Zeresenay Alemseged: Finding the origins of humanity

61,351 views ใƒป 2007-09-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:25
I have 18 minutes to tell you what happened
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ 18 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ
00:27
over the past six million years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 6 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
00:30
All right.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ,
00:32
We all have come from a long way,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื”
00:35
here in Africa, and converged in this region of Africa,
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื•ื”ืชืงื‘ืฆื ื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
00:38
which is a place where 90 percent of our evolutionary process took place.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืชืฉืขื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:44
And I say that not because I am African,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™,
00:47
but it's in Africa that you find the earliest evidence
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ืืœื ื›ื™ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:50
for human ancestors, upright walking traces,
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ืœืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ืงื•ืฃ,
00:55
even the first technologies in the form of stone tools.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ.
00:58
So we all are Africans, and welcome home.
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื, ื•ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
01:01
All right.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
01:03
I'm a paleoanthropologist, and my job is to define
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ืื ื™ ืคืœื™ืื•-ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’, ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ
01:06
man's place in nature and explore what makes us human.
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ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
01:10
And today, I will use Selam, the earliest child ever discovered,
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืืขื–ืจ ื‘ืกืœืื, ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื’ืœืชื”,
01:14
to tell you a story of all of us.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
01:16
Selam is our most complete skeleton of a three-year-old girl
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ืกืœืื ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช 3
01:20
who lived and died 3.3 million years ago.
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ืฉื—ื™ื” ื•ืžืชื” ืœืคื ื™ 3.3 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
01:24
She belongs to the species known as Australopithecus afarensis.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื” ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื•ื™ "ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื•ืคื™ื˜ืงื•ืก ืืคืจื ืกื™ืก".
01:28
You don't need to remember that.
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ืื™ื ื›ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื–ืืช.
01:30
That's the Lucy species, and was found by my research team
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ 'ืœื•ืกื™', ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ืข"ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™
01:34
in December of 2000 in an area called Dikika.
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ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2000 ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื“ื™ืงื™ืงื”.
01:37
It's in the northeastern part of Ethiopia.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”.
01:39
And Selam means peace in many Ethiopian languages.
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'ืกืœืื' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• 'ืฉืœื•ื' ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
01:42
We use that name to celebrate peace in the region and in the planet.
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ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื–ื” ื›ืกืžืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:48
And the fact that it was the cover story of all these famous magazines
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืชื‘ืช ื”ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:52
gives you already an idea of her significance, I think.
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ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื”, ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ืœื™.
01:55
After I was invited by TED, I did some digging,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื–ืžื ืชื™ ืข"ื™ TED ืขืจื›ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช
01:58
because that's what we do, to know about my host.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืืจื—ื™.
02:01
You don't just jump into an invitation.
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ืœื ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ื•ื‘ืื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืกืชื ื›ื›ื”.
02:03
And I learned that the first technology appeared
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ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
02:05
in the form of stone tools, 2.6 million years ago.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ืœื™-ืื‘ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ 2.6 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
02:08
First entertainment comes evidence from flutes that are 35,000 years old.
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ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 35,000 ืฉื ื”.
02:13
And evidence for first design comes 75,000 years old -- beads.
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ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 75,000 ืฉื ื”: ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื.
02:19
And you can do the same with your genes and track them back in time.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืš ืขื ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืœืืชืจ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื.
02:24
And DNA analysis of living humans and chimpanzees
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื•ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื
02:28
teaches us today that we diverged sometime around seven million years ago
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ืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื”ืชืคืฆืœื ื• ืืœื” ืžืืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-7 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”
02:32
and that these two species share over 98 percent of the same genetic material.
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ื•ืฉื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ 2 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื–ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-98%.
02:38
I think knowing this is a very useful context
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ืง ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืžืื“
02:40
within which we can think of our ancestry.
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ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ืฆืื ื•.
02:44
However, DNA analysis informs us only about
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ืื•ืœื ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืจืง
02:48
the beginning and the end, telling us nothing
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ
02:52
about what happened in the middle.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข.
02:54
So, for us, paleoanthropologists, our job is to find the hard evidence,
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื•, ื”ืคืœื™ืื•-ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืžื•ืฆืงื”
02:59
the fossil evidence, to fill in this gap
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ืฉืชืžืœื ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื–ื”
03:02
and see the different stages of development.
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ื•ืชืจืื” ืืช ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
03:05
Because it's only when you do that, that you can talk about --
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ื›ื™ ืจืง ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ...
03:08
(Laughter) --
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
03:12
it's only when you do that, [that] you can talk about
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ืจืง ื›ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
03:15
how we looked like and how we behaved at different times,
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ืื™ืš ื ืจืื™ื ื• ื•ืื™ืš ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
03:19
and how those likes and looks and behaviors changed through time.
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช, ื”ืžืจืื” ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื ื• ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
03:24
That then gives you an access
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ื•ืื– ื ื™ืชื ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
03:26
to explore the biological mechanisms
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ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
03:29
and forces that are responsible for this gradual change
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ื•ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื–ื”,
03:32
that made us what we are today.
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ืฉืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื ื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื.
03:35
But finding the hard evidence is a very complicated endeavor.
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ืืš ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืงื” ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืื“.
03:39
It's a systematic and scientific approach,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ื•ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื•ืงื—ืช ืื•ืชืš
03:42
which takes you to places that are remote, hot, hostile and often with no access.
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ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื, ื—ืžื™ื, ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืœื-ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื.
03:48
Just to give you an example, when I went to Dikika,
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ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื“ื™ืงื™ืงื”,
03:50
where Selam was found, in '99 -- and it's about 500 kilometers
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืกืœืื ื ืชื’ืœืชื”, ื‘-99', ื•ื–ื” ื›-500 ืง"ืž
03:54
from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia.
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ืžืื“ื™ืก ืื‘ื‘ื”, ื‘ื™ืจืช ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”.
03:58
It took us only seven hours to do the first 470 kilometers of the 500,
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ืœืงื— ืœื ื• ืจืง 7 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช 470 ื”ืง"ืž ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
04:05
but took four, solid hours to do the last only 30 kilometers.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ 4 ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช 30 ื”ืง"ืž ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
04:10
With the help of the locals and using just shovels and picks, I made my way.
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ื”ืชืงื“ืžืชื™ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืืชื™ื ื•ืžืขื“ืจื™ื.
04:14
I was the first person to actually drive a car to the spot.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืœืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
04:18
When you get there, this is what you see,
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ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื,
04:21
and it's the vastness of the place which makes you feel helpless and vulnerable.
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ื•ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื™ืฉืข ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช.
04:26
And once you make it there, the big question is where to start.
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ื•ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืคื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.
04:30
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
04:32
And you find nothing for years and years.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ืœื•ื.
04:35
When I go to places like this, which are paleontological sites,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”, ืœืืชืจื™ื ืคืœื™ืื•ื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
04:39
it's like going to a game park, an extinct game park.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืฉื˜ื—-ืฆื™ื“, ืฉื˜ื—-ืฆื™ื“ ืฉื ื›ื—ื“.
04:43
But what you find are not the human remains,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
04:46
such as Selam and Lucy, on a day-to-day basis.
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ื›ืžื• ืกืœืื ื•ืœื•ืกื™, ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™.
04:49
You find elephants, rhinos, monkeys, pigs, etc.
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ืืœื ืคื™ืœื™ื, ืงืจื ืคื™ื, ืงื•ืคื™ื, ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
04:53
But you could ask, how could these large mammals
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฉืืœื•, ืื™ืš ื™ื›ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:55
live in this desert environment?
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื–ื•?
04:57
Of course, they cannot, but I'm telling you already
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื•, ืืš ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืžื™ื“
04:59
that the environment and the carrying capacity
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ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื” ืฉืœื”
05:02
of this region was drastically different from what we have today.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
05:07
A very important environmental lesson could be learned from this.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื›ืš ืœืงื— ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:11
Anyway, once we made it there, then it's a game park, as I said, an extinct game park.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื˜ื— ืฆื™ื“, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™. ืฉื˜ื—-ืฆื™ื“ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ.
05:17
And our ancestors lived in that game park,
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ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื˜ื—-ืฆื™ื“,
05:20
but were just the minorities. They were not as successful
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ืืš ื”ื™ื•ื• ืžื™ืขื•ื˜. ื”ื ืœื ืฉื’ืฉื’ื•
05:22
and as widespread as the Homo sapiens that we are.
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ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื›ืžื•ื ื•, ื”ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก.
05:27
To tell you just an example, an anecdote about their rarity,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื•ื›ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžืกืคืจื,
05:30
I was going to this place every year and would do fieldwork here,
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ื‘ืืชื™ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฉื˜ื—
05:35
and the assistants, of course, helped me do the surveys.
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขื–ืจื• ืœื™ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช.
05:38
They would find a bone and tell me, "Here is what you're looking for."
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืขืฆื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™: "ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉืช."
05:40
I would say, "No, that's an elephant."
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ื ื”: "ืœื. ื–ื” ืคื™ืœ."
05:41
Again, another one, "That's a monkey." "That's a pig," etc.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘. "ื–ื” ืงื•ืฃ," "ื–ื” ื—ื–ื™ืจ," ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
05:44
So one of my assistants, who never went to school, said to me, "Listen, Zeray.
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืขื•ื–ืจื™, ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™"ืก, ืืžืจ ืœื™:
05:47
You either don't know what you're looking for,
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"ืฉืžืข, ื–ืจืื™ื™, ืื• ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืืชื” ืžื—ืคืฉ,
05:49
or you're looking in the wrong place," he said.
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ืื• ืฉืืชื” ืžื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืœื-ื ื›ื•ืŸ," ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ.
05:52
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
05:53
And I said, "Why?" "Because there were elephants and lions,
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ืฉืืœืชื™: "ืžื“ื•ืข?" -"ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ื ื•ืืจื™ื•ืช,
05:56
and the people were scared and went somewhere else.
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื—ื“ื• ื•ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
05:58
Let's go somewhere else."
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ืื– ื‘ื•ื ื ืœืš ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ."
06:00
Well, he was very tired, and it's really tiring.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ืขื™ื™ืฃ, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื™ื™ืฃ.
06:02
It was then, after such hard work and many frustrating years that we found Selam,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ื›ื–ื• ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื•ืช ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ืžืฆืื ื•
06:07
and you see the face here covered by sandstone.
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ืืช ืกืœืื. ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืคื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืื‘ืŸ-ื—ื•ืœ.
06:10
And here is actually the spinal column
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”
06:12
and the whole torso encased in a sandstone block,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืกื• ื—ืชื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืœ,
06:16
because she was buried by a river.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื ืงื‘ืจื” ืœื™ื“ ื ื”ืจ.
06:19
What you have here seems to be nothing,
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™
06:21
but contains an incredible amount of scientific information
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ืืš ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื“ืขื™
06:25
that helps us explore what makes us human.
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
06:28
This is the earliest and most complete juvenile human ancestor
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื•ื”ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:32
ever found in the history of paleoanthropology,
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ืฉื ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืคืœื™ืื•-ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” -
06:34
an amazing piece of our long, long history.
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ืคื™ืกื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœื ื•.
06:38
There were these three people and me, and I am taking the pictures,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ืื ื™, ืฉืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ื–ืืช.
06:41
that's why I am not in.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”.
06:43
How would you feel if you were me? You have something extraordinary in your hand,
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื™, ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื›ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ื
06:46
but you are in the middle of nowhere?
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื•ืžืงื•ื?
06:48
The feeling I had was a deep and quiet happiness and excitement,
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ืื ื™ ื—ืฉืชื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ืฉืงื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
06:53
of course accompanied by a huge sense of responsibility,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”,
06:56
of making sure everything is safe.
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ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
06:59
Here is a close-up of the fossil, after five years of cleaning,
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ื–ื”ื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืชืงืจื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ 5 ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื™,
07:04
preparation and description, which was very long,
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ื”ื›ื ื” ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจ; ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ื–ืžืŸ.
07:08
as I had to expose the bones from the sandstone block
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืฉ ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœ
07:11
I just showed you in the previous slide.
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ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช.
07:13
It took five years.
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ื–ื” ืืจืš ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
07:14
In a way, this was like the second birth for the child, after 3.3 million years,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ืื—ืจื™ 3.3 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”,
07:19
but the labor was very long.
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ืืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืจื›ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžืื“.
07:22
And here is full scale -- it's a tiny bone.
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ื–ื” ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ - ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขืฆื ื–ืขื™ืจื” ืžืื“.
07:26
And in the middle is the minister of Ethiopian tourism,
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ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื–ื”ื• ืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืชื™ื•ืคื™,
07:29
who came to visit the National Museum of Ethiopia while I was working there.
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ืฉื‘ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ ื›ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืฉื.
07:33
And you see me worried and trying to protect my child,
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืื’ ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉืœื™
07:36
because you don't leave anyone with this kind of child,
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ื›ื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื™ืœื“ื” ื›ื–ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
07:39
even a minister.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื•ื ืฉืจ.
07:42
So then, once you've done that, the next stage is to know what it is.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื” ื–ื”.
07:46
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
07:49
Once that was done, then it was possible to compare.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช.
07:53
We were able to tell that she belonged
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื”
07:55
to the human family tree because the legs, the foot,
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ืœืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื, ื›ืฃ ื”ืจื’ืœ,
07:59
and some features clearly showed that she walked upright,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืจืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ืงื•ืคื”,
08:03
and upright walking is a hallmark in humanity.
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ื•ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื”ื–ืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ-ื”ื™ื›ืจ ืœืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
08:06
But in addition, if you compare the skull
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ืืš ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช
08:09
with a comparably aged chimpanzee and little George Bush here,
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ืœืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืœื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
08:12
you see that you have vertical forehead.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฆื— ืื ื›ื™,
08:16
And you see that in humans, because of the development
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืขืงื‘ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
08:19
of the pre-frontal cortex, it's called.
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ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช, ื›ืš ื–ื” ืงืจื•ื™.
08:21
You don't see that in chimpanzees,
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ืœื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื–ืืช ืืฆืœ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื,
08:24
and you don't see this very projecting canine.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืื“ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
08:28
So she belongs to our family tree, but within that, of course,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืืš ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื›ืืŸ
08:31
you do detailed analysis, and we know now
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืคื•ืจื˜, ื•ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
08:33
that she belongs to the Lucy species,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืžื™ืŸ 'ืœื•ืกื™',
08:35
known as Australopithecus afarensis.
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ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ "ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื•ืคื™ื˜ืงื•ืก ืืคืจื ืกื™ืก".
08:38
The next exciting question is, girl or boy?
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืจื’ืฉืช ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืื ื–ื” ื™ืœื“ ืื• ื™ืœื“ื”,
08:41
And how old was she when she died?
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ื•ื‘ืช ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืฉืžืชื”.
08:43
You can determine the sex of the individual
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ
08:46
based on the size of the teeth.
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ืœืคื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.
08:49
How?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“?
08:50
You know, in primates, there is this phenomenon
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ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืขื™ืœืื™ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” ืชื•ืคืขื”
08:52
called sexual dimorphism, which simply means
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ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” "ื“ื•-ืฆื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’ื™ืช", ืฉืžืฉืžืขื” ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช
08:54
males are larger than females and males have larger teeth
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ืฉื–ื›ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื ืงื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:56
than the females.
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ืžืฉืœ ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช.
08:58
But to do that, you need the permanent dentition,
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ืืš ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
09:00
which you don't see here, because what you have here
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ื•ืืช ื–ื” ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ, ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ
09:02
are the baby teeth.
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ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื™ ื—ืœื‘.
09:04
But using the CT scanning technology,
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ืืš ื‘ืกืจื™ืงื” ื˜ื•ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช,
09:06
which is normally used for medical purposes,
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ืฉื‘ื“"ื› ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื,
09:08
you can go deep into the mouth and come up with this beautiful image
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืคื” ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื ื”ื“ืจ ื–ื”
09:11
showing you both the baby teeth here
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ืฉืžืจืื” ื”ืŸ ืืช ืฉื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘, ื›ืืŸ,
09:13
and the still-growing adult teeth here.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช, ื›ืืŸ.
09:17
So when you measure those teeth,
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ื•ื›ืฉืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืืœื”,
09:19
it was clear that she turned out to be a girl
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืœื“ื”
09:22
with very small canine teeth.
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ืขื ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืื“.
09:25
And to know how old she was when she died, what you do is
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืช ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืฉืžืชื”,
09:27
you do an informed estimate, and you say, how much time would be required
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ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื•ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื ื“ืจืฉ
09:33
to form this amount of teeth, and the answer was three.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช, ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ.
09:38
So, this girl died when she was about three,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืชื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ,
09:41
3.3 million years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ 3.3 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
09:43
So, with all that information, the big question is --
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ืื– ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื --
09:46
what do we actually -- what does she tell us?
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ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื -- ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื ื•?
09:50
To answer this question, we can phrase another question.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืกื— ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืจืช -
09:52
What do we actually know about our ancestors?
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ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•?
09:55
We want to know how they looked like, how they behaved,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืจืื•, ืื™ืš ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•,
09:57
how they walked around,
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ืื™ืš ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื—,
09:59
and how they lived and grew up.
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื™ื• ื•ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•.
10:02
And among the answers that you can get from this skeleton
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ื–ื”
10:07
are included: first, this skeleton documents,
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ื™ืฉ -- ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ, ืฉืœื“ ื–ื” ืžืชืขื“ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
10:12
for the first time, how infants looked over three million years ago.
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ืื™ืš ื ืจืื• ื”ืคืขื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-3 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
10:17
And second, she tells us that she walked upright,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžื’ืœื” ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื–ืงื•ืคื”,
10:20
but had some adaptation for tree climbing.
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ืืš ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื.
10:23
And more interesting, however,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ:
10:25
is the brain in this child was still growing.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
10:27
At age three, if you have a still-growing brain,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 3, ืื ื”ืžื•ื— ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ืฆืžื™ื—ื”,
10:30
it's a human behavior.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
10:32
In chimps, by age three, the brain is formed over 90 percent.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 3 ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืขืœ 90% ืžื”ืžื•ื—.
10:37
That's why they can cope with their environment
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื
10:40
very easily after birth -- faster than us, anyway.
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ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืœื™ื“ืชื. ืžื”ืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื.
10:43
But in humans, we continue to grow our brains.
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ืืš ืื ื• ื›ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื, ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—.
10:45
That's why we need care from our parents.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืฉื’ื—ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•.
10:48
But that care means also you learn.
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ื•ื”ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืžืฉืžืขื” ื’ื ืฉืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื.
10:50
You spend more time with your parents.
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ืื ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื.
10:52
And that's very characteristic of humans and it's called childhood,
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื™ืœื“ื•ืช,
10:55
which is this extended dependence of human children
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ืื•ืชื” ืชืœื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
10:58
on their family or parents.
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ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ืื• ื‘ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื.
11:01
So, the still-growing brain in this individual
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื” ื–ื•
11:05
tells us that childhood, which requires
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ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช
11:08
an incredible social organization,
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ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืœืชื™-ื™ื™ืืžืŸ,
11:11
a very complex social organization,
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ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:13
emerged over three million years ago.
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-3 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื.
11:15
So, by being at the cusp of our evolutionary history,
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ื•ื›ืžื™ ืฉื ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืฉื—ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
11:19
Selam unites us all and gives us a unique account
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ืกืœืื ืžืื—ื“ืช ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื•ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™
11:24
on what makes us human.
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
11:27
But not everything was human, and I will give you
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ืืš ืœื ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื•ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื
11:30
a very exciting example.
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืื“ ืžืจื’ืฉืช.
11:32
This is called the hyoid bone. It's a bone which is right here.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขืฆื ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ. ื–ืืช ืขืฆื ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืืŸ.
11:34
It supports your tongue from behind.
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ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
11:36
It's, in a way, your voice box.
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื›ื.
11:39
It determines the type of voice you produce.
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ื”ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืงื•ืœ ืชืคื™ืงื•.
11:43
It was not known in the fossil record,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
11:45
and we have it in this skeleton.
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœื“ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
11:48
When we did the analysis of this bone, it was clear
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ื›ืฉื ื™ืชื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขืฆื ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ
11:52
that it looked very chimp-like, chimpanzee-like.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื“ ืœืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”.
11:56
So if you were there 3.3 million years ago,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ืชื ืœืคื ื™ 3.3 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”,
12:00
to hear when this girl was crying out for her mother,
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ื•ืฉืžืขืชื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื•ื›ื” ื•ืงื•ืจืืช ืœืื™ืžื”,
12:03
she would have sounded more like a chimpanzee than a human.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืฉืžืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืื“ื.
12:06
Maybe you're wondering, "So, you see this ape feature, human feature, ape feature.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฉืืœื•: "ืื– ืžืฆืืชื ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืงื•ืคื™ืช, ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื–ื• -
12:10
What does that tell us?"
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•?"
12:12
You know, that is very exciting for us,
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ืื•ืชื ื• ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ,
12:14
because it demonstrates that things were changing slowly and progressively,
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื• ืœืื˜ ื•ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื”,
12:17
and that evolution is in the making.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชื”.
12:20
To summarize the significance of this fossil,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื›ื ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
12:23
we can say the following.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืš:
12:25
Up to now, the knowledge that we had about our ancestors
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ืขื“ ื›ื”, ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•
12:29
came essentially from adult individuals
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ื‘ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
12:33
because the fossils, the baby fossils, were missing.
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ื›ื™ ื—ืกืจื• ืœื ื• ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช.
12:36
They don't preserve well, as you know.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ื.
12:38
So the knowledge that we had about our ancestors,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•
12:42
on how they looked like, how they behaved,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืจืื•, ืื™ืš ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•,
12:44
was kind of biased toward adults.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช-ืžื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
12:49
Imagine somebody coming from Mars
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืžืื“ื™ื
12:52
and his job is to report on the type of people
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื
12:54
occupying our planet Earth, and you hide all the babies,
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ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืกืชื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช
12:57
the children, and he goes back and reports.
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ื•ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขื ื”ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœื•.
13:01
Can you imagine how much biased his report would be?
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ื”ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžืขื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœื•?
13:05
That's what somehow we were doing so far
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื›ืš ื ื”ื’ื ื• ืขื“ ื›ื”
13:07
in the absence of the fossil children,
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ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
13:09
so I think the new fossil fixes this problem.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื–ื” ืžืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืขื•ื•ืช.
13:14
So, I think the most important question at the end is,
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
13:19
what do we actually learn from specimens like this
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ื”ื™ื, ืžื” ืื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืžืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืืœื”
13:22
and from our past in general?
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ื•ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ?
13:25
Of course, in addition to extracting this huge amount
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืคืจื˜ ืœื”ืคืงืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื”ื–ื•
13:28
of scientific information as to what makes us human,
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ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ืžื“ืขื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
13:31
you know, the many human ancestors that have existed
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื•
13:34
over the past six million years -- and there are more than 10 --
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 6 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช - ื•ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-10 ื›ืืœื” -
13:38
they did not have the knowledge, the technology and sophistications
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื“ืข, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื›ื•ื
13:41
that we, Homo sapiens, have today.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•, ื”ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก, ื›ื™ื•ื.
13:43
But if this species, ancient species,
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ืืš ืื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
13:47
would travel in time and see us today,
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ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
13:50
they would very much be very proud of their legacy,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื’ืื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื”ื,
13:55
because they became the ancestors of
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื•
13:57
the most successful species in the universe.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
13:59
And they were probably not aware of this future legacy,
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ื•ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื– ืœืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
14:01
but they did great.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื™ืคื” ืžืื“.
14:03
Now the question is, we Homo sapiens today
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ืื ื•, ื”ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•,
14:06
are in a position to decide about the future of our planet, possibly more.
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ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ืขื•ืœืžื ื•, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื.
14:12
So the question is, are we up to the challenge?
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ื ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื–ื”?
14:15
And can we really do better than these primitive,
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:18
small-brained ancestors?
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ืžืื•ืชื ืื‘ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ ืžื•ื—?
14:21
Among the most pressing challenges that our species
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
14:25
is faced with today are the chronic problems of Africa.
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ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
14:30
Needless to list them here, and there are more competent people
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ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืคืจื˜ ืื•ืชืŸ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืžืžื ื™
14:33
to talk about this.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš.
14:36
Still, in my opinion, we have two choices.
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช.
14:42
One is to continue to see a poor, ill, crying Africa,
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ื”ืื—ืช, ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืขื ื™ื”, ื—ื•ืœื”, ื–ื•ืขืงืช
14:48
carrying guns, that depends on other people forever,
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ื•ื—ืžื•ืฉื”, ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื” ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื,
14:53
or to promote an Africa which is confident,
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ืื• ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื”,
14:58
peaceful, independent, but cognizant of its huge problems
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ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ืืš ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช
15:02
and great values at the same time.
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ื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“, ื’ื ืœืขืจื›ื” ื”ืขืฆื•ื.
15:06
I am for the second option, and I'm sure many of you are.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉื›ืš ื’ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื.
15:11
And the key is to promote a positive African attitude towards Africa.
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ื•ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื•ื ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
15:21
That's because we Africans concentrate --
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ื•ื–ืืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื“ --
15:25
I am from Ethiopia, by the way --
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ืื ื™ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘ -
15:27
we concentrate too much on how we are seen
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ืื ื• ืžืชืจื›ื–ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื™ืš ืื ื• ื ืจืื™ื
15:29
from elsewhere, or from outside.
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
15:32
I think it's important to promote in a more positive way
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:37
on how we see ourselves.
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ืื™ืš ืื ื• ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืžื ื•.
15:40
That's what I call positive African attitude.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
15:43
So finally, I would like to say,
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ืื– ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ,
15:46
so let's help Africa walk upright and forward,
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื–ืงื•ืคื”,
15:51
then we all can be proud of our future legacy as a species.
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ื•ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื’ืื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืžื™ืŸ.
15:56
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
15:58
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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