Zeresenay Alemseged: Finding the origins of humanity

61,351 views ・ 2007-09-18

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Ahyoung Choi κ²€ν† : InHyuk Song
00:25
I have 18 minutes to tell you what happened
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저에겐 무엇이 μΌμ–΄λ‚¬λŠ”μ§€ 이야기할 수 μžˆλŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 18λΆ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:27
over the past six million years.
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μ§€λ‚œ 6λ°±λ§Œλ…„ λ™μ•ˆμ—μš”
00:30
All right.
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μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:32
We all have come from a long way,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κΈ΄ μ—¬μ •μ—μ„œ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:35
here in Africa, and converged in this region of Africa,
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μ—¬κΈ° μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ—μ„œμš”, 그리고 아프리카지역에 λͺ¨μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:38
which is a place where 90 percent of our evolutionary process took place.
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우리의 진화과정쀑 90νΌμ„ΌνŠΈκ°€ μΌμ–΄λ‚œ κ³³μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:44
And I say that not because I am African,
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μ œκ°€ 이 말은 ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ€ μ œκ°€ μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μΈμ΄λΌμ„œκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
00:47
but it's in Africa that you find the earliest evidence
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μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ—μ„œ μ„ μ‘°μ˜ κ°€μž₯ 졜초의 증거물을 λ°œκ²¬ν•  수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:50
for human ancestors, upright walking traces,
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μ§λ¦½λ³΄ν–‰μ˜ λ°œμžκ΅­μ„ λ°œκ²¬ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:55
even the first technologies in the form of stone tools.
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졜초의 석기 기술 κΉŒμ§€λ„μš”
00:58
So we all are Africans, and welcome home.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ κ³ ν–₯에 μ˜¨κ²ƒμ„ ν™˜μ˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:01
All right.
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μ’‹μ•„μš”
01:03
I'm a paleoanthropologist, and my job is to define
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μ €λŠ” 고인λ₯˜ν•™μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 제 직업은 μžμ—°μ—μ„œ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λ³ΈλΆ„κ³Ό
01:06
man's place in nature and explore what makes us human.
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우리λ₯Ό μΈκ°„μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ”κ²ƒμ΄ 무엇인지 νƒκ΅¬ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:10
And today, I will use Selam, the earliest child ever discovered,
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였늘 μ €λŠ” 우리 λͺ¨λ‘μ˜ 이야기λ₯Ό ν•˜κΈ°μœ„ν•΄ μ‚΄λ ˜μ„ μ΄μš©ν• κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:14
to tell you a story of all of us.
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졜초둜 발견된 μ•„μ΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:16
Selam is our most complete skeleton of a three-year-old girl
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μ‚΄λžŒμ€ 330λ§Œλ…„μ „μ— μ‚΄μ•˜κ³  죽은 3μ‚΄μ§œλ¦¬
01:20
who lived and died 3.3 million years ago.
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μ—¬μžμ•„μ΄μ˜ κ°€μž₯ μ™„μ „ν•œ ν•΄κ³¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:24
She belongs to the species known as Australopithecus afarensis.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μ˜€μŠ€νŠΈλž„λ‘œν”Όν…ŒμΏ μŠ€λΌκ³  μ•Œλ €μ§„ 쒅에 μ†ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:28
You don't need to remember that.
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그것을 κΈ°μ–΅ν•  ν•„μš”λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:30
That's the Lucy species, and was found by my research team
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κ·Έ 쒅은 Lucy 쒅이고
01:34
in December of 2000 in an area called Dikika.
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2000년도 12월달에 μ—ν‹°μ˜€ν”Όμ•„ 뢁동μͺ½μ—μžˆλŠ”
01:37
It's in the northeastern part of Ethiopia.
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λ””ν‚€νƒ€λž€ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ 제 μ‘°μ‚¬νŒ€μ—μ˜ν•΄ λ°œκ²¬λ¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:39
And Selam means peace in many Ethiopian languages.
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그리고 μ‚΄λžŒμ€ μ—ν‹°μ˜€ν”Όμ•„ 말둜 평화λ₯Ό μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:42
We use that name to celebrate peace in the region and in the planet.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 지역과 μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ 평화λ₯Ό μΆ•λ³΅ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ κ·Έ 이름을 μ§€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:48
And the fact that it was the cover story of all these famous magazines
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ 이 유λͺ…μž‘μ§€λ“€μ˜ μ»€λ²„μŠ€ν† λ¦¬μ— μ‹€λ Έλ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒμ€
01:52
gives you already an idea of her significance, I think.
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이미 κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μ€‘μš”μ„±μ„ μž…μ¦ν•΄ μ£ΌλŠ”κ²ƒμ΄ μ•„λ‹κΉŒ μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:55
After I was invited by TED, I did some digging,
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TED에 μ΄ˆλŒ€λ˜κ³  λ‚˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” 땅을 νŒ μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
because that's what we do, to know about my host.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 그것이 우리의 일이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:01
You don't just jump into an invitation.
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λˆ„κ΅¬λ„ μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° 쀀비도 없이 μ΄ˆλŒ€μ— μ‘ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:03
And I learned that the first technology appeared
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μ €λŠ” 졜초의 기술이 석기 ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ 260λ§Œλ…„ 전에
02:05
in the form of stone tools, 2.6 million years ago.
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λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒμ„ μ•Œκ²Œ λμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:08
First entertainment comes evidence from flutes that are 35,000 years old.
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졜초의 였락의 증거물은 3만5μ²œλ…„λœ ν”Œλ£»μœΌλ‘œ λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:13
And evidence for first design comes 75,000 years old -- beads.
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졜초의 λ””μžμΈμ˜ 증거물은 7만5μ²œλ…„λœ κ΅¬μŠ¬λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:19
And you can do the same with your genes and track them back in time.
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그리고 μœ μ „μžλ‘œλ„ 같은 일을 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ‹œκ°„μ„ 거슬러 갈 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:24
And DNA analysis of living humans and chimpanzees
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μ‚¬λžŒκ³Ό 침팬치의 뢄석은 두 쒅이 700λ§Œλ…„ μ „ μ¦ˆμŒμ—
02:28
teaches us today that we diverged sometime around seven million years ago
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…μœΌλ‘œ κ°ˆλΌμ‘Œλ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒμ„ μ•Œλ €μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그리고 이 λ‘κ°œμ˜ 쒅이 98% μ΄μƒμ˜
02:32
and that these two species share over 98 percent of the same genetic material.
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λ™μΌν•œ μœ μ „λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ κ³΅μœ ν•˜κ³ μžˆλ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒλ„μ•Œλ €μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:38
I think knowing this is a very useful context
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이것을 μ•„λŠ”κ²ƒμ€ ꡉμž₯히 μœ μš©ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:40
within which we can think of our ancestry.
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μ΄κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 우리의 선쑰듀에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ 생각할 수 μžˆκΈ°λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ 
02:44
However, DNA analysis informs us only about
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 뢄석은 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ
02:48
the beginning and the end, telling us nothing
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처음과 λλ§Œμ„ μ•Œλ €μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€, 사이에 μΌμ–΄λ‚¬λ˜ 일듀에 κ΄€ν•΄μ„œ
02:52
about what happened in the middle.
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μ•Œλ €μ£Όμ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:54
So, for us, paleoanthropologists, our job is to find the hard evidence,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 저희 고인λ₯˜ν•™μžλ“€μ˜ μž„λ¬΄λŠ” 고체의 증거물을 μ°ΎλŠ”κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:59
the fossil evidence, to fill in this gap
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ν‹ˆμ„ λ©”κΎΈκΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 화석을 μ°ΎμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:02
and see the different stages of development.
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그리고 μ§„ν™”μ˜ 과정을 κ΄€μ°°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:05
Because it's only when you do that, that you can talk about --
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 일을 ν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ..
03:08
(Laughter) --
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
03:12
it's only when you do that, [that] you can talk about
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 일을 ν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ 말할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:15
how we looked like and how we behaved at different times,
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우리의 선쑰듀이 μ‹œλŒ€λ§ˆλ‹€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 생겼고 ν–‰λ™ν–ˆλŠ”μ§€
03:19
and how those likes and looks and behaviors changed through time.
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그리고 이런 ν₯미와 μƒκΉ€μƒˆμ™€ 행동듀이 신간이 흐름에 따라 λ³€ν™”ν–ˆλŠ”μ§€
03:24
That then gives you an access
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그리고 생물학적인 ꡬ성과
03:26
to explore the biological mechanisms
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μ§€κΈˆμ˜ 우리λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“  단계적인
03:29
and forces that are responsible for this gradual change
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λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό 이끈 νž˜μ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬
03:32
that made us what we are today.
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접근이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:35
But finding the hard evidence is a very complicated endeavor.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 고체의 증거물을 μ°ΎλŠ”κ²ƒμ€ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:39
It's a systematic and scientific approach,
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체계적이고, 과학적인 접근을 ν•΄μ•Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:42
which takes you to places that are remote, hot, hostile and often with no access.
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λ₯κ³  μ λŒ€μ μ΄κ³  가끔은 μ ‘κ·Όν•  방법이 μ—†λŠ” μ™Έλ”΄ μ§€μ—­μœΌλ‘œ κ°€μ•Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:48
Just to give you an example, when I went to Dikika,
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예둜 μ œκ°€ 디킀타에 κ°”μ„λ•Œμ˜ κ²½ν—˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:50
where Selam was found, in '99 -- and it's about 500 kilometers
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λ””ν‚€νƒ€μ—μ„œ μ‚΄λžŒμ΄ λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ 99λ…„λ„μ—μš”, 그리고 그곳은
03:54
from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia.
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μ—ν‹°μ˜€ν”Όμ•„μ˜ μˆ˜λ„μΈ Addis Ababaμ—μ„œ 500kmλ–¨μ–΄μ Έ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:58
It took us only seven hours to do the first 470 kilometers of the 500,
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500km의 거리쀑 처음470kmλ₯Ό κ°€λŠ”λ°λŠ” 7μ‹œκ°„λ°–μ— 걸리지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:05
but took four, solid hours to do the last only 30 kilometers.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ 30kmλ₯Ό κ°€λŠ”λ°λŠ” μž₯μž₯ 4μ‹œκ°„μ΄ κ±Έλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:10
With the help of the locals and using just shovels and picks, I made my way.
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μ§€μ—­λ―Όμ˜ 도움과 μ‚½κ³Ό λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ 길을 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:14
I was the first person to actually drive a car to the spot.
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κ·Έ μž₯μ†Œλ‘œ μ°¨λ₯Ό 타고 κ°„ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 제 κ°€ μ²˜μŒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:18
When you get there, this is what you see,
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일단 그곳에 κ°€κ²Œλ˜λ©΄ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것은
04:21
and it's the vastness of the place which makes you feel helpless and vulnerable.
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무방비함과 무λ ₯함을 λŠλΌκ²Œν•˜λŠ” 그곳의 κ΄‘ν• ν•¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:26
And once you make it there, the big question is where to start.
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그곳에 λ„μ°©ν•˜λ©΄, κ°€μž₯ 큰 λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μ–΄λ””μ„œ μ‹œμž‘ν• μ§€ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:30
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:32
And you find nothing for years and years.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” λͺ‡ν•΄κ°€ μ§€λ‚˜λ„λ‘ 아무것도 찾지 λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:35
When I go to places like this, which are paleontological sites,
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이런 고인λ₯˜ν•™μ μΈ μž₯μ†Œμ— κ°€κ²Œλ˜λ©΄
04:39
it's like going to a game park, an extinct game park.
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마치 동물 λ³΄ν˜Έκ΅¬μ—­μ— μ˜¨κ²ƒκ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€, νμ§€λœ λ³΄ν˜Έκ΅¬μ—­κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:43
But what you find are not the human remains,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그곳에 μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμš΄ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 유물이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:46
such as Selam and Lucy, on a day-to-day basis.
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맀일맀일 μ‚΄λžŒκ³Ό Lucy λŒ€μ‹ 
04:49
You find elephants, rhinos, monkeys, pigs, etc.
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코끼리, μ½”λΏ”μ†Œ, μ›μˆ­μ΄, 돼지 등등을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:53
But you could ask, how could these large mammals
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이런 큰 포유λ₯˜λ“€μ΄ 이런 사막지역에
04:55
live in this desert environment?
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μ‚΄ 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ κΆκΈˆν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ‚˜μš”?
04:57
Of course, they cannot, but I'm telling you already
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λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ μ‚΄ 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 미리 μ–ΈκΈ‰ν–ˆλ“―μ΄
04:59
that the environment and the carrying capacity
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이곳의 ν™˜κ²½κ³Ό 이 ν™˜κ²½μ— μ„œμ‹ν•˜λŠ” 동물듀은
05:02
of this region was drastically different from what we have today.
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ν˜„μž¬μ™€ ꡉμž₯ν•œ 차이λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:07
A very important environmental lesson could be learned from this.
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이것은 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•œ μƒνƒœμ μΈ κ΅ν›ˆμ„ μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:11
Anyway, once we made it there, then it's a game park, as I said, an extinct game park.
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어쨋든. μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 그곳에 λ„μ°©ν–ˆμ„λ•Œ,
05:17
And our ancestors lived in that game park,
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우리의 쑰상이 κ·Έ 야생동물 λ³΄ν˜Έκ΅¬μ—­μ— μ‚΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:20
but were just the minorities. They were not as successful
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ†Œμˆ˜μ˜€κ³ , μš°λ¦¬κ°™μ€ 호λͺ¨μ‚¬ν”Όμ—”μŠ€λ³΄λ‹€
05:22
and as widespread as the Homo sapiens that we are.
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널리 퍼지지 λͺ»ν•˜κ³  λ²ˆμ˜ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:27
To tell you just an example, an anecdote about their rarity,
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예λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜ λ“€μžλ©΄, κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 희귀성에 κ΄€λ ¨λœ μΌν™”λ‘œ
05:30
I was going to this place every year and would do fieldwork here,
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μ œκ°€ 맀년 그곳을 λ°©λ¬Έν•˜κ³  κ±°κΈ°μ—μ„œ ν˜„μž₯μž‘μ—…μ„ ν• λ•Œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:35
and the assistants, of course, helped me do the surveys.
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λ¬Όλ‘  쑰사λ₯Ό λ„μ™€μ£ΌλŠ” μ‘°μˆ˜λ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:38
They would find a bone and tell me, "Here is what you're looking for."
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그듀이 뼈λ₯Ό μ°Ύκ³ λŠ” "μ—¬κΈ° μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ°Ύλ˜κ²ƒμ΄ μžˆμ–΄μš”"라고 λ§ν•˜λ©΄
05:40
I would say, "No, that's an elephant."
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μ €λŠ” "μ•„λ‹ˆμ•Ό 그건 코끼리야" 라고 λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:41
Again, another one, "That's a monkey." "That's a pig," etc.
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έμ‘°μˆ˜κ°€ λ°˜λ³΅ν•˜λ©΄ "그건 μ›μˆ­μ΄μ•Ό","그건 돼지야" 라고 λ§ν•˜κ³€ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:44
So one of my assistants, who never went to school, said to me, "Listen, Zeray.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 학ꡐ에 λ‹€λ‹ˆμ§€ μ•Šμ€ 제 쑰수 쀑 ν•œλͺ…이 제게 λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:47
You either don't know what you're looking for,
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"Zeray λ‹Ήμ‹ λ˜ν•œ 당신이 μ°Ύκ³  μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμ΄ 무엇인지 λͺ¨λ₯΄κ±°λ‚˜
05:49
or you're looking in the wrong place," he said.
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당신은 잘λͺ»λœ κ³³μ—μ„œ μ°Ύκ³  μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμΌκ±°μ—μš”"
05:52
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
05:53
And I said, "Why?" "Because there were elephants and lions,
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μ œκ°€ λ¬Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ "μ™œ?" "μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ—¬κΈ΄ 코끼리와 μ‚¬μžκ°€ μ‚΄μ•˜κ³ 
05:56
and the people were scared and went somewhere else.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 겁을 λ¨Ήμ–΄μ„œ λ‹€λ₯Έκ³³μœΌλ‘œ κ°”μ„κ±°μ—μš”
05:58
Let's go somewhere else."
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ λ‹€λ₯Έκ³³μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λ™ν•΄μš”"
06:00
Well, he was very tired, and it's really tiring.
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κ·ΈλŠ” ꡉμž₯히 지쳀고, κ·Έ 일은 정말 μ§€μΉ˜λŠ” μΌμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:02
It was then, after such hard work and many frustrating years that we found Selam,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚΄λžŒμ„ 찾은것은 이런 νž˜λ“  μž‘μ—…κ³Ό μˆ˜λ…„λ™μ•ˆμ˜ 쒌절 ν›„ μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:07
and you see the face here covered by sandstone.
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μ—¬κΈ° 사암에 파뭍힌 얼꡴이 λ³΄μ΄μ‹­λ‹ˆκΉŒ
06:10
And here is actually the spinal column
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이건 μ‹€μ œ λ“±λΌˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:12
and the whole torso encased in a sandstone block,
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그리고 λͺΈν†΅μ΄ 사암 덩어리에 κ°‡ν˜€μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:16
because she was buried by a river.
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ 강가에 λ¬»ν˜€μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:19
What you have here seems to be nothing,
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여기에 μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμ΄ 아무것도 μ•„λ‹ˆκ²Œ λ³΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
06:21
but contains an incredible amount of scientific information
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이것은 우리λ₯Ό μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ”κ²ƒμ„ νƒκ΅¬ν•˜κ²Œ λ•λŠ”
06:25
that helps us explore what makes us human.
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λ°©λŒ€ν•œ μ–‘μ˜ 과학적인 정보가 λ‹΄κ²¨μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:28
This is the earliest and most complete juvenile human ancestor
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이것이 λ°”λ‘œ 졜초의 κ°€μž₯ μ™„μ „ν•œ μ–΄λ¦° μ„ μ‘°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:32
ever found in the history of paleoanthropology,
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고인λ₯˜ν•™μ˜ μ—­μ‚¬μ—μ„œ 처음으둜 λ°œκ²¬λ¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:34
an amazing piece of our long, long history.
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우리의 κΈΈκ³  κΈ΄ μ—­μ‚¬μ—μ„œμ˜ λ†€λΌμš΄ μž‘ν’ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:38
There were these three people and me, and I am taking the pictures,
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μ—¬κΈ° μ„Έ μ‚¬λžŒκ³Ό μ € μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ μ „ 사진을 μ°μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:41
that's why I am not in.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 사진에 μ—†μ£ 
06:43
How would you feel if you were me? You have something extraordinary in your hand,
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λ§Œμ•½ 당신이 μ €μ˜€λ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–€ κΈ°λΆ„μ΄μ˜€μ„κΉŒμš” λ‹Ήμ‹  손에 μ—„μ²­λ‚œκ²ƒμ„ 가지고 μžˆλŠ” κΈ°λΆ„
06:46
but you are in the middle of nowhere?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 당신은 μ˜€μ§€μ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:48
The feeling I had was a deep and quiet happiness and excitement,
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μ œκ°€ 느꼈던 기뢄은 깊고 μ‘°μš©ν•œ 행볡감과 ν₯λΆ„κ°μ΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:53
of course accompanied by a huge sense of responsibility,
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λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ±…μž„κ°κ³Ό λ™λ°˜λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:56
of making sure everything is safe.
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λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ΄ μ•ˆμ „ν•˜λ„λ‘ 관리해야 ν–ˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”
06:59
Here is a close-up of the fossil, after five years of cleaning,
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5λ…„λ™μ•ˆμ˜ μ€€λΉ„, μ„€λͺ…, 정리λ₯Ό λλ‚Έν›„μ˜
07:04
preparation and description, which was very long,
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ν™”μ„μ˜ κ·Όμ ‘μ‚¬μ§„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ 맀우 κΈΈμ—ˆμ£ 
07:08
as I had to expose the bones from the sandstone block
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이 뼈λ₯Ό μ‚¬μ•”λ©μ–΄λ¦¬μ—μ„œ λΉΌλ‚΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:11
I just showed you in the previous slide.
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방금 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦° μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œμ— κ·Έ 사진이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:13
It took five years.
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그것은 μ˜€λ…„μ΄ κ±Έλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:14
In a way, this was like the second birth for the child, after 3.3 million years,
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μ–΄λ–€μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°ν•˜λ©΄ 이것은 이 μ•„μ΄μ˜ 330λ§Œλ…„λ§Œμ˜ λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έ νƒ„μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:19
but the labor was very long.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έ 일은 ꡉμž₯히 κΈΈμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:22
And here is full scale -- it's a tiny bone.
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이게 전체 μ‚¬μ§„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€--μž‘μ€ λΌˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:26
And in the middle is the minister of Ethiopian tourism,
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κ°€μš΄λ°μ—λŠ” μ—ν‹°μ˜€ν”Όμ•„ κ΄€κ΄‘λΆ€ μž₯κ΄€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:29
who came to visit the National Museum of Ethiopia while I was working there.
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μ œκ°€ μ—ν‹°μ˜€ν”Όμ•„ ꡭ립 λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€μ—μ„œ μΌν• λ•Œ 그곳에 λ“€λ¦¬μ…¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:33
And you see me worried and trying to protect my child,
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μ‚¬μ§„μ—μ„œ μ œκ°€ 제 아이λ₯Ό λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜λ €ν•˜κ³  κ±±μ •ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμ΄ λ³΄μ΄λ„€μš”
07:36
because you don't leave anyone with this kind of child,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 이런 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μ•„μ΄λŠ” λˆ„κ΅¬μ—κ²Œλ„ 맑기지 μ•ŠμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”
07:39
even a minister.
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μž₯관이라 ν• μ§€λΌλ„μš”
07:42
So then, once you've done that, the next stage is to know what it is.
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일단 이 일을 λλ‚΄κ³ λ‚˜λ©΄ 이것이 무엇인지 μ•Œμ•„μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:46
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
07:49
Once that was done, then it was possible to compare.
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그것이 λλ‚˜λ©΄, μ΄μ œλŠ” 비ꡐ가 κ°€λŠ₯ν•΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:53
We were able to tell that she belonged
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ μ‚¬λžŒμ’…μ‘±μ— μ†ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒμ„
07:55
to the human family tree because the legs, the foot,
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μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ 닀리, 발, 그리고 λͺ‡λͺ‡ νŠΉμ§•λ“€μ΄
07:59
and some features clearly showed that she walked upright,
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ μ§λ¦½λ³΄ν–‰ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ 보여주기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:03
and upright walking is a hallmark in humanity.
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그리고 직립보행은 인λ₯˜μ˜ νŠΉμ§•μ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:06
But in addition, if you compare the skull
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μΆ”κ°€μ μœΌλ‘œ μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜μ΄λ₯Ό 먹은 μΉ¨νŒ¬μ§€μ™€
08:09
with a comparably aged chimpanzee and little George Bush here,
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μ–΄λ¦° 쑰지 λΆ€μ‹œμ˜ λ‘κ°œκ³¨μ„ λΉ„κ΅ν•˜λ©΄
08:12
you see that you have vertical forehead.
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μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 수직적인 이마λ₯Ό κ°€μ‘Œλ‹€λŠ” 것이 λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:16
And you see that in humans, because of the development
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인간이 μ§„ν™”λ‘œ μΈν•΄μ„œ 이런 νŠΉμ§•μ„ κ°€μ‘Œλ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒμ΄ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:19
of the pre-frontal cortex, it's called.
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μ•ž 이마μͺ½μ˜ ν”Όμ§ˆμ΄λΌκ³  λΆˆλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:21
You don't see that in chimpanzees,
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μΉ¨νŒ¬μ§€λ“€μ—κ²Œμ„  찾을 수 μ—†μ£ 
08:24
and you don't see this very projecting canine.
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그리고 이런 돌좜된 μ†‘κ³³λ‹ˆλ„ 찾을 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:28
So she belongs to our family tree, but within that, of course,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μš°λ¦¬μ’…μ‘±μ— μ†ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€,
08:31
you do detailed analysis, and we know now
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λ¬Όλ‘  μƒμ„Έν•œ 뢄석과정을 κ±°μ³€κ³  이제 μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
08:33
that she belongs to the Lucy species,
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ λ£¨μ‹œμ’…μ— μ†ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:35
known as Australopithecus afarensis.
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μ˜€μŠ€νŠΈλž„λ‘œ ν”Όν…ŒμΏ μŠ€λΌκ³  μ•Œλ €μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:38
The next exciting question is, girl or boy?
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λ‹€μŒμ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€ μ—¬μžμ•„μ΄μΈκ°€ λ‚¨μžμ•„μ΄μΈκ°€ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:41
And how old was she when she died?
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그리고 κ·Έλ…€κ°€ μ£½μ—ˆμ„λ•Œ λͺ‡μ‚΄μ΄μ—ˆλŠ”지
08:43
You can determine the sex of the individual
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개인의 성별을 κ΅¬λ³„ν•˜λŠ” 방법은
08:46
based on the size of the teeth.
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μΉ˜μ•„μ˜ 크기둜 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:49
How?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
08:50
You know, in primates, there is this phenomenon
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영μž₯λ₯˜μ—κ² μ–΄λ–€ ν˜„μƒμ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:52
called sexual dimorphism, which simply means
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성적인 μ΄ν˜•νƒœμ„±μ΄λΌκ³  ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ‰½κ²Œ λ§ν•˜λ©΄
08:54
males are larger than females and males have larger teeth
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남성이 여성보닀 크고 남성이 여성보닀 더 큰 μΉ˜μ•„λ₯Ό
08:56
than the females.
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가지고 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:58
But to do that, you need the permanent dentition,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 ν˜„μƒμ„ μ μš©ν•˜λ €λ©΄, μ˜κ΅¬μΉ˜κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:00
which you don't see here, because what you have here
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬κΈ°μ„  λ³Ό 수 κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ—¬κΈ° μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμ€
09:02
are the baby teeth.
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유치이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:04
But using the CT scanning technology,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 주둜 의료용으둜 μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ”
09:06
which is normally used for medical purposes,
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CT μŠ€μΊλ‹ κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
09:08
you can go deep into the mouth and come up with this beautiful image
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μž…μ•ˆ κΉŠμˆ™ν•œ 곳으둜 λ“€μ–΄κ°€ 이런 멋진 사진을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:11
showing you both the baby teeth here
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μ—¬κΈ° λ™μ‹œμ— 유치λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όλ©΄μ„œμš”
09:13
and the still-growing adult teeth here.
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그리고 μ—¬κΈ° 아직 자라고 μžˆλŠ” μ˜κ΅¬μΉ˜κ°€ μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:17
So when you measure those teeth,
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이 μΉ˜μ•„λ“€μ˜ 크기λ₯Ό 재보면
09:19
it was clear that she turned out to be a girl
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ μ—¬μžμ•„μ΄μ˜€λ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒμ΄ λΆ„λͺ…ν•΄ μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:22
with very small canine teeth.
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μž‘μ€ μ†‘κ³³λ‹ˆλ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:25
And to know how old she was when she died, what you do is
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ μ£½μ—ˆμ„λ•Œμ˜ λ‚˜μ΄λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ³Όλ €λ©΄
09:27
you do an informed estimate, and you say, how much time would be required
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이런 μΉ˜μ•„λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•˜λ €λ©΄ μ–Όλ§ˆλ§ŒνΌμ˜ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ ν˜λŸ¬μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μΈ‘μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:33
to form this amount of teeth, and the answer was three.
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닡은 μ‚Όλ…„μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:38
So, this girl died when she was about three,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ 이 μ•„μ΄λŠ” 3μ‚΄λ•Œ μ£½μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:41
3.3 million years ago.
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330λ§Œλ…„ μ „μ—μš”
09:43
So, with all that information, the big question is --
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μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ¬Έμ œλŠ”
09:46
what do we actually -- what does she tell us?
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μ•Œλ €μ£ΌλŠ”κ²ƒμ΄ 무엇인가 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:50
To answer this question, we can phrase another question.
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이 λ¬Έμ œμ— λ‹΅ν•˜λ €λ©΄, λ‹€λ₯Έ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:52
What do we actually know about our ancestors?
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 선쑰듀에 κ΄€ν•΄ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμ€ λ¬΄μ—ˆμΈκ°€?
09:55
We want to know how they looked like, how they behaved,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그듀이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μƒκ²ΌλŠ”μ§€, ν–‰λ™ν–ˆλŠ”μ§€,
09:57
how they walked around,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ±Έμ—ˆλŠ”μ§€
09:59
and how they lived and grew up.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‚΄μ•˜κ³ , μ„±μž₯ν–ˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œκ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:02
And among the answers that you can get from this skeleton
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이 λΌˆλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λͺ‡λͺ‡ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 닡을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:07
are included: first, this skeleton documents,
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λ¨Όμ € 이 뼈의 기둝으둜
10:12
for the first time, how infants looked over three million years ago.
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처음으둜 330λ§Œλ…„μ „μ˜ μ‹ μƒμ•„μ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:17
And second, she tells us that she walked upright,
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έλ‘œ κ·Έλ…€κ°€ μ§λ¦½λ³΄ν–‰ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ₯Ό 였λ₯΄λŠ”것에도
10:20
but had some adaptation for tree climbing.
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적응이 λ˜μ–΄μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒ λ˜ν•œ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:23
And more interesting, however,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, λ”μš± ν₯λ―Έλ‘œμš΄κ²ƒμ€
10:25
is the brain in this child was still growing.
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이 μ•„μ΄μ˜ λ‡Œκ°€ 아직 자라고 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:27
At age three, if you have a still-growing brain,
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3μ‚΄λ•Œ, 아직 μ„±μž₯ν•˜λŠ” λ‡Œλ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
10:30
it's a human behavior.
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그것은 μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ νŠΉμ„±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:32
In chimps, by age three, the brain is formed over 90 percent.
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침팬치의 경우, 3μ‚΄λ•Œ 90%의 λ‡Œκ°€ ν˜•μ„±λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:37
That's why they can cope with their environment
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그것이 그듀이 μΆœμƒ 직후 μ‚¬λžŒλ³΄λ‹€ λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μ£Όμœ„ ν™˜κ²½μ—
10:40
very easily after birth -- faster than us, anyway.
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적응할 수 μžˆλŠ” μ΄μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:43
But in humans, we continue to grow our brains.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λ‡ŒλŠ” 계속 μžλžλ‹ˆλ‹€
10:45
That's why we need care from our parents.
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그것이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜μ˜ λ³΄μ‚΄ν•Œμ„ λ°›μ•„μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:48
But that care means also you learn.
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이 λ³΄μ‚΄ν•Œμ€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 배우고
10:50
You spend more time with your parents.
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λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜κ³Ό λ§Žμ€ μ‹œκ°„μ„ λ°°μš΄λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:52
And that's very characteristic of humans and it's called childhood,
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이런 λ³΄μ‚΄ν•Œμ΄ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ μ£Όμš” νŠΉμ§•μ΄κ³ , μœ λ…„μ‹œμ ˆμ΄λΌκ³  λΆˆλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:55
which is this extended dependence of human children
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이런 μ‹œκΈ°λŠ” 아동이 κ°€μ‘±μ΄λ‚˜, λΆ€λͺ¨μ—κ²Œ μ˜μ§€ν•˜λŠ”
10:58
on their family or parents.
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기간이 ν™•μž₯된 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:01
So, the still-growing brain in this individual
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ μ„±μž₯쀑인 개개인의 λ‡ŒλŠ”
11:05
tells us that childhood, which requires
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ‚¬νšŒμ  쑰직과
11:08
an incredible social organization,
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맀우 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ‚¬νšŒμ  쑰직이 ν•„μš”ν•œ μ–΄λ¦°μ‹œμ ˆμ΄
11:11
a very complex social organization,
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ν•„μš”ν•œ μ–΄λ¦°μ‹œμ ˆμ΄ 3λ°±λ§Œλ…„μ „μ—
11:13
emerged over three million years ago.
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λ“±μž₯ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œλ €μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:15
So, by being at the cusp of our evolutionary history,
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μ§„ν™”μ˜ 끝에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ μ‚΄λžŒμ€ 우리λͺ¨λ‘λ₯Ό ν™”ν•©μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
11:19
Selam unites us all and gives us a unique account
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 우리λ₯Ό μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ£ΌλŠ”κ²ƒμ— λŒ€ν•œ
11:24
on what makes us human.
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νŠΉμ΄ν•œ
11:27
But not everything was human, and I will give you
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ΄ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ μ•„λ‹ˆμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€, 이 예둜
11:30
a very exciting example.
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맀우 ν₯미둜운 뼈λ₯Ό λ“€κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:32
This is called the hyoid bone. It's a bone which is right here.
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λ°”λ‘œ 여기에 μžˆλŠ” 뼈인데, 이것은 섀골이라고 λΆˆλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:34
It supports your tongue from behind.
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λ’€μ—μ„œ λΆ€ν„° ν˜€λ₯Ό μ§€νƒ±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:36
It's, in a way, your voice box.
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μ–΄λ–€μ‹μœΌλ‘œ 보면 μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λͺ©μ†Œλ¦¬ 톡이라고 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:39
It determines the type of voice you produce.
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이것은 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ‚΄λŠ” λͺ©μ†Œλ¦¬μ˜ μœ ν˜•μ„ κ²°μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:43
It was not known in the fossil record,
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이것은 화석 기둝으둜 μ•Œλ €μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜κ³ 
11:45
and we have it in this skeleton.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 해골에 κ·Έ 뼈λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:48
When we did the analysis of this bone, it was clear
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 뼈λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ, 이것이 ꡉμž₯히 μΉ¨νŒ¬μΉ˜μ™€
11:52
that it looked very chimp-like, chimpanzee-like.
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λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것은 λΆ„λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:56
So if you were there 3.3 million years ago,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ§Œμ•½ 330λ§Œλ…„ 전에
12:00
to hear when this girl was crying out for her mother,
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이 μ—¬μžμ•„μ΄κ°€ μ—„λ§ˆλ₯Ό λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ”것을 λ“€μ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄,
12:03
she would have sounded more like a chimpanzee than a human.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 침팬치처럼 μšΈμ—ˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:06
Maybe you're wondering, "So, you see this ape feature, human feature, ape feature.
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이 μœ μΈμ›μ˜ ν˜•νƒœ, μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ ν˜•νƒœ, μœ μΈμ›μ˜ ν˜•νƒœκ°€ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μ•Œλ €μ£ΌλŠ”κ²ƒμ΄
12:10
What does that tell us?"
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무엇인지 κΆκΈˆν• κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:12
You know, that is very exciting for us,
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이것은 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ ꡉμž₯히 ν₯λΆ„λ˜λŠ” μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:14
because it demonstrates that things were changing slowly and progressively,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 일듀이 천천히, 그리고 λ‹¨κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν™”ν•˜κ³  있고
12:17
and that evolution is in the making.
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진화가 μ§„ν–‰μ€‘μ΄λž€κ²ƒμ„ 증λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:20
To summarize the significance of this fossil,
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μš”μ•½ν•˜μžλ©΄, 이 ν™”μ„μ˜ μ˜μ˜λŠ”
12:23
we can say the following.
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λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:25
Up to now, the knowledge that we had about our ancestors
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ν˜„μž¬λ‘œμ¨λŠ” 우리의 μ„ μ‘°λ“€μ—λŒ€ν•œ 지식은
12:29
came essentially from adult individuals
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μ–΄λ₯Έλ“€μ—μ„œ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:33
because the fossils, the baby fossils, were missing.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ–΄λ¦°μ•„μ΄λ“€μ˜ 화석은 찾을 수 μ—†μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:36
They don't preserve well, as you know.
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μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, 그것듀은 보쑴이 μ•ˆλ˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”
12:38
So the knowledge that we had about our ancestors,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ, 우리 선쑰듀에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ μ•Œλ˜κ²ƒλ“€
12:42
on how they looked like, how they behaved,
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μƒκΉ€μƒˆμ™€ 행동은
12:44
was kind of biased toward adults.
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μ–΄λ₯Έμ„ ν–₯ν•΄ 치우쳐 μ Έμžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
12:49
Imagine somebody coming from Mars
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ν™”μ„±μ—μ„œ λˆ„κ΅°κ°€κ°€ μ™”λ‹€κ³  상상해 λ³΄μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€
12:52
and his job is to report on the type of people
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그의 μž„λ¬΄λŠ” 지ꡬλ₯Ό μ λ Ήν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ’…μ‘±μ˜
12:54
occupying our planet Earth, and you hide all the babies,
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μœ ν˜•μ„ λ³΄κ³ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€, 그런데 μ•„κΈ°λ“€κ³Ό 어린이듀을
12:57
the children, and he goes back and reports.
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λͺ¨λ‘ 숨기고, κ·ΈλŠ” 자료λ₯Ό 가지고 λŒμ•„κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:01
Can you imagine how much biased his report would be?
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그의 μžλ£Œκ°€ μ–Όλ§ˆλ§ŒνΌ μΉ˜μš°μ³μ €μžˆμ„ 지 상상이 κ°€μ‹­λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
13:05
That's what somehow we were doing so far
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이것이 μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ΄ ν•΄μ˜¨ λ°”μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:07
in the absence of the fossil children,
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μ–΄λ¦°μ΄λ“€μ˜ 화석이 μ—†μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:09
so I think the new fossil fixes this problem.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 ν™”μ„μ˜ 발견이 이 문제λ₯Ό 해결할것이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:14
So, I think the most important question at the end is,
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μ— 제일 μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ¬Έμ œλŠ”
13:19
what do we actually learn from specimens like this
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 화석과 같은 과거의 일반적인 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ ν‘œλ³ΈμœΌλ‘œ
13:22
and from our past in general?
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μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ λ°°μš°λŠ” 것은 λ¬΄μ—ˆμΌκΉŒμš”?
13:25
Of course, in addition to extracting this huge amount
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λ¬Όλ‘ , 우리λ₯Ό μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ£ΌλŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•œ λ°©λŒ€ν•œ μ–‘μ˜
13:28
of scientific information as to what makes us human,
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과학적인 정보듀에 좔가적인 κ²ƒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:31
you know, the many human ancestors that have existed
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ„ μ‘°λ“€, 600λ§Œλ…„μ „λΆ€ν„° μ‘΄μž¬ν–ˆλ˜, μ‹¬μ§€μ–΄λŠ” 100λ§Œλ…„μ „μ—λ„
13:34
over the past six million years -- and there are more than 10 --
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μ‘΄μž¬ν–ˆλ˜ μ„ μ‘°λ“€μ΄μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:38
they did not have the knowledge, the technology and sophistications
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그듀은 우리 호λͺ¨μ‚¬ν”Όμ—”μŠ€λ“€μ΄ ν˜„μž¬ 가지고 μžˆλŠ” 지식, 기술
13:41
that we, Homo sapiens, have today.
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정ꡐ함을 가지고 μžˆμ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:43
But if this species, ancient species,
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λ§Œμ•½ κ³ λŒ€μ˜ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 쒅이
13:47
would travel in time and see us today,
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μ‹œκ°„μ—¬ν–‰μ„ ν•΄μ„œ ν˜„μž¬μ˜ 우리의 λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ 보면
13:50
they would very much be very proud of their legacy,
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그듀은 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μžμ†λ“€μ΄ ꡉμž₯히 μžλž‘μŠ€λŸ¬μšΈ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:55
because they became the ancestors of
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 그듀은 μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 성곡적인
13:57
the most successful species in the universe.
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μ’…μ‘±μ˜ 쑰상이 λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”
13:59
And they were probably not aware of this future legacy,
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그리고 그듀은 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μžμ†λ“€μ„ κΈ°λŒ€ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜κ² μ§€λ§Œ
14:01
but they did great.
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μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ€ ν›Œλ₯­ν•˜κ²Œ μ§„ν™”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:03
Now the question is, we Homo sapiens today
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남은 λ¬Έμ œλŠ”, 우리 호λͺ¨ μ‚¬ν•€μ—”μŠ€λ“€μ€
14:06
are in a position to decide about the future of our planet, possibly more.
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이 ν–‰μ„±μ˜ 미래λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μœ„μΉ˜μ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€, κ·Έ 이상일 수 도 μžˆκ³ μš”
14:12
So the question is, are we up to the challenge?
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ³Όμ—° 이 과제λ₯Ό μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‚˜μš”?
14:15
And can we really do better than these primitive,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ„ μ‘°λ“€, μž‘μ€ λ‘λ‡Œλ₯Ό 가진 μ„ μ‘°λ“€ 보닀
14:18
small-brained ancestors?
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잘 ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κΉŒμš”?
14:21
Among the most pressing challenges that our species
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ‹Ήλ©΄ν•œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ¬Έμ œμ€‘μ— μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ˜ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:25
is faced with today are the chronic problems of Africa.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ˜ λ§Œμ„±μ μΈ λ¬Έμ œμ™€ μ§λ©΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:30
Needless to list them here, and there are more competent people
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μ—¬κΈ°μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ—΄ν•  ν•„μš”λ„ μ—†κ³  이 μ£Όμ œμ— 더 μ ν•©ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
14:33
to talk about this.
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많이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:36
Still, in my opinion, we have two choices.
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제 μ˜κ²¬μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μš°λ¦¬μ—κ² 두가지 선택이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:42
One is to continue to see a poor, ill, crying Africa,
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μ²«λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” κ°€λ‚œν•˜κ³ , λ³‘μ•½ν•œ, 울고 μžˆλŠ” 의쑴적인
14:48
carrying guns, that depends on other people forever,
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μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ˜ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ΄κ³ 
14:53
or to promote an Africa which is confident,
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” μžμ‹ μžˆλŠ”, ν‰ν™”λ‘œμš΄, 독립적인, ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
14:58
peaceful, independent, but cognizant of its huge problems
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 큰 문제λ₯Ό μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ” λ™μ‹œμ— κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ”
15:02
and great values at the same time.
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아프리카λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:06
I am for the second option, and I'm sure many of you are.
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μ €λŠ” ν›„μžλ₯Ό μ§€μ§€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€ 그리고 μ €λŠ” λ§Žμ€ λΆ„λ“€ λ˜ν•œ κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€κ³  ν™•μ‹ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:11
And the key is to promote a positive African attitude towards Africa.
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κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은 아프리카λ₯Ό ν–₯ν•œ 긍정적인 μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μΈμ˜ νƒœλ„λ₯Ό μž₯λ €ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:21
That's because we Africans concentrate --
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, 우리 아프리카인듀은
15:25
I am from Ethiopia, by the way --
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μ•„, μ €λŠ” μ—ν‹°μ˜€ν”Όμ•„μΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:27
we concentrate too much on how we are seen
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μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ€ μžμ‹ λ“€μ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ³΄μ—¬μ§€λŠ”μ§€μ— 신경을 λ„ˆλ¬΄ 많이 μ”λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:29
from elsewhere, or from outside.
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λ‹€λ₯Έκ³³μ—μ„œλ‚˜, λ°–μ—μ„œμš”
15:32
I think it's important to promote in a more positive way
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제 μƒκ°μ—λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 자기 μžμ‹ λ₯Ό λ³Όλ•Œ 더 κΈμ •μ μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄λŠ”κ²ƒμ΄
15:37
on how we see ourselves.
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μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:40
That's what I call positive African attitude.
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그것이 μ œκ°€ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ 긍적적인 μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μΈμ˜ νƒœλ„μ£ 
15:43
So finally, I would like to say,
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜κ³ μ‹Άμ€ 말은
15:46
so let's help Africa walk upright and forward,
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아프리카가 λ˜‘λ°”κ³  μ„œμ„œ 걸을 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ λ•μžλŠ”κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:51
then we all can be proud of our future legacy as a species.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν•œ μ’…μ‘±μœΌλ‘œμ„œ 미래의 후손에 μžλΆ€μ‹¬μ„ κ°€μ§ˆ 수 μžˆμ„κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:56
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:58
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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