Zeresenay Alemseged: Finding the origins of humanity

61,970 views ใƒป 2007-09-18

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Anwar Dafa-Alla ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Mahmoud Aghiorly
00:25
I have 18 minutes to tell you what happened
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ู„ุฏูŠ 18 ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู… ู…ุงุฐุง ุญุฏุซ
00:27
over the past six million years.
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ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุณุช ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ.
00:30
All right.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹.
00:32
We all have come from a long way,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุชูŠู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุงู‹ ู…ู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุจุนูŠุฏุŒ
00:35
here in Africa, and converged in this region of Africa,
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ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุงุŒ ูˆุชู„ุชู‚ูŠ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ู…ู† ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุงุŒ
00:38
which is a place where 90 percent of our evolutionary process took place.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุญุฏุซุช ููŠู‡ 90 ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฆุฉ ู…ู† ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุชุทูˆุฑู†ุง.
00:44
And I say that not because I am African,
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ูˆุฃู†ุง ุงู‚ูˆู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุŒ
00:47
but it's in Africa that you find the earliest evidence
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ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ุชุฌุฏ ุฃู‚ุฏู… ุงู„ุฃุฏู„ุฉ
00:50
for human ancestors, upright walking traces,
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ู„ุฃุณู„ุงู ุงู„ุจุดุฑุŒ ุขุซุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุดูŠ ูˆุงู‚ููŠู†ุŒ
00:55
even the first technologies in the form of stone tools.
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ูˆุญุชู‰ ุฃูˆู„ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ู„ูˆุฌูŠุงุช ููŠ ุดูƒู„ ุฃุฏูˆุงุช ุญุฌุฑูŠุฉ.
00:58
So we all are Africans, and welcome home.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูู†ุญู† ุฌู…ูŠุนู†ุง ุฃูุงุฑู‚ุฉุŒ ูˆู…ุฑุญุจุงู‹ ุจูƒู… ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุทู†.
01:01
All right.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹.
01:03
I'm a paleoanthropologist, and my job is to define
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ุฃู†ุง ุนุงู„ู… ุญูุฑูŠุงุช ุฃู†ุซุฑูˆุจูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุŒ ูˆู…ู‡ู…ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชุนุฑู
01:06
man's place in nature and explore what makes us human.
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ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ูˆุฅุณุชูƒุดุงู ู…ุง ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ุง ุจุดุฑุงู‹ุŒ
01:10
And today, I will use Selam, the earliest child ever discovered,
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ูˆุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุณุฃุณุชุฎุฏู… ุณู„ุงู…ุŒ ุฃูˆู„ ุทูู„ ุชู… ุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุŒ
01:14
to tell you a story of all of us.
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ู„ุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู… ุจู‚ุตุฉ ู„ู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุงู‹.
01:16
Selam is our most complete skeleton of a three-year-old girl
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ุณู„ุงู… ู‡ูŠ ุฃูˆู„ ู‡ูŠูƒู„ ูƒุงู…ู„ ู„ู†ุง ู„ุทูู„ุฉ ุนู…ุฑู‡ุง ุซู„ุงุซ ุณู†ูˆุงุช
01:20
who lived and died 3.3 million years ago.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนุงุดุช ูˆู…ุงุชุช ู‚ุจู„ 3.3 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุถุช.
01:24
She belongs to the species known as Australopithecus afarensis.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชู†ุชู…ูŠ ู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ุนุฑูˆู ุจ ุฃุณุชุฑุงู„ูˆุจูŠุซูƒุณ ุฃูุงุฑูŠู†ุณูŠุณ.
01:28
You don't need to remember that.
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ู„ู† ุชุญุชุงุฌูˆุง ู„ุชุฐูƒุฑ ุฐู„ูƒ.
01:30
That's the Lucy species, and was found by my research team
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ุชู„ูƒ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู„ูˆุณูŠุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ุนุซุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ูุฑูŠู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุจุญุซูŠ
01:34
in December of 2000 in an area called Dikika.
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ููŠ ุฏูŠุณู…ุจุฑ ุนุงู… 2000 ููŠ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุชุณู…ู‰ ุฏูŠูƒูŠูƒุง.
01:37
It's in the northeastern part of Ethiopia.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุดุฑู‚ูŠ ู„ุฃุซูŠูˆุจูŠุง.
01:39
And Selam means peace in many Ethiopian languages.
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ูˆุณู„ุงู… ุชุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ููŠ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ุบุงุช ุงู„ุฃุซูŠูˆุจูŠุฉ.
01:42
We use that name to celebrate peace in the region and in the planet.
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ุฃุณู… ู„ู„ุฅุญุชูุงุก ุจุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ูˆููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ.
01:48
And the fact that it was the cover story of all these famous magazines
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ูˆ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ู„ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุดู‡ูˆุฑุฉ
01:52
gives you already an idea of her significance, I think.
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ูŠุนุทูŠูƒู… ููƒุฑุฉ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุญูˆู„ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุชู‡ุงุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ.
01:55
After I was invited by TED, I did some digging,
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ูˆุจุนุฏ ุฃู† ุชู…ุช ุฏุนูˆุชูŠ ู„ุชูŠุฏุŒ ู‚ู…ุช ุจุจุนุถ ุงู„ุชุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุŒ
01:58
because that's what we do, to know about my host.
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ู„ุฃู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุง ู†ูุนู„ู‡ุŒ ู„ุฃุนุฑู ุนู† ู…ุถูŠููŠ.
02:01
You don't just jump into an invitation.
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ู„ุง ุชู‚ูˆู… ูู‚ุท ุจุฅุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุฏุนูˆุฉ.
02:03
And I learned that the first technology appeared
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุนู„ู…ุช ุฃู† ุฃูˆู„ ุชูƒู†ู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุธู‡ุฑุช
02:05
in the form of stone tools, 2.6 million years ago.
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ููŠ ุดูƒู„ ุฃุฏูˆุงุช ุญุฌุฑูŠุฉ ูƒุงู† ู‚ุจู„ 2.6 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุถุช.
02:08
First entertainment comes evidence from flutes that are 35,000 years old.
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ุฃูˆู„ ุฏู„ุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุชุฑููŠู‡ ุชุฃุชูŠ ูƒุฏู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ู…ุฒุงู…ูŠุฑ ุนู…ุฑู‡ุง 35ุŒ000 ุณู†ุฉ.
02:13
And evidence for first design comes 75,000 years old -- beads.
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ูˆุงู„ุฏู„ูŠู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูˆู„ ุชุตู…ูŠู… ูŠุฃุชูŠ ู…ู† ุฎุฑุฒ ุนู…ุฑู‡ 75ุŒ000 ุณู†ุฉ.
02:19
And you can do the same with your genes and track them back in time.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ูุนู„ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดุฆ ู…ุน ุฌูŠู†ุงุชูƒ ูˆุชุชุจุนู‡ุง ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุฒู…ู†.
02:24
And DNA analysis of living humans and chimpanzees
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ุซู… ุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ู„ู„ุจุดุฑ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงุก ูˆุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ
02:28
teaches us today that we diverged sometime around seven million years ago
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ูŠุนู„ู…ู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุฃู†ู†ุง ุชู‚ุงุฑุจู†ุง ููŠ ูˆู‚ุช ู…ุง ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ู‚ุจู„ ุณุจุนุฉ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุถุช
02:32
and that these two species share over 98 percent of the same genetic material.
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ูˆุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุชุชุดุงุฑูƒ ู…ุง ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุนู„ู‰ 98 ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฆุฉ ู…ู† ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ.
02:38
I think knowing this is a very useful context
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ููŠุฏ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ููŠ ุณูŠุงู‚
02:40
within which we can think of our ancestry.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ููŠู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุจุฃุณู„ุงูู†ุง.
02:44
However, DNA analysis informs us only about
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ู„ูƒู†ุŒ ูŠุนู„ู…ู†ุง ุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ูู‚ุท ุญูˆู„
02:48
the beginning and the end, telling us nothing
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ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู„ุง ูŠุฎุจุฑู†ุง ุจุดุฆ
02:52
about what happened in the middle.
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ุญูˆู„ ู…ุงุฐุง ุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุตู.
02:54
So, for us, paleoanthropologists, our job is to find the hard evidence,
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ู„ุฐุง ูุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู†ุง ูƒุนู„ู…ุงุก ุญูุฑูŠุงุช ุฃู†ุซุฑูˆุจูˆู„ุฌูŠุง ุชุฏูˆุฑ ู…ู‡ู…ุชู†ุง ููŠ ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุฏู„ูŠู„ ู‚ูˆูŠุŒ
02:59
the fossil evidence, to fill in this gap
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ู„ุฃุฏู„ุฉ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠุงุชุŒ ู„ู…ู„ุฆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูุฑุงุบ
03:02
and see the different stages of development.
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ูˆู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงุญู„ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู„ู„ุชุทูˆุฑ.
03:05
Because it's only when you do that, that you can talk about --
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูู‚ุท ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุนู†
03:08
(Laughter) --
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ูƒูŠู ูƒู†ุง ู†ุจุฏูˆ ูˆูƒูŠู ุชุตุฑูู†ุง ููŠ ุฃูˆู‚ุงุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ
03:12
it's only when you do that, [that] you can talk about
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ูˆูƒูŠู ุฃู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุดุจู‡ ูˆุงู„ุณู„ูˆูƒ ู‚ุฏ ุชุบูŠุฑ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุฒู…ู†ุŒ
03:15
how we looked like and how we behaved at different times,
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ุซู… ูŠุนุทูŠู†ุง ูˆุณูŠู„ุฉ
03:19
and how those likes and looks and behaviors changed through time.
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ู„ุฅุณุชูƒุดุงู ุงู„ุขู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ
03:24
That then gives you an access
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ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุคู„ุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฏุฑูŠุฌูŠ
03:26
to explore the biological mechanisms
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฌุนู„ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ู†ุญู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ูŠูˆู….
03:29
and forces that are responsible for this gradual change
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุฏู„ุฉ ุฏุงู…ุบุฉ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุณุนู‰ ู…ุนู‚ุฏ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
03:32
that made us what we are today.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ู‚ุงุฑุจุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุฌูŠุฉ ูˆุนู„ู…ูŠุฉุŒ
03:35
But finding the hard evidence is a very complicated endeavor.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฃุฎุฐูƒ ูˆุชุถุนูƒ ููŠ ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุจุนูŠุฏุฉุŒ ุญุงุฑุฉ ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุนุงุฏุฉ ุจุฏูˆู† ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ุฅุชุตุงู„.
03:39
It's a systematic and scientific approach,
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ูู‚ุท ู„ุฃุนุทูŠูƒู… ู…ุซุงู„ุงู‹ุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฐู‡ุจุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุฏูŠูƒูŠูƒุงุŒ
03:42
which takes you to places that are remote, hot, hostile and often with no access.
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ุญูŠุซ ุนูุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุณู„ุงู…ุŒ ุนุงู… 99ุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู†ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ 500 ูƒูŠู„ูˆู…ุชุฑุงู‹
03:48
Just to give you an example, when I went to Dikika,
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ู…ู† ุฃุฏูŠุณ ุฃุจุงุจุงุŒ ุนุงุตู…ุฉ ุฃุซูŠูˆุจูŠุง.
03:50
where Selam was found, in '99 -- and it's about 500 kilometers
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุณุชุบุฑุช ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ู„ุฃูˆู„ 470 ูƒูŠู„ูˆู…ุชุฑุงู‹ ูู‚ุท ุณุจุน ุณุงุนุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„500ุŒ
03:54
from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia.
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ู„ูƒู† ุฃุณุชุบุฑู‚ ุฃุฑุจุน ุณุงุนุงุช ุตุนุจุฉ ู„ุจุญุซ ุงู„30 ูƒู„ูŠูˆู…ุชุฑุงู‹ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ.
03:58
It took us only seven hours to do the first 470 kilometers of the 500,
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ุจู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ุณูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠูŠู† ูˆุจุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ู…ุนุงูˆู„ ูˆุงู„ู†ุดู„ุŒ ุชู…ูƒู†ุช ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„.
04:05
but took four, solid hours to do the last only 30 kilometers.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒู†ุช ุฃูˆู„ ุดุฎุต ูŠู‚ูˆุฏ ุณูŠุงุฑุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน.
04:10
With the help of the locals and using just shovels and picks, I made my way.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ู†ุงูƒุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ุณุชุฑุงู‡ุŒ
04:14
I was the first person to actually drive a car to the spot.
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ูˆุฅู†ู‡ ู„ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุชุณุน ุงู„ุดุฆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฌุนู„ูƒ ุชุดุนุฑ ุจุงู„ุถุนู ูˆุงู„ุนุฌุฒ.
04:18
When you get there, this is what you see,
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ูˆุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ูˆุตูˆู„ูƒ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ู†ุงูƒุŒ ูุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุฃูŠู† ู†ุจุฏุฃ.
04:21
and it's the vastness of the place which makes you feel helpless and vulnerable.
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ู„ุง ุชุนุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุดุฆ ู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ูˆุณู†ูˆุงุช.
04:26
And once you make it there, the big question is where to start.
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฃุฐู‡ุจ ู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู…ูˆุงู‚ุน ู„ู„ุญูุฑูŠุงุชุŒ
04:30
(Laughter)
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ูุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ู„ุญุฏูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู„ุนุงุจุŒ ุญุฏูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู„ุนุงุจ ู…ู†ู‚ุฑุถุฉ.
04:32
And you find nothing for years and years.
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ู†ุฌุฏู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ุจู‚ุงูŠุง ุจุดุฑูŠุฉุŒ
04:35
When I go to places like this, which are paleontological sites,
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ู…ุซู„ ุณู„ุงู… ุฃูˆ ู„ูˆุณูŠุŒ ุจู…ุนุฏู„ ูŠูˆู…ูŠ.
04:39
it's like going to a game park, an extinct game park.
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ู†ุฌุฏ ููŠู„ุฉุŒ ูˆุญูŠุฏ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู†ุŒ ู‚ุฑูˆุฏุŒ ุฎู†ุงุฒูŠุฑุŒ ูˆู‡ู„ู…ุฌุฑุง.
04:43
But what you find are not the human remains,
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ู„ูƒู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ุŒ ูƒูŠู ุฃู…ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุซุฏูŠุงุช ุงู„ุถุฎู…ุฉ
04:46
such as Selam and Lucy, on a day-to-day basis.
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ุฃู† ุชุนูŠุด ููŠ ุจูŠุฆุฉ ุตุญุฑุงูˆูŠุฉุŸ
04:49
You find elephants, rhinos, monkeys, pigs, etc.
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ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ู„ุง ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุฃู†ุง ุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู… ุจุงู„ูุนู„
04:53
But you could ask, how could these large mammals
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ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ ูˆุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฅุณุชูŠุนุงุจูŠุฉ
04:55
live in this desert environment?
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ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุฌุฐุฑูŠุงู‹ ู…ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ูŠูˆู….
04:57
Of course, they cannot, but I'm telling you already
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฏุฑุณ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆูŠ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุชุนู„ู…ู‡ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง.
04:59
that the environment and the carrying capacity
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุญุงู„ุŒ ุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ูˆุตูˆู„ู†ุงุŒ ูุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ุซู„ ู…ู†ุชุฒู‡ ุงู„ุฃู„ุนุงุจุŒ ูƒู…ุง ู‚ู„ุช-- ุญุฏูŠู‚ุฉ ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ู…ู†ู‚ุฑุถุฉ.
05:02
of this region was drastically different from what we have today.
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุนุงุด ุฃุณู„ุงูู†ุง ููŠ ู…ู†ุชุฒู‡ ุงู„ุฃู„ุนุงุจ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
05:07
A very important environmental lesson could be learned from this.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุฃู‚ู„ูŠุงุช. ู„ู… ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู†ุงุฌุญูŠู†
05:11
Anyway, once we made it there, then it's a game park, as I said, an extinct game park.
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ูˆู…ู†ุชุดุฑูŠู† ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุญุงู„ ุงู„ู‡ูˆู…ูˆ ุณุจูŠู†ุณ(ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุงู„ุนุงู‚ู„) ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู†ุญู† ุงู„ุขู†.
05:17
And our ancestors lived in that game park,
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ู„ุฃู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒู… ู…ุซุงู„ุงู‹ุŒ ู‚ุตุฉ ุนู† ู…ุฏู‰ ู†ุฏุฑุชู‡ู…ุŒ
05:20
but were just the minorities. They were not as successful
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ูƒู†ุช ุฃุฐู‡ุจ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุณู†ูˆูŠุงู‹ ูˆุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฏุงู†ูŠ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ
05:22
and as widespread as the Homo sapiens that we are.
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ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏูŠู†ุŒ ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ุณุงุนุฏูˆู†ูŠ ู„ุฅู†ุฌุงุฒ ุงู„ู…ุณูˆุญุงุช.
05:27
To tell you just an example, an anecdote about their rarity,
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ูŠุฌุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุนุธู… ูˆูŠุฎุจุฑูˆู†ูŠุŒ " ู‡ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ุชุจุญุซ ุนู†ู‡."
05:30
I was going to this place every year and would do fieldwork here,
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ูˆุฃู‚ูˆู„ุŒ " ู„ุง ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠู„."
05:35
and the assistants, of course, helped me do the surveys.
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ู…ุฌุฏุฏุงู‹ุŒ ุดุฆ ุขุฎุฑ --" ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ุฑุฏุŒ" " ุฐู„ูƒ ุฎู†ุฒูŠุฑุŒ" ูˆู‡ู„ู…ุฌุฑุง.
05:38
They would find a bone and tell me, "Here is what you're looking for."
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ุญุชู‰ ู‚ุงู„ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏูŠู†ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ู… ูŠุชู„ู‚ูˆุง ุชุนู„ูŠู…ุงู‹ ู‚ุทุŒ " ุฃุณู…ุนุŒ ุฒูŠุฑุงูŠ.
05:40
I would say, "No, that's an elephant."
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ุฅู…ู‘ุง ุฃู†ูƒ ู„ุง ุชุนุฑู ู…ุง ุชุจุญุซ ุนู†ู‡ุŒ
05:41
Again, another one, "That's a monkey." "That's a pig," etc.
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ุฃูˆ ุฃู†ูƒ ุชุจุญุซ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฎุทุฃุŒ" ูƒู…ุง ู‚ุงู„.
05:44
So one of my assistants, who never went to school, said to me, "Listen, Zeray.
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ู‚ู„ุชุŒ " ู„ู…ุงุฐุงุŸ" ุฑุฏ " ู„ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃููŠุงู„ ูˆุฃุณูˆุฏุŒ
05:47
You either don't know what you're looking for,
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุฎุงุฆููˆู† ูˆุฐู‡ุจูˆุง ู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุขุฎุฑ.
05:49
or you're looking in the wrong place," he said.
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ู„ู†ุฐู‡ุจ ู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุขุฎุฑ."
05:52
(Laughter)
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ู…ุชุนุจุงู‹ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ู…ุชุนุจ.
05:53
And I said, "Why?" "Because there were elephants and lions,
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ูƒุงู† ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ุจุนุฏ ุนู…ู„ ุดุงู‚ ูˆุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ู…ุญุจุทุฉ ุญุชู‰ ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุณู„ุงู…ุŒ
05:56
and the people were scared and went somewhere else.
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ูˆุฃู†ุชู… ุชุฑูˆู† ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุบุทู‰ ุจุงู„ุญุฌุฑ ุงู„ุฑู…ู„ูŠ.
05:58
Let's go somewhere else."
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ูˆู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุนู…ูˆุฏ ุงู„ูู‚ุฑูŠ
06:00
Well, he was very tired, and it's really tiring.
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ูˆุงู„ุฌุฐุน ูƒู„ู‡ ู…ุบุทู‰ ููŠ ูƒุชู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุฌุฑ ุงู„ุฑู…ู„ูŠุŒ
06:02
It was then, after such hard work and many frustrating years that we found Selam,
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุฏููˆู†ุฉ ู‚ุฑุจ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุฑ.
06:07
and you see the face here covered by sandstone.
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ู…ุง ุญุตู„ุชู… ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ูˆ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู„ุง ุดุฆุŒ
06:10
And here is actually the spinal column
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ูŠุญูˆูŠ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ู…ุฃู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ
06:12
and the whole torso encased in a sandstone block,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุงุนุฏู†ุง ููŠ ุฅุณุชูƒุดุงู ู…ุง ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ุง ุจุดุฑุงู‹.
06:16
because she was buried by a river.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃูˆู„ ูˆุฃูƒู…ู„ ุณู„ู ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ
06:19
What you have here seems to be nothing,
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ุชู… ุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ููŠ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุญูุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฃู†ุซุฑูˆุจูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง --
06:21
but contains an incredible amount of scientific information
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ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎู†ุง ุงู„ุทูˆูŠู„ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
06:25
that helps us explore what makes us human.
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ูˆุฃู†ุงุŒ ูˆุฃู†ุง ุฃู„ุชู‚ุท ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุŒ
06:28
This is the earliest and most complete juvenile human ancestor
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ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุฃู†ุง ู„ุณุช ููŠู‡ุง.
06:32
ever found in the history of paleoanthropology,
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ูƒูŠู ูƒู†ุช ู„ุชุดุนุฑ ุฅู† ูƒู†ุช ู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุŒ ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุดุฆ ุฅุณุชุซู†ุงุฆูŠ ุจูŠู† ูŠุฏูŠูƒุŒ
06:34
an amazing piece of our long, long history.
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ู„ูƒู†ูƒ ูˆุณุท ุงู„ู„ุงุดุฆุŸ
06:38
There were these three people and me, and I am taking the pictures,
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ุงู„ุฅุญุณุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชู…ู„ูƒู†ูŠ ูƒุงู† ุนู…ูŠู‚ุงู‹ ูˆุณุนุงุฏุฉ ุจุงู„ุบุฉ ูˆุฅุซุงุฑุฉุŒ
06:41
that's why I am not in.
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ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ู…ุตุญูˆุจุฉ ุจุฅุญุณุงุณ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉุŒ
06:43
How would you feel if you were me? You have something extraordinary in your hand,
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ู„ุฃุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู† ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุดุฆ ุขู…ู†.
06:46
but you are in the middle of nowhere?
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ู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง ุฅุบู„ุงู‚ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุฎู…ุณ ุณู†ูˆุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู†ุธูŠูุŒ
06:48
The feeling I had was a deep and quiet happiness and excitement,
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ุงู„ุชุญุถูŠุฑุŒ ูˆุงู„ูˆุตู -- ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉุŒ
06:53
of course accompanied by a huge sense of responsibility,
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ูˆุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู‘ ุงู„ูƒุดู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ู…ู† ูƒุชู„ ุงู„ุญุฌุฑ ุงู„ุฑู…ู„ูŠุฉ
06:56
of making sure everything is safe.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนุฑุถุชู‡ุง ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ููŠ ุงู„ุดุฑูŠุญุฉ ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ.
06:59
Here is a close-up of the fossil, after five years of cleaning,
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ุฃุณุชุบุฑู‚ุช ุฎู…ุณ ุณู†ูˆุงุช.
07:04
preparation and description, which was very long,
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ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุงุŒ ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุซู„ ู…ูŠู„ุงุฏ ุซุงู†ูŠ ู„ุทูู„ุฉ ุจุนุฏ 3.3 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุณู†ุฉุŒ
07:08
as I had to expose the bones from the sandstone block
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ูƒุงู† ุทูˆูŠู„ุงู‹ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
07:11
I just showed you in the previous slide.
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ูˆู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ุญุฌู… ุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ -- ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุนุธุงู… ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
07:13
It took five years.
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุตู ูˆุฒูŠุฑ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุญุฉ ุงู„ุฃุซูŠูˆุจูŠุฉุŒ
07:14
In a way, this was like the second birth for the child, after 3.3 million years,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฌุงุก ู„ุฒูŠุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุญู ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠ ููŠ ุฃุซูŠูˆุจูŠุง ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุนู…ู„ูŠ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
07:19
but the labor was very long.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฑุคูŠุชูŠ ู‚ู„ู‚ ูˆู…ุญุงูˆู„ุงู‹ ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ุทูู„ูŠุŒ
07:22
And here is full scale -- it's a tiny bone.
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ู„ุฃู†ูƒ ู„ุง ุชุชุฑูƒ ุฃูŠ ุดุฎุต ู…ุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ุŒ
07:26
And in the middle is the minister of Ethiopian tourism,
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ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฒูŠุฑ.
07:29
who came to visit the National Museum of Ethiopia while I was working there.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฅู†ุชู‡ุงุกูƒ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู…ุงู‡ูŠุชู‡ุง.
07:33
And you see me worried and trying to protect my child,
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ุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ูุฑุงุบูƒ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ.
07:36
because you don't leave anyone with this kind of child,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชู†ุชู…ูŠ
07:39
even a minister.
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ู„ุดุฌุฑุฉ ุฃุณุฑุฉ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ุจุณุจุจ ุฑุฌู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ ุงู„ู‚ุฏู…ุŒ
07:42
So then, once you've done that, the next stage is to know what it is.
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ูˆุจุนุถ ุงู„ุตูุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃูˆุถุญุช ุจุฌู„ุงุก ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ุดุช ูˆุงู‚ูุฉุŒ
07:46
(Laughter)
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ูˆุงู„ู…ุดูŠ ูˆู‚ูˆูุงู‹ ู‡ูˆ ุนู„ุงู…ุฉ ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†.
07:49
Once that was done, then it was possible to compare.
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ู„ูƒู† ุฅุถุงูุฉ ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฌู…ุฌู…ุฉ
07:53
We were able to tell that she belonged
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ู…ุน ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ ูˆุฌูˆุฑุฌ ุจูˆุด ุตุบูŠุฑ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ
07:55
to the human family tree because the legs, the foot,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฌุจูŠู† ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠุŒ
07:59
and some features clearly showed that she walked upright,
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุดุฑุŒ ุจูุนู„ ุชุทูˆุฑ
08:03
and upright walking is a hallmark in humanity.
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ุงู„ู‚ุดุฑุฉ ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุฌุจู‡ูŠุฉุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุณู…ู‰ --
08:06
But in addition, if you compare the skull
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ู„ุง ุชู„ุงุญุธ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠุŒ
08:09
with a comparably aged chimpanzee and little George Bush here,
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ูˆู„ุง ุชุฑู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ูŠุงุจ ุงู„ุณุงู‚ุทุฉ.
08:12
you see that you have vertical forehead.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูู‡ูŠ ุชู†ุชู…ูŠ ู„ุดุฌุฑุชู†ุงุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
08:16
And you see that in humans, because of the development
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ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุชูุตูŠู„ูŠ ูˆู†ุนุฑู ุงู„ุขู†
08:19
of the pre-frontal cortex, it's called.
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ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชู†ุชู…ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ูˆุน ู„ูˆุณูŠุŒ
08:21
You don't see that in chimpanzees,
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ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ ูƒ ุฃุณุชุฑุงู„ูˆุจูŠุซูƒุณ ุฃูุงุฑู†ุณูŠุณ.
08:24
and you don't see this very projecting canine.
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ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ู„ ูˆู„ุฏ ุฃู… ุจู†ุชุŒ
08:28
So she belongs to our family tree, but within that, of course,
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ูˆูƒู… ุนู…ุฑู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู…ุงุชุช.
08:31
you do detailed analysis, and we know now
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุฌู†ุณ ุงู„ุดุฎุต
08:33
that she belongs to the Lucy species,
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ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฌู… ูˆุงู„ุฃุณู†ุงู†.
08:35
known as Australopithecus afarensis.
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ูƒูŠูุŸ
08:38
The next exciting question is, girl or boy?
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏู…ุงุชุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุธุงู‡ุฑุฉ
08:41
And how old was she when she died?
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณู…ู‰ ุฅุฒุฏูˆุงุฌ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ
08:43
You can determine the sex of the individual
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ุฃู† ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุฃุถุฎู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู†ุงุซ ูˆุฃู† ู„ู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุฃุณู†ุงู† ุฃูƒุจุฑ
08:46
based on the size of the teeth.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู†ุงุซ.
08:49
How?
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ู„ูƒู† ู„ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ู„ุฃุณู†ุงู† ุฏุงุฆู…ุฉุŒ
08:50
You know, in primates, there is this phenomenon
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ู†ุฑุงู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง ู„ุฃู† ู…ุง ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง
08:52
called sexual dimorphism, which simply means
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ู‡ูŠ ุฃุณู†ุงู† ู„ุทูู„ุฉ.
08:54
males are larger than females and males have larger teeth
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ู„ูƒู† ุจุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุญ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุทุนูŠ ุŒ
08:56
than the females.
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุนุงุฏุฉ ู„ุฃุบุฑุงุถ ุทุจูŠุฉุŒ
08:58
But to do that, you need the permanent dentition,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุชุนู…ู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ูู… ูˆุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉ
09:00
which you don't see here, because what you have here
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนุฑุถ ู„ูƒ ูƒู„ุง ู…ู† ุฃุณู†ุงู† ุงู„ุทูู„ ู‡ู†ุง
09:02
are the baby teeth.
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ูˆุณู† ู…ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ ูŠู†ู…ูˆ ู„ุจุงู„ุบ ู‡ู†ุง.
09:04
But using the CT scanning technology,
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ู„ุฐุง ูุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ู‚ูŠุณ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุณู†ุงู†ุŒ
09:06
which is normally used for medical purposes,
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ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุถุญ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุจุฏุฃุช ุชุชุถุญ ูƒุงู†ุซู‰
09:08
you can go deep into the mouth and come up with this beautiful image
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ู…ุน ุฃู†ูŠุงุจ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
09:11
showing you both the baby teeth here
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ูˆู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ูƒู… ูƒุงู† ุนู…ุฑู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู…ุงุชุชุŒ ู…ุง ุชุญุชุงุฌ ู„ูุนู„ู‡ ู‡ูˆ
09:13
and the still-growing adult teeth here.
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ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑ ูˆุงุนูŠ ูˆุชู‚ูˆู„ ู„ูƒู… ูƒู… ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุณูŠู„ุฒู…
09:17
So when you measure those teeth,
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ู„ุชุดูƒูŠู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณู†ุงู† ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ุซู„ุงุซุฉ.
09:19
it was clear that she turned out to be a girl
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูู‚ุฏ ู…ุงุชุช ุงู„ุทูู„ุฉ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุซู„ุงุซุฉุŒ
09:22
with very small canine teeth.
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3.3 ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุถุช.
09:25
And to know how old she was when she died, what you do is
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ู…ุน ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุชุŒ ูุฃู† ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู‡ูˆ --
09:27
you do an informed estimate, and you say, how much time would be required
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ุจู…ุงุฐุง ุชุฎุจุฑู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŸ
09:33
to form this amount of teeth, and the answer was three.
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ูˆู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุทุฑุญ ุณุคุงู„ ุขุฎุฑ --
09:38
So, this girl died when she was about three,
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ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุนู„ู…ู‡ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุนู† ุฃุณู„ุงูู†ุงุŸ
09:41
3.3 million years ago.
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ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ู†ุนุฑู ูƒูŠู ูƒุงู† ุดูƒู„ู‡ู…ุŒ ุณู„ูˆูƒู‡ู…ุŒ
09:43
So, with all that information, the big question is --
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ูˆูƒูŠู ุชู†ู‚ู„ูˆุงุŒ
09:46
what do we actually -- what does she tell us?
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ูˆูƒูŠู ุนุงุดูˆุง ูˆุชุฑุนุฑุนูˆุง.
09:50
To answer this question, we can phrase another question.
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ูˆู…ู† ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‡ูŠูƒู„
09:52
What do we actually know about our ancestors?
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ูƒู„ู‡ุง ู…ุดู…ูˆู„ุฉ -- ุฃูˆู„ุงู‹ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‡ูŠูƒู„ ูŠูˆุซู‚
09:55
We want to know how they looked like, how they behaved,
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ู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุฑุฉ ูƒูŠู ุจุฏู‰ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ู‚ุจู„ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุถุช.
09:57
how they walked around,
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ูˆุซุงู†ูŠุงู‹ุŒ ุชุฎุจุฑู†ุง ุจุฃู†ู‡ู… ู…ุดูˆุง ูˆุงู‚ููŠู†ุŒ
09:59
and how they lived and grew up.
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ู„ูƒู† ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุชูƒูŠู ู„ุชุณู„ู‚ ุงู„ุฃุดุฌุงุฑ.
10:02
And among the answers that you can get from this skeleton
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฅุซุงุฑุฉุŒ
10:07
are included: first, this skeleton documents,
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ุฃู† ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบ ุนู†ุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทูู„ุฉ ูƒุงู† ู…ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ ูŠู†ู…ูˆ.
10:12
for the first time, how infants looked over three million years ago.
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ููŠ ุณู† ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉุŒ ุฅู† ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฏู…ุงุบ ู…ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ ูŠู†ู…ูˆุŒ
10:17
And second, she tells us that she walked upright,
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ูู‡ุฐุง ุณู„ูˆูƒ ุจุดุฑูŠ.
10:20
but had some adaptation for tree climbing.
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ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠุŒ ููŠ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉุŒ ูŠูƒูˆู† 90 ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฆุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบ ู‚ุฏ ุชุดูƒู‘ู„.
10:23
And more interesting, however,
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ู„ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุณุชุทูŠุนูˆู† ุงู„ุชูƒูŠู ู…ุน ุจูŠุฆุงุชู‡ู…
10:25
is the brain in this child was still growing.
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ุจุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ุดุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ู…ูŠู„ุงุฏ -- ุฃุณุฑุน ู…ู†ุงุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุญุงู„.
10:27
At age three, if you have a still-growing brain,
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑุŒ ู†ูˆุงุตู„ ู†ู…ูˆ ุฃุฏู…ุบุชู†ุง.
10:30
it's a human behavior.
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ูˆู„ู‡ุฐุง ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ู„ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ ู…ู† ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠู†ุง.
10:32
In chimps, by age three, the brain is formed over 90 percent.
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ู„ูƒู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ ุชุนู†ูŠ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุงู„ุชุนู„ู….
10:37
That's why they can cope with their environment
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ุฃู†ุช ุชู‚ุถูŠ ูˆู‚ุชุงู‹ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ุน ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠูƒ.
10:40
very easily after birth -- faster than us, anyway.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุฎุตุงุฆุต ุจุดุฑูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ูˆุชุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ุทููˆู„ุฉุŒ
10:43
But in humans, we continue to grow our brains.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู‡ุง ุฅุนุชู…ุงุฏูŠุฉ ู…ู…ุชุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุทูู„ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ
10:45
That's why we need care from our parents.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุณุฑู‡ู… ุฃูˆ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠู‡ู….
10:48
But that care means also you learn.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู†ู…ูˆ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุฎุต
10:50
You spend more time with your parents.
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ูŠุฎุจุฑู†ุง ุฃู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุทููˆู„ุฉุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุชุงุฌ
10:52
And that's very characteristic of humans and it's called childhood,
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ู„ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ ุฅุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ู„ุง ุชุตุฏู‚ุŒ
10:55
which is this extended dependence of human children
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ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ ุฅุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉุŒ
10:58
on their family or parents.
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ุธู‡ุฑุช ู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุถุช.
11:01
So, the still-growing brain in this individual
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ูˆูŠุฌุฑูŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุนุชุงุจ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎู†ุง ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑูŠุŒ
11:05
tells us that childhood, which requires
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ุชูˆุญุฏู†ุง ุณู„ุงู… ูˆุชุนุทูŠู†ุง ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูุฑูŠุฏุฉ
11:08
an incredible social organization,
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ุญูˆู„ ู…ุง ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ุง ุจุดุฑุงู‹.
11:11
a very complex social organization,
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ู„ูƒู† ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ูƒู„ ุดุฆ ุจุดุฑูŠุงู‹ุŒ ูˆุณุฃุนุทูŠูƒู…
11:13
emerged over three million years ago.
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ู…ุซุงู„ุงู‹ ู…ุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
11:15
So, by being at the cusp of our evolutionary history,
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ูŠุณู…ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ุงู„ู„ุงู…ูŠ. ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุนุธุงู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‚ุน ู‡ู†ุง.
11:19
Selam unites us all and gives us a unique account
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุฏุนู… ุงู„ู„ุณุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎู„ู.
11:24
on what makes us human.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุงุŒ ุนู„ุจุฉ ุงู„ุตูˆุช ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง.
11:27
But not everything was human, and I will give you
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุญุฏุฏ ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุตูˆุช ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุตุฏุฑู‡.
11:30
a very exciting example.
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ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ ููŠ ุณุฌู„ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠุงุชุŒ
11:32
This is called the hyoid bone. It's a bone which is right here.
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ูˆู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‡ูŠูƒู„.
11:34
It supports your tongue from behind.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ุนุธุงู…ุŒ ูƒุงู† ูˆุงุถุญุงู‹
11:36
It's, in a way, your voice box.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุจุฏุช ุชุดุจู‡ ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ.
11:39
It determines the type of voice you produce.
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ู„ุฐุง ุฅู† ูƒู†ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‚ุจู„ 3.3 ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุถุชุŒ
11:43
It was not known in the fossil record,
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ู„ุชุณู…ุน ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุจูƒูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุชุงุฉ ู„ุฃู…ู‡ุงุŒ
11:45
and we have it in this skeleton.
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ู„ูƒุงู† ุตูˆุชู‡ุง ุฃู‚ุฑุจ ู„ู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑ.
11:48
When we did the analysis of this bone, it was clear
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ุฑุจู…ุง ุชุณุชุบุฑุจูˆู†ุŒ " ุฅุฐุง ุชุฑูˆู† ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ุŒ ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุงู„ุจุดุฑุŒ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุฏ.
11:52
that it looked very chimp-like, chimpanzee-like.
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ุจู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุฎุจุฑู†ุง ุฐู„ูƒุŸ"
11:56
So if you were there 3.3 million years ago,
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุซูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู†ุงุŒ
12:00
to hear when this girl was crying out for her mother,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ู‡ุฏ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุชุบูŠุฑ ุจุจุทุก ูˆุชุฏุฑูŠุฌูŠุงู‹ุŒ
12:03
she would have sounded more like a chimpanzee than a human.
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ูˆุฃู† ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ ููŠ ุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ุชุดูƒูŠู„.
12:06
Maybe you're wondering, "So, you see this ape feature, human feature, ape feature.
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ู„ุชู„ุฎูŠุต ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠุงุชุŒ
12:10
What does that tell us?"
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ุขุชูŠ.
12:12
You know, that is very exciting for us,
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ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุญูˆู„ ุฃุณู„ุงูู†ุง
12:14
because it demonstrates that things were changing slowly and progressively,
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ุชุฃุชูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุจุงู„ุบูŠู†
12:17
and that evolution is in the making.
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ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠุงุชุŒ ุญูุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูƒุงู† ุบุงุฆุจุฉ.
12:20
To summarize the significance of this fossil,
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชูุญูุธ ุฌุฏูŠุงู‹ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†.
12:23
we can say the following.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุญูˆู„ ุฃุณู„ุงูู†ุง
12:25
Up to now, the knowledge that we had about our ancestors
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ุญูˆู„ ูƒูŠู ูƒุงู† ุดูƒู„ู‡ู…ุŒ ูƒูŠู ุชุตุฑููˆุงุŒ
12:29
came essentially from adult individuals
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ูƒุงู† ู…ุชุญูŠุฒุงู‹ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุจุงู„ุบูŠู†.
12:33
because the fossils, the baby fossils, were missing.
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ุชุฎูŠู„ูˆุง ุฃู† ูŠุฃุชูŠูƒ ุดุฎุต ู…ู† ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
12:36
They don't preserve well, as you know.
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ูˆุนู…ู„ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฅุจู„ุงุบ ุนู† ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
12:38
So the knowledge that we had about our ancestors,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณูƒู†ูˆู† ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ ูˆู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฅุฎูุงุก ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ุŒ
12:42
on how they looked like, how they behaved,
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ุงู„ุตุบุงุฑุŒ ูˆูŠุฑุฌุน ู„ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจุงู„ุฅุจู„ุงุบ.
12:44
was kind of biased toward adults.
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ู‡ู„ ุชุชุฎูŠู„ูˆุง ูƒู… ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุชู‚ุฑูŠุฑู‡ ู…ุชุญูŠุฒ ุงู‹ุŸ
12:49
Imagine somebody coming from Mars
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ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุง ูƒู†ุง ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุง ู†ูุนู„ู‡
12:52
and his job is to report on the type of people
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ููŠ ุธู„ ุบูŠุงุจ ุญูุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ุŒ
12:54
occupying our planet Earth, and you hide all the babies,
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ู„ุฐุง ูุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุชุญู„ู‘ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ.
12:57
the children, and he goes back and reports.
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ู„ุฐุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‡ู… ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠุŒ
13:01
Can you imagine how much biased his report would be?
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ู…ุงุฐุง ู†ุชุนู„ู… ูุนู„ุง ู…ู† ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุงุช
13:05
That's what somehow we were doing so far
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ู…ู† ู…ุงุถูŠู†ุง ูˆุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงู…ุŸ
13:07
in the absence of the fossil children,
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ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ุŒ ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุณุชุฎุฑุงุฌ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‡ุงุฆู„ุฉ
13:09
so I think the new fossil fixes this problem.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุจุดุฃู† ู…ุง ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ุง ุจุดุฑุงุŒ
13:14
So, I think the most important question at the end is,
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุŒ ุฃุณู„ุงู ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูˆุฌุฏุช
13:19
what do we actually learn from specimens like this
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ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุณุช ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ -- ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 10 --
13:22
and from our past in general?
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ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉุŒ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ
13:25
Of course, in addition to extracting this huge amount
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุงู„ุนุงู‚ู„ ุงู„ูŠูˆู….
13:28
of scientific information as to what makes us human,
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ู„ูƒู† ุฅู† ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู… ุงู„ุนุงู‚ู„ุŒ
13:31
you know, the many human ancestors that have existed
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ุณูŠุณุงูุฑ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุฒู…ู† ูˆูŠุฑุงู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ
13:34
over the past six million years -- and there are more than 10 --
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ูุฃู†ู‡ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ูุฎูˆุฑุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุจุชุฑูƒุชู‡ุŒ
13:38
they did not have the knowledge, the technology and sophistications
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ุฃุตุจุญูˆุง ุฅุณู„ุงูุงู‹ ู„
13:41
that we, Homo sapiens, have today.
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ู†ุฌุงุญุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
13:43
But if this species, ancient species,
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ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุฌุญ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู„ู… ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ูˆุงุนูŠู† ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ูŠุฉุŒ
13:47
would travel in time and see us today,
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ูุนู„ูˆุง ุญุณู†ุงู‹.
13:50
they would very much be very proud of their legacy,
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ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‡ูˆุŒ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุงู„ุนุงู‚ู„ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
13:55
because they became the ancestors of
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ููŠ ูˆุถุนูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุชู‚ุฑูŠุฑ ุญูˆู„ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุงุŒ ูˆุฑุจู…ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ.
13:57
the most successful species in the universe.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‡ูˆุŒ ู‡ู„ ููŠ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠุŸ
13:59
And they were probably not aware of this future legacy,
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ูุนู„ ุฃูุถู„ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนู‚ูˆู„ุŒ
14:01
but they did great.
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ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุจุฏุงุฆูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฃุณู„ุงูุŸ
14:03
Now the question is, we Homo sapiens today
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ู…ู† ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠุงุช ุงู„ุถุงุบุทุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูˆุนู†ุง
14:06
are in a position to decide about the future of our planet, possibly more.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูˆุงุฌู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฒู…ู†ุฉ ู„ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง.
14:12
So the question is, are we up to the challenge?
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ู„ุง ุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ุฅุฏุฑุงุฌู‡ู… ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃู†ุงุณ ุฃูุถู„
14:15
And can we really do better than these primitive,
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ู„ู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง.
14:18
small-brained ancestors?
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ูŠุธู„ ููŠ ู†ุธุฑูŠุŒ ุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฎูŠุงุฑูŠู†.
14:21
Among the most pressing challenges that our species
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ุฃุญุฏู‡ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆุงุตู„ุฉ ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ุงู„ูู‚ูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถุฉ ุงู„ุจุงูƒูŠุฉุŒ
14:25
is faced with today are the chronic problems of Africa.
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ุชุญู…ู„ ุงู„ุณู„ุงุญ ูˆุชุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุจุฏุŒ
14:30
Needless to list them here, and there are more competent people
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ุฃูˆ ุฃู† ู†ุฑูˆู‘ุฌ ู„ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ูˆุงุซู‚ุฉุŒ
14:33
to talk about this.
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ู…ุณุงู„ู…ุฉุŒ ู…ุณุชู‚ู„ุฉุŒ ู„ูƒู† ูŠุฌุจ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ู…ุดุงูƒู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุถุฎู…ุฉ
14:36
Still, in my opinion, we have two choices.
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ูˆุงู„ู‚ูŠู… ุงู„ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
14:42
One is to continue to see a poor, ill, crying Africa,
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ุฃู†ุง ุฃุฏุนู… ุงู„ุฎูŠุงุฑ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุŒ ูˆุฃู†ุง ู…ุชุฃูƒุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏูŠู† ู…ู†ูƒู… ูƒุฐู„ูƒ.
14:48
carrying guns, that depends on other people forever,
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ูˆุงู„ู…ูุชุงุญ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุฑูˆูŠุฌ ู„ุณู„ูˆูƒ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠ ุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠ ุชุฌุงู‡ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง.
14:53
or to promote an Africa which is confident,
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ูƒุฃูุงุฑู‚ุฉ ู†ุฑูƒุฒ --
14:58
peaceful, independent, but cognizant of its huge problems
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ุฃู†ุง ู…ู† ุฃุซูŠูˆุจูŠุง ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ --
15:02
and great values at the same time.
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ู†ุฑูƒุฒ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูŠู ูŠุฑุงู†ุง
15:06
I am for the second option, and I'm sure many of you are.
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ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ.
15:11
And the key is to promote a positive African attitude towards Africa.
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ุงู„ุชุฑูˆูŠุฌ ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠุฉ
15:21
That's because we Africans concentrate --
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ุญูˆู„ ูƒูŠู ู†ุฑู‰ ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง.
15:25
I am from Ethiopia, by the way --
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ุฃุณู…ูŠู‡ ุณู„ูˆูƒ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠ ุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠ.
15:27
we concentrate too much on how we are seen
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ู„ุฐุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุชุงู…ุŒ ุฃุฑุบุจ ุจุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ุŒ
15:29
from elsewhere, or from outside.
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ู„ู†ุณุงุนุฏ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณูŠุฑ ูˆุงู‚ูุฉ ูˆุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู… --
15:32
I think it's important to promote in a more positive way
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ุนู†ุฏุฆุฐ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ูุฎุฑ ุจุชุฑูƒุชู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ูŠุฉ ูƒุฃู†ูˆุงุน.
15:37
on how we see ourselves.
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ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ู„ูƒู….
15:40
That's what I call positive African attitude.
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
15:43
So finally, I would like to say,
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15:46
so let's help Africa walk upright and forward,
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15:51
then we all can be proud of our future legacy as a species.
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15:56
Thank you.
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15:58
(Applause)
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ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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