Why Vaccines are Made Too Late... If They’re Made At All | Seth Berkley | TED Talks

57,065 views ・ 2015-09-17

TED


Palun tehke topeltklõps allpool olevatel ingliskeelsetel subtiitritel, et mängida videot.

Translator: Mailis Laos Reviewer: Aari Lemmik
00:13
The child's symptoms begin
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Esimesed sümptomid on lapsel
00:15
with mild fever, headache, muscle pains,
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kerge palavik, peavalu ja lihasevalu,
00:18
followed by vomiting and diarrhea,
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millele järgneb oksendamine ja kõhulahtisus,
00:21
then bleeding from the mouth, nose and gums.
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seejärel hakkavad veritsema tema suu, nina ja igemed.
00:25
Death follows in the form of organ failure from low blood pressure.
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Surm saabub madalast vererõhust tingitud elundipuudulikkuse tagajärjel.
00:31
Sounds familiar?
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Tuleb tuttav ette?
00:33
If you're thinking this is Ebola,
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Kui arvad, et see on ebola,
00:36
actually, in this case, it's not.
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siis antud juhul pole see nii.
00:38
It's an extreme form of dengue fever, a mosquito-born disease
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See on raskekujuline dengue palavik, sääskedega leviv haigus,
00:43
which also does not have an effective therapy or a vaccine,
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millele samuti pole tõhusat ravi ega vaktsiini
00:48
and kills 22,000 people each year.
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ja millesse sureb 22 000 inimest aastas.
00:52
That is actually twice the number of people
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Seda on tegelikult kaks korda rohkem kui neid,
00:54
that have been killed by Ebola
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kes on surnud ebolasse
00:56
in the nearly four decades that we've known about it.
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ligi nelja aastakümne jooksul, mil seda haigust on tuntud.
01:00
As for measles, so much in the news recently,
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Leetrite puhul, millest on nüüd uudistes palju juttu,
01:04
the death toll is actually tenfold higher.
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on suremus kümme korda suuremgi.
01:09
Yet for the last year,
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Viimasel aastal
01:11
it has been Ebola that has stolen all of the headlines and the fear.
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on aga ebola hõivanud kõik esiküljed ja külvanud hirmu.
01:17
Clearly, there is something deeply rooted about it,
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On näha, et ebola puudutab meid väga sügaval tasandil,
01:19
something which scares us and fascinates us
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ta on ühtaegu hirmutav ja paeluv
01:22
more than other diseases.
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palju enam kui teised haigused.
01:24
But what is it, exactly?
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Mis see siis täpselt on?
01:27
Well, it's hard to acquire Ebola,
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Ebolasse pole lihtne haigestuda,
01:29
but if you do, the risk of a horrible death is high.
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ent kui sa haigestud, siis on suur tõenäosus, et sured piinarikkalt.
01:33
Why?
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Miks?
01:34
Because right now, we don't have any effective therapy or vaccine available.
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Sest praegu pole olemas sellele mingit tõhusat ravi või vaktsiini.
01:40
And so, that's the clue.
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See annabki vihje.
01:43
We may have it someday.
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Me võime ühel päeval sellesse haigestuda.
01:45
So we rightfully fear Ebola,
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Seepärast me kardame õigusega ebolat,
01:48
because it doesn't kill as many people as other diseases.
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sest ... see küll ei tapa nii paljusid kui teised haigused.
01:53
In fact, it's much less transmissible than viruses such as flu or measles.
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Tegelikult on see palju vähem nakkav kui gripp või leetrid.
01:59
We fear Ebola because of the fact that it kills us and we can't treat it.
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Aga me kardame ebolat, sest see on surmav ja me ei oska seda ravida.
02:05
We fear the certain inevitability that comes with Ebola.
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Me kardame seda paratamatust, mis ebolaga kaasneb.
02:08
Ebola has this inevitability that seems to defy modern medical science.
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Ebolat saadab teatav paratamatus, mis esitab tänapäeva arstiteadusele väljakutse
02:14
But wait a second, why is that?
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Miks on see aga nii?
02:16
We've known about Ebola since 1976.
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Oleme olnud ebolast teadlikud 1976. aastast alates.
02:20
We've known what it's capable of.
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Me teame, milleks ta on võimeline.
02:22
We've had ample opportunity to study it
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Meil on olnud ohtralt võimalusi seda uurida
02:24
in the 24 outbreaks that have occurred.
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seni aset leidnud 24 haiguspuhangu jooksul,
02:27
And in fact, we've actually had vaccine candidates available now
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Ja tegelikult on meil olnud ka võimalikud vaktsiinid olemas
02:31
for more than a decade.
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juba üle kümne aasta.
02:33
Why is that those vaccines are just going into clinical trials now?
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Miks on need vaktsiinid alles kliiniliste katsete etapis?
02:38
This goes to the fundamental problem we have
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Siit tulenebki aga meie põhiprobleem
02:41
with vaccine development for infectious diseases.
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nakkushaiguste vaktsiinide väljatöötamises.
02:45
It goes something like this:
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Ma sõnastaksin selle nii:
02:47
The people most at risk for these diseases
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inimesed, kel on suurem oht neisse haigustesse haigestuda
02:50
are also the ones least able to pay for vaccines.
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on need, kel on vähem võimalusi vaktsiinide eest maksta.
02:55
This leaves little in the way of market incentives
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Tootajate meelest pole selliste vaktsiinide
02:59
for manufacturers to develop vaccines,
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tootmine majanduslikult tulus enne,
03:02
unless there are large numbers of people who are at risk in wealthy countries.
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kui haigus ei ohusta jõukamate riikide elanikke.
03:07
It's simply too commercially risky.
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Majanduslikus mõttes liiga riskantne äri.
03:11
As for Ebola, there is absolutely no market at all,
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Ebolast rääkides pole turgu ollagi.
03:15
so the only reason we have two vaccines in late-stage clinical trials now,
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Ainus põhjus, miks kaks vaktsiini on kliiniliste katsete lõppfaasis,
03:21
is actually because of a somewhat misguided fear.
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on tegelikult mõneti alusetu hirm.
03:24
Ebola was relatively ignored
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Ebolat ignoreeriti
03:27
until September 11 and the anthrax attacks,
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kuni 11. septembri ja antraksi rünnakuteni,
03:32
when all of a sudden, people perceived Ebola
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mil ühtäkki inimesed adusid, et ebolat
03:34
as, potentially, a bioterrorism weapon.
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võidakse kasutada biorelvana.
03:37
Why is it that the Ebola vaccine wasn't fully developed at this point?
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Miks polnud ebola vaktsiini selleks ajaks välja töötatud?
03:42
Well, partially, because it was really difficult --
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Osaliselt seepärast, et oli väga raske -
03:44
or thought to be difficult -- to weaponize the virus,
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või peeti väga raskeks - viirust relvaks muuta,
03:47
but mainly because of the financial risk in developing it.
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kuid põhiliselt, kuna arendusega kaasnes finantsrisk.
Ja selles asi ongi.
03:53
And this is really the point.
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03:55
The sad reality is, we develop vaccines
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On kurb tõsiasi, et vaktsiine arendatakse
03:58
not based upon the risk the pathogen poses to people,
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mitte tulenevalt haigustekitaja ohtlikkusest,
04:02
but on how economically risky it is to develop these vaccines.
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vaid hinnates riski, kuivõrd see äriliselt ära tasuks.
04:06
Vaccine development is expensive and complicated.
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Vaktsiini väljatöötamine on kallis ja keeruline.
04:09
It can cost hundreds of millions of dollars
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Võib kuluda sadu miljoneid dollareid,
04:11
to take even a well-known antigen and turn it into a viable vaccine.
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et muuta ka mõni tuntud antigeen toimivaks vaktsiiniks.
Õnneks saame ebola sarnaste haiguste puhul
04:17
Fortunately for diseases like Ebola,
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04:19
there are things we can do to remove some of these barriers.
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midagi teha ära selleks, et neid takistusi kõrvaldada.
04:23
The first is to recognize when there's a complete market failure.
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Esiteks tuleb ära tunda, millal eksisteerib turutõrge.
04:27
In that case, if we want vaccines,
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Sel juhul, kui me soovime vaktsiine,
04:30
we have to provide incentives or some type of subsidy.
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tuleb pakkuda stiimuleid või võimaldada toetust.
04:36
We also need to do a better job at being able to figure out
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Samuti on vaja rohkem pingutada, et suudaksime kindlaks teha,
04:40
which are the diseases that most threaten us.
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haigused, mis meid enim ohustavad.
04:43
By creating capabilities within countries, we then create the ability
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Toetades riikide võimekust anname neile võimaluse
04:48
for those countries to create epidemiological and laboratory networks
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ehitada üles epidemioloogiline ja laboratoorne võrgustik,
04:52
which are capable of collecting and categorizing these pathogens.
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mis suudaks patogeene koguda ja tuvastada.
04:58
The data from that then can be used
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Nende andmeid saab siis kasutada selleks,
05:00
to understand the geographic and genetic diversity,
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et mõista geograafilisi ja geneetilisi erinevusi,
05:03
which then can be used to help us understand
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mida omakorda saab kasutada selleks, et mõista,
05:06
how these are being changed immunologically,
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kuidas need on muutunud immunoloogiliselt
05:10
and what type of reactions they promote.
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ja milliseid reaktsioone need tekitavad.
05:13
So these are the things that can be done,
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Seda kõike on võimalik teha,
05:15
but to do this, if we want to deal with a complete market failure,
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kuid selleks, et tulla toime täieliku turutõrke olukorras,
05:19
we have to change the way we view and prevent infectious diseases.
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tuleb muuta senist ennetustööd ja suhtumist nakkushaigustesse.
05:24
We have to stop waiting until we see evidence
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Pole aega oodata, kuni on ilmselge,
05:28
of a disease becoming a global threat before we consider it as one.
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et haigus on levinud globaalselt enne kui me sellest arugi saame.
05:34
So, for Ebola,
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Ebola puhul sundis paranoiline hirm nakkuse ees,
05:36
the paranoid fear of an infectious disease,
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05:40
followed by a few cases transported to wealthy countries,
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mille järgnesid vaid üksikud haigusjuhud jõukamates riikides,
05:45
led the global community to come together,
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globaalset üldsust tegema ühiseid jõupingutusi.
05:48
and with the work of dedicated vaccine companies,
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Koostöös vaktsiinifirmadega
05:51
we now have these:
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oleme saavutanud selle:
05:54
Two Ebola vaccines in efficacy trials in the Ebola countries --
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kaks ebola vaktsiini, mida katsetatakse ebola kolletega riikides, ...
06:00
(Applause)
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(Aplaus)
06:06
and a pipeline of vaccines that are following behind.
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... ja tulemas on veel hulk vaktsiine.
06:10
Every year, we spend billions of dollars,
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Igal aastal me kulutame miljardeid dollareid,
06:13
keeping a fleet of nuclear submarines permanently patrolling the oceans
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et hoida tuumaallveelaevu ookeanides patrullimas
06:18
to protect us from a threat that almost certainly will never happen.
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ja kaitsmas meid ohu eest, mida ilmselt mitte kunagi ei tekigi.
06:23
And yet, we spend virtually nothing
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Samas ei kuluta me praktiliselt sentigi sellele,
06:26
to prevent something as tangible and evolutionarily certain
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et hoida ära midagi meid otseselt puudutavat ja evolutsiooniliselt tõenäolist
06:31
as epidemic infectious diseases.
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nagu seda on nakkushaiguste epideemiad.
06:35
And make no mistake about it -- it's not a question of "if," but "when."
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Siin pole kahtlust, et küsimus on pigem millal see juhtub, mitte kas see juhtub.
06:38
These bugs are going to continue to evolve
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Viirused arenevad pidevalt
06:41
and they're going to threaten the world.
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ja ohustavad jätkuvalt kogu maailma.
06:44
And vaccines are our best defense.
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Ja vaktsiinid on meie parim kaitse.
06:47
So if we want to be able to prevent epidemics like Ebola,
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Kui me tahame vältida selliseid epideemiaid nagu ebola,
06:51
we need to take on the risk of investing in vaccine development
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tuleb meil riskida investeerimisega vaktsiinide väljatöötamisse
06:55
and in stockpile creation.
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ja nende varude soetamisse.
06:58
And we need to view this, then, as the ultimate deterrent --
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Peaksime suhtuma vaktsiinidesse kui ülimasse heidutusvahendisse -
07:02
something we make sure is available,
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midagi, mis peaks kindlasti olemas olema,
07:05
but at the same time, praying we never have to use it.
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kuid mida poleks loodetavasti vaja kunagi kasutada.
07:09
Thank you.
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Aitäh.
07:10
(Applause)
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(Aplaus)
Selle veebisaidi kohta

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