They're all well documented.

nesgo de statu quo, falacia da taxa base. Ben documentadas.

So they're all well documented deviations from rational behavior.

Todas desviacións ben documentadas do comportamento racional.

DK: So here the video pauses,

DK: Aquí detense o vídeo,

and the student types in the answer into the box

e o estudante escribe a resposta na caixa

and submits. Obviously they weren't paying attention.

e envíaa. Obviamente, non estaban prestando atención.

(Laughter)

(Risos)

So they get to try again,

Así que intentan facelo outra vez,

and this time they got it right.

e desta vez fano ben.

There's an optional explanation if they want.

Hai unha explicación opcional se a desexan.

And now the video moves on to the next part of the lecture.

E agora o vídeo segue coa seguinte parte da lección.

This is a kind of simple question

Este é un tipo de pregunta simple

that I as an instructor might ask in class,

que eu como instrutora podería facer na clase,

but when I ask that kind of a question in class,

pero cando eu fago ese tipo de pregunta nunha clase,

80 percent of the students

o 80 % dos estudantes

are still scribbling the last thing I said,

aínda están escribindo o último que dixen,

15 percent are zoned out on Facebook,

O 15 % están en Facebook,

and then there's the smarty pants in the front row

e despois están os listos na fila de diante

who blurts out the answer

que soltan a resposta

before anyone else has had a chance to think about it,

antes de que ninguén máis teña ocasión de pensala,

and I as the instructor am terribly gratified

e eu como instrutora estou moi satisfeita

that somebody actually knew the answer.

de que alguén saiba a resposta.

And so the lecture moves on before, really,

E así a clase continúa, e a maioría de estudantes

most of the students have even noticed that a question had been asked.

nin se chega a decatar de que eu fixen unha pregunta.

Here, every single student

Aquí, cada estudante

has to engage with the material.

ten que interactuar co material.

And of course these simple retrieval questions

E, claro, estas simples cuestións de recuperación

are not the end of the story.

non son a fin da historia.

One needs to build in much more meaningful practice questions,

Precisamos construír cuestións prácticas moito máis significativas

and one also needs to provide the students with feedback

e tamén darlles aos estudantes retroalimentación

on those questions.

sobre estas cuestións.

Now, how do you grade the work of 100,000 students

Agora, como se avalía o traballo de 100 000 estudantes

if you do not have 10,000 TAs?

se non temos 10 000 asistentes técnicos?

The answer is, you need to use technology

A resposta é que precisamos usar a tecnoloxía

to do it for you.

para que o faga por nós.

Now, fortunately, technology has come a long way,

Afortunadamente, a tecnoloxía xa percorreu un bo camiño,

and we can now grade a range of interesting types of homework.

e podemos avaliar unha variedade interesante de tarefas.

In addition to multiple choice

Ademais das preguntas de escolla múltiple

and the kinds of short answer questions that you saw in the video,

e de resposta curta que vistes no vídeo,

we can also grade math, mathematical expressions

tamén podemos avaliar matemáticas, expresións matemáticas

as well as mathematical derivations.

así como derivacións matemáticas.

We can grade models, whether it's

Podemos avaliar modelos,

financial models in a business class

xa for modelos financeiros nunha clase de negocios

or physical models in a science or engineering class

ou modelos físicos nunha clase de ciencias ou enxeñaría

and we can grade some pretty sophisticated programming assignments.

e podemos avaliar algúns traballos de programación moi sofisticados.

Let me show you one that's actually pretty simple

Deixádeme amosarvos un que é moi sinxelo

but fairly visual.

pero bastante visual.

This is from Stanford's Computer Science 101 class,

É do curso Ciencias da Computación 101 de Stanford.

and the students are supposed to color-correct

Os estudantes teñen que corrixir a cor

that blurry red image.

da imaxe vermella borrosa.

They're typing their program into the browser,

Están inserindo o programa no navegador,

and you can see they didn't get it quite right, Lady Liberty is still seasick.

e podedes ver que non o conseguen, a Estatua da Liberdade aínda está mareada.

And so, the student tries again, and now they got it right, and they're told that,

Así que o estudante inténtao outra vez, e agora conseguiuno e díselle

and they can move on to the next assignment.

que pode seguir coa próxima tarefa.

This ability to interact actively with the material

Esta capacidade de interactuar activamente co material

and be told when you're right or wrong

e de saber se o fixemos ben ou mal

is really essential to student learning.

é realmente esencial para a aprendizaxe dos estudantes.

Now, of course we cannot yet grade

Claro que aínda non podemos avaliar totalmente

the range of work that one needs for all courses.

as actividades que se precisan para todos os cursos.

Specifically, what's lacking is the kind of critical thinking work

Concretamente, falta o tipo de actividades de pensamento crítico

that is so essential in such disciplines

que son esenciais en disciplinas

as the humanities, the social sciences, business and others.

como as de humanidades, ciencias sociais, negocios e outras.

So we tried to convince, for example,

Así que intentamos convencer, por exemplo,

some of our humanities faculty

algúns dos docentes de humanidades

that multiple choice was not such a bad strategy.

de que as preguntas tipo test non son unha estratexia tan mala.

That didn't go over really well.

Iso non funcionou moi ben.

So we had to come up with a different solution.

Así que tivemos que buscar outra solución.

And the solution we ended up using is peer grading.

E a solución á que chegamos foi a avaliación entre compañeiros.

It turns out that previous studies show,

Resulta que segundo estudos previos,

like this one by Saddler and Good,

como este de Saddler e Good,

that peer grading is a surprisingly effective strategy

a avaliación entre compañeiros é sorprendentemente efectiva

for providing reproducible grades.

para conseguir cualificacións reproducibles.

It was tried only in small classes,

Intentouse só en clases pequenas

but there it showed, for example,

pero aí demostrouse, por exemplo,

that these student-assigned grades on the y-axis

que esas notas asignadas por estudantes no eixe y

are actually very well correlated

están moi ben correlacionadas

with the teacher-assigned grade on the x-axis.

coas notas asignadas por profesores no eixe x.

What's even more surprising is that self-grades,

Sorprende aínda máis que as autoavaliacións

onde os estudantes puntúan o seu propio traballo de xeito crítico,

where the students grade their own work critically --

so long as you incentivize them properly

sempre que os motivemos apropiadamente

so they can't give themselves a perfect score --

para que non poidan poñerse a nota máxima,

are actually even better correlated with the teacher grades.

están mellor correlacionadas coas avaliacións do profesor.

And so this is an effective strategy

Así que é unha estratexia eficaz

that can be used for grading at scale,

que pode usarse para avaliar a grande escala

and is also a useful learning strategy for the students,

e unha estratexia de aprendizaxe útil para os estudantes,

because they actually learn from the experience.

porque eles realmente aprenden da experiencia.

So we now have the largest peer-grading pipeline ever devised,

Así que agora temos a maior rede de avaliación entre compañeiros nunca vista,

where tens of thousands of students

con decenas de miles de estudantes

are grading each other's work,

que cualifican o traballo doutros

and quite successfully, I have to say.

e con bastante éxito, teño que dicilo.

But this is not just about students

Pero isto non se trata unicamente de estudantes

sitting alone in their living room working through problems.

sentados sós nos seus salóns traballando con problemas.

Around each one of our courses,

Ao redor de cada un dos nosos cursos

a community of students had formed,

formouse unha comunidade de estudantes,

a global community of people

unha comunidade global de xente

around a shared intellectual endeavor.

ao redor dun esforzo intelectual compartido.

What you see here is a self-generated map

O que vedes aquí é un mapa autoxerado

from students in our Princeton Sociology 101 course,

de estudantes do noso curso 101 de Socioloxía de Princeton

where they have put themselves on a world map,

onde teñen que poñerse nun mapamundi,

and you can really see the global reach of this kind of effort.

e podedes ver o alcance global deste tipo de proxecto.

Students collaborated in these courses in a variety of different ways.

Os estudantes colaboraron nestes cursos de diferentes xeitos.

First of all, there was a question and answer forum,

En primeiro lugar, había un foro de preguntas e respostas

where students would pose questions,

onde os estudantes tiñan que poñer preguntas,

and other students would answer those questions.

e outros estudantes tiñan que respondelas.

And the really amazing thing is,

E o máis abraiante é que,

because there were so many students,

como había tantos estudantes,

it means that even if a student posed a question

isto implicaba que mesmo se un estudante poñía unha pregunta

at 3 o'clock in the morning,

ás 3 da mañá,

somewhere around the world,

nalgún punto do mundo

there would be somebody who was awake

habería alguén esperto

and working on the same problem.

e traballando no mesmo problema.

And so, in many of our courses,

Así que, en moitos dos nosos cursos,

the median response time for a question

o tempo medio de resposta para unha pregunta

on the question and answer forum was 22 minutes.

no foro foi de 22 minutos.

Which is not a level of service I have ever offered to my Stanford students.

É un nivel de servizo que eu nunca lles ofrecín aos meus estudantes de Stanford.

(Laughter)

(Risos)

And you can see from the student testimonials

E podedes ver nos testemuños dos estudantes

that students actually find

que realmente cren

that because of this large online community,

que, grazas a esta enorme comunidade en liña,

they got to interact with each other in many ways

puideron interactuar entre si de moitas formas

that were deeper than they did in the context of the physical classroom.

que son máis profundas das que hai no contexto da clase física.

Students also self-assembled,

Os estudantes tamén se agruparon,

without any kind of intervention from us,

sen ningún tipo de intervención nosa,

into small study groups.

en pequenos grupos de estudo.

Some of these were physical study groups

Algúns eran grupos de estudo presenciais

along geographical constraints

segundo as limitacións xeográficas

and met on a weekly basis to work through problem sets.

que se reunían cada semana para traballar en series de problemas.

This is the San Francisco study group,

Este é o grupo de San Francisco,

but there were ones all over the world.

pero hainos por todo o mundo.

Others were virtual study groups,

Outros son grupos de estudo virtuais,

sometimes along language lines or along cultural lines,

formados segundo trazos lingüísticos ou culturais

and on the bottom left there,

e na parte inferior esquerda

you see our multicultural universal study group

podedes ver o noso grupo de estudo universal e multicultural

where people explicitly wanted to connect

onde a xente explicitamente quere conectar

with people from other cultures.

con xente doutras culturas.

There are some tremendous opportunities

Hai enormes oportunidades

to be had from this kind of framework.

que xorden deste tipo de contexto.

The first is that it has the potential of giving us

A primeira é que ten o potencial de darnos

a completely unprecedented look

unha mirada sen precedentes

into understanding human learning.

para entender a aprendizaxe humana.

Because the data that we can collect here is unique.

Porque os datos que podemos conseguir aquí son únicos.

You can collect every click, every homework submission,

Podemos analizar cada clic, cada envío de tarefas,

every forum post from tens of thousands of students.

cada publicación no foro de decenas de miles de estudantes.

So you can turn the study of human learning

Así, no estudo da aprendizaxe humana

from the hypothesis-driven mode

podemos pasar de partir de hipóteses

to the data-driven mode, a transformation that,

a traballar desde os datos, unha transformación que,

for example, has revolutionized biology.

por exemplo, revolucionou a bioloxía.

You can use these data to understand fundamental questions

Podemos usar estes datos para entender preguntas fundamentais

like, what are good learning strategies

como cales son as estratexias de aprendizaxe

that are effective versus ones that are not?

máis efectivas e cales non.

And in the context of particular courses,

E no contexto de cursos concretos,

you can ask questions

podemos facer preguntas

like, what are some of the misconceptions that are more common

como cales son as equivocacións máis comúns

and how do we help students fix them?

e como axudamos aos estudantes a resolvelas.

So here's an example of that,

Este é un exemplo disto,

also from Andrew's Machine Learning class.

do curso de Aprendizaxe Automática de Andrew.

This is a distribution of wrong answers

Esta é unha distribución de respostas erradas

to one of Andrew's assignments.

para unha das tarefas de Andrew.

The answers happen to be pairs of numbers,

As respostas resultan ser pares de números,

so you can draw them on this two-dimensional plot.

así que podemos velas nesta gráfica bidimensional.

Each of the little crosses that you see is a different wrong answer.

Cada pequena cruz é unha resposta incorrecta diferente.

The big cross at the top left

A cruz grande na parte superior esquerda

is where 2,000 students

é onde 2 000 estudantes

gave the exact same wrong answer.

deron exactamente a mesma resposta incorrecta.

Now, if two students in a class of 100

Agora, se dous estudantes nunha clase de 100

give the same wrong answer,

cometesen o mesmo erro,

you would never notice.

nunca nos decatariamos.

But when 2,000 students give the same wrong answer,

Mais cando 2 000 estudantes dan a mesma resposta errada,

it's kind of hard to miss.

é difícil non darse conta.

So Andrew and his students went in,

Así que Andrew e os seus estudantes

looked at some of those assignments,

analizaron algunhas desas tarefas,

understood the root cause of the misconception,

entenderon a raíz dos equívocos

and then they produced a targeted error message

e crearon unha mensaxe de erro específica

that would be provided to every student

que lles aparecería aos estudantes

whose answer fell into that bucket,

cuxa resposta caera nese caixón.

which means that students who made that same mistake

É dicir, os estudantes que cometían o mesmo erro

would now get personalized feedback

agora terían unha retroalimentación personalizada

telling them how to fix their misconception much more effectively.

que lles diría como solucionar ese erro de xeito eficaz.

So this personalization is something that one can then build

Así que esta personalización é algo que podemos construír

by having the virtue of large numbers.

grazas a termos estes grandes números.

Personalization is perhaps

A personalización é, talvez,

one of the biggest opportunities here as well,

unha das maiores oportunidades aquí

because it provides us with the potential

porque nos permite resolver un problema

of solving a 30-year-old problem.

que temos desde hai 30 anos.

Educational researcher Benjamin Bloom, in 1984,

O investigador educativo Benjamin Bloom, en 1984,

posed what's called the 2 sigma problem,

expuxo o que se chamou o problema 2 sigma,

which he observed by studying three populations.

que observou ao estudar tres grupos de estudantes.

The first is the population that studied in a lecture-based classroom.

O primeiro estudaba nunha aula baseada en leccións.

The second is a population of students that studied

O segundo era un grupo de alumnos que estudaba

nunha aula baseada en leccións estándar

using a standard lecture-based classroom,

but with a mastery-based approach,

pero cun enfoque orientado ao dominio do contido,

so the students couldn't move on to the next topic

onde os estudantes non podían pasar ao seguinte tema

before demonstrating mastery of the previous one.

se non demostraban que dominaban o anterior.

And finally, there was a population of students

E, finalmente, había un grupo de estudantes

that were taught in a one-on-one instruction using a tutor.

aos que se lles daba instrución individual a través dun titor.

The mastery-based population was a full standard deviation,

O grupo baseado no dominio obtivo un desvío padrón total,

or sigma, in achievement scores better

ou sigma, superior en rendemento

than the standard lecture-based class,

que o grupo baseado en leccións convencionais,

and the individual tutoring gives you 2 sigma

e a titoría individual deu unha mellora

improvement in performance.

sigma 2 en rendemento.

To understand what that means,

Para entender o que significa,

let's look at the lecture-based classroom,

vexamos a clase baseada en leccións,

and let's pick the median performance as a threshold.

tomando o rendemento medio como limiar.

So in a lecture-based class,

Nunha clase baseada en leccións,

half the students are above that level and half are below.

a metade dos estudantes están por riba dese limiar e a metade por baixo.

In the individual tutoring instruction,

Na instrución de titoría individual,

98 percent of the students are going to be above that threshold.

o 98 % dos estudantes están por riba dese limiar.

Imagine if we could teach so that 98 percent of our students

Imaxinade que puidésemos ensinar de xeito que o 98 % dos estudantes

would be above average.

estivesen por riba da media.

Hence, the 2 sigma problem.

Este é o problema sigma 2.

Because we cannot afford, as a society,

Porque non podemos permitirnos, como sociedade,

to provide every student with an individual human tutor.

proporcionarlle a cada estudante un titor humano individual.

But maybe we can afford to provide each student

Mais quizais poidamos permitirnos darlle a cada un

with a computer or a smartphone.

un computador ou un teléfono intelixente.

So the question is, how can we use technology

A cuestión é: Como podemos usar a tecnoloxía

to push from the left side of the graph, from the blue curve,

para ir desde o lado esquerdo da gráfica, desde a curva azul,

to the right side with the green curve?

ao lado dereito coa curva verde?

Mastery is easy to achieve using a computer,

O dominio é fácil de acadar usando un computador,

because a computer doesn't get tired

porque un computador non se cansa

of showing you the same video five times.

de amosar o mesmo vídeo cinco veces.

And it doesn't even get tired of grading the same work multiple times,

E non se cansa de avaliar o mesmo traballo múltiples veces,

we've seen that in many of the examples that I've shown you.

como vimos en moitos dos exemplos que vos amosei.

And even personalization

E mesmo a personalización

is something that we're starting to see the beginnings of,

é algo cuxos comezos empezamos a ver,

whether it's via the personalized trajectory through the curriculum

a través da traxectoria personalizada polo currículo

or some of the personalized feedback that we've shown you.

ou a través da retroalimentación personalizada.

So the goal here is to try and push,

Así que o obxectivo aquí é intentar empurrar

and see how far we can get towards the green curve.

e ver o lonxe que podemos chegar cara á curva verde.

So, if this is so great, are universities now obsolete?

Pero, se isto é tan estupendo, estarán as universidades obsoletas?

Well, Mark Twain certainly thought so.

Ben, Mark Twain pensaba iso.

He said that, "College is a place where a professor's lecture notes

Dicía: "A universidade é un lugar onde os apuntamentos dun profesor

go straight to the students' lecture notes,

van directamente aos apuntamentos dun estudante

without passing through the brains of either."

sen pasar polo cerebro de ningún deles."

(Laughter)

(Risos)

I beg to differ with Mark Twain, though.

Aínda que eu lamento disentir de Mark Twain.

I think what he was complaining about is not

Penso que el non se queixaba

universities but rather the lecture-based format

das universidades senón do formato de clase maxistral

that so many universities spend so much time on.

en que moitas universidades invisten gran parte do tempo.

So let's go back even further, to Plutarch,

Así que imos cara a atrás un pouco, ata Plutarco, que dixo:

who said that, "The mind is not a vessel that needs filling,

"A mente non é un recipiente que hai que encher

but wood that needs igniting."

senón madeira que necesita ser acendida."

And maybe we should spend less time at universities

Talvez deberiamos investir menos tempo nas universidades

filling our students' minds with content

a encher as mentes dos nosos estudantes con contido

by lecturing at them, and more time igniting their creativity,

a través de leccións, e máis tempo a acender a súa creatividade,

their imagination and their problem-solving skills

a súa imaxinación e as súas destrezas na resolución de problemas

by actually talking with them.

conversando, realmente, con eles.

So how do we do that?

Entón, como o facemos?

We do that by doing active learning in the classroom.

Facémolo a través da aprendizaxe activa na aula.

So there's been many studies, including this one,

Houbo moitos estudos, incluído este,

that show that if you use active learning,

que demostran que coa aprendizaxe activa,

interacting with your students in the classroom,

cando interactuamos cos nosos estudantes na aula,

performance improves on every single metric --

o rendemento mellora en todas as dimensións,

on attendance, on engagement and on learning

en asistencia, en compromiso e en aprendizaxe

as measured by a standardized test.

medidos en probas estandarizadas.

You can see, for example, that the achievement score

Vedes, por exemplo, que o nivel de rendemento

almost doubles in this particular experiment.

case se duplica neste experimento concreto.

So maybe this is how we should spend our time at universities.

Entón, quizais é así como deberiamos usar o noso tempo nas universidades.

So to summarize, if we could offer a top quality education

Para resumir, se puidésemos ofrecer unha educación de alta calidade

to everyone around the world for free,

para todas as persoas do mundo, de balde,

what would that do? Three things.

que suporía? Tres cousas.

First it would establish education as a fundamental human right,

Primeiro, estableceríase a educación como un dereito humano fundamental,

where anyone around the world

calquera persoa ao redor do mundo

with the ability and the motivation

con capacidades e motivación

could get the skills that they need

podería desenvolver as destrezas que precisase

to make a better life for themselves,

para mellorar a súa vida,

their families and their communities.

a das súas familias e a das súas comunidades.

Second, it would enable lifelong learning.

Segundo, faría posible a aprendizaxe ao longo da vida.

It's a shame that for so many people,

É unha vergoña que, para tantas persoas,

learning stops when we finish high school or when we finish college.

a aprendizaxe remate ao finalizar o ensino medio ou a universidade.

By having this amazing content be available,

O feito de termos dispoñible este asombroso contido,

we would be able to learn something new

permítenos aprender algo novo

every time we wanted,

cando o desexemos,

whether it's just to expand our minds

para simplemente expandir a mente

or it's to change our lives.

ou para cambiar as nosas vidas.

And finally, this would enable a wave of innovation,

E, finalmente, isto faría posible unha marea de innovación,

because amazing talent can be found anywhere.

xa que podemos atopar un asombroso talento en calquera parte.

Maybe the next Albert Einstein or the next Steve Jobs

Quizais o próximo Albert Einstein ou o próximo Steve Jobs

is living somewhere in a remote village in Africa.

estea vivindo nalgún lugar nunha remota aldea de África.

And if we could offer that person an education,

E se podemos ofrecerlle a esa persoa unha educación,

they would be able to come up with the next big idea

poderá ser capaz de aparecer coa próxima grande idea

and make the world a better place for all of us.

e facer do mundo un lugar mellor para todos nós.

Thank you very much.

Moitas grazas.

(Applause)

(Aplausos)